550:
590:
1006:=42; AACCDD). As a result, the genome is large (12.6 Gb, 1C-value=12.85) and complex. Cultivated hexaploid oat has a unique mosaic chromosome architecture that is the result of numerous translocations between the three subgenomes. These translocations may cause breeding barriers and incompatibilities when crossing varieties with different chromosomal architecture. Hence, oat breeding and the crossing of desired traits has been hampered by the lack of a reference genome assembly. In May 2022, a fully annotated reference genome sequence of
1863:
578:
4344:
848:
665:
812:
645:
1849:
64:
691:
920:
1835:
562:
6302:
1821:
51:
902:
299:
884:
866:
830:
1881:
748:
515:; it can grow to a height of 1.8 metres (5.9 ft). The leaves are long, narrow, and pointed, and grow upwards; they can be some 15 to 40 centimetres (5.9 to 15.7 in) in length, and around 5 to 15 millimetres (0.20 to 0.59 in) in width. At the top of the stem, the plant branches into a loose cluster or
254:, but need less summer heat and more rain, making them important in areas such as Northwest Europe that have cool wet summers. They can tolerate low-nutrient and acid soils. Oats grow thickly and vigorously, allowing them to outcompete many weeds, and compared to other cereals are relatively free from diseases.
4337:
Similar proteins to the gliadin found in wheat exist as secalin in rye, hordein in barley, and avenins in oats and are collectively referred to as "gluten." Derivatives of these grains such as triticale and malt and other ancient wheat varieties such as spelt and kamut also contain gluten. The gluten
4749:
Pinto-Sánchez, María Inés; Causada-Calo, Natalia; Bercik, Premysl; Ford, Alexander C.; Murray, Joseph A.; Armstrong, David; et al. (2017). "Safety of Adding Oats to a Gluten-Free Diet for
Patients With Celiac Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Clinical and Observational Studies".
768:
in the seed that would make it go sour or rancid; the grain is then dried to minimise the risk of spoilage by bacteria and fungi. There may follow numerous stages of cutting or grinding the grain, depending on which sort of product is required. For oatmeal (oat flour), the grain is ground to a
630:, or barley; they are harmed by sustained cold below −7 °C (20 °F). They have a lower summer heat requirement and greater tolerance of (and need for) rain than the other cereals mentioned, so they are particularly important in areas with cool, wet summers, such as Northwest Europe.
633:
Oats can grow in most fertile, drained soils, being tolerant of a wide variety of soil types. Although better yields are achieved at a soil pH of 5.3 to 5.7, oats can tolerate soils with a pH as low as 4.5. They are better able to grow in low-nutrient soils than wheat or
2035:
Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romaschenko, Konstantin; Davidse, Gerrit; Teisher, Jordan K.; Clark, Lynn G.; et al. (2017). "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the
Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications".
3793:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
963:, for example. Global trade represents a modest percentage of production, less than 10%, most of the grain being consumed within producing countries. The main exporter is Canada, followed by Sweden and Finland; the US is the main importer.
759:
Harvested oats go through multiple stages of milling. The first stage is cleaning, to remove seeds of other plants, stones and any other extraneous materials. Next is dehulling to remove the indigestible bran, leaving the seed or
1105:
lines have been established, where maize chromosome segments have been introgressed into the oat genome. This potentially transfers thousands of genes from a species that is distantly related, but is not considered a
4022:
1892:" or "crimped") to make them easier to digest, or may be fed whole. They may be given alone or as part of a blended food pellet. Cattle are also fed oats, either whole or ground into a coarse flour using a
3947:"Title 21--Chapter 1, Subchapter B, Part 101 - Food labeling - Specific Requirements for Health Claims, Section 101.81: Health claims: Soluble fiber from certain foods and risk of coronary heart disease"
5430:
739:
and by insects including aphids, armyworms, cockchafers, grasshoppers, thrips, and wireworms. Most of these pests are not specific to oats, and only occasionally cause significant damage to oat crops.
1920:, or harvested in early summer. They also can be used for pasture; they can be grazed a while, then allowed to head out for grain production, or grazed continuously until other pastures are ready.
589:
3663:
Montilla-Bascón, G.; Sánchez-Martín, J.; Rispail, N.; Rubiales, D.; Mur, L.; Langdon, T.; et al. (2013). "Genetic
Diversity and Population Structure Among Oat Cultivars and Landraces".
3620:
Riaz, Adnan; Hathorn, Adrian; Dinglasan, Eric; Ziems, Laura; Richard, Cecile; Singh, Dharmendra; et al. (2016). "Into the vault of the
Vavilov wheats: old diversity for new alleles".
1602:
1093:
The addition lines with alien chromosomes can be used as a source for novel traits in oats. For example, research on oat-maize-addition lines has been used to map genes involved in
3368:
Thondehaalmath, Tejas; Kulaar, Dilsher Singh; Bondada, Ramesh; Maruthachalam, Ravi (2021). "Understanding and exploiting uniparental genome elimination in plants: insights from
3047:
Yan, Honghai; Martin, Sara L.; Bekele, Wubishet A.; Latta, Robert G.; Diederichsen, Axel; Peng, Yuanying; Tinker, Nicholas A. (2016-01-17). "Genome size variation in the genus
269:. Global production is dominated by Canada and Russia; global trade is a small part of production, most of the grain being consumed within the producing countries. Oats are a
5426:
5417:
3772:
242:, as their seeds resembled those of other cereals closely enough for them to be included by early cultivators. Oats tolerate cold winters less well than cereals such as
959:
In 2022, global production of oats was 26 million tonnes, led by Canada with 20% of the total and Russia with 17% (table). This compares to over 100 million tonnes for
6637:
6179:
6846:
6699:
4176:
3735:
549:
3899:"Effect of oat supplementation interventions on cardiovascular disease risk markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
2018:, as in the idioms "sowing one's (wild) oats", meaning having many sexual partners in one's youth, and "getting your oats", meaning having sex regularly.
4272:
2630:
Decker, Eric A.; Rose, Devin J.; Stewart, Derek (2014). "Processing of oats and the impact of processing operations on nutrition and health benefits".
1086:
breeding material; the rapid loss of the alien chromosomes from the unrelated pollen donor results in a plant with only a single set of chromosomes (a
732:). Crown rust infection can greatly reduce photosynthesis and overall physiological activities of oat leaves, thereby reducing growth and crop yield.
6184:
5644:
5636:
5611:
5504:
6562:
5776:
5576:
5571:
5459:
4565:"Cereal-Based Gluten-Free Food: How to Reconcile Nutritional and Technological Properties of Wheat Proteins with Safety for Celiac Disease Patients"
577:
6650:
6588:
5674:
5566:
5539:
5534:
5410:
3230:
Maughan, Peter J.; Lee, Rebekah; Walstead, Rachel; Vickerstaff, Robert J.; Fogarty, Melissa C.; Brouwer, Cory R.; et al. (22 November 2019).
1888:
Oats are commonly used as feed for horses when extra carbohydrates and the subsequent boost in energy are required. The oat hull may be crushed ("
6820:
6748:
5705:
5664:
5654:
5626:
5601:
5549:
5449:
5441:
4202:
644:
561:
5786:
5659:
5581:
5529:
5521:
4733:
3805:
3515:
3023:
2742:
2678:
2541:
2507:
2444:
2364:
664:
6252:
5725:
5720:
5616:
5479:
1981:
offers improved nutritional value, but remains controversial because a small proportion of people with celiac disease react to pure oats.
1066:
It is possible to hybridize oats with grasses in other genera, allowing plant breeders the ready introgression of traits. In contrast to
5839:
4477:
Fric, Premysl; Gabrovska, Dana; Nevoral, Jiri (2011). "Celiac disease, gluten-free diet, and oats: Nutrition
Reviews©, Vol. 69, No. 2".
2236:
Nan, Jinsheng; Ling, Yu; An, Jianghong; Wang, Ting; Chai, Mingna; Fu, Jun; Wang, Gaochao; Yang, Cai; Yang, Yan; Han, Bing (2022-12-28).
500:
6466:
6461:
5509:
5463:
5403:
4777:
Ciacci, Carolina; Ciclitira, Paul; Hadjivassiliou, Marios; Kaukinen, Katri; Ludvigsson, Jonas F.; McGough, Norma; et al. (2015).
4338:
found in all of these grains has been identified as the component capable of triggering the immune-mediated disorder, coeliac disease.
3106:
Kamal, Nadia; Tsardakas
Renhuldt, Nikos; Bentzer, Johan; Gundlach, Heidrun; Haberer, Georg; Juhász, Angéla; et al. (2022-06-01).
3800:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
6983:
5483:
4950:
4665:
de Souza, M. Cristina P.; Deschênes, Marie-Eve; Laurencelle, Suzanne; Godet, Patrick; Roy, Claude C.; Djilali-Saiah, Idriss (2016).
