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with
Classes"). In his own words, he "invented C++, wrote its early definitions, and produced its first implementation chose and formulated the design criteria for C++, designed all its major facilities, and was responsible for the processing of extension proposals in the C++ standards committee."
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Stroustrup was a founding member of the C++ standards committee (from 1989, it was an ANSI committee and from 1991 an ISO committee) and has remained an active member ever since. For 24 years he chaired the subgroup chartered to handle proposals for language extensions (Evolution
Working Group).
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C++ was made generally available in 1985. For non-commercial use, the source code of the compiler and the foundation libraries was the cost of shipping (US$ 75); this was before
Internet access was common. Stroustrup also published a textbook for the language in 1985,
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1993: The ACM Grace Murray Hopper award for his early work laying the foundations for the C++ programming language. Based on those foundations and Dr. Stroustrup's continuing efforts, C++ has become one of the most influential programming languages in the history of
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B. Stroustrup: A History of C++: 1979–1991 Notices. Vol 28 No 3, pp 271–298. March 1993. Also, History of
Programming languages (editors T.J. Begin and R.G. Gibson) Addison-Wesley, 1996.
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Gabriel Dos Reis and Bjarne
Stroustrup: A Principled, Complete, and Efficient Representation of C++. Journal of Mathematics in Computer Science Volume 5, Issue 3 (2011), Page 335–356
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A static type system with equal support for built-in types and user-defined types (that requires control of the construction, destruction, copying, and movement of objects; and
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Peter
Pirkelbauer, Yuriy Solodkyy, Bjarne Stroustrup: Design and Evaluation of C++ Open Multi-Methods. In Science of Computer Programming (2009). Elsevier Journal. June 2009.
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Gabriel Dos Reis and Bjarne
Stroustrup: General Constant Expressions for System Programming Languages. SAC-2010. The 25th ACM Symposium on Applied Computing. March 2010.
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195:
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from the IET (Institute of
Engineering Technology) for significant contributions to the history of computing, in particular pioneering the C++ programming language.
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B. Stroustrup: Why C++ isn't just an Object-Oriented
Programming Language. Addendum to OOPSLA'95 Proceedings. OOPS Messenger, vol 6 no 4, pp 1–13. October 1995.
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Large-scale
Programming Research department, from its creation until late 2002. In 1993, he was made a Bell Labs fellow and in 1996, an AT&T Fellow.
1139:
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for bringing object-oriented programming and generic programming to the mainstream with his design and implementation of the C++ programming language.
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2005: The William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement from Sigma Xi (the scientific research society) as the first computer scientist ever.
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B. Stroustrup: Exception Safety: Concepts and Techniques. In Springer Verlag Lecture Notes in Computer Science, LNCS-2022. ISSN 0302-9743.
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B. Stroustrup: What is Object-Oriented Programming? (1991 revised version). Proc. 1st European Software Festival. February 1991.
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Honorary Professor in Object Oriented Programming Languages, Department of Computer Science, University of Aarhus. 2010.
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From January 2014 to April 2022, Stroustrup was a technical fellow and managing director in the technology division of
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B. Stroustrup: Data Abstraction in C. Bell Labs Technical Journal. vol 63. no 8 (Part 2), pp 1701–1732. October 1984.
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Stroustrup documented his principles guiding the design of C++ and the evolution of the language in his 1994 book,
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1584:"Ученый Совет НИУ ИТМО на заседании 25.06.2013 г. избрал Бьѐрна Страуструпа почетным доктором нашего университета"
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2017:
1991:
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In 1979, Stroustrup began his career as a member of technical staff in the Computer Science Research Center of
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B. Stroustrup: Classes: An Abstract Data Type Facility for the C Language. Sigplan Notices, January 1982.
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Y. Solodkyy, G. Dos Reis, and B. Stroustrup: Open and Efficient Type Switch for C++. Proc. OOPSLA'12.
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486:. His interests focused on microprogramming and machine architecture. He learned the fundamentals of
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Stroustrup is best known for his work on C++. In 1979, he began developing C++ (initially called "
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Stroustrup (standing on left) at the March 1996 Santa Cruz meeting of the C++ Standards Committee
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2012:
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As of July 2022, Stroustrup is a full professor of Computer Science at Columbia University.
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533:. There, he began his work on C++ and programming techniques. Stroustrup was the head of
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Gabriel Dos Reis and Bjarne Stroustrup: Specifying C++ Concepts. POPL06. January 2006.
842:. Special issue on Polynomial System Solving, System and Control, and Software Science.
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2007:
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Concurrency support through libraries (where necessary, implemented using intrinsics).
