Object-oriented programming

889:. Classes may inherit from other classes, so they are arranged in a hierarchy that represents "is-a-type-of" relationships. For example, class Employee might inherit from class Person. All the data and methods available to the parent class also appear in the child class with the same names. For example, class Person might define variables "first_name" and "last_name" with method "make_full_name()". These will also be available in class Employee, which might add the variables "position" and "salary". It is guaranteed that all instances of class Employee will have the same variables, such as the name, position, and salary. Procedures and variables can be specific to either the class or the instance; this leads to the following terms: 1138:

variable, or writing to an instance variable. A program may create many instances of objects as it runs, which operate independently. This technique, it is claimed, allows easy re-use of the same procedures and data definitions for different sets of data, in addition to potentially mirroring real-world relationships intuitively. Rather than utilizing database tables and programming subroutines, the developer utilizes objects the user may be more familiar with: objects from their application domain. These claims that the OOP paradigm enhances reusability and modularity have been criticized.

766:. For example, an object in the Employee class might contain (either directly or through a pointer) an object in the Address class, in addition to its own instance variables like "first_name" and "position". Object composition is used to represent "has-a" relationships: every employee has an address, so every Employee object has access to a place to store an Address object (either directly embedded within itself or at a separate location addressed via a pointer). Date and Darwen have proposed a theoretical foundation that uses OOP as a kind of customizable 1680:

identifying the class, and a data value. A more complex example would be a command consisting of the length and code point of the command and values consisting of linearized objects representing the command's parameters. Each such command must be directed by the server to an object whose class (or superclass) recognizes the command and can provide the requested service. Clients and servers are best modeled as complex object-oriented structures.

1130:, for example allowing the author of the class to change how objects of that class represent their data internally without changing any external code (as long as "public" method calls work the same way). It also encourages programmers to put all the code that is concerned with a certain set of data in the same class, which organizes it for easy comprehension by other programmers. Encapsulation is a technique that encourages 6448: 2388: 1286: 946:, though, in any language with multiple inheritance, a mixin is simply a class that does not represent an is-a-type-of relationship. Mixins are typically used to add the same methods to multiple classes. For example, class UnicodeConversionMixin might provide a method unicode_to_ascii() when included in class FileReader and class WebPageScraper, which do not share a common parent. 6438: 1540: 2132:: "Software is getting slower more rapidly than hardware becomes faster") said of OOP in his paper, "Good Ideas through the Looking Glass", "This paradigm closely reflects the structure of systems in the real world and is therefore well suited to model complex systems with complex behavior" (contrast 758:

Objects sometimes correspond to things found in the real world. For example, a graphics program may have objects such as "circle", "square", and "menu". An online shopping system might have objects such as "shopping cart", "customer", and "product". Sometimes objects represent more abstract entities,

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for formal definitions of many OOP concepts and constructs), and often diverge widely. For example, some definitions focus on mental activities, and some on program structuring. One of the simpler definitions is that OOP is the act of using "map" data structures or arrays that can contain functions

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I find OOP technically unsound. It attempts to decompose the world in terms of interfaces that vary on a single type. To deal with the real problems you need multisorted algebras — families of interfaces that span multiple types. I find OOP philosophically unsound. It claims that everything is

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advocates implementing has-a relationships using composition instead of inheritance. For example, instead of inheriting from class Person, class Employee could give each Employee object an internal Person object, which it then has the opportunity to hide from external code even if class Person has

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Many widely used languages, such as C++, Java, and Python, provide object-oriented features. Although in the past object-oriented programming was widely accepted, more recently essays criticizing object-oriented programming and recommending the avoidance of these features (generally in favor of

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Languages called "pure" OO languages, because everything in them is treated consistently as an object, from primitives such as characters and punctuation, all the way up to whole classes, prototypes, blocks, modules, etc. They were designed specifically to facilitate, even enforce, OO methods.

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In object oriented programming, objects provide a layer which can be used to separate internal from external code and implement abstraction and encapsulation. External code can only use an object by calling a specific instance method with a certain set of input parameters, reading an instance

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The messages that flow between computers to request services in a client-server environment can be designed as the linearizations of objects defined by class objects known to both the client and the server. For example, a simple linearized object would consist of a length field, a code point

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Richard Feldman argues that these languages may have improved their modularity by adding OO features, but they became popular for reasons other than being object-oriented. In an article, Lawrence Krubner claimed that compared to other languages (LISP dialects, functional languages, etc.) OOP

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Object Oriented Programming puts the nouns first and foremost. Why would you go to such lengths to put one part of speech on a pedestal? Why should one kind of concept take precedence over another? It's not as if OOP has suddenly made verbs less important in the way we actually think. It's a

487:. Focused on software quality, Eiffel is a purely object-oriented programming language and a notation supporting the entire software lifecycle. Meyer described the Eiffel software development method, based on a small number of key ideas from software engineering and computer science, in 1141:

If a class does not allow calling code to access internal object data and permits access through methods only, this is also a form of information hiding. Some languages (Java, for example) let classes enforce access restrictions explicitly, for example, denoting internal data with the

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in 1960–1961; in the glossary of the 1963 technical report based on his dissertation about Sketchpad, Sutherland defined notions of "object" and "instance" (with the class concept covered by "master" or "definition"), albeit specialized to graphical interaction. Also, in 1968, an MIT

3118:. A survey of nearly 40 years of computing literature identified several fundamental concepts found in the large majority of definitions of OOP, in descending order of popularity: Inheritance, Object, Class, Encapsulation, Method, Message Passing, Polymorphism, and Abstraction. 327:

I thought of objects being like biological cells and/or individual computers on a network, only able to communicate with messages (so messaging came at the very beginning – it took a while to see how to do messaging in a programming language efficiently enough to be useful).

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in any context. Behavioral subtyping is undecidable in general, so it cannot be implemented by a program (compiler). Class or object hierarchies must be carefully designed, considering possible incorrect uses that cannot be detected syntactically. This issue is known as the

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platform. Each of these two frameworks shows, in its way, the benefit of using OOP by creating an abstraction from implementation. VB.NET and C# support cross-language inheritance, allowing classes defined in one language to subclass classes defined in the other language.

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Object-oriented programming uses objects, but not all of the associated techniques and structures are supported directly in languages that claim to support OOP. The features listed below are common among languages considered to be strongly class- and object-oriented (or

553:(1987), included a distinctive approach to object orientation, classes, and such. Inheritance is not obvious in Wirth's design since his nomenclature looks in the opposite direction: It is called type extension and the viewpoint is from the parent down to the inheritor. 1169:

In programming languages, particularly object-oriented ones, the emphasis on abstraction is vital. Object-oriented languages extend the notion of type to incorporate data abstraction, highlighting the significance of restricting access to internal data through methods.

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do not store objects directly (though some RDBMSs have object-oriented features to approximate this), there is a general need to bridge the two worlds. The problem of bridging object-oriented programming accesses and data patterns with relational databases is known as

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For example, objects of the type Circle and Square are derived from a common class called Shape. The Draw function for each type of Shape implements what is necessary to draw itself while calling code can remain indifferent to the particular type of Shape being drawn.

1229:– is when calling code can be independent of which class in the supported hierarchy it is operating on – the parent class or one of its descendants. Meanwhile, the same operation name among objects in an inheritance hierarchy may behave differently. 346:

programming language. Kay used the term "object-oriented programming" in conversation as early as 1967. Although sometimes called "the father of object-oriented programming", Alan Kay has differentiated his notion of OO from the more conventional

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It is the responsibility of the object, not any external code, to select the procedural code to execute in response to a method call, typically by looking up the method at run time in a table associated with the object. This feature is known as

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has suggested that OOP's popularity within large companies is due to "large (and frequently changing) groups of mediocre programmers". According to Graham, the discipline imposed by OOP prevents any one programmer from "doing too much damage".

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3.0, FoxPro evolves from a procedural language to an object-oriented language. Visual FoxPro 3.0 introduces a database container, seamless client/server capabilities, support for ActiveX technologies, and OLE Automation and null support.