4126:
3764:
6717:
2491:
2460:
5760:
4716:
Sontag-Strohm, Tuula; Lehtinen, Pekka; Kaukovirta-Norja, Anu (2008). "Oat products and their current status in the celiac diet".
3731:
3431:
Kynast, Ralf G.; Riera-Lizarazu, Oscar; Vales, M. Isabel; Okagaki, Ron J.; Maquieira, Silvia B.; Chen, Gang; et al. (2001).
6624:
2000:
713:
1884:
A commercially prepared grain mix for horses, with crimped maize, oats, and barley mixed with molasses and pelleted supplement
531:, as the wall of the fruit is fused on to the actual seed. Like other cereal grains, the caryopsis contains the outer husk or
6892:
5800:
5781:
5433:
4863:
6799:
1862:
701:
Oats can outcompete many weeds, as they grow thickly (with many leafy shoots) and vigorously, but are still subject to some
6655:
3819:
6686:
2381:
723:
695:
5936:
3897:
Llanaj, Erand; Dejanovic, Gordana M.; Valido, Ezra; Bano, Arjola; Gamba, Magda; Kastrati, Lum; et al. (June 2022).
3760:
1691:
238:
grown for its seed, which is known by the same name (usually in the plural). Oats appear to have been domesticated as a
6199:
4614:
Penagini, Francesca; Dilillo, Dario; Meneghin, Fabio; Mameli, Chiara; Fabiano, Valentina; Zuccotti, Gian (2013-11-18).
2403:
6412:
6389:
6282:
6272:
5715:
2007:), recorded in different forms from 1870. Similar songs are recorded from France, Canada, Belgium, Sweden, and Italy.
1767:"). As of late 2020, the oat milk market became the second-largest among plant milks in the United States, following
2555:
Nazareno, Eric S.; Li, Feng; Smith, Madeleine; Park, Robert F.; Kianian, Shahryar F.; Figueroa, Melania (May 2018).
425:
oat species (each with two sets of chromosomes); the sets are dubbed A, B, C, and D. The diploid species are the CC
6897:
6833:
5606:
5206:
706:
3946:
3724:
2854:
Park, R. F.; Boshoff, W. H. P.; Cabral, A. L.; Chong, J.; Martinelli, J. A.; McMullen, M. S.; et al. (2022).
6978:
6704:
6257:
6135:
6753:
6231:
6204:
5229:
4885:
2789:"A technical guide to TRITEX, a computational pipeline for chromosome-scale sequence assembly of plant genomes"
2285:
Weiss, Ehud; Kislev, Mordechai E.; Hartmann, Anat (2006-06-16). "Autonomous
Cultivation Before Domestication".
1997:
defined oats as "A grain, which in
England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people."
1949:
1102:
6838:
4563:
Lamacchia, Carmela; Camarca, Alessandra; Picascia, Stefania; Di Luccia, Aldo; Gianfrani, Carmen (2014-01-29).
1848:
712:
Oats are relatively free from diseases. Nonetheless, they suffer from some leaf diseases, such as stem rust (
63:
6539:
5832:
5291:
5224:
1965:
proteins. It almost always occurs in genetically predisposed people, having a prevalence of about 1% in the
1664:
1049:
1031:
6544:
6518:
4343:
1973:, requiring caution in the use of oats if people are sensitive to the gluten in those grains. For example,
6513:
6427:
6322:
6189:
5339:
5234:
4102:
1756:
1672:
1598:
1114:
971:
6417:
6988:
4943:
4910:
1932:
is used as animal bedding; it absorbs liquids better than wheat straw. The straw can be used for making
1450:
488:
310:
190:
4362:
La
Vieille, Sébastien; Pulido, Olga M.; Abbott, Michael; Koerner, Terence B.; Godefroy, Samuel (2016).
3994:
1977:
often contains only a small proportion of oats alongside wheat or other cereals. Use of pure oats in a
1834:
1589:
6593:
2728:
1936:, small decorative woven figures. Tied in a muslin bag, oat straw has been used to soften bath water.
6740:
6474:
5965:
5395:
5334:
4667:"Pure Oats as Part of the Canadian Gluten-Free Diet in Celiac Disease: The Need to Revisit the Issue"
3568:
3121:
2946:
2189:
2004:
1502:
1463:
1056:
1038:(brought in) from other "A" genome species have contributed many valuable traits, like resistance to
685:
503:. Domesticated oat grains first appear in the archaeological record in Europe around 3000 years ago.
22:
6968:
6287:
5374:
5199:
5192:
5164:
3972:
3557:"Legislation governing genetically modified and genome-edited crops in Europe: the need for change"
2410:
2127:
Zhou, X.; Jellen, E.N.; Murphy, J.P. (1999). "Progenitor germplasm of domesticated hexaploid oat".
1752:
1233:
1223:
487:
Oats were cultivated for some thousands of years before they were domesticated. A granary from the
6678:
4830:
4779:"The gluten-free diet and its current application in coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis"
6925:
6526:
6305:
6106:
5931:
5919:
5825:
5494:
5384:
5379:
4328:
3706:
3680:
3645:
3537:
3480:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3350:
3275:
3212:
3163:
3088:
3029:
2988:
2980:
2937:
2927:
Latta, Robert G.; Bekele, Wubishet A.; Wight, Charlene P.; Tinker, Nicholas A. (23 August 2019).
2909:
2901:
2836:
2529:
2154:
2104:
2015:
1958:
1624:
1437:
1417:
1253:
477:
58:
6907:
6825:
6453:
4227:
3293:
Park, R.; Boshoff, W.; Cabral, A.; Chong, J.; Martinelli, J.; McMullen, M.; et al. (2022).
1904:. Oat forage is commonly used to feed all kinds of ruminants, as pasture, straw, hay or silage.
6642:
6360:
4206:
3845:"Cholesterol-lowering effects of oat β-glucan: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
1969:. Oat products are frequently contaminated by other gluten-containing grains, mainly wheat and
6774:
6531:
6435:
6226:
6118:
5554:
4808:
4729:
4698:
4647:
4596:
4545:
4527:
4459:
4441:
4395:
4320:
4122:
3968:
3928:
3874:
3811:
3801:
3698:
3637:
3602:
3584:
3529:
3521:
3511:
3472:
3454:
3389:
3342:
3324:
3267:
3204:
3155:
3137:
3080:
3019:
2972:
2893:
2828:
2810:
2738:
2684:
2674:
2647:
2586:
2537:
2521:
2513:
2503:
2440:
2436:
2360:
2302:
2267:
2215:
2146:
2142:
2096:
1966:
1515:
1341:
1094:
411:
6874:
3502:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1536. New York: Springer New York. pp. 31–42.
2238:"Genome resequencing reveals independent domestication and breeding improvement of naked oat"
1627:, and 8% water (table). In a reference serving of 100 g (3.5 oz), oats provide 389
6963:
6779:
6158:
6069:
5909:
5805:
5755:
5369:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5286:
5256:
4936:
4798:
4790:
4759:
4721:
4688:
4678:
4637:
4627:
4586:
4576:
4535:
4517:
4486:
4449:
4431:
4385:
4375:
4310:
3918:
3910:
3864:
3856:
3688:
3672:
3629:
3592:
3576:
3503:
3462:
3446:
3437:
3381:
3332:
3314:
3257:
3247:
3194:
3145:
3129:
3112:
3070:
3062:
3053:
3011:
2962:
2954:
2883:
2875:
2818:
2800:
2734:
2639:
2576:
2568:
2495:
2352:
2294:
2257:
2249:
2205:
2197:
2138:
2086:
2053:
2045:
2011:
1978:
1917:
1358:
967:
690:
396:
388:
6616:
1820:
6973:
6917:
6761:
6267:
6129:
6079:
5991:
5695:
5307:
4889:
4273:"Since prehistoric times oat grass has been a major source of food for animals and humans"
1954:
1945:
1811:
1810:, made of ale and oatmeal with spices, was a traditional British drink and a favourite of
1760:
1680:
1676:
1648:
1573:
1083:
524:
407:
365:
101:
4616:"Gluten-Free Diet in Children: An Approach to a Nutritionally Adequate and Balanced Diet"
2706:"Oats production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)"
1601:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
4249:
4072:
3949:. US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration. 1 April 2015
3572:
3125:
2950:
2262:
2237:
2193:
6958:
6812:
6807:
5745:
5559:
5296:
5087:
5082:
5077:
4993:
4826:
4803:
4778:
4693:
4666:
4642:
4615:
4591:
4564:
4540:
4505:
4454:
4419:
4390:
4364:"Celiac Disease and Gluten-Free Oats: A Canadian Position Based on a Literature Review"
4363:
3999:
3923:
3898:
3869:
3844:
3597:
3556:
3337:
3294:
3262:
3231:
3150:
3107:
2967:
2928:
2888:
2855:
2823:
2788:
2611:. United States Department of Agriculture| Agricultural Research Service. 18 April 2008
2581:
2556:
2210:
2173:
1994:
1803:
1788:
1779:
for centuries, until changes in farming practices in the 1960s, oats were used in many
1740:
1736:
1702:
from whole oats, as long as the food provides 0.75 grams of soluble fiber per serving.