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in New York City and a visiting professor in computer science at Columbia University.
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B Stroustrup: Generalizing Overloading for C++2000. Overload, Issue 25. 1 April 1998.
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Stroustrup has written or co-written a number of publications, including the books:
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978:
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B Stroustrup: What should we teach software developers? Why? CACM. January 2010.
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1266:"Faculty – People – Computer Science & Engineering – College of Engineering"
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He was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University Carlos III, Spain 2019.
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From 2002 to 2014, Stroustrup was the College of Engineering Chair Professor in
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programming language. He led the Large-scale Programming Research department at
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2010: The University of Aarhus's Rigmor og Carl Holst-Knudsens Videnskabspris.
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More than a hundred technical reports for the C++ standards committee (WG21)
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Columbia University Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science
649:, and three papers for ACM's History of Programming Languages conferences.
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for conceptualizing and developing the C++ programming language.
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Support for efficient object-oriented programming: based on the
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2432:
1903:
548:. From 2011, he was made a University Distinguished Professor.
1466:"Evolving a language in and for the real world: C++ 1991–2006"
1264:
Communications, Texas A&M Engineering (8 September 2015).
502:
635:
and compile-time evaluated functions ("constexpr functions").
588:
The key language-technical areas of contribution of C++ are:
334:
3265:
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
807:
In all, these books have been translated into 21 languages.
606:): constructors, destructor, and exceptions relying on them.
361:
367:
3230:
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty
737:
for his invention of the C++ programming language in 2015.
399:
384:
3009:
Minoru S. Araki / Francis J. Madden / Edward A. Miller /
1514:"Thriving in a crowded and changing world: C++ 2006–2020"
1330:"Bjarne Stroustrup ADJUNCT PROFESSOR OF COMPUTER SCIENCE"
1173:
Communication and control in distributed computer systems
358:
303:
Communication and control in distributed computer systems
3295:
1994 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
1899:
1209:"Bjarne Stroustrup: C++ Creator Keeps RUNE Developing"
638:
Direct use of machine and operating system resources.
390:
375:
364:
30:"Stroustrup" redirects here. Not to be confused with
27:
Danish computer scientist, creator of C++ (born 1950)
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60:
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728:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
196:William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement
1518:Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages
1162:
1160:
431:, served as a professor of computer science at
1696:Programming: Principles and Practice Using C++
2849:
2444:
1915:
820:Evolving a language in and for the real world
628:: templates with specialization and concepts.
8:
1041:"Interview: Bjarne Stroustrup Discusses C++"
810:More than 100 academic articles, including:
602:Systematic and general resource management (
1507:
1505:
1459:
1457:
979:"How do you pronounce "Bjarne Stroustrup?""
2856:
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2834:
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2437:
2429:
1922:
1908:
1900:
1626:
1419:
1417:
1300:"Some Information about Bjarne Stroustrup"
1239:"Some Information about Bjarne Stroustrup"
963:
952:
950:
613:model with statically checked interfaces,
49:
38:
1529:
815:Thriving in a crowded and changing world
617:, and efficient implementation based on
3245:Danish expatriates in the United States
3215:Fellows of Churchill College, Cambridge
1180:(PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.
946:
748:Honorary doctorates and professorships
474:from 1969 to 1975 and graduated with a
2142:Resource acquisition is initialization
1293:
1291:
1020:from the original on 20 September 2012
755:Stroustrup has been a noble doctor at
671:The US National Academy of Engineering
631:Support for compile-time programming:
1872:from the original on 31 December 2019
1860:Stroustrup, Bjarne (2 January 2020).
1829:Stroustrup, Bjarne (2 January 2020).
1464:Stroustrup, Bjarne (2 January 2020).
1424:Stroustrup, Bjarne (2 January 2020).
1402:from the original on 31 December 2019
1390:Stroustrup, Bjarne (2 January 2020).
1371:from the original on 31 December 2019
1359:Stroustrup, Bjarne (2 January 2020).
1298:Stroustrup, Bjarne (15 August 2022).
1276:from the original on 12 February 2014
1101:"NAE Honors 2018 Draper Prize Winner"
1051:from the original on 22 November 2018
781:Programming: Principles and Practice
419:; born 30 December 1950) is a Danish
414:
7:
2157:Substitution failure is not an error
2127:Curiously recurring template pattern
1498:from the original on 9 October 2022.
1450:from the original on 16 August 2012.
1340:from the original on 13 October 2020
1219:from the original on 2 February 2014
1117:from the original on 9 October 2022.