885:(including member variables and their types) and available procedures (class methods or member functions) for a given type or class of object. Objects are created by calling a special type of method in the class known as a 817:, described object systems as overly simplistic models of the real world. He emphasized the inability of OOP to model time properly, which is getting increasingly problematic as software systems become more concurrent. 2101:

OOP can be used to associate real-world objects and processes with digital counterparts. However, not everyone agrees that OOP facilitates direct real-world mapping or that real-world mapping is even a worthy goal;

402:. Smalltalk became noted for its application of object orientation at the language-level and its graphical development environment. Smalltalk went through various versions and interest in the language grew. While 1913:, often referred to humorously as the "Gang of Four". Along with exploring the capabilities and pitfalls of object-oriented programming, it describes 23 common programming problems and patterns for solving them. 3191:, section 18.1 "What is Object-Oriented Programming?" Lists: Dynamic dispatch, encapsulation or multi-methods (multiple dispatch), subtype polymorphism, inheritance or delegation, open recursion ("this"/"self") 1201:

The problem with object-oriented languages is they've got all this implicit environment that they carry around with them. You wanted a banana but what you got was a gorilla holding the banana and the entire

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version, AED-0, established a direct link between data structures ("plexes", in that dialect) and procedures, prefiguring what were later termed "messages", "methods", and "member functions". Topics such as

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that a program is not a model of the world but a model of some part of the world; "Reality is a cousin twice removed". At the same time, some principal limitations of OOP have been noted. For example, the

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languages have no unique strengths, and inflict a heavy burden of unneeded complexity. A study by Potok et al. has shown no significant difference in productivity between OOP and procedural approaches.

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of an object is just another object to which the object is linked. In Self, an object may have multiple or no parents, but in the most popular prototype-based language, Javascript, every object has one

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has written that object-oriented programming languages tend to encourage thickly layered programs that destroy transparency. Raymond compares this unfavourably to the approach taken with Unix and the

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which are solution patterns to commonly occurring problems in software design. Some of these commonly occurring problems have implications and solutions particular to object-oriented development.

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has claimed that OOP languages have "extremely poor modularity properties with respect to class extension and modification", and tend to be extremely complex. The latter point is reiterated by

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The OOP paradigm has been criticized for overemphasizing the use of objects for software design and modeling at the expense of other important aspects (computation/algorithms). For example,

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can be stored in fields (like in functional-programming languages), but the actual calculi need be considerably more complex to incorporate essential features of OOP. Several extensions of

1363:(1972 to 1980) is another early example and the one with which much of the theory of OOP was developed. Concerning the degree of object orientation, the following distinctions can be made: 1089:. If the call variability relies on more than the single type of the object on which it is called (i.e. at least one other parameter object is involved in the method choice), one speaks of 1047:

do not support inheritance at all. Go states that it is object-oriented, and Bjarne Stroustrup, author of C++, has stated that it is possible to do OOP without inheritance. The doctrine of

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defines classes in terms of a contract, that is, a class should be defined around a responsibility and the information that it shares. This is contrasted by Wirfs-Brock and Wilkerson with

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There have been several attempts at formalizing the concepts used in object-oriented programming. The following concepts and constructs have been used as interpretations of OOP concepts:

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A client or server consisting of all the managers necessary to implement a full processing environment, supporting such aspects as directory services, security, and concurrency control.

3908: 1154:(which allows access from the same class and its subclasses, but not objects of a different class). In other languages (like Python) this is enforced only by convention (for example, 4912: 445:. In the 1980s, there were a few attempts to design processor architectures that included hardware support for objects in memory but these were not successful. Examples include the 1023:). Unlike class-based programming, it is typically possible in prototype-based languages to define attributes and methods not shared with other objects; for example, the attribute 2259:

Objects are the run-time entities in an object-oriented system. They may represent a person, a place, a bank account, a table of data, or any item that the program has to handle.

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A common feature of objects is that methods are attached to them and can access and modify the object's data fields. In this brand of OOP, there is usually a special name such as

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or procedures defining the object's behavior in code). Fields may also be known as members, attributes, or properties. Objects are typically stored as contiguous regions of

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is a design pattern in which data are visible only to semantically related functions, to prevent misuse. The success of data abstraction leads to frequent incorporation of

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stated that critical comparison of OOP to other technologies, relational in particular, is difficult because of lack of an agreed-upon and rigorous definition of OOP.

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More recently, some languages have emerged that are primarily object-oriented, but that are also compatible with procedural methodology. Two such languages are

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was influenced by the ideas introduced in Simula 67 it was designed to be a fully dynamic system in which classes could be created and modified dynamically.

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used instead of those instantiated from the superclass. This intuition is unfortunately false in most OOP languages, in particular in all those that allow

518:, which rely heavily upon object-oriented programming techniques. An example of a closely related dynamic GUI library and OOP language can be found in the 4905: 4019: 3986: 306:

was developed during the years 1961–1967. Simula introduced important concepts that are today an essential part of object-oriented programming, such as

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Perhaps the greatest strength of an object-oriented approach to development is that it offers a mechanism that captures a model of the real world.

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link (and only one). New objects can be created based on already existing objects chosen as their prototype. You may call two different objects

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is allowed in some languages, though this can make resolving overrides complicated. Some languages have special support for other concepts like

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like an object that represents an open file, or an object that provides the service of translating measurements from U.S. customary to metric.

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In the local M.I.T. patois, association lists are also referred to as "property lists", and atomic symbols are sometimes called "objects".

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cannot be instantiated into objects; they exist only for inheritance into other "concrete" classes that can be instantiated. In Java, the

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Attempts to find a consensus definition or theory behind objects have not proven very successful (however, see Abadi & Cardelli,

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notion of object, and has implied that the computer science establishment did not adopt his notion. A 1976 MIT memo co-authored by

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states that because they are software, related classes do not necessarily share the relationships of the things they represent.

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Depending on the definition of the language, subclasses may or may not be able to override the methods defined by superclasses.

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Languages with most of the features of objects (classes, methods, inheritance), but in a distinctly original form. Examples:

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an object. Even if it is true it is not very interesting — saying that everything is an object is saying nothing at all.

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so identifiers in one module will not conflict with a procedure or variable sharing the same name in another file or module.

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has claimed that OOP code is "intrinsically less efficient" than procedural code and that OOP can take longer to compile.

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support which may be used to resemble OO programming, but without all features of object-orientation. This includes

1272:; it allows a method defined in one class to invoke another method that is defined later, in some subclass thereof. 1266:, object methods can call other methods on the same object (including themselves) using this name. This variable is 6373: 6221: 6216: 6168: 6145: 6125: 5872: 5622: 5608: 5515: 5475: 5400: 5306: 5286: 5153: 5032: 4966: 1668: 1516: 1508: 1062:

has criticized the OO mindset for preferring a multilevel type hierarchy with layered abstractions to a three-line

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Terminology invoking "objects" in the modern sense of object-oriented programming made its first appearance at the

142: 54:. Through inheritance, a subclass can be created as a subset of the Button class. Objects are instances of a class. 2178:

had no priority and was meant to be handled by a compiler. With the increasing relevance of parallel hardware and

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that can be used to replace RDBMSs, but these have not been as technically and commercially successful as RDBMSs.

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Although Go has types and methods and allows an object-oriented style of programming, there is no type hierarchy.

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support provides the ability to group procedures into files and modules for organizational purposes. Modules are

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The initial version of DDM defined distributed file services. It was later extended to be the foundation of

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This is another type of abstraction that simplifies code external to the class hierarchy and enables strong

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keyword permits access only to files present in the same assembly, package, or module as that of the class.

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Dispatch interacts with inheritance; if a method is not present in a given object or class, the dispatch is

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advocate, has been critical of claims that present object-oriented programming as the "One True Solution".

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is a mnemonic invented by Michael Feathers which spells out five software engineering design principles:

425:, introducing Smalltalk and object-oriented programming to a wide audience. LOOPS, the object system for 6105: 6058: 5567: 5563: 5505: 5457: 5027: 2217: 1684:(DDM) took this approach and used class objects to define objects at four levels of a formal hierarchy: 1636: 1182: 656: 88: 4225: 2738: 4249:"HOW TO: Multicore Programming (Multiprocessing) Visual C++ Class Design Guidelines, Member Functions" 1126:

prevents external code from being concerned with the internal workings of an object. This facilitates

429:-D, was influenced by Smalltalk and Flavors, and a paper about it was published in 1982. In 1986, the 6403: 6241: 6100: 6090: 6002: 5947: 5933: 5791: 5762: 5710: 5690: 5650: 5452: 5311: 5180: 5167: 4921: 4630: 4574: 4534: 3466: 2951: 2881: 2299: 2171: 1870: 1862: 1688:

Fields defining the data values that form messages, such as their length, code point and data values.

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and support object-oriented programming to a greater or lesser degree, typically in combination with

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of the objects sharing the same prototype, or as the set of objects satisfying a certain interface (

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Brucker, Achim D.; Wolff, Burkhart (2008). "Extensible Universes for Object-Oriented Data Models".

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Kindler, E.; Krivy, I. (2011). "Object-Oriented Simulation of systems with sophisticated control".