1039:
925:
781:
702:
469:
371:
262:
239:
88:
6851:
6505:
4045:
2708:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2024
6953:
6947:
6277:
5943:
5364:
5329:
5174:
5110:
4725:
4490:
3649:
3467:
3432:
3401:
3354:
3279:
3216:
3167:
3033:
2984:
2905:
2840:
1868:
1799:
1792:
1780:
1699:
1640:
1213:
1179:
1035:
991:
761:
492:
462:
278:
206:
114:
4142:
3710:
3541:
3484:
3092:
2604:
2533:
1675:. The benefical effect of oat consumption on lowering blood lipids is attributed to
6930:
6219:
6089:
5926:
5884:
5864:
5591:
5276:
5151:
5142:
5092:
5067:
4963:
4332:
4050:
2487:
2158:
2129:
2108:
1695:
1612:
1165:
1079:
619:
285:
feed; the crop can also be grown as groundcover and ploughed in as a green manure.
6580:
6440:
6394:
4855:
2253:
472:. This means that they are derived from what was considered a weed of the primary
6665:
6381:
4763:
2758:
495:
in the Middle East contained a large number of wild oat grains (120,000 seeds of
6884:
6691:
6673:
6601:
6354:
6262:
6214:
6209:
6194:
6002:
5980:
5953:
5914:
5899:
5874:
5072:
4097:
3507:
1913:
1893:
1889:
1768:
1716:
1668:
1636:
1616:
1149:
1071:
777:
540:
274:
266:
127:
6371:
3914:
3795:
3319:
3199:
3182:
3133:
2958:
2879:
2805:
2201:
527:
flowers, which mature into the oat seeds or grains. Botanically the grain is a
6153:
6123:
6059:
5904:
5869:
5735:
5359:
5301:
4436:
3676:
3633:
3252:
3015:
2643:
2499:
2356:
1933:
1901:
1784:
1776:
1644:
1489:
1375:
1324:
651:
384:
6730:
4794:
4531:
4445:
4023:"Oatmilk edges past soymilk for #2 slot in US plant-based milk retail market"
3843:
Whitehead, Anne; Beck, Eleanor J.; Tosh, Susan; Wolever, Thomas M.S. (2014).
3702:
3684:
3641:
3588:
3525:
3458:
3328:
3141:
2814:
2688:
2525:
6575:
6500:
6487:
6247:
6163:
6064:
5889:
5848:
5740:
5621:
5499:
5454:
5324:
5248:
5159:
5038:
5033:
4928:
4522:
3860:
3498:
Ishii, Takayoshi (2017). "Wide Hybridization Between Oat and Pearl Millet".
2670:
2298:
1974:
1897:
1652:
1632:
1476:
1098:
853:
638:, but generally are less tolerant of high soil salinity than other cereals.
623:
536:
528:
481:
376:
336:
282:
6864:
6345:
4812:
4702:
4683:
4651:
4600:
4549:
4463:
4399:
4380:
4324:
3932:
3878:
3815:
3606:
3533:
3476:
3433:"A complete set of maize individual chromosome additions to the oat genome"
3393:
3346:
3271:
3208:
3159:
3084:
2976:
2897:
2832:
2651:
2590:
2306:
2271:
2219:
2150:
2100:
6789:
3450:
3385:
3108:"The mosaic oat genome gives insights into a uniquely healthy cereal crop"
3066:
2933:
species suggests extensive chromosome rearrangement in ancestral diploids"
2557:"Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae : a threat to global oat production"
1743:
and oat bread. Oats are an ingredient in many cold cereals, in particular
298:
50:
6859:
6712:
6404:
6339:
6147:
6112:
6037:
6027:
5970:
5730:
5669:
5183:
2705:
2091:
2074:
1854:
1840:
1772:
1764:
1728:
1307:
1122:
1118:
770:
752:
736:
568:
520:
355:
320:
270:
157:
6766:
6554:
4357:
4355:
4353:
3417:
3409:
2992:
2913:
2325:
2058:
465:. This implies that the two varieties were domesticated independently.
437:, along with two tetraploid oats (each with four sets), namely the AACC
6725:
6567:
6448:
6054:
6048:
5997:
5879:
5856:
5700:
5213:
5023:
3693:
1826:
1748:
1732:
1720:
1684:
1628:
1287:
1087:
995:
949:
907:
671:
516:
512:
422:
258:
231:
147:
4632:
4581:
4315:
4298:
4168:
3580:
3075:
2572:
2049:
1802:
where a percentage of oats, often 30%, is added to the barley for the
1082:
after such crosses. These wide crosses are typically made to generate
974:
and have delivery dates in March, May, July, September, and December.
6606:
6100:
6032:
5948:
5894:
5710:
5679:
5649:
5544:
5469:
5219:
5003:
4983:
4971:
4959:
3232:"Genomic insights from the first chromosome-scale assemblies of oat (
1970:
1962:
1807:
1744:
1391:
889:
871:
835:
817:
765:
473:
457:
Genomic study suggests that the hulled variety and the naked variety
328:
302:
Oat ancestry, showing how hexaploid species including the common oat
247:
235:
137:
6316:
4167:
Heuzé, Valérie; Tran, Gilles; Boudon, Anne; Lebas, François (2016).
1880:
313:
using molecular DNA and morphological evidence places the oat genus
28:"Oats" redirects here. For other cultivated and wild species of the
2929:"Comparative linkage mapping of diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid
747:
281:
when consumed regularly. One of the most common uses of oats is as
6629:
6492:
6074:
6017:
6007:
5960:
5596:
5586:
5281:
5120:
5115:
5102:
5052:
4998:
4988:
4180:
2517:
1929:
1879:
1724:
1075:
1067:
960:
802:
746:
689:
635:
349:
344:
324:
315:
297:
243:
167:
75:
33:
29:
6479:
6042:
6012:
5028:
5013:
1528:
532:
6320:
5821:
5399:
4932:
5750:
5489:
5018:
1798:
In Britain, oats are sometimes used for brewing beer, such as
1620:
1199:
1107:
1010:
was reported. The AA subgenome is presumed to be derived from
970:
are traded in US dollars in quantities of 5000 bushels on the
627:
446:
380:
332:
251:
4506:"Clinical and diagnostic aspects of gluten related disorders"
603:, spikelet and base of outer grain of both cultivated species
21:
This article is about the common cereal. For other uses, see
5817:
1731:, but may also be used in a variety of baked goods, such as
4413:
4411:
4409:
2073:
Burger, Jutta C.; Chapman, Mark A.; Burke, John M. (2008).
1663:
Chronic consumption of oat products lowers blood levels of
773:, oats are often rolled flat to make them quicker to cook.
3765:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
3183:"Orphan Crops and their Wild Relatives in the Genomic Era"
626:
regions. They tolerate cold winters less well than wheat,
3671:(6). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 1305–1314.
2122:
2120:
2118:
2003:
is the first line of a traditional folksong (1380 in the
709:
with measures such as sowing seed that is free of weeds.
3295:"Breeding oat for resistance to the crown rust pathogen
2856:"Breeding oat for resistance to the crown rust pathogen
2787:
Marone, Marina; Singh, Harmeet; Pozniak, Curtis (2022).
484:
people found hard to distinguish from the primary crop.
2231:
2229:
2174:"Oat evolution revealed in the maternal lineages of 25
776:
Oat flour can be ground for small scale use by pulsing
3313:(11). Springer Science and Business Media: 3709–3734.
2075:"Molecular insights into the evolution of crop plants"
539:
which occupies most of the seed, and the protein-rich
511:
The oat is a tall stout grass, a member of the family
4292:
4290:
543:
which if planted in soil can grow into a new plant.
6329:
6240:
6172:
6088:
5979:
5855:
5769:
5688:
5635:
5520:
5440:
5269:
5247:
5182:
5173:
5150:
5141:
5101:
5051:
4970:
4671:
Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
4368:
Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
3628:(3). Springer Science and Business Media: 531–544.
2347:Arendt, Elke K.; Zannini, Emanuele (2013). "Oats".
1572:
1564:
1552:
1527:
1514:
1501:
1488:
1475:
1462:
1449:
1436:
1415:
1390:
1374:
1357:
1340:
1323:
1306:
1285:
1250:
1232:
1222:
1212:
1196:
1178:
1162:
1148:
1143:
4418:Comino, Isabel; Moreno, Mde L.; Sousa, C. (2015).
3797:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
2349:Cereal Grains for the Food and Beverage Industries
1117:and found five major groupings, namely commercial
1427:
1297:
3309:. Breeding towards Agricultural Sustainability.
769:specified fineness. For home use such as making
6180:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
3008:Genomic Designing of Climate-Smart Cereal Crops
2486:. Vol. 2 : Achievements and impacts.