1081:from the original on 13 October 2020
3255:Grace Murray Hopper Award laureates
2384:Comparison of programming languages
1862:"My C++ Standards committee papers"
1600:from the original on 9 October 2022
1310:from the original on 2 January 2020
1145:from the original on 6 January 2023
721:Association for Computing Machinery
624:Support for flexible and efficient
423:, known for the development of the
1800:The Annotated C++ Reference Manual
1564:from the original on 12 April 2020
1207:Wong, William (26 November 2013).
922:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1984.tb00061.x
801:The Annotated C++ Reference Manual
25:
1841:from the original on 20 July 2012
1806:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
1766:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
1734:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
1392:"The Design and Evolution of C++"
1039:Wong, William (29 October 2013).
989:from the original on 20 July 2012
467:, and he attended local schools.
3290:Texas A&M University faculty
3275:People from Watchung, New Jersey
2413:
2412:
1888:
1512:Stroustrup, Bjarne (June 2020).
1010:"Bjarne pronounces his own name"
792:(1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th edition)
348:
796:The Design and Evolution of C++
711:National Academy of Engineering
647:The Design and Evolution of C++
152:
3280:Programming language designers
2379:Comparison of ALGOL 68 and C++
1426:"A History of C++: 1979– 1991"
1361:"The C++ Programming Language"
667:The Charles Stark Draper Prize
599:Value and reference semantics.
1:
961:Mathematics Genealogy Project
505:in computer science from the
435:, and spent over a decade at
416:[ˈpjɑːnəˈstʁʌwˀstʁɔp]
1729:The C++ Programming Language
1642:publications indexed by the
1014:Bjarne Stroustrup's Homepage
983:Bjarne Stroustrup's Homepage
789:The C++ Programming Language
742:Churchill College, Cambridge
582:The C++ Programming Language
3235:Danish computer programmers
2175:Comparison of C++ compilers
1762:Design and Evolution of C++
1700:Addison-Wesley Professional
1668:Addison-Wesley Professional
1554:"Honoris Causa | UC3M"
871:10.1016/j.scico.2009.06.002
488:object-oriented programming
447:. Since 2022 he has been a
202:Dr. Dobb's Excellence Award
3311:
3240:Danish computer scientists
3013:/ Don H. Schoessler (2005)
2865:Charles Stark Draper Prize
2374:Comparison of Java and C++
2369:Compatibility of C and C++
778:(1st, 2nd and 3rd edition)
678:The Computer Pioneer Award
226:Charles Stark Draper Prize
29:
3167:/ C. Grant Willson (2020)
2460:Grace Murray Hopper Award
2410:
1937:
840:10.1007/s11786-011-0094-1
682:The IEEE Computer Society
501:In 1979, he received his
494:, who frequently visited
325:
247:
178:Grace Murray Hopper Award
48:
3210:Aarhus University alumni
2152:Special member functions
2068:Template metaprogramming
1646:bibliographic database.
633:template metaprogramming
546:Texas A&M University
509:, where his research on
455:Early life and education
433:Texas A&M University
272:Texas A&M University
3285:Scientists at Bell Labs
1648:(subscription required)
1481:10.1145/1238844.1238848
882:10.1145/1111037.1111064
861:10.1145/2398857.2384686
851:10.1145/1774088.1774537
830:10.1145/1629175.1629192
735:Computer History Museum
619:virtual function tables
531:Murray Hill, New Jersey
507:University of Cambridge
459:Stroustrup was born in
267:University of Cambridge
116:University of Cambridge
571:
476:Candidatus Scientiarum
232:Computer Pioneer Award
3270:Academics from Aarhus
2210:Oracle Solaris Studio
1897:at Wikimedia Commons
1441:10.1145/155360.155375
932:10.1145/947886.947893
906:10.1145/260094.260207
569:
511:distributed computing
3060:Willem P. C. Stemmer
2238:Comparison of C IDEs
2048:Operator overloading
2033:Function overloading
1694:(29 December 2008).
1625:Bibliography Server
1075:Columbia Engineering
1008:Stroustrup, Bjarne.
977:Stroustrup, Bjarne.
615:multiple inheritance
594:operator overloading
3250:Fellows of the IEEE
3096:Richard H. Frenkiel
3066:George H. Heilmeier
2970:Lawrence G. Roberts
2137:One Definition Rule
1129:"Bjarne Stroustrup"
1071:"Bjarne Stroustrup"
740:Honorary Fellow of
626:generic programming
535:AT&T Bell Labs'
521:Career and research
490:from its inventor,
445:Columbia University
439:while also being a
287:Columbia University
3106:John B. Goodenough
3004:Charles P. Thacker
2986:Bradford Parkinson
2941:John B. MacChesney
2303:Superset languages
2205:Intel C++ Compiler
2023:Exception handling
1796:(1 January 1990).