2058: 1996: 1356: 824: 702: 632: 322:, such as models to study and improve the movement of ships and their content through cargo ports. 296: 3284: 2182:, developing transparent control flow becomes more important, something hard to achieve with OOP. 6413: 6053: 5462: 5415: 5385: 5331: 5190: 5089: 4981: 4890: 4662: 4464: 4399: 4103: 3958: 3580: 3256: 2984: 2793: 2664: 2411: 1983: 1948: 1921: 1764: 1663:

language, which employs cloning from prototypes rather than inheriting from a class (contrast to

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Leo Brodie has suggested a connection between the standalone nature of objects and a tendency to

820: 763: 728: 492: 348: 319: 100: 4152: 2241:(General Responsibility Assignment Software Patterns) is another set of guidelines advocated by 1547:

programming language popularity index graph from 2002 to 2023. In the 2000s the object-oriented

3738: 3716: 3384: 2158:). This problem may cause OOP to suffer more convoluted solutions than procedural programming. 974:

are the primary entities. Generally, the concept of a "class" does not even exist. Rather, the

318:. The object-oriented Simula programming language was used mainly by researchers involved with 6327: 6085: 5786: 5781: 5618: 5510: 5365: 5341: 5281: 5248: 5210: 5195: 5134: 4854: 4831: 4808: 4787: 4760: 4737: 4713: 4692: 4638: 4606: 4582: 4538: 4509: 4481: 4456: 4413: 4381: 4334: 3818: 3692: 3572: 3523: 3364: 3217: 3180: 3156: 3135: 3095: 2974: 2889: 2833: 2827: 2641: 2637: 2627: 2507: 2079: 1973: 1965: 1961: 1942: 1934: 1846: 1808: 1800: 1359:, in which what came to be called objects were the most important information representation. 1090: 1016: 903: 472: 391: 3519: 3513: 3440: 3089: 502:

when programming languages supporting the techniques became widely available. These included

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In the early and mid-1990s object-oriented programming developed as the dominant programming

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on top. Inheritance can be performed by cloning the maps (sometimes called "prototyping").

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Languages designed mainly for OO programming, but with some procedural elements. Examples:

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Object-oriented features have been added to many previously existing languages, including

484: 282: 4248: 3936:"Productivity Analysis of Object-Oriented Software Developed in a Commercial Environment" 3552: 916:– refers to both the class and instance variables that are defined by a particular class. 4634: 4578: 2959:

Conference proceedings on Object-oriented Programming Systems Languages and Applications

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and others noted that natural languages lack the OOP approach of strictly prioritizing

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and his colleagues investigated the concept of type checking across module boundaries.

480: 446: 352: 123: 3637:, pp. 73–77, Chapter §4 Item15 Minimize the accessibility of classes and members. 3342:, p. 19, Chapter §2 Item 4 Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor. 3142:, p.278. Lists: Dynamic dispatch, abstraction, subtype polymorphism, and inheritance. 1150:

keyword. Methods may also be designed public, private, or intermediate levels such as

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as a design principle in object-oriented and pure functional programming. Similarly,

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During the late 1970s and 1980s, object-oriented programming rose to prominence. The

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Armstrong, Deborah J. (February 2006). "The Quarks of Object-Oriented Development".

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keyword and designating methods intended for use by code outside the class with the

6337: 6332: 6261: 5776: 4556: 4365: 4324: 4107: 2292: 2242: 2175: 1902: 1866: 1824: 1819:: receives a stream of data as its input and transforms it into the object's output 1493: 1463: 1451: 1063: 954: 900:; there is only one copy of each variable, shared across all instances of the class 146: 3648:"What is Object Oriented Programming (OOP) In Simple Words? – Software Geek Bytes" 686:– that take input, generate output, and manipulate data. Modern languages include 5731: 4602:

The Object Technology Casebook – Lessons from Award-Winning Business Applications

4297: 3814: 2488: 5470: 4756: 4552: 4524: 4495: 3420: 2909: 2599: 2556: 2552: 2387: 2266: 2139: 1898: 1544: 1285: 1119: 1020: 810: 794: 762:

Objects can contain other objects in their instance variables; this is known as

587:. Probably the most commercially important recent object-oriented languages are 527: 460: 383: 198: 154: 80: 1056:

is another language feature that can be used as an alternative to inheritance.

437:(OOPSLA), which was attended by 1,000 people. Among other developments was the 435:

Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications

6347: 6312: 4730:; Michael Blaha; William Premerlani; Frederick Eddy; William Lorensen (1991). 3492: 3414:. 29th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2015). 1:34. 3409: 2383: 2167: 1828: 1788: 1656: 1652: 1629: 1609: 1600:

In recent years, object-oriented programming has become especially popular in

1504: 1459: 1443: 1268: 1159: 744: 683: 672: 375: 182: 4460: 3791: 3696: 3576: 3512:

Jacobsen, Ivar; Magnus Christerson; Patrik Jonsson; Gunnar Overgaard (1992).

1803:: a specialized metaobject from which other objects can be created by copying 1106:

to its parent object or class, and so on, going up the chain of inheritance.

491:. Essential to the quality focus of Eiffel is Meyer's reliability mechanism, 277:

atoms with identified properties (attributes). Another early MIT example was

30:"Object-oriented" redirects here. For other meanings of object-oriented, see 4452: 4409: 2677: 2633: 1692: 1526:

stands out among these for TclOO, a hybrid object system that supports both

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10.1002/(SICI)1097-024X(199908)29:10<833::AID-SPE258>3.0.CO;2-P

107:

are designed by making them out of objects that interact with one another.

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and have access to only class variables and inputs from the procedure call

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Influenced by the work at MIT and the Simula language, in November 1966

5902: 4099: 3892: 3809:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5142. pp. 438–462. 3497: 1858: 1691:

Objects and collections of objects similar to what would be found in a

1539: 814: 565: 170: 3864: 3687: 3670: 2789: 1628:

have been adding object-oriented features since Perl 5 and PHP 4, and

475:, who had used Simula for his PhD thesis, created the object-oriented 342:

began working on ideas that would eventually be incorporated into the

5952: 4783: 3909:"Object Oriented Programming is an expensive disaster which must end" 3829:

object-oriented programming is a widely accepted programming paradigm

2962: 2587: 1471: 1455: 1428: 1352: 418: 303: 238: 194: 4707: 4875:

Introduction to Object Oriented Programming Concepts (OOP) and More

4753:

Object-Oriented and Classical Software Engineering, Seventh Edition

4682: 4175: 3843:"Why Are So Many Developers Hating on Object-Oriented Programming?" 3467:"[9fans] Re: Threads: Sewing badges of honor onto a Kernel" 2878:

Touch of Class: Learning to Program Well with Objects and Contracts

2298:

that deal with mutable objects have been studied; these allow both

1522:

Chameleon languages that support multiple paradigms, including OO.

1412: 647:

that can store information formatted in a small number of built-in

507: 476: 150: 111: 6152: 3163:, p. 470. Lists encapsulation, inheritance, and dynamic dispatch. 2363: 2351: 2330: 2205: 1699: 1644: 943: 771: 675:

that are either built-in or result from combining variables using

573: 561: 287: 38: 4804:

Object-Oriented Information Systems – Planning and Implementation

3717:"The Art of Unix Programming: Unix and Object-Oriented Languages" 3361:

Prototype-based programming: concepts, languages and applications

2526: 2524: 2402:

Comparison of programming languages (object-oriented programming)

618:

Comparison of programming languages (object-oriented programming)

514:. Its dominance was further enhanced by the rising popularity of 6363: 4626:

Object-Oriented Software Engineering: A Use Case-Driven Approach

4423: 2504:

Java Software Solutions Foundations of Programming Design 6th ed

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C. J. Date, Introduction to Database Systems, 6th-ed., Page 650

2769:"Compiling Simula: A historical study of technological genesis" 1724:

One way to address challenges of object-oriented design is via

1262:

used to refer to the current object. In languages that support

4570:

Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object Oriented Software

3411:

Object-Oriented Programming without Inheritance (Invited Talk)

2454:"Dr. Alan Kay on the Meaning of "Object-Oriented Programming"" 2373: 1894:

Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software

1648: 1625: 1523: 1439: 1279: 958:

keyword can be used to prevent a class from being subclassed.

413:

object-oriented Lisp was developed starting 1979, introducing

367:

as object-oriented languages, but does not mention Smalltalk.