476:domesticates such as wheat. They survived as a
323:subfamily. That subfamily includes the cereals
3561:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
1144:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
571:, containing the small wind-pollinated flowers
461:diverged around 51,200 years ago, long before
5833:
5411:
4944:
4183:, Association Française de Zootechnie and FAO
4177:Institut national de la recherche agronomique
8:
2461:"Oats: weeds and integrated weed management"
1635:) and are a rich source (20% or more of the
1138:
1715:When used in foods, oats are most commonly
6317:
5840:
5826:
5818:
5418:
5404:
5396:
5179:
5147:
5060:
5048:
4976:
4951:
4937:
4929:
4303:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
3761:United States Food and Drug Administration
2700:
2698:
1912:Winter oats may be grown as an off-season
1267:
1137:
491:, about 11,400 to 11,200 years ago in the
445:. Tetraploids were formed as much as 10.6
306:derive from diploid and tetraploid species
49:
40:
6185:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
5474:
4802:
4718:Gluten-Free Cereal Products and Beverages
4692:
4682:
4641:
4631:
4590:
4580:
4539:
4521:
4453:
4435:
4389:
4379:
4314:
3922:
3868:
3692:
3596:
3466:
3336:
3318:
3261:
3251:
3198:
3149:
3074:
2966:
2887:
2822:
2804:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2580:
2261:
2209:
2143:10.2135/cropsci1999.0011183x003900040042x
2090:
2057:
4783:United European Gastroenterology Journal
3892:
3890:
3888:
2482:Pratap, Aditya; Kumar, Jitendra (2014).
791:
4205:. eXtension. 2008-02-11. Archived from
3838:
3836:
3734:, Government of Canada. 1 August 2008.
2665:Galvin, Meg; Romine, Stepfanie (2011).
2027:
1816:
1759:in 1966. Oats are also used to produce
780:or old-fashioned (not quick) oats in a
640:
583:Panicle with spikelets containing seeds
545:
273:-rich food associated with lower blood
257:Oats are used for human consumption as
4866:from the original on 18 September 2015
3849:American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1916:and ploughed under in the spring as a
705:. Control can be by herbicides, or by
468:Oats are thought to have emerged as a
16:Cool weather staple grain, animal feed
2320:
2318:
2316:
1679:. Oat consumption can help to reduce
1615:, including 11% dietary fiber and 4%
1048:is one such trait, introgressed from
421:hexaploid genome derives from three
363:and the closely related minor crop –
7:
6898:adce4e66-e238-48d5-8512-409f8af5322f
6741:c20686f3-384a-44a0-8930-cd489dd6fc6d
6253:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
4021:Watson, Elaine (25 September 2020).
3622:Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution
2384:. USDA Agricultural Research Service
2038:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
449:, and hexaploids as much as 7.4 mya.
402:Analysis of maternal lineages of 25
3993:Hitchens, Antonia (6 August 2018).
3181:Ye, Chu-Yu; Fan, Longjiang (2021).
1101:inheritance of these novel traits,
4835:Samuel Johnson's Dictionary Online
4073:"Beer Judge Certification Program"
4044:Graves, Carwyn (4 December 2022).
2484:Alien Gene Transfer in Crop Plants
1991:Dictionary of the English Language
391:shows that the ancestral forms of
14:
4856:"Oats and Beans and Barley Grows"
4424:World Journal of Gastroenterology
2463:. Government of Western Australia
1014:and the CCDD from the tetraploid
6839:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:391732-1
6301:
6300:
4726:10.1016/b978-012373739-7.50010-1
4491:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00368.x
4420:"Role of oats in celiac disease"
4342:
4250:"Lancashire fringe (corn dolly)"
3732:Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
3665:Plant Molecular Biology Reporter
3555:Halford, Nigel G. (2019-01-15).
3307:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
3006:Kole, Chittaranjan, ed. (2020).
2868:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
2001:"Oats and Beans and Barley Grow"
1861:
1847:
1833:
1819:
1795:and eggs" served with oatbread.
918:
900:
882:
864:
846:
828:
810:
663:
643:
588:
576:
560:
548:
62:
4510:World Journal of Clinical Cases
4271:Barbano, Paul (18 March 2020).
4228:"Alternative Bedding Materials"
4143:"Oats: The Perfect Horse Feed?"
3822:from the original on 2024-05-09
3775:from the original on 2024-03-27
3741:from the original on 2018-05-13
2492:Springer Science+Business Media
1735:(which may be made with coarse
1574:β-glucans (soluble fiber)
5801:List of international rankings
4886:"sow one's (wild) oats: idiom"
4720:. Elsevier. pp. 191–202.
4121:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
3374:Journal of Experimental Botany
2351:. Elsevier. p. 243–283e.
1727:. Oatmeal is chiefly eaten as
1698:of food products that contain
1:
4025:. William Reed Business Media
3903:European Journal of Nutrition
3303:: achievements and prospects"
2864:: achievements and prospects"
1771:, but exceeding the sales of
1154:1,628 kJ (389 kcal)
994:species with three ancestral
655:
347:, along with grasses such as
4764:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.009
4297:Biesiekierski, J.R. (2017).
2799:(128). BioMed Central: 128.
2632:British Journal of Nutrition
2431:Forsberg, Robert A. (1995).
1692:Food and Drug Administration
1597:Percentages estimated using
535:, the starchy food store or
6283:Issues relating to biofuels
6273:Energy return on investment
4119:Food in Early Modern Europe
3995:"Hey, Where's my oat milk?"
3508:10.1007/978-1-4939-6682-0_3
2382:"Hardy Oats Stand the Cold"
2328:. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew
2254:10.1093/gigascience/giad061
2014:, oats are associated with
1955:Celiac (or coeliac) disease
1639:, DV) of protein (34% DV),
1590:USDA FoodData Central entry
379:wild oat, one that has its
7005:
4504:Tovoli, Francesco (2015).
3915:10.1007/s00394-021-02763-1
3725:"Oat and barley ß-glucans"
3320:10.1007/s00122-022-04121-z
3200:10.1016/j.molp.2020.12.013
3134:10.1038/s41586-022-04732-y
2959:10.1038/s41598-019-48639-7
2880:10.1007/s00122-022-04121-z
2806:10.1186/s13007-022-00964-1
2326:"Avena sativa: Common oat"
2202:10.1038/s41598-018-22478-4
2079:American Journal of Botany
1943:
707:integrated pest management
683:
277:and reduced risk of human
27:
20:
6296:
6258:Energy content of biofuel
5795:
5317:
5063:
5047:
4979:
4437:10.3748/wjg.v21.i41.11825
4203:"Grazing of Oat Pastures"
3677:10.1007/s11105-013-0598-8
3634:10.1007/s10722-016-0380-5
3253:10.1186/s12915-019-0712-y
3016:10.1007/978-3-319-93381-8
2727:Webster, Francis (2016).
2644:10.1017/S000711451400227X
2609:Cereal Disease Laboratory
2561:Molecular Plant Pathology
2500:10.1007/978-1-4614-9572-7
2357:10.1533/9780857098924.243
1694:allows companies to make
1596:
1586:
1582:
1548:
1540:
1411:
1407:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1266:
1246:
1242:
1192:
1188:
1158:
946:
680:Weeds, pests and diseases
196:
189:
59:Scientific classification
57:
48:
43:
6984:Plants described in 1753
6232:Thermal depolymerization
6205:Industrial biotechnology
4795:10.1177/2050640614559263
4147:Kentucky Equine Research
2669:. Carlsbad, California:
2667:The SparkPeople Cookbook
1950:Gluten-related disorders
1781:traditional Welsh dishes
1739:for a rougher texture),
1723:or ground into fine oat
1070:, oats sometimes retain
226:), sometimes called the
6200:Fischer–Tropsch process
6190:Biomass heating systems
5292:Intermediate wheatgrass
4523:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i3.275
4309:(Supplement 1): 78–81.
4252:. University of Reading
4230:. Farm Advisory Service
4046:"Food Tales from Wales"
3861:10.3945/ajcn.114.086108
2380:Bliss, Rosalie Marion.
2299:10.1126/science.1127235
1696:health claims on labels
1671:, reducing the risk of
1665:low-density lipoprotein
1599:US recommendations
793:Oats production – 2022
694:Oat leaf infected with
501:intentional cultivation
359:. The wild ancestor of
5340:History of agriculture
4103:The Compleat Housewife
3236:spp.) diploid species"
1885:
1673:cardiovascular disease
1611:Uncooked oats are 66%
1603:the National Academies
1115:simple sequence repeat
972:Chicago Board of Trade
756:
698:
555:Botanical illustration
480:by having grains that
307:
3969:"Quaker Oats History"
3451:10.1104/pp.125.3.1216
3067:10.1139/gen-2015-0132
1883:
1272:Vitamins and minerals
1113:A 2013 study applied
1022:Genetics and breeding
952:of the United Nations
764:". Heating denatures
750:
735:Oats are attacked by
693:
489:Pre-Pottery Neolithic
311:Phylogenetic analysis
301:
5335:Neolithic Revolution
5270:Emerging grain crops
4684:10.1155/2016/1576360
4381:10.1155/2016/1870305
4117:Albala, Ken (2003).