1794:Stroustrup, Bjarne
1790:Ellis, Margaret A.
1758:Stroustrup, Bjarne
1724:Stroustrup, Bjarne
1692:Stroustrup, Bjarne
1660:Stroustrup, Bjarne
1194:uk.bl.ethos.474113
1168:Stroustrup, Bjarne
1110:. 2 January 2020.
572:
513:was supervised by
441:visiting professor
421:computer scientist
208:Dahl–Nygaard Prize
55:Stroustrup in 2013
3192:
3191:
3148:Bjarne Stroustrup
3108:/ Yoshio Nishi /
3092:Yoshihisa Okumura
3070:Wolfgang Helfrich
3039:Robert H. Dennard
2966:Leonard Kleinrock
2831:
2830:
2426:
2425:
2402:Bjarne Stroustrup
2185:Borland Turbo C++
2132:Most vexing parse
2073:Virtual functions
1895:Bjarne Stroustrup
1893:Media related to
1815:978-0-201-51459-9
1775:978-0-201-54330-8
1760:(29 March 1994).
1743:978-0-321-56384-2
1709:978-0-321-54372-1
1677:978-0-321-95831-0
1640:Bjarne Stroustrup
1619:Bjarne Stroustrup
1213:Electronic Design
1045:Electronic Design
957:Bjarne Stroustrup
689:The Faraday Medal
657:Awards and honors
472:Aarhus University
463:. His family was
344:Bjarne Stroustrup
341:
340:
262:Aarhus University
249:Scientific career
220:IET Faraday Medal
106:Aarhus University
43:Bjarne Stroustrup
16:(Redirected from
3302:
3175:John L. Hennessy
3033:Rudolf E. Kálmán
3011:James W. Plummer
2937:Robert D. Maurer
2927:Vladimir Haensel
2858:
2851:
2844:
2835:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2430:
2416:
2415:
2083:Standard Library
2038:Move constructor
2027:Exception safety
2018:Copy constructor
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1764:(1st ed.).
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1732:(4th ed.).
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1698:(1st ed.).
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1241:. Archived from
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661:Selected honors
542:Computer Science
484:computer science
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315:Doctoral advisor
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238:John Scott Medal
156:
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74:
71:30 December 1950
70:
68:
53:
39:
21:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3179:David Patterson
3153:
3044:
3027:Tim Berners-Lee
3021:George E. Smith
2946:
2921:Harold A. Rosen
2889:
2868:
2862:
2832:
2827:
2792:
2713:
2642:
2601:
2536:
2463:
2457:
2427:
2422:
2406:
2388:
2362:other languages
2361:
2355:
2339:
2298:
2224:
2161:
2110:
2077:
1996:
1933:
1928:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1726:(23 May 2013).
1722:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1638:
1634:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1531:10.1145/3386320
1511:
1510:
1503:
1495:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1447:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1336:. August 2022.
1328:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1263:
1262:
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1166:
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1131:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1077:. 1 July 2020.
1069:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1023:
1021:
1007:
1006:
1002:
992:
990:
976:
975:
971:
955:
948:
943:
769:
757:ITMO University
730:(IEEE) in 1994.
659:
564:
523:
492:Kristen Nygaard
461:Aarhus, Denmark
457:
411:
371:
351:
347:
333:
307:
291:
243:
158:
155: 1975)
150:
146:
125:
99:Alma mater
84:
75:
72:
66:
64:
56:
44:
35:
32:Jakob Stoustrup
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3308:
3306:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3197:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3168:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3145:
3142:Andrew Viterbi
3139:
3136:Shuji Nakamura
3128:Russell Dupuis
3124:George Craford
3117:
3103:
3081:
3078:T. Peter Brody
3063:
3056:Frances Arnold
3052:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3014:
3007:
2996:Butler Lampson
2989:
2979:
2973:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2933:Charles K. Kao
2930:
2924:
2917:John R. Pierce
2914:
2908:
2905:Hans von Ohain
2897:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2863:
2861:
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2800:
2798:
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2762:
2756:
2750:
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2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
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2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
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2650:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
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2602:
2600:
2599:
2593:
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2544:
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2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
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2490:
2484:
2478:
2471:
2469:
2465:
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2458:
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2411:
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2398:
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2381:
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2371:
2365:
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2327:
2322:
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2304:
2300:
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2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
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2255:
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2245:
2240:
2234:
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2217:
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2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2169:
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2162:
2160:
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2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2096:Smart pointers
2093:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2043:new and delete
2040:
2035:
2030:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1884:
1883:
1866:stroustrup.com
1852:
1835:stroustrup.com
1821:
1814:
1781:
1774:
1749:
1742:
1715:
1708:
1683:
1676:
1651:
1632:
1611:
1575:
1545:
1501:
1473:stroustrup.com
1453:
1433:stroustrup.com
1413:
1396:stroustrup.com
1382:
1365:stroustrup.com
1351:
1321:
1304:stroustrup.com
1287:
1256:
1245:on 1 July 2007
1230:
1199:
1156:
1120:
1108:stroustrup.com
1092:
1062:
1031:
1000:
969:
945:
944:
942:
939:
935:
934:
924:
914:
911:
908:
898:
895:
884:
874:
863:
853:
843:
832:
822:
817:
805:
804:
798:
793:
785:
779:
768:
765:
764:
763:
760:
753:
746:
745:
738:
733:Fellow of the
731:
726:Fellow of the
724:
723:(ACM) in 1994.