270: 210: 43: 2829:

Seven Concurrency Models in Seven Weeks: When Threads Unravel

2745:. MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory 841:

OOP languages are diverse, but typically OOP languages allow

495:, which is an integral part of both the method and language. 3671:"On understanding types, data abstraction, and polymorphism" 1811:: only instance of its class for the lifetime of the program 781:

has said that OOP languages frequently shift the focus from

682:

Procedures – also known as functions, methods, routines, or

110:

Many of the most widely used programming languages (such as

3241:

Foundation for Future Database Systems: The Third Manifesto

1015:

class does not exist explicitly, but can be modeled as the

873:, the most popular style, each object is required to be an 549:(1978) included this concept, and their succeeding design, 2871: 2869: 1791:: from which other objects can be created (compare with a 1667:). Another scripting language that takes this approach is 1438:, but have been extended with some OO features. Examples: 390:. Smalltalk-72 included a programming environment and was 3553:"Bad Engineering Properties of Object-Oriented Languages" 3030:

LOOPS: data and object oriented Programming for Interlisp

2584:

Computation Center and Research Laboratory of Electronics

1869:

in OOP languages (with mutable objects) cannot guarantee

3609:

Coders at Work: Reflections on the Craft of Programming.

3320:"Stevey's Blog Rants: Execution in the Kingdom of Nouns" 3211: 273:

in the late 1950s and early 1960s. "Object" referred to

3710: 3708: 3706: 2669:

Sketchpad: a man-machine graphical communication system

2057:(RDBMSs) are extremely common in software today. Since 1747:: with a single method (in C++, the function operator, 845:

for code reuse and extensibility in the form of either

4709:

OOP – Learn Object Oriented Thinking & Programming

2880:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 329. 1651:

documents on the Internet has bindings to the popular

631:

with OOP support), with notable exceptions mentioned.

4501:

Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications

4298:"Subtyping and Inheritance for Categorical Datatypes" 1845:

It is intuitive to assume that inheritance creates a

1620:

are dynamic languages built on OOP principles, while

1567:) have been very popular in the developer community. 2856:

An Access Control Facility for Programming Languages

27:

Programming paradigm based on the concept of objects

6391: 6356: 6295: 6209: 6202: 6161: 6021: 5940: 5822: 5769: 5664: 5549: 5451: 5267: 5209: 5166: 5069: 5060: 5000: 4942: 4933: 3354:"Classifying prototype-based programming languages" 1257: 1250: 4824:The Object-Oriented Thought Process, Third Edition 3669:Cardelli, Luca; Wegner, Peter (10 December 1985). 2853:Jones, Anita K.; Liskov, Barbara H. (April 1976). 2174:of source code. Transparent representation of the 4405:Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs 1066:. He has called object-oriented programming "the 4319: 4317: 3934:Potok, Thomas; Mladen Vouk; Andy Rindos (1999). 3283:Rich Hickey, JVM Languages Summit 2009 keynote, 906:or attributes – data that belongs to individual 3603: 3601: 1659:language. JavaScript is perhaps the best known 1199: 829: 803: 534:(although this concept is not limited to OOP). 421:. In 1981, Goldberg edited the August issue of 325: 299:were common points of discussion at this time. 2626:; Hart, swapnil d.; Levin, Michael I. (1962). 2117:is difficult to handle using OOP's concept of 141:Significant object-oriented languages include 5918: 5747: 4906: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 1348:List of object-oriented programming languages 302:Independently of later MIT work such as AED, 8: 4478:"Effective Java: Programming Language Guide" 3888:"Why Isn't Functional Programming the Norm?" 2598:and Research Laboratory: 88f. Archived from 1897:is an influential book published in 1994 by 1714:Distributed Relational Database Architecture 823:compares object orientation unfavourably to 46:notation for a class. This Button class has 4176:"A Realistic Look at Object-Oriented Reuse" 3251: 3249: 3075:1995 Reviewers Guide to Visual FoxPro 3.0: 2690: 2688: 2518:, section 1.6 "Object-Oriented Programming" 2287:are the basis for understanding objects if 1916:The book describes the following patterns: 1314:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 6206: 5925: 5911: 5903: 5754: 5740: 5732: 5066: 4939: 4913: 4899: 4891: 4022:. Interoperability Happens. Archived from 3865:"Why ARC isn't especially Object-Oriented" 3543: 3541: 3539: 2952:"Object-Oriented Programming with Flavors" 2317:and pointers to other maps, all with some 1558:(dark blue) competed for the top position. 1158:methods may have names that start with an 4977:Programming in the large and in the small 3686: 3419: 3363:. Singapore Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. 3352:Dony, C; Malenfant, J; Bardon, D (1999). 3279: 3277: 3116:The Quarks of Object-Oriented Development 2931: 2739:"The first software engineering language" 2721: 2704:"The development of the SIMULA languages" 2676: 2652:Object — a synonym for atomic symbol 2336:Common Object Request Broker Architecture 2255:Formal semantics of programming languages 1334:Learn how and when to remove this message 622:List of object-oriented programming terms 6116:Software development process/methodology 4058:OOOP – The Third "O" Solution: Open OOP. 3807:ECOOP 2008 – Object-Oriented Programming 3261:"STLport: An Interview with A. Stepanov" 3091:Object Oriented Programming with C++, 1E 2477:International Journal of General Systems 2347:Distributed Data Management Architecture 2128:(who popularized the adage now known as 1682:Distributed Data Management Architecture 1538: 1162:). In C#, Swift & Kotlin languages, 603:(VB.NET), both designed for Microsoft's 4776:Object oriented programming with ANSI-C 4079:"Good ideas, through the looking glass" 3987:"Design Principles and Design Patterns" 2777:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 2762: 2760: 2438: 881:. The class defines the data format or 370:In the 1970s, the first version of the 3886:Feldman, Richard (30 September 2019). 3094:. Vikas Publishing House Pvt Limited. 2862:(Technical report). MIT. CSG Memo 137. 2186:Responsibility- vs. data-driven design 2055:relational database management systems 1759:: does not change state after creation 483:also produced the first design of the 374:programming language was developed at 4847:Object Thinking (Developer Reference) 4684:Object-Oriented Software Construction 4222:"Multithreading is a verb not a noun" 4044: 3634: 3518:. Addison-Wesley ACM Press. pp. 3339: 3046: 2530: 2502:Lewis, John; Loftus, William (2008). 2109:Object-Oriented Software Construction 2097:Real-world modeling and relationships 2053:Both object-oriented programming and 1795:, which is not necessarily an object) 489:Object-Oriented Software Construction 7: 6437: 6131:Software verification and validation 6034:Component-based software engineering 3515:Object Oriented Software Engineering 3385:"Is Go an object-oriented language?" 3155:, Edition 2, Morgan Kaufmann, 2006, 3134:, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 3027:Bobrow, D. G.; Stefik, M. J (1982). 2832:. Pragmatic Bookshelf. p. 204. 2407:Component-based software engineering 2064:object-relational impedance mismatch 2041:Object-relational impedance mismatch 1835:Inheritance and behavioral subtyping 1695:program for messages and parameters. 1312:adding citations to reliable sources 1011:as their prototype. The idea of the 18:Object-oriented software engineering 4733:Object-Oriented Modeling and Design 4199:"Flaws of Object Oriented Modeling" 4151:Boronczyk, Timothy (11 June 2009). 4130:"Execution in the Kingdom of Nouns" 2422:Object-oriented analysis and design 1214:principle of software development. 1052:many public attributes or methods. 431:Association for Computing Machinery 4480:(third ed.). Addison-Wesley. 4224:. techrepublic.com. Archived from 3911:. smashcompany.com. Archived from 3792:"The Emerald Programming Language" 3088:Khurana, Rohit (1 November 2009). 2767:Holmevik, Jan Rune (Winter 1994). 2342:Distributed Component Object Model 2166:OOP was developed to increase the 1110:Data abstraction and encapsulation 774:, but it forbids object pointers. 25: 6111:Software configuration management 5978:Search-based software engineering 5963:Experimental software engineering 4333:. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. 4020:"The Vietnam of Computer Science" 3943:Software: Practice and Experience 3437:"A few years ago I saw this page" 3132:Concepts in programming languages 2594:: Artificial Intelligence Group, 1888:Design pattern (computer science) 1767:: can be used without restriction 1093:. A method call is also known as 6447: 6446: 6436: 5521:Partitioned global address space 4220:James, Justin (1 October 2007). 4174:Ambler, Scott (1 January 1998). 3841:Cassel, David (21 August 2019). 2914:"The early history of Smalltalk" 2386: 2035:Object-orientation and databases 1434:Languages that are historically 1284: 1080:Dynamic dispatch/message passing 4774:Schreiner, Axel-Tobias (1993). 4247:Shelly, Asaf (22 August 2008). 4197:Shelly, Asaf (22 August 2008). 3216:. Addison Wesley. p. 220. 3176:Types and Programming Languages 3153:Programming language pragmatics 3010:"Introducing the Smalltalk Zoo" 2228:Interface segregation principle 2213:Single responsibility principle 1989:Chain-of-responsibility pattern 5958:Empirical software engineering 5763:Types of programming languages 4658:The Early History of Smalltalk 4275:"Some thoughts on teaching FP" 4128:Yegge, Steve (30 March 2006). 4064:, 1993, Vol. 3, issue 3, p.14. 3435:Pike, Rob (14 November 2012). 2826:Butcher, Paul (30 June 2014). 2369:Interface description language 2233:Dependency inversion principle 1751:) it acts much like a function 919:Class methods – belong to the 1: 4886:OOP Concepts (Java Tutorials) 3213:Software Engineering with Ada 2223:Liskov substitution principle 1876:Liskov substitution principle 1602:dynamic programming languages 926:Instance methods – belong to 806:strangely skewed perspective. 639:Shared with non-OOP languages 5983:Site reliability engineering 5895:Programming paradigms navbox 5048:Uniform Function Call Syntax 4599:; William Morrissey (1996). 4018:Neward, Ted (26 June 2006). 3815:10.1007/978-3-540-70592-5_19 3771:Category Extreme Programming 3622:, Accessed 13 November 2009. 3493:"Uncle Bob SOLID principles" 3299:"Less is exponentially more" 2629:LISP 1.5 Programmer's Manual 2533:, pp. xi–xii, Foreword. 2489:10.1080/03081079.2010.539975 2191:Responsibility-driven design 1882:Gang of Four design patterns 1193:, the principal inventor of 1049:composition over inheritance 467:, who had used Smalltalk at 6473:Object-oriented programming 5988:Social software engineering 5516:Parallel programming models 5490:Concurrent constraint logic 4706:Pecinovsky, Rudolf (2013). 3421:10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2015.1 3408:Stroustrup, Bjarne (2015). 2577:"LISP I Programmers Manual" 2394:Computer programming portal 2319:syntactic and scoping sugar 1823:As an example of an object 1661:prototype-based programming 1528:prototype-based programming 1197:, who is quoted as saying: 968:prototype-based programming 95:), and code in the form of 59:Object-oriented programming 6494: 6126:Software quality assurance 5609:Metalinguistic abstraction 5476:Automatic mutual exclusion 4132:. steve-yegge.blogspot.com 3297:Pike, Rob (25 June 2012). 2252: 2201:SOLID and GRASP guidelines 2038: 1885: 1838: 1736:The following are notable 1345: 797:noted that, as opposed to 716: 615: 29: 6432: 5481:Choreographic programming 4881:Discussion on Cons of OOP 4807:. John Wiley & Sons. 4801:Taylor, David A. (1992). 4605:. John Wiley & Sons. 4530:Building Business Objects 4441:Communications of the ACM 4327:; Cardelli, Luca (1996). 3239:C. J. Date, Hugh Darwen. 3173:Pierce, Benjamin (2002). 3036:. European AI Conference. 2596:M.I.T. Computation Center 2506:. Pearson Education Inc. 2068:object-relational mapping 2045:Object-relational mapping 1675:OOP in a network protocol 719:Object (computer science) 516:graphical user interfaces 439:Common Lisp Object System 6282:Model-driven engineering 6081:Functional specification 6064:Software incompatibility 5973:Requirements engineering 5531:Relativistic programming 4751:Schach, Stephen (2006). 4201:. Intel Software Network 3715:Eric S. Raymond (2003). 2427:Object-oriented ontology 2417:Object modeling language 1931:Abstract factory pattern 1831:knows or does too much. 1775:: contains other objects 1738:software design patterns 1596:OOP in dynamic languages 1535:Popularity and reception 532:event-driven programming 69:based on the concept of 6076:Enterprise architecture 4822:Weisfeld, Matt (2009). 4712:. Bruckner Publishing. 