3370:Arabidopsis thaliana
3010:. pp. 133–169.
2439:. pp. 223–224.
2172:Fu, Yong-Bi (2018).
2092:10.3732/ajb.95.2.113
2005:Roud Folk Song Index
1057:all stage resistance
788:Production and trade
755:oats, ready to cook
686:List of oat diseases
523:. These contain the
499:). The find implies
23:Oat (disambiguation)
6288:Sustainable biofuel
5431:agricultural output
5375:Genetic engineering
4430:(41): 11825–11831.
3973:Quaker Oats Company
3573:2019JSFA...99....8H
3418:0000-0003-0036-3330
3410:0000-0002-8869-1947
3386:10.1093/jxb/erab161
3126:2022Natur.606..113K
2993:0000-0003-1410-5631
2951:2019NatSR...912298L
2914:0000-0002-9145-5371
2293:(5780): 1608–1610.
2194:2018NatSR...8.4252F
1775:. As a mainstay of
1753:Quaker Oats Company
1655:(213% DV) (table).
1359:Pantothenic acid (B
1140:
794:
670:Harvesting oats in
459:A. sativa var. nuda
399:of the Near East.
5427:Lists of countries
5385:Crop wild relative
5380:Selective breeding
5207:A. hypochondriacus
4911:"to get your oats"
2938:Scientific Reports
2437:Chapman & Hall
2404:"Oat Growth Guide"
2182:Scientific Reports
2016:sexual intercourse
1959:autoimmune disease
1886:
1690:The United States
1643:(44% DV), several
1554:Other constituents
792:
757:
722:) and crown rust (
699:
335:; they are in the
308:
6941:
6940:
6775:Open Tree of Life
6323:Taxon identifiers
6314:
6313:
6227:Sabatier reaction
5815:
5814:
5393:
5392:
5265:
5264:
5243:
5242:
5225:Pitseed goosefoot
5165:Tartary buckwheat
5137:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5128:
4758:(2): 395–409.e3.
4735:978-0-12-373739-7
4633:10.3390/nu5114553
4626:(11): 4553–4565.
4582:10.3390/nu6020575
4479:Nutrition Reviews
4316:10.1111/jgh.13703
4299:"What is gluten?"
3807:978-0-309-48834-1
3581:10.1002/jsfa.9227
3517:978-1-4939-6680-6
3380:(13): 4646–4662.
3297:Puccinia coronata
3120:(7912): 113–119.
3025:978-3-319-93380-1
2874:(11): 3709–3734.
2858:Puccinia coronata
2744:978-0-12-810452-1
2737:. pp. 1–10.
2680:978-1-4019-3132-2
2573:10.1111/mpp.12608
2542:978-1-4614-9572-7
2509:978-1-4614-9571-0
2446:978-0-412-37310-7
2366:978-0-85709-413-1
2050:10.1111/jse.12262
1609:
1608:
1544:
1543:
1095:C4 photosynthesis
1012:Avena longiglumis
957:
956:
953:
715:Puccinia graminis
412:mitochondrial DNA
214:
213:
6996:
6979:Medicinal plants
6934:
6933:
6921:
6920:
6911:
6910:
6901:
6900:
6888:
6887:
6878:
6877:
6868:
6867:
6855:
6854:
6842:
6841:
6829:
6828:
6816:
6815:
6803:
6802:
6793:
6792:
6783:
6782:
6770:
6769:
6757:
6756:
6744:
6743:
6734:
6733:
6721:
6720:
6708:
6707:
6695:
6694:
6692:NBNSYS0000002615
6682:
6681:
6669:
6668:
6659:
6658:
6646:
6645:
6633:
6632:
6620:
6619:
6610:
6609:
6597:
6596:
6584:
6583:
6571:
6570:
6558:
6557:
6548:
6547:
6535:
6534:
6522:
6521:
6509:
6508:
6496:
6495:
6483:
6482:
6470:
6469:
6457:
6456:
6444:
6443:
6431:
6430:
6421:
6420:
6408:
6407:
6398:
6397:
6385:
6384:
6375:
6374:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6350:
6349:
6348:
6318:
6304:
6303:
6148:Pongamia pinnata
5842:
5835:
5828:
5819:
5806:Lists by country
5787:Organic farmland
5420:
5413:
5406:
5397:
5370:Green Revolution
5355:Tell Abu Hureyra
5350:Fertile Crescent
5345:Natufian culture
5287:Indian ricegrass
5180:
5148:
5061:
5056:
5049:
4977:
4953:
4946:
4939:
4930:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4806:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4752:Gastroenterology
4746:
4740:
4739:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4696:
4686:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4645:
4635:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4594:
4584:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4543:
4525:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4457:
4439:
4415:
4404:
4403:
4393:
4383:
4359:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4340:
4318:
4294:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3926:
3909:(4): 1749–1778.
3894:
3883:
3882:
3872:
3855:(6): 1413–1421.
3840:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3740:
3729:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3696:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3600:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3470:
3445:(3): 1216–1227.
3438:Plant Physiology
3428:
3422:
3421:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3340:
3322:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3265:
3255:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3202:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3153:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3078:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2970:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2891:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2826:
2808:
2784:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2735:Elsevier Science
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2605:"Oat crown rust"
2601:
2595:
2594:
2584:
2567:(5): 1047–1060.
2552:
2546:
2545:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2408:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2322:
2311:
2310:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2265:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2213:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2137:(4): 1208–1214.
2124:
2113:
2112:
2094:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2032:
1985:In human culture
1979:gluten-free diet
1918:green fertilizer
1865:
1851:
1837:
1823:
1761:milk substitutes
1719:or crushed into
1649:dietary minerals
1431:
1395:
1379:
1362:
1345:
1328:
1311:
1301:
1268:
1141:
1103:radiation hybrid
1047:
1046:
947:
924:
922:
921:
906:
904:
903:
888:
886:
885:
870:
868:
867:
852:
850:
849:
834:
832:
831:
816:
814:
813:
795:
751:Fully-processed
667:
657:
647:
592:
580:
564:
552:
478:Vavilovian mimic
420:
397:Fertile Crescent
389:Genetic evidence
202:
67:
66:
53:
41:
7004:
7003:
6999:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6994:
6993:
6944:
6943:
6942:
6937:
6929:
6924:
6916:
6914:
6906:
6904:
6896:
6891:
6883:
6881:
6873:
6871:
6863:
6858:
6850:
6845:
6837:
6832:
6824:
6819:
6811:
6806:
6798:
6796:
6788:
6786:
6778:
6773:
6765:
6762:Observation.org
6760:
6752:
6747:
6739:
6737:
6729:
6724:
6716:
6711:
6703:
6698:
6690:
6685:
6677:
6672:
6664:
6663:MichiganFlora:
6662:
6654:
6649:
6641:
6636:
6628:
6623:
6615:
6613:
6605:
6600:
6592:
6587:
6579:
6574:
6566:
6561:
6553:
6551:
6543:
6538:
6530:
6525:
6517:
6512:
6504:
6499:
6491:
6486:
6478:
6473:
6465:
6460:
6452:
6447:
6439:
6434:
6426:
6424:
6416:
6411:
6403:
6401:
6393:
6388:
6380:
6378:
6370:
6368:
6359:
6358:
6353:
6344:
6343:
6338:
6325:
6315:
6310:
6292:
6268:Energy forestry
6236:
6168:
6130:Jatropha curcas
6091:
6084:
5992:Camelina sativa
5982:
5975:
5851:
5846:
5816:
5811:
5810:
5791:
5765:
5684:
5631:
5516:
5436:
5424:
5394:
5389:
5313:
5308:Oryza coarctata
5261:
5239:
5169:
5125:
5097:
5054:
5043:
4966:
4957:
4927:
4926:
4916:
4914:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4894:
4892:
4890:Merriam-Webster
4884:
4883:
4879:
4869:
4867:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4839:
4837:
4827:Johnson, Samuel
4825:
4824:
4820:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4417:
4416:
4407:
4361:
4360:
4351:
4341:
4296:
4295:
4288:
4278:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4255:
4253:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4233:
4231:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4212:
4210:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4186:
4184:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4152:
4150:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4081:
4079:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4056:
4054:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4028:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4005:
4003:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3977:
3975:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3952:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3896:
3895:
3886:
3842:
3841:
3834:
3825:
3823:
3808:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3778:
3776:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3518:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3187:Molecular Plant
3180:
3179:
3175:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3026:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2786:
2785:
2774:
2764:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2681:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2638:(S2): S58–S64.