714:
709:Member of the
703:
702:
698:
695:
692:
685:
674:
658:
655:
643:
642:
639:
636:
629:
622:
607:
600:
597:
563:
560:
553:Morgan Stanley
522:
519:
456:
453:
449:full professor
437:Morgan Stanley
339:
338:
335:stroustrup.com
331:
327:
326:
323:
322:
317:
311:
310:
299:
293:
292:
290:
289:
284:
282:Morgan Stanley
279:
274:
269:
264:
258:
256:
252:
251:
245:
244:
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241:
235:
229:
223:
217:
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181:
174:
172:
168:
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160:
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148:
144:
143:
141:
137:
136:
131:
130:Known for
127:
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123:
113:
102:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
76:
62:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3307:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:Living people
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3184:
3183:Sophie Wilson
3180:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3132:Nick Holonyak
3129:
3125:
3121:
3120:Isamu Akasaki
3118:
3115:
3114:Akira Yoshino
3111:
3110:Rachid Yazami
3107:
3104:
3101:
3100:Joel S. Engel
3097:
3093:
3089:
3088:Martin Cooper
3085:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3074:Martin Schadt
3071:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3017:Willard Boyle
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3001:
3000:Robert Taylor
2997:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2976:Robert Langer
2974:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2901:Frank Whittle
2899:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2421:
2420:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:Objective-C++
2308:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:Visual Studio
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:Rule of three
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:"Book Covers"
1825:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1664:A Tour of C++
1661:
1655:
1652:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1383:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
1001:
988:
984:
980:
973:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
951:
947:
940:
938:
933:
929:
925:
923:
919:
915:
912:
909:
907:
903:
899:
896:
894:. April 2001.
893:
892:3-540-41952-7
889:
885:
883:
879:
875:
872:
868:
864:
862:
858:
854:
852:
848:
844:
841:
837:
833:
831:
827:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
812:
811:
808:
802:
799:
797:
794:
791:
790:
786:
784:
780:
777:
776:A Tour of C++
774:
773:
772:
766:
761:
758:
754:
751:
750:
749:
743:
739:
736:
732:
729:
725:
722:
718:
715:
712:
708:
707:
706:
699:
696:
693:
690:
686:
683:
679:
675:
672:
668:
664:
663:
662:
656:
654:
650:
648:
640:
637:
634:
630:
627:
623:
620:
616:
612:
608:
605:
601:
598:
595:
591:
590:
589:
586:
584:
583:
577:
568:
561:
559:
556:
554:
549:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
520:
518:
516:
515:David Wheeler
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
465:working class
462:
454:
452:
451:at Columbia.
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
407:
345:
336:
332:
328:
324:
321:
320:David Wheeler
318:
316:
312:
305:
304:
300:
298:
294:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
257:
253:
250:
246:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
145:Marian Tinson
142:
138:
135:
132:
128:
121:
117:
114:
111:
107:
104:
103:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
73:(age 73)
63:
59:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3171:Steve Furber
3165:Jean Fréchet
3147:
2982:Ivan Getting
2911:John Backus
2884:Robert Noyce
2824: (2023)
2818: (2022)
2812: (2021)
2806: (2020)
2789: (2019)
2783: (2018)
2773: (2017)
2767: (2016)
2761: (2015)
2755: (2014)
2749: (2013)
2747:Felzenszwalb
2743: (2012)
2733: (2011)
2727: (2010)
2710: (2009)
2704: (2008)
2698: (2007)
2692: (2006)
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