4453:10.1145/1113034.1113040 4277:. Existential Type Blog 4251:. support.microsoft.com 4153:"What's Wrong with OOP" 3767:"Don't Repeat Yourself" 3065:Summary of Fox releases 2876:Bertrand Meyer (2009). 2678:10.1145/1461551.1461591 2304:parametric polymorphism 2267:co algebraic data types 2025:Template method pattern 1783:: creates other objects 1665:class-based programming 1485:(Oberon-1 or Oberon-2). 871:class-based programming 267:artificial intelligence 6287:Round-trip engineering 6044:Backward compatibility 6039:Software compatibility 5541:Structured concurrency 4926:Comparison by language 4476:Bloch, Joshua (2018). 3114:Deborah J. Armstrong. 2115:circle-ellipse problem 2078:and libraries such as 1927:Factory method pattern 1841:Object-oriented design 1565:functional programming 1559: 1454:(derived from BASIC), 1238:separation of concerns 1204: 1176:C programming language 995:a fruit if the object 834: 808: 799:functional programming 688:structured programming 330: 136:functional programming 132:procedural programming 128:imperative programming 83:: data in the form of 55: 6478:Programming paradigms 6106:Software architecture 6059:Forward compatibility 5884:Programming languages 5506:Multitier programming 5322:Interface description 4922:Programming paradigms 4535:John Wiley & Sons 4155:. zaemis.blogspot.com 3675:ACM Computing Surveys 3569:10.1145/242224.242415 3210:Booch, Grady (1986). 2933:10.1145/155360.155364 2723:10.1145/960118.808391 2622:; Abrahams, Paul W.; 2218:Open/closed principle 1637:Document Object Model 1542: 1503:languages. Examples: 1212:don't repeat yourself 1183:open/closed principle 739:containing data) and 42: 6404:Computer engineering 6101:Software archaeology 6091:Programming paradigm 6003:Software maintenance 5948:Computer programming 5934:Software engineering 4845:West, David (2004). 3737:Brodie, Leo (1984). 3618:5 March 2010 at the 2300:subtype polymorphism 2180:multithreaded coding 2162:OOP and control flow 2059:relational databases 1871:behavioral subtyping 1863:Subtype polymorphism 1698:Managers similar to 1582:open-source software 1436:procedural languages 1308:improve this section 1210:in violation of the 1043:Some languages like 936:Multiple inheritance 443:Meta-object protocol 433:organized the first 415:multiple inheritance 75:, which can contain 67:programming paradigm 6424:Systems engineering 6409:Information science 6189:Service orientation 6141:Structured analysis 6049:Compatibility layer 5993:Software deployment 5646:Self-modifying code 5254:Probabilistic logic 5185:Functional reactive 5140:Expression-oriented 5094:Partial application 4635:1992oose.book.....J 4579:1995dper.book.....G 4426:on 26 December 2017 4374:A Theory of Objects 4330:A Theory of Objects 4117:on 12 October 2016. 4077:(23 January 2006). 3999:on 6 September 2015 3907:Krubner, Lawrence. 3794:. 26 February 2011. 3607:Armstrong, Joe. In 3257:Stepanov, Alexander 3151:Michael Lee Scott, 3016:. 17 December 2020. 2971:10.1145/28697.28698 2965:'86. pp. 1–8. 2919:ACM SIGPLAN Notices 2886:2009tclp.book.....M 2743:LCS/AI Lab Timeline 2709:ACM SIGPLAN Notices 2313:A Theory of Objects 1997:Interpreter pattern 1984:Behavioral patterns 1949:Structural patterns 1922:Creational patterns 1865:as enforced by the 1530:and class-based OO. 1357:simulation programs 825:generic programming 703:Modular programming 659:. This may include 633:Christopher J. Date 394:, and at first was 314:, inheritance, and 297:modular programming 6414:Project management 6179:Object orientation 6146:Essential analysis 6054:Compatibility mode 5559:Attribute-oriented 5332:List comprehension 5277:Algebraic modeling 5090:Anonymous function 4982:Design by contract 4952:Jackson structures 4629:. Addison-Wesley. 4573:. Addison-Wesley. 4400:Gerald Jay Sussman 4228:on 10 October 2007 4100:10.1109/MC.2006.20 3915:on 14 October 2014 3611:Peter Seibel, ed. 2665:Ivan E. Sutherland 2624:Edwards, Daniel J. 2412:Object association 2358:Modeling languages 2276:encapsulated state 2195:data-driven design 2074:languages such as 1765:First-class object 1560: 1490:abstract data type 1027:may be defined in 928:individual objects 904:Instance variables 821:Alexander Stepanov 764:object composition 729:abstract data type 493:design by contract 349:abstract data type 320:physical modelling 56: 32:Object-orientation 6460: 6459: 6387: 6386: 6328:Information model 6232:Incremental model 6086:Modeling language 5873:Computer language 5860: 5859: 5729: 5728: 5619:Program synthesis 5511:Organic computing 5447: 5446: 5352:Non-English-based 5327:Language-oriented 5105:Purely functional 5056: 5055: 4860:978-0-7356-1965-4 4837:978-0-672-33016-2 4814:978-0-471-54364-0 4793:978-3-446-17426-9 4766:978-0-07-319126-3 4743:978-0-13-629841-0 4736:. Prentice Hall. 4719:978-80-904661-8-0 4698:978-0-13-629155-8 4644:978-0-201-54435-0 4612:978-0-471-14717-6 4588:978-0-201-63361-0 4544:978-0-471-19176-6 4515:978-0-8053-5340-2 4419:978-0-262-01153-2 4387:978-0-387-94775-4 4340:978-0-387-94775-4 4273:(17 April 2011). 4090:. Cover Feature. 3984:Martin, Robert C. 3824:978-3-540-70591-8 3688:10.1145/6041.6042 3529:978-0-201-54435-0 3443:on 14 August 2018 3285:Are We There Yet? 3223:978-0-8053-0608-8 3186:978-0-262-16209-8 3101:978-81-259-2532-3 2980:978-0-89791-204-4 2895:978-3-540-92144-8 2839:978-1-68050-466-8 2807:on 30 August 2017 2790:10.1109/85.329756 2702:(1 August 1978). 2647:978-0-262-13011-0 2605:on 17 July 2010. 2513:978-0-321-53205-3 2289:function literals 2080:Java Data Objects 1974:Flyweight pattern 1966:Decorator pattern 1962:Composite pattern 1943:Prototype pattern 1935:Singleton pattern 1740:for OOP objects. 1632:since version 6. 1551:(orange) and the 1344: 1343: 1336: 1091:multiple dispatch 1017:equivalence class 999:exists, and both 655:and alphanumeric 473:Bjarne Stroustrup 463:was developed by 459:In the mid-1980s 392:dynamically typed 105:computer programs 16:(Redirected from 6485: 6450: 6449: 6440: 6439: 6399:Computer science 6207: 6121:Software quality 6013:Systems analysis 6008:Software testing 5927: 5920: 5913: 5904: 5899: 5893: 5888: 5882: 5877: 5871: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5733: 5631:by demonstration 5536:Service-oriented 5526:Process-oriented 5501:Macroprogramming 5486:Concurrent logic 5357:Page description 5347:Natural language 5317:Grammar-oriented 5244:Nondeterministic 5233:Constraint logic 5135:Point-free style 5130:Functional logic 5067: 5038:Immutable object 4957:Block-structured 4940: 4915: 4908: 4901: 4892: 4877:by L.W.C. Nirosh 4864: 4841: 4818: 4797: 4770: 4747: 4723: 4702: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4661:. Archived from 4648: 4616: 4592: 4548: 4519: 4491: 4472: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4422:. Archived from 4391: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4321: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4302: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4110:. Archived from 4083: 4071: 4065: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3998: 3992:. Archived from 3991: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3940: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3867:. PaulGraham.com 3857: 3851: 3850: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3746:. pp. 92–93 3745: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3712: 3701: 3700: 3690: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3650:. 5 January 2023 3644: 3638: 3632: 3623: 3613:Codersatwork.com 3605: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3557:ACM Comput. Surv 3545: 3534: 3533: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3501:. 2 August 2018. 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3465:(2 March 2004). 3459: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3439:. Archived from 3432: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3391: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3358: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3294: 3288: 3281: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3253: 3244: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3192: 3190: 3170: 3164: 3149: 3143: 3128:John C. Mitchell 3125: 3119: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2956: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2873: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2806: 2800:. Archived from 2773: 2764: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2692: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2604: 2581: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2519: 2517: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2450: 2396: 2391: 2390: 2249:Formal semantics 2091:object databases 2086:' ActiveRecord. 2021:Strategy pattern 2013:Observer pattern 2005:Mediator pattern 2001:Iterator pattern 1809:Singleton object 1801:Prototype object 1773:Container object 1757:Immutable object 1750: 1339: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1319: 1288: 1280: 1261: 1260: 1254: 1253: 1165: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1128:code refactoring 1087:dynamic dispatch 966:In contrast, in 957: 950:Abstract classes 921:class as a whole 914:Member variables 898:class as a whole 896:– belong to the 877:of a particular 690:constructs like 601:Visual Basic.NET 593:Sun Microsystems 334: 293:data abstraction 255:Visual Basic.NET 99:(often known as 87:(often known as 21: 6493: 6492: 6488: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6456: 6428: 6419:Risk management 6383: 6352: 6291: 6272:Waterfall model 6242:Prototype model 6237:Iterative model 6198: 6174:Aspect-oriented 6157: 6136:Software system 6017: 5998:Software design 5936: 5931: 5897: 5891: 5886: 5880: 5875: 5869: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5818: 5809:Very high-level 5765: 5760: 5730: 5725: 5667: 5660: 5551:Metaprogramming 5545: 5461: 5456: 5443: 5425:Graph rewriting 5263: 5239:Inductive logic 5219:Abductive logic 5205: 5162: 5125:Dependent types 5073: 5052: 5024:Prototype-based 5004: 5002:Object-oriented 4996: 4992:Nested function 4987:Invariant-based 4929: 4919: 4871: 4861: 4851:Microsoft Press 4844: 4838: 4821: 4815: 4800: 4794: 4773: 4767: 4750: 4744: 4728:Rumbaugh, James 4726: 4720: 4705: 4699: 4679:Meyer, Bertrand 4677: 4668: 4666: 4665:on 4 April 2005 4651: 4645: 4619: 4613: 4595: 4589: 4551: 4545: 4522: 4516: 4494: 4488: 4475: 4438: 4429: 4427: 4420: 4396:Abelson, Harold 4394: 4388: 4378:Springer Verlag 4364: 4361: 4359:Further reading 4356: 4355: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4323: 4322: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4280: 4278: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4158: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4135: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4114: 4081: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4055: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4029: 4027: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3967: 3965: 3949:(10): 833–847. 