2629:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2510:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2314:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2126:
2125:
2116:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2024:
1987:
1967:developed world
1957:is a permanent
1952:
1946:Oat sensitivity
1944:Main articles:
1942:
1926:
1910:
1878:
1871:
1866:
1857:
1852:
1843:
1838:
1829:
1824:
1812:Oliver Cromwell
1789:Welsh breakfast
1757:instant oatmeal
1741:oatmeal cookies
1713:
1708:
1681:body mass index
1677:oat beta-glucan
1661:
1647:, and numerous
1592:
1587:
1535:
1522:
1509:
1496:
1483:
1470:
1457:
1444:
1432:
1402:
1393:
1385:
1377:
1369:
1360:
1352:
1343:
1335:
1326:
1318:
1309:
1302:
1273:
1262:
1257:
1234:Polyunsaturated
1224:Monounsaturated
1208:
1203:
1174:
1169:
1136:
1131:
1129:Nutritive value
1084:doubled haploid
1044:
1043:
1024:
1016:Avena insularis
985:
980:
919:
917:
901:
899:
883:
881:
865:
863:
847:
845:
829:
827:
811:
809:
790:
784:or spice mill.
745:
703:broadleaf weeds
688:
682:
675:
668:
659:
648:
616:
611:
604:
593:
584:
581:
572:
565:
556:
553:
525:wind-pollinated
509:
455:
418:
383:in six sets of
296:
291:
261:, including as
210:
204:
198:
185:
61:
37:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7002:
7000:
6992:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6946:
6945:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6935:
6931:wfo-0000852231
6922:
6912:
6902:
6889:
6879:
6869:
6856:
6843:
6830:
6817:
6804:
6794:
6784:
6771:
6758:
6745:
6735:
6722:
6709:
6696:
6683:
6670:
6660:
6647:
6634:
6621:
6611:
6598:
6585:
6572:
6559:
6549:
6536:
6523:
6510:
6497:
6484:
6471:
6458:
6445:
6432:
6422:
6409:
6399:
6386:
6376:
6366:
6351:
6335:
6333:
6327:
6326:
6321:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6308:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6244:
6242:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6176:
6174:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6144:
6133:
6126:
6121:
6119:Chinese tallow
6116:
6109:
6104:
6096:
6094:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5987:
5985:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5968:
5966:Water hyacinth
5963:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5946:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5934:
5924:
5923:
5922:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5861:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5837:
5830:
5822:
5813:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5777:Irrigated land
5773:
5771:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5746:Sunflower seed
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5641:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5526:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5457:
5452:
5446:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5415:
5408:
5400:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5304:
5299:
5297:Kangaroo grass
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5253:
5251:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5196:
5188:
5186:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5156:
5154:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5107:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5064:
5058:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4980:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4933:
4925:
4924:
4902:
4877:
4847:
4818:
4789:(2): 121–135.
4769:
4741:
4734:
4708:
4657:
4606:
4575:(2): 575–590.
4555:
4516:(3): 275–284.
4496:
4485:(2): 107–115.
4469:
4405:
4349:
4286:
4275:. Cape Gazette
4263:
4241:
4219:
4194:
4159:
4134:
4127:
4109:
4106:. p. 169.
4089:
4064:
4036:
4013:
4000:The New Yorker
3985:
3960:
3938:
3884:
3832:
3806:
3785:
3752:
3716:
3655:
3612:
3547:
3516:
3490:
3423:
3360:
3285:
3222:
3173:
3098:
3061:(3): 209–220.
3039:
3024:
2998:
2919:
2846:
2772:
2761:. Deposits.org
2750:
2743:
2719:
2694:
2679:
2673:. p. 98.
2657:
2622:
2596:
2547:
2508:
2494:. p. 51.
2474:
2452:
2445:
2423:
2395:
2372:
2365:
2339:
2312:
2277:
2225:
2164:
2114:
2085:(2): 113–122.
2065:
2044:(4): 259–290.
2026:
2025:
2023:
2020:
1995:Samuel Johnson
1986:
1983:
1941:
1940:Celiac disease
1938:
1925:
1922:
1909:
1906:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1839:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1737:steel-cut oats
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1660:
1659:Health effects
1657:
1607:
1606:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1421:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1059:(ASR) against
1040:oat crown rust
1023:
1020:
984:
981:
979:
976:
955:
954:
944:
943:
938:
932:
931:
928:
926:United Kingdom
914:
913:
910:
896:
895:
892:
878:
877:
874:
860:
859:
856:
842:
841:
838:
824:
823:
820:
806:
805:
799:
789:
786:
782:food processor
744:
741:
684:Main article:
681:
678:
677:
676:
674:, Sweden, 2021
669:
662:
660:
649:
642:
622:best grown in
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
605:
594:
587:
585:
582:
575:
573:
566:
559:
557:
554:
547:
508:
505:
470:secondary crop
454:
451:
435:A. longiglumis
431:A. canariensis
406:species using
375:, a naturally
295:
292:
290:
287:
263:steel cut oats
240:secondary crop
212:
211:
205:
194:
193:
187:
186:
182:A. sativa
179:
177:
173:
172:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
118:
117:
112:
105:
104:
99:
92:
91:
86:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
55:
54:
46:
45:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7001:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6932:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6913:
6909:
6903:
6899:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6880:
6876:
6870:
6866:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6795:
6791:
6785:
6781:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6736:
6732:
6727:
6723:
6719:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6661:
6657:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6612:
6608:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6550:
6546:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6423:
6419:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6400:
6396:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6377:
6373:
6367:
6362:
6356:
6352:
6347:
6341:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6319:
6307:
6299:
6298:
6295:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6278:Food vs. fuel
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6145:
6143:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6087:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5993:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5978:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5928:
5925:
5921:
5920:vegetable oil
5918:
5917:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5843:
5838:
5836:
5831:
5829:
5824:
5823:
5820:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5794:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5768:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5421:
5416:
5414:
5409:
5407:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5365:Domestication
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5330:Founder crops
5328:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5175:Amaranthaceae
5172:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5143:Pseudocereals
5140:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5100:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4964:pseudocereals
4961:
4954:
4949:
4947:
4942:
4940:
4935:
4934:
4931:
4912:
4906:
4903:
4891:
4887:
4881:
4878:
4865:
4861:
4860:Joe-offer.com
4857:
4851:
4848:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4822:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4773:
4770:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4745:
4742:
4737:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4712:
4709:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4661:
4658:
4653:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4610:
4607:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4559:
4556:
4551:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4500:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4473:
4470:
4465:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4345:
4339:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4274:
4267:
4264:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4229:
4223:
4220:
4209:on 2017-11-23
4208:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4160:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4130:
4128:0-313-31962-6
4124:
4120:
4113:
4110:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4040:
4037:
4024:
4017:
4014:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3989:
3986:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3961:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3789:
3786:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3686:
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3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3427:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3235:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3102:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2793:Plant Methods
2790:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2723:
2720:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2623:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2412:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2383:
2376:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2066:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2028:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1961:triggered by
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1882:
1875:
1870:
1869:Oatmeal stout
1864:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1800:oatmeal stout
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1700:soluble fiber
1697:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1651:, especially
1650:
1646:
1642:
1641:dietary fiber
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1613:carbohydrates
1604:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1397:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1325:Riboflavin (B
1322:
1315:
1313:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1180:Dietary fiber
1177:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:Carbohydrates
1161:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1139:Uncooked oats
1133:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1055:, conferring
1054:
1052:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
992:allohexaploid
989:
982:
977:
975:
973:
969:
964:
962:
951:
945:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
929:
927:
916:
915:
911:
909:
898:
897:
893:
891:
880:
879:
875:
873:
862:
861:
857:
855:
844:
843:
839:
837:
826:
825:
821:
819:
808:
807:
804:
800:
797:
796:
787:
785:
783:
779:
774:
772:
767:
763:
754:
749:
742:
740:
738:
733:
731:
730:
726:
721:
720:
716:
710:
708:
704:
697:
692:
687:
679:
673:
666:
661:
653:
646:
641:
639:
637:
631:
629:
625:
621:
620:annual plants
613:
608:
602:
598:
591:
586:
579:
574:
570:
563:
558:
551:
546:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
506:
504:
502:
498:
494:
493:Jordan Valley
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
463:domestication
460:
453:Domestication
452:
450:
448:
444:
443:A. agadiriana
441:and the AABB
440:
436:
433:, and the AA
432:
428:
427:A. ventricosa
424:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:
368:
367:
362:
358:
357:
352:
351:
346:
342:
339:tribe, while
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:
312:
305:
300:
293:
288:
286:
284:
280:
279:heart disease
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:
219:
208:
203:
201:
195:
192:
191:Binomial name
188:
184:
183:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
89:Tracheophytes
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
65:
60:
56:
52:
47:
42:
39:
35:
31:
24:
19:
6989:Staple foods
6790:Avena_sativa
6718:Avena~sativa
6532:Avena sativa
6467:Avena_sativa
6361:Avena sativa
6331:Avena sativa
6330:
6146:
6140:
6136:
6128:
6111:
6107:Big bluestem
6099:
6092:energy crops
6047:
6022:
5990:
5306:
5277:Canary grass
5212:
5205:
5198:
5191:
5152:Polygonaceae
5008:
4999:Maize (Corn)
4915:. Retrieved
4905:
4893:. Retrieved
4880:
4868:. Retrieved
4859:
4850:
4838:. Retrieved
4834:
4821:
4786:
4782:
4772:
4755:
4751:
4744:
4717:
4711:
4674:
4670:
4660:
4623:
4619:
4609:
4572:
4568:
4558:
4513:
4509:
4499:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4427:
4423:
4371:
4367:
4336:
4306:
4302:
4277:. Retrieved
4266:
4254:. Retrieved
4244:
4232:. Retrieved
4222:
4211:. Retrieved
4207:the original
4197:
4185:. Retrieved
4172:
4169:"Oat forage"
4162:
4151:. Retrieved
4149:. 2003-12-29
4146:
4137:
4118:
4112:
4101:
4098:Smith, Eliza
4092:
4080:. Retrieved
4076:
4067:
4055:. Retrieved
4051:Nation.Cymru
4049:
4039:
4027:. Retrieved
4016:
4004:. Retrieved
3998:
3988:
3976:. Retrieved
3963:
3951:. Retrieved
3941:
3906:
3902:
3852:
3848:
3824:. Retrieved
3796:
3788:
3777:. Retrieved
3768:
3755:
3743:. Retrieved
3719:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3564:
3560:
3550:
3499:
3493:
3442:
3436:
3426:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3296:
3288:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3225:
3193:(1): 27–39.
3190:
3186:
3176:
3117:
3111:
3101:
3058:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3007:
3001:
2945:(1): 12298.
2942:
2936:
2930:
2922:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2796:
2792:
2763:. Retrieved
2753:
2729:
2722:
2710:. Retrieved
2666:
2660:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2613:. Retrieved
2608:
2599:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2488:New York, NY
2483:
2477:
2465:. Retrieved
2455:
2433:The Oat Crop
2432:
2426:
2414:. Retrieved
2398:
2386:. Retrieved
2375:
2348:
2342:
2330:. Retrieved
2290:
2286:
2280:
2245:
2241:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2167:
2134:
2130:Crop Science
2128:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2059:10261/240149
2041:
2037:
2030:
2009:
1999:
1990:
1989:In his 1755
1988:
1953:
1934:corn dollies
1927:
1911:
1908:Ground cover
1887:
1797:
1783:, including
1714:
1689:
1662:
1631:(1,630
1629:kilocalories
1617:beta-glucans
1610:
1558:
1553:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1252:
1198:
1164:
1112:
1097:. To obtain
1092:
1080:pearl millet
1065:
1060:
1050:
1036:introgressed
1034:, and genes
1027:
1025:
1015:
1011:
1008:Avena sativa
1007:
1003:
999:
988:Avena sativa
987:
986:
965:
958:
940:
935:
801:Millions of
775:
758:
734:
728:
724:
718:
714:
711:
700:
632:
617:
600:
596:
510:
496:
486:
467:
458:
456:
442:
439:A. insularis
438:
434:
430:
426:
415:
414:showed that
403:
401:
395:grew in the
392:
370:
366:A. byzantina
364:
361:Avena sativa
360:
354:
348:
340:
314:
309:
304:Avena sativa
303:
256:
236:cereal grain
227:
223:Avena sativa
222:
221:
217:
215:
200:Avena sativa
199:
197:
181:
180:
168:
121:
108:
95:
82:
38:
18:
6674:NatureServe
6602:iNaturalist
6355:Wikispecies
6263:Energy crop
6210:Pellet fuel
6195:Biorefinery
6159:Switchgrass
6003:Coconut oil
5981:Energy from
5915:Cooking oil
5900:Biogasoline
5875:Babassu oil
5200:A. cruentus
5193:A. caudatus
4994:Job's tears
4029:20 December
4006:10 December
3953:10 November
3694:10261/95010
3567:(1): 8–12.
3240:BMC Biology
2615:15 November
2435:. Suffolk:
2242:GigaScience
2188:(1): 4252.
1914:groundcover
1894:roller mill
1876:Animal feed
1769:almond milk
1755:introduced
1669:cholesterol
1637:Daily Value
1308:Thiamine (B
1110:technique.
1072:chromosomes
1051:A. sterilis
1026:Species of
778:rolled oats
725:P. coronata
650:Harvest in
614:Cultivation
597:A. sterilis
507:Description
497:A. sterilis
408:chloroplast
393:A. sterilis
385:chromosomes
372:A. sterilis
275:cholesterol
267:rolled oats
154:Subfamily:
128:Commelinids
102:Angiosperms
6969:Demulcents
6948:Categories
6905:WisFlora:
6813:kew-397860
6808:Plant List
6425:Calflora:
6173:Technology
6154:Salicornia
6137:Miscanthus
6060:Sugar beet
5932:cellulosic
5905:Bioliquids
5885:Biobutanol
5741:Sugar cane
5736:Sugar beet
5637:Vegetables
5460:Corn/Maize
5360:Tell Aswad
5302:Nipa grass
5055:(Triticum)
4305:(Review).
4213:2013-03-27
4173:Feedipedia
4153:2023-06-20
3826:2024-06-21
3779:2024-03-28
3076:1807/71262
2518:2013957869
2022:References
1924:Other uses
1902:hammermill
1806:. Oatmeal
1785:laverbread
1777:West Wales
1667:and total
1645:B vitamins
1490:Phosphorus
743:Processing
696:crown rust
654:, Norway,
343:is in the
228:common oat
6576:GrassBase
6545:200024905
6519:200024905
6501:FloraBase
6248:Agflation
6141:giganteus
6070:Sunflower
6065:Sugarcane
5983:foodstock
5890:Biodiesel
5849:Bioenergy
5645:Artichoke
5622:Raspberry
5612:Pineapple
5500:Triticale
5455:Buckwheat
5325:Triticeae
5249:Lamiaceae
5160:Buckwheat
5039:Wild rice
5034:Triticale
4913:. Collins
4620:Nutrients
4569:Nutrients
4532:2307-8960
4446:1007-9327
3703:0735-9640
3685:1572-9818
3650:254499298
3642:0925-9864
3589:0022-5142
3526:1064-3745
3459:0032-0889
3402:242417200
3355:249381794
3329:0040-5752
3280:208225185
3246:(1): 92.
3217:229342158
3168:248890897
3142:1476-4687
3034:211554462
2985:201283146
2906:249381794
2841:254152395
2815:1746-4811
2689:709682714
2671:Hay House
2526:870451823
1975:oat bread
1898:burr mill
1687:people.
1653:manganese
1503:Potassium
1477:Manganese
1464:Magnesium
1392:Folate (B
1376:Vitamin B
1342:Niacin (B
1214:Saturated
1134:Nutrients
1121:and four
1119:cultivars
1099:Mendelian
1032:hybridize
854:Australia
737:nematodes
624:temperate
618:Oats are
601:A. sativa
569:spikelets
537:endosperm
529:caryopsis
521:spikelets
482:Neolithic
429:, the AA
416:A. sativa
377:hexaploid
337:Triticeae
294:Phylogeny
283:livestock
176:Species:
72:Kingdom:
6893:VicFlora
6882:VASCAN:
6865:25509314
6860:Tropicos
6787:PalDat:
6713:NSWFlora
6679:2.128765
6643:10208975
6630:391732-1
6581:imp01113
6462:eFloraSA
6402:BioLib:
6340:Wikidata
6306:Category
6241:Concepts
6124:Duckweed
6113:Camelina
6090:Non-food
6038:Rapeseed
6028:Palm oil
5971:Wood gas
5944:Methanol
5937:mixtures
5857:Biofuels
5782:Land use
5731:Palm oil
5670:Rapeseed
5577:Eggplant
5572:Cucumber
5434:rankings
5321:See also
5184:Amaranth
5088:Norin 10
5083:Red Fife
5078:Khorasan
4864:Archived
4829:(1755).
4813:25922672
4703:27446824
4652:24253052
4601:24481131
4550:25789300
4464:26557006
4400:27446825
4374:: 1–10.
4325:28244676
4187:27 March
4100:(1739).
4082:20 March
3933:34977959
3879:25411276
3820:Archived
3816:30844154
3773:Archived
3763:(2024).
3736:Archived
3711:18581328
3607:29952140
3542:23707249
3534:28132141
3485:22852580
3477:11244103
3394:33851980
3347:35665827
3272:31757219
3209:33346062
3160:35585233
3093:22267641
3085:26881940
2977:31444367
2898:35665827
2833:36461065
2652:25267246
2591:28846186
2534:26278759
2307:16778044
2272:37524540
2263:10390318
2220:29523798
2178:species"
2151:21632337
2101:21632337
1855:Oat milk
1841:Porridge
1827:Oatcakes
1773:soy milk
1765:oat milk
1733:oatcakes
1729:porridge
1559:Quantity
1424:Quantity
1418:Minerals
1370:1.349 mg
1353:0.961 mg
1336:0.139 mg
1319:0.763 mg
1294:Quantity
1288:Vitamins
1125:groups.