3938: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3870: 3868: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3775: 3773: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3721: 3719: 3714: 3713: 3704: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3653: 3651: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3626: 3620:Wayback Machine 3606: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3563:(4es): 150–es. 3547: 3546: 3537: 3530: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3446: 3444: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3356: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3282: 3275: 3265: 3263: 3255: 3254: 3247: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3187: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3150: 3146: 3126: 3122: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3057: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3033: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3008: 3007: 3003: 2993: 2991: 2981: 2954: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2875: 2874: 2867: 2859: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2771: 2766: 2765: 2758: 2748: 2746: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2696:Kristen Nygaard 2694: 2693: 2686: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2648: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2602: 2579: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2529: 2522: 2514: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2457: 2452: 2451: 2440: 2435: 2392: 2385: 2382: 2360: 2327: 2296: 2272:recursive types 2257: 2251: 2203: 2188: 2172:maintainability 2164: 2099: 2089:There are also 2051: 2049:Object database 2039:Main articles: 2037: 2029:Visitor pattern 2009:Memento pattern 1993:Command pattern 1954:Adapter pattern 1939:Builder pattern 1890: 1884: 1843: 1837: 1748: 1745:Function object 1734: 1732:Object patterns 1726:design patterns 1722: 1720:Design patterns 1677: 1598: 1580:programmer and 1574:Eric S. Raymond 1537: 1501:prototype-based 1488:Languages with 1350: 1340: 1329: 1323: 1320: 1305: 1289: 1278: 1258: 1251: 1246: 1220: 1172:Eric S. Raymond 1163: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1112: 1096:message passing 1082: 1070:of computing". 1041: 964: 962:Prototype-based 953: 894:Class variables 867: 839: 783:data structures 723:An object is a 721: 715: 677:memory pointers 661:data structures 641: 624: 614: 591:, developed by 485:Eiffel language 336: 332: 316:dynamic binding 283:Ivan Sutherland 263: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6491: 6489: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6465: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6454: 6444: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6395: 6393: 6392:Related fields 6389: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6360: 6358: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6323:Function model 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6299: 6297: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6227:Executable UML 6224: 6219: 6213: 6211: 6204: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6036: 6031: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5968:Formal methods 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5922: 5915: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5889: 5878: 5865: 5862: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5828: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5751: 5744: 5736: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5672: 5670: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5561: 5555: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5467: 5465: 5449: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5441: 5436: 5421:Transformation 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5307:Differentiable 5304: 5294: 5287:Automata-based 5284: 5279: 5273: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5226: 5221: 5215: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5178: 5172: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5160: 5154:Function-level 5151: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5087: 5081: 5079: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5016: 5014: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4967:Non-structured 4964: 4959: 4954: 4948: 4946: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4910: 4903: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4870: 4869:External links 4867: 4866: 4865: 4859: 4842: 4836: 4828:Addison-Wesley 4819: 4813: 4798: 4792: 4771: 4765: 4748: 4742: 4724: 4718: 4703: 4697: 4675: 4649: 4643: 4621:Jacobson, Ivar 4617: 4611: 4593: 4587: 4565:John Vlissides 4549: 4543: 4523:Eeles, Peter; 4520: 4514: 4506:Addison-Wesley 4492: 4487:978-0134685991 4486: 4473: 4447:(2): 123–128. 4436: 4418: 4392: 4386: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4339: 4313: 4288: 4262: 4239: 4212: 4189: 4166: 4143: 4120: 4066: 4049: 4047:, p. 230. 4037: 4026:on 4 July 2006 4010: 3975: 3926: 3899: 3878: 3852: 3833: 3823: 3797: 3783: 3765:Hunt, Andrew. 3757: 3740:Thinking Forth 3729: 3702: 3681:(4): 471–523. 3661: 3639: 3624: 3597: 3549:Cardelli, Luca 3535: 3528: 3504: 3484: 3473:(Mailing list) 3454: 3427: 3400: 3376: 3369: 3344: 3332: 3311: 3289: 3287:November 2009. 3273: 3245: 3232: 3222: 3202: 3193: 3185: 3165: 3144: 3120: 3107: 3100: 3080: 3068: 3051: 3039: 3019: 3001: 2979: 2948:Moon, David A. 2939: 2912:(March 1993). 2901: 2894: 2865: 2845: 2838: 2818: 2756: 2729: 2716:(8): 245–272. 2700:Ole-Johan Dahl 2684: 2656: 2646: 2620:McCarthy, John 2611: 2575:(March 1969). 2543:McCarthy, J.; 2535: 2520: 2512: 2494: 2483:(3): 313–343. 2467: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2333: 2326: 2323: 2308: 2307: 2294: 2282: 2277: 2274: 2269: 2250: 2247: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2202: 2199: 2187: 2184: 2163: 2160: 2134:KISS principle 2104:Bertrand Meyer 2098: 2095: 2070:, as found in 2036: 2033: 2032: 2031: 1980: 1970:Facade pattern 1958:Bridge pattern 1945: 1911:John Vlissides 1886:Main article: 1883: 1880: 1836: 1833: 1821: 1820: 1813: 1812: 1805: 1804: 1797: 1796: 1785: 1784: 1781:Factory object 1777: 1776: 1769: 1768: 1761: 1760: 1753: 1752: 1733: 1730: 1721: 1718: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1696: 1689: 1676: 1673: 1597: 1594: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1520: 1486: 1479: 1432: 1401: 1342: 1341: 1292: 1290: 1283: 1277: 1274: 1264:open recursion 1245: 1244:Open recursion 1242: 1219: 1216: 1208:duplicate code 1111: 1108: 1081: 1078: 1068:Roman numerals 1040: 1037: 963: 960: 932: 931: 924: 917: 911: 901: 866: 863: 838: 835: 725:data structure 717:Main article: 714: 711: 700: 699: 680: 640: 637: 629:multi-paradigm 613: 610: 522:frameworks on 481:Bertrand Meyer 447:Intel iAPX 432 388:Adele Goldberg 353:Barbara Liskov 333:Alan Kay, 324: 262: 259: 124:multi-paradigm 50:for data, and 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6490: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6453: 6445: 6443: 6435: 6434: 6431: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6355: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6343:Systems model 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6210:Developmental 6208: 6205: 6201: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6151: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6071:Data modeling 6069: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5928: 5923: 5921: 5916: 5914: 5909: 5908: 5905: 5896: 5890: 5885: 5879: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5757: 5752: 5750: 5745: 5743: 5738: 5737: 5734: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5691:Data-oriented 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5589:Homoiconicity 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5496:Concurrent OO 5494: 5491: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5391:Set-theoretic 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5371:Probabilistic 5369: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5159: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5149:Concatenative 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5008: 5003: 4999: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4911: 4909: 4904: 4902: 4897: 4896: 4893: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4690: 4689:Prentice Hall 4686: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4664: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4561:Ralph Johnson 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4502: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4370:Luca Cardelli 4367: 4366:Abadi, Martin 4363: 4362: 4358: 4342: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4325:Abadi, Martin 4320: 4318: 4314: 4299: 4292: 4289: 4276: 4272: 4271:Robert Harper 4266: 4263: 4250: 4243: 4240: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4213: 4200: 4193: 4190: 4178:. drdobbs.com 4177: 4170: 4167: 4154: 4147: 4144: 4131: 4124: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4087:IEEE Computer 4080: 4076: 4075:Niklaus Wirth 4070: 4067: 4063: 4060:First Class, 4059: 4053: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4038: 4025: 4021: 4014: 4011: 3995: 3988: 3985: 3979: 3976: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3930: 3927: 3914: 3910: 3903: 3900: 3895: 3894: 3889: 3882: 3879: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3853: 3848: 3847:The New Stack 3844: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3798: 3793: 3787: 3784: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3758: 3742: 3741: 3733: 3730: 3718: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3662: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3508: 3505: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3472: 3471:comp.os.plan9 3468: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3428: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3412: 3404: 3401: 3397: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3372: 3370:9789814021258 3366: 3362: 3355: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3333: 3321: 3315: 3312: 3300: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3243:(2nd Edition) 3242: 3236: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3206: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3179:. MIT Press. 