1123:landrace
1053:CAV 1979
978:Genomics
948:Source:
798:Country
771:porridge
753:porridge
609:Agronomy
356:Agrostis
321:Pooideae
271:nutrient
158:Pooideae
144:Family:
115:Monocots
6964:Cereals
6875:5390243
6726:NTFlora
6568:2705290
6480:1114783
6449:Ecocrop
6055:Soybean
6049:Sorghum
5998:Cassava
5927:Ethanol
5910:Biomass
5880:Bagasse
5865:Alcohol
5770:Related
5756:Tobacco
5701:Cassava
5675:Soybean
5567:Coconut
5540:Avocado
5535:Apricot
5510:exports
5495:Sorghum
5484:exports
5464:exports
5442:Cereals
5230:Cañihua
5214:Celosia
5111:Einkorn
5024:Sorghum
5004:Millets
4972:Cereals
4960:Cereals
4840:20 July
4804:4406897
4694:4904650
4677:: 1–8.
4643:3847748
4592:3942718
4541:4360499
4455:4631980
4391:4904695
4333:6493455
4057:23 July
3978:20 July
3924:9106631
3870:5394769
3745:27 July
3598:6492171
3569:Bibcode
3338:9729147
3299:f. sp.
3263:6874827
3151:9159951
3122:Bibcode
2968:6707241
2947:Bibcode
2889:9729147
2860:f. sp.
2824:9719158
2582:6638059
2388:21 July
2287:Science
2211:5844911
2190:Bibcode
2159:8521495
2109:8521495
2012:English
1793:cockles
1791:, and "
1749:granola
1721:oatmeal
1711:As food
1625:protein
1438:Calcium
1386:0.12 mg
1254:Protein
1088:haploid
996:genomes
968:futures
950:FAOSTAT
908:Finland
766:enzymes
717:f. sp.
672:Brastad
652:Jølster
517:panicle
513:Poaceae
423:diploid
319:in the
289:Origins
259:oatmeal
232:species
230:, is a
164:Genus:
148:Poaceae
134:Order:
76:Plantae
6974:Fodder
6872:uBio:
6852:1269-4
6821:PLANTS
6780:790381
6738:NZOR:
6555:AVESAT
6552:FoIO:
6418:121139
6395:114872
6379:APDB:
6346:Q12104
6101:Arundo
6033:Potato
5949:Stover
5895:Biogas
5711:Cotton
5706:Coffee
5680:Turnip
5665:Potato
5655:Garlic
5650:Carrot
5627:Tomato
5602:Papaya
5560:Orange
5555:Citrus
5550:Cherry
5545:Banana
5470:Millet
5450:Barley
5235:Djulis
5220:Quinoa
5093:Winter
5053:Wheat
4984:Barley
4831:"Oats"
4811:
4801:
4732:
4701:
4691:
4650:
4640:
4599:
4589:
4548:
4538:
4530:
4462:
4452:
4444:
4398:
4388:
4331:
4323:
4125:
3931:
3921:
3877:
3867:
3814:
3804:
3709:
3701:
3683:
3648:
3640:
3605:
3595:
3587:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3514:
3483:
3475:
3465:
3457:
3416:
3408:
3400:
3392:
3353:
3345:
3335:
3327:
3301:avenae
3278:
3270:
3260:
3215:
3207:
3166:
3158:
3148:
3140:
3113:Nature
3091:
3083:
3054:Genome
3032:
3022:
2991:
2987:. CPW
2983:
2975:
2965:
2912:
2908:. RFP
2904:
2896:
2886:
2862:avenae
2839:
2831:
2821:
2813:
2759:"Oats"
2741:
2712:29 May
2687:
2677:
2650:
2589:
2579:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2506:
2443:
2411:Quaker
2363:
2305:
2270:
2260:
2218:
2208:
2157:
2149:
2107:
2099:
1971:barley
1963:gluten
1890:rolled
1808:caudle
1751:; the
1745:muesli
1717:rolled
1623:, 17%
1516:Sodium
1510:429 mg
1497:523 mg
1484:4.9 mg
1471:177 mg
1261:16.9 g
1238:2.54 g
1228:2.18 g
1218:1.21 g
1184:11.6 g
1173:66.3 g
1150:Energy
990:is an
983:Genome
923:
905:
890:Brazil
887:
872:Poland
869:
851:
836:Russia
833:
818:Canada
815:
803:tonnes
729:avenae
719:avenae
474:cereal
419:'s
331:, and
329:barley
250:, and
248:barley
209:(1753)
138:Poales
32:, see
6959:Avena
6915:WoI:
6847:SANBI
6797:PFI:
6749:NZPCN
6731:17289
6656:41459
6638:IRMNG
6614:IPA:
6607:57156
6527:FoAO2
6493:AVESA
6405:42557
6382:52006
6369:APA:
6220:stove
6075:Wheat
6018:Maize
6008:Grape
5961:Straw
5870:Algae
5696:Cacao
5689:Other
5660:Onion
5597:Mango
5587:Lemon
5582:Grape
5530:Apple
5522:Fruit
5505:Wheat
5282:Drinn
5121:Spelt
5116:Emmer
5103:Farro
5073:Durum
5068:Bread
4989:Fonio
4917:3 May
4895:3 May
4870:3 May
4329:S2CID
4279:2 May
4256:2 May
4234:2 May
4181:CIRAD
3739:(PDF)
3728:(PDF)
3707:S2CID
3681:eISSN
3646:S2CID
3538:S2CID
3481:S2CID
3468:65602
3414:ORCID
3412:. RM
3406:ORCID
3404:. RB
3398:S2CID
3351:S2CID
3276:S2CID
3234:Avena
3213:S2CID
3164:S2CID
3089:S2CID
3049:Avena
3030:S2CID
2989:ORCID
2981:S2CID
2931:Avena
2910:ORCID
2902:S2CID
2837:S2CID
2765:2 May
2530:S2CID
2467:2 May
2416:2 May
2407:(PDF)
2332:2 May
2176:Avena
2155:S2CID
2105:S2CID
1930:straw
1900:, or
1725:flour
1685:obese
1619:, 7%
1565:Water
1445:54 mg
1403:56 μg
1207:6.9 g
1076:maize
1074:from
1068:wheat
1045:Pc98
1028:Avena
966:Oats
961:wheat
936:World
762:groat
727:var.
636:maize
404:Avena
369:– is
350:Briza
345:Poeae
341:Avena
325:wheat
316:Avena
244:wheat
169:Avena
122:Clade
109:Clade
96:Clade
83:Clade
34:Avena
30:genus
6954:Oats
6918:2474
6908:2708
6885:7435
6834:POWO
6826:AVSA
6800:7506
6767:6448
6754:2508
6705:4498
6700:NCBI
6666:2020
6651:ITIS
6625:IPNI
6617:5167
6594:6123
6589:GRIN
6563:GBIF
6488:EPPO
6441:K2QJ
6428:1020
6413:BOLD
6390:APNI
6372:4690
6215:mill
6164:Wood
6043:Rice
6013:Hemp
5954:corn
5761:Wine
5726:Milk
5721:Meat
5716:Fish
5617:Plum
5607:Pear
5592:Lime
5480:Rice
5257:Chia
5029:Teff
5014:Rice
5009:Oats
4962:and
4919:2024
4897:2024
4872:2024
4842:2024
4809:PMID
4730:ISBN
4699:PMID
4675:2016
4648:PMID
4597:PMID
4546:PMID
4528:ISSN
4460:PMID
4442:ISSN
4396:PMID
4372:2016
4321:PMID
4281:2024
4258:2024
4236:2024
4189:2023
4123:ISBN
4084:2024
4077:BJCP
4059:2024
4031:2020
4008:2018
3980:2024
3955:2015
3929:PMID
3875:PMID
3812:PMID
3802:ISBN
3747:2019
3699:ISSN
3638:ISSN
3603:PMID
3585:ISSN
3530:PMID
3522:ISSN
3512:ISBN
3473:PMID
3455:ISSN
3390:PMID
3343:PMID
3325:ISSN
3268:PMID
3205:PMID
3156:PMID
3138:ISSN
3081:PMID
3020:ISBN
2973:PMID
2894:PMID
2829:PMID
2811:ISSN
2767:2024
2739:ISBN
2730:Oats
2714:2024
2685:OCLC
2675:ISBN
2648:PMID
2617:2015
2587:PMID
2538:ISBN
2522:OCLC
2514:LCCN
2504:ISBN
2469:2024
2441:ISBN
2418:2024
2390:2024
2361:ISBN
2334:2024
2303:PMID
2268:PMID
2216:PMID
2147:PMID
2097:PMID
1948:and
1928:Oat
1804:wort
1787:, a
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