3178: 3177: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3161:0-12-633951-1 3158: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3140:0-521-78098-5 3137: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3103: 3097: 3093: 3092: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3061: 3060:Visual FoxPro 3055: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3040: 3032: 3031: 3023: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3005: 3002: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2953: 2950:(June 1986). 2949: 2943: 2940: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2897: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2857: 2849: 2846: 2841: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2822: 2819: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2778: 2770: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2744: 2740: 2733: 2730: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2592:Massachusetts 2589: 2585: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2505: 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1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1907:Ralph Johnson 1904: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1889: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1842: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1818: 1817:Filter object 1815: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1739: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1685: 1683: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1590:Luca Cardelli 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1426: 1425:Object Pascal 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 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Retrieved 4663:the original 4657: 4625: 4601: 4597:Harmon, Paul 4569: 4557:Richard Helm 4553:Gamma, Erich 4529: 4500: 4496:Booch, Grady 4477: 4444: 4440: 4428:. Retrieved 4424:the original 4404: 4373: 4344:. Retrieved 4329: 4304:. Retrieved 4296:Poll, Erik. 4291: 4279:. Retrieved 4265: 4253:. Retrieved 4242: 4230:. Retrieved 4226:the original 4215: 4203:. Retrieved 4192: 4180:. Retrieved 4169: 4157:. Retrieved 4146: 4134:. Retrieved 4123: 4112:the original 4094:(1): 28–39. 4091: 4085: 4069: 4057: 4056:M.Trofimov, 4052: 4040: 4028:. Retrieved 4024:the original 4013: 4001:. Retrieved 3994:the original 3978: 3966:. Retrieved 3946: 3942: 3929: 3917:. Retrieved 3913:the original 3902: 3891: 3881: 3869:. Retrieved 3861:Graham, Paul 3855: 3846: 3836: 3828: 3806: 3800: 3786: 3774:. Retrieved 3770: 3760: 3748:. Retrieved 3739: 3732: 3720:. Retrieved 3678: 3674: 3664: 3652:. Retrieved 3642: 3608: 3588:. Retrieved 3560: 3556: 3514: 3507: 3496: 3487: 3475:. Retrieved 3470: 3457: 3445:. 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Retrieved 2312: 2309: 2261: 2258: 2243:Craig Larman 2237: 2204: 2189: 2176:control flow 2165: 2151: 2143: 2138: 2123: 2107: 2100: 2088: 2052: 1982: 1947: 1920: 1915: 1903:Richard Helm 1892: 1891: 1867:type checker 1854: 1844: 1825:anti-pattern 1822: 1735: 1723: 1711: 1678: 1634: 1599: 1586: 1561: 1495: 1464:Fortran 2003 1452:Visual Basic 1351: 1330: 1321: 1306:Please help 1294: 1267: 1247: 1235: 1231: 1227:polymorphism 1225:– a form of 1221: 1218:Polymorphism 1205: 1200: 1180: 1168: 1140: 1136: 1113: 1101: 1094: 1083: 1072: 1064:lookup table 1058: 1042: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 979: 975: 971: 965: 948: 933: 927: 920: 907: 897: 878: 868: 858: 854: 840: 830: 819: 809: 804: 776: 761: 757: 722: 701: 696:conditionals 625: 578: 555: 536: 497: 458: 434: 408: 369: 337: 331: 326: 301: 264: 171:Fortran 2003 147:ActionScript 140: 109: 70: 62: 58: 57: 36: 6029:Abstraction 5792:Interpreted 5706:Intentional 5686:Data-driven 5668:of concerns 5627:Inferential 5614:Multi-stage 5594:Interactive 5471:Actor-based 5458:distributed 5401:Stack-based 5201:Synchronous 5158:Value-level 5145:Applicative 5062:Declarative 5020:Class-based 4757:McGraw-Hill 4525:Oliver Sims 3871:13 November 3477:17 November 2910:Alan C. Kay 2573:Russell, S. 2561:Luckham, D. 2549:Edwards, D. 2545:Brayton, R. 2460:11 February 2280:inheritance 2168:reusability 2140:Steve Yegge 2130:Wirth's law 2119:inheritance 1899:Erich Gamma 1569:Paul Graham 1324:August 2009 1120:data hiding 1116:abstraction 1021:duck typing 887:constructor 865:Class-based 843:inheritance 837:Inheritance 811:Rich Hickey 795:Steve Yegge 770:to support 768:type system 745:subroutines 731:containing 684:subroutines 673:hash tables 528:Objective-C 479:. In 1985, 461:Objective-C 396:interpreted 384:Dan Ingalls 281:created by 199:Objective-C 155:Common Lisp 103:). In OOP, 6467:Categories 6348:View model 6313:Data model 5824:Generation 5804:High-level 5681:Components 5666:Separation 5641:Reflective 5635:by example 5579:Extensible 5453:Concurrent 5429:Production 5416:Templating 5396:Simulation 5381:Scientific 5301:Spacecraft 5229:Constraint 5224:Answer set 5176:Flow-based 5076:comparison 5071:Functional 5043:Persistent 5007:comparison 4972:Procedural 4944:Structured 4935:Imperative 4778:. Hanser. 4430:22 January 4281:5 December 4045:Meyer 1997 3919:14 October 3654:17 January 3635:Bloch 2018 3340:Bloch 2018 3047:Meyer 1997 2636:. p. 2565:Maling, K. 2531:Bloch 2018 2433:References 2306:(generics) 2253:See also: 2106:argues in 1839:See also: 1829:God object 1789:Metaobject 1749:operator() 1657:ECMAScript 1653:JavaScript 1630:ColdFusion 1610:PowerShell 1553:procedural 1505:JavaScript 1460:COBOL 2002 1444:JavaScript 1368:Examples: 1346:See also: 1269:late-bound 1160:underscore 1132:decoupling 1074:Bob Martin 1054:Delegation 851:prototypes 787:algorithms 707:namespaced 657:characters 649:data types 616:See also: 539:ETH Zürich 451:Linn Smart 376:Xerox PARC 183:JavaScript 97:procedures 93:properties 89:attributes 6357:Languages 5799:Low-level 5568:Inductive 5564:Automatic 5386:Scripting 5085:Recursive 4784:1850/8544 4653:Kay, Alan 4461:0001-0782 4410:MIT Press 3697:0360-0300 3577:0360-0300 3463:Pike, Rob 3447:1 October 3304:1 October 2634:MIT Press 2557:Hodes, L. 2154:(methods/ 2150:) before 2146:(objects/ 2124:However, 1861:objects. 1693:Smalltalk 1378:Smalltalk 1361:Smalltalk 1295:does not 1223:Subtyping 1152:protected 1104:delegated 985:prototype 976:prototype 737:variables 645:Variables 427:Interlisp 404:Smalltalk 372:Smalltalk 357:Simula 67 344:Smalltalk 279:Sketchpad 269:group at 243:Smalltalk 235:SIMSCRIPT 52:functions 48:variables 6452:Category 6318:ER model 6184:Ontology 6096:Software 6022:Concepts 5864:See also 5814:Esoteric 5787:Compiled 5782:Assembly 5721:Subjects 5711:Literate 5701:Features 5656:Template 5651:Symbolic 5623:Bayesian 5603:Hygienic 5463:parallel 5342:Modeling 5337:Low-code 5312:End-user 5249:Ontology 5181:Reactive 5168:Dataflow 4681:(1997). 4669:18 April 4623:(1992). 4567:(1995). 4527:(1998). 4498:(1997). 4469:11485502 4402:(1997). 4372:(1998). 4346:21 April 4003:28 April 3968:21 April 3963:57865731 3722:6 August 3616:Archived 3590:21 April 3585:12105785 3551:(1996). 3390:13 April 3266:21 April 3077:DFpug.de 2994:17 March 2989:17150741 2798:18148999 2569:Park, D. 2380:See also 2293:System F 1847:semantic 1716:(DRDA). 1513:Modula-2 1164:internal 1060:Rob Pike 1031:but not 875:instance 859:instance 779:Rob Pike 753:pointers 653:integers 612:Features 547:Modula-2 524:Mac OS X 500:paradigm 469:ITT Inc. 465:Brad Cox 454:Rekursiv 449:and the 400:compiled 380:Alan Kay 340:Alan Kay 6442:Commons 6267:V-model 5777:Machine 5676:Aspects 5584:Generic 5574:Dynamic 5433:Pattern 5411:Tactile 5376:Quantum 5366:filters 5297:Command 5196:Streams 5191:Signals 4962:Modular 4631:Bibcode 4575:Bibcode 4108:6582369 3893:YouTube 3498:YouTube 2882:Bibcode 2811:3 March 2553:Fox, P. 2338:(CORBA) 2325:Systems 2285:records 2152:actions 1859:mutable 1703:Objects 1494:object- 1386:Emerald 1316:removed 1301:sources 1202:jungle. 1156:private 1144:private 1039:Absence 972:objects 908:objects 847:classes 815:Clojure 741:methods 735:(state 713:Objects 665:strings 566:Fortran 411:Flavors 365:Alphard 261:History 101:methods 72:objects 65:) is a 6203:Models 5953:DevOps 5941:Fields 5847:Fourth 5837:Second 5439:Visual 5406:System 5291:Action 5115:Strict 4857: 4834: 4811: 4790: 4763: 4740: 4716: 4695: 4641: 4609: 4585: 4541: 4512: 4484: 4467: 4459: 4416: 4384: 4337: 4306:5 June 4255:4 July 4232:4 July 4205:4 July 4182:4 July 4159:3 July 4136:3 July 4106: 4030:2 June 3961: 3821: 3695: 3583: 3575: 3526: 3367: 3325:20 May 3220: 3183: 3159: 3138: 3098: 2987: 2977: 2963:OOPSLA 2892: 2836: 2796: 2749:13 May 2644: 2588:Boston 2510: 2456:. 2003 2144:things 2047:, and 1987:(11): 1909:, and 1855:safely 1827:, the 1647:, and 1618:Groovy 1606:Python 1483:Oberon 1476:Pascal 1472:Ada 95 1456:MATLAB 1429:VB.NET 1421:Delphi 1409:Python 1382:Eiffel 1353:Simula 1195:Erlang 1148:public 1033:orange 1005:orange 993:orange 980:parent 944:mixins 940:traits 855:object 749:memory 733:fields 671:, and 581:Python 572:, and 570:Pascal 551:Oberon 512:Delphi 510:, and 419:mixins 398:, not 363:, and 355:lists 312:object 304:Simula 239:Simula 215:Python 195:MATLAB 187:Kotlin 167:Eiffel 122:) are 120:Python 118:, and 85:fields 6379:SysML 6303:SPICE 6296:Other 6257:Scrum 6217:Agile 6169:Agile 6153:CI/CD 5852:Fifth 5842:Third 5832:First 5770:Level 5716:Roles 5599:Macro 5362:Pipes 5282:Array 5259:Query 5211:Logic 5120:GADTs 5110:Total 5033:Agent 4465:S2CID 4301:(PDF) 4115:(PDF) 4104:S2CID 4082:(PDF) 3997:(PDF) 3990:(PDF) 3959:S2CID 3939:(PDF) 3776:4 May 3750:4 May 3744:(PDF) 3581:S2CID 3520:43–69 3357:(PDF) 3034:(PDF) 2985:S2CID 2955:(PDF) 2860:(PDF) 2805:(PDF) 2794:S2CID 2772:(PDF) 2603:(PDF) 2580:(PDF) 2364:IDEF4 2352:Jeroo 2331:CADES 2295:<: 2239:GRASP 2206:SOLID 2156:verbs 2148:nouns 1952:(7): 1925:(5): 1793:class 1700:IBM i 1645:XHTML 1545:TIOBE 1496:based 1374:Scala 1181:The " 1114:Data 1029:apple 1013:fruit 1009:fruit 1007:have 1001:apple 997:fruit 989:apple 955:final 879:class 791:types 772:RDBMS 692:loops 669:lists 663:like 651:like 574:COBOL 562:BASIC 520:Cocoa 506:3.0, 308:class 288:ALGOL 247:Swift 231:Scala 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Object-oriented programming

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