889:. Classes may inherit from other classes, so they are arranged in a hierarchy that represents "is-a-type-of" relationships. For example, class Employee might inherit from class Person. All the data and methods available to the parent class also appear in the child class with the same names. For example, class Person might define variables "first_name" and "last_name" with method "make_full_name()". These will also be available in class Employee, which might add the variables "position" and "salary". It is guaranteed that all instances of class Employee will have the same variables, such as the name, position, and salary. Procedures and variables can be specific to either the class or the instance; this leads to the following terms:
1138:
variable, or writing to an instance variable. A program may create many instances of objects as it runs, which operate independently. This technique, it is claimed, allows easy re-use of the same procedures and data definitions for different sets of data, in addition to potentially mirroring real-world relationships intuitively. Rather than utilizing database tables and programming subroutines, the developer utilizes objects the user may be more familiar with: objects from their application domain. These claims that the OOP paradigm enhances reusability and modularity have been criticized.
766:. For example, an object in the Employee class might contain (either directly or through a pointer) an object in the Address class, in addition to its own instance variables like "first_name" and "position". Object composition is used to represent "has-a" relationships: every employee has an address, so every Employee object has access to a place to store an Address object (either directly embedded within itself or at a separate location addressed via a pointer). Date and Darwen have proposed a theoretical foundation that uses OOP as a kind of customizable
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identifying the class, and a data value. A more complex example would be a command consisting of the length and code point of the command and values consisting of linearized objects representing the command's parameters. Each such command must be directed by the server to an object whose class (or superclass) recognizes the command and can provide the requested service. Clients and servers are best modeled as complex object-oriented structures.
1130:, for example allowing the author of the class to change how objects of that class represent their data internally without changing any external code (as long as "public" method calls work the same way). It also encourages programmers to put all the code that is concerned with a certain set of data in the same class, which organizes it for easy comprehension by other programmers. Encapsulation is a technique that encourages
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946:, though, in any language with multiple inheritance, a mixin is simply a class that does not represent an is-a-type-of relationship. Mixins are typically used to add the same methods to multiple classes. For example, class UnicodeConversionMixin might provide a method unicode_to_ascii() when included in class FileReader and class WebPageScraper, which do not share a common parent.
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2132:: "Software is getting slower more rapidly than hardware becomes faster") said of OOP in his paper, "Good Ideas through the Looking Glass", "This paradigm closely reflects the structure of systems in the real world and is therefore well suited to model complex systems with complex behavior" (contrast
758:
Objects sometimes correspond to things found in the real world. For example, a graphics program may have objects such as "circle", "square", and "menu". An online shopping system might have objects such as "shopping cart", "customer", and "product". Sometimes objects represent more abstract entities,
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for formal definitions of many OOP concepts and constructs), and often diverge widely. For example, some definitions focus on mental activities, and some on program structuring. One of the simpler definitions is that OOP is the act of using "map" data structures or arrays that can contain functions
831:
I find OOP technically unsound. It attempts to decompose the world in terms of interfaces that vary on a single type. To deal with the real problems you need multisorted algebras — families of interfaces that span multiple types. I find OOP philosophically unsound. It claims that everything is
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advocates implementing has-a relationships using composition instead of inheritance. For example, instead of inheriting from class Person, class
Employee could give each Employee object an internal Person object, which it then has the opportunity to hide from external code even if class Person has
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Many widely used languages, such as C++, Java, and Python, provide object-oriented features. Although in the past object-oriented programming was widely accepted, more recently essays criticizing object-oriented programming and recommending the avoidance of these features (generally in favor of
1367:
Languages called "pure" OO languages, because everything in them is treated consistently as an object, from primitives such as characters and punctuation, all the way up to whole classes, prototypes, blocks, modules, etc. They were designed specifically to facilitate, even enforce, OO methods.
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In object oriented programming, objects provide a layer which can be used to separate internal from external code and implement abstraction and encapsulation. External code can only use an object by calling a specific instance method with a certain set of input parameters, reading an instance
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The messages that flow between computers to request services in a client-server environment can be designed as the linearizations of objects defined by class objects known to both the client and the server. For example, a simple linearized object would consist of a length field, a code point
1587:
Richard
Feldman argues that these languages may have improved their modularity by adding OO features, but they became popular for reasons other than being object-oriented. In an article, Lawrence Krubner claimed that compared to other languages (LISP dialects, functional languages, etc.) OOP
805:
Object
Oriented Programming puts the nouns first and foremost. Why would you go to such lengths to put one part of speech on a pedestal? Why should one kind of concept take precedence over another? It's not as if OOP has suddenly made verbs less important in the way we actually think. It's a
487:. Focused on software quality, Eiffel is a purely object-oriented programming language and a notation supporting the entire software lifecycle. Meyer described the Eiffel software development method, based on a small number of key ideas from software engineering and computer science, in
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If a class does not allow calling code to access internal object data and permits access through methods only, this is also a form of information hiding. Some languages (Java, for example) let classes enforce access restrictions explicitly, for example, denoting internal data with the
285:
in 1960–1961; in the glossary of the 1963 technical report based on his dissertation about
Sketchpad, Sutherland defined notions of "object" and "instance" (with the class concept covered by "master" or "definition"), albeit specialized to graphical interaction. Also, in 1968, an MIT
3118:. A survey of nearly 40 years of computing literature identified several fundamental concepts found in the large majority of definitions of OOP, in descending order of popularity: Inheritance, Object, Class, Encapsulation, Method, Message Passing, Polymorphism, and Abstraction.
327:
I thought of objects being like biological cells and/or individual computers on a network, only able to communicate with messages (so messaging came at the very beginning – it took a while to see how to do messaging in a programming language efficiently enough to be useful).
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in any context. Behavioral subtyping is undecidable in general, so it cannot be implemented by a program (compiler). Class or object hierarchies must be carefully designed, considering possible incorrect uses that cannot be detected syntactically. This issue is known as the
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platform. Each of these two frameworks shows, in its way, the benefit of using OOP by creating an abstraction from implementation. VB.NET and C# support cross-language inheritance, allowing classes defined in one language to subclass classes defined in the other language.
626:
Object-oriented programming uses objects, but not all of the associated techniques and structures are supported directly in languages that claim to support OOP. The features listed below are common among languages considered to be strongly class- and object-oriented (or
553:(1987), included a distinctive approach to object orientation, classes, and such. Inheritance is not obvious in Wirth's design since his nomenclature looks in the opposite direction: It is called type extension and the viewpoint is from the parent down to the inheritor.
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In programming languages, particularly object-oriented ones, the emphasis on abstraction is vital. Object-oriented languages extend the notion of type to incorporate data abstraction, highlighting the significance of restricting access to internal data through methods.
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do not store objects directly (though some RDBMSs have object-oriented features to approximate this), there is a general need to bridge the two worlds. The problem of bridging object-oriented programming accesses and data patterns with relational databases is known as
1232:
For example, objects of the type Circle and Square are derived from a common class called Shape. The Draw function for each type of Shape implements what is necessary to draw itself while calling code can remain indifferent to the particular type of Shape being drawn.
1229:– is when calling code can be independent of which class in the supported hierarchy it is operating on – the parent class or one of its descendants. Meanwhile, the same operation name among objects in an inheritance hierarchy may behave differently.
346:
programming language. Kay used the term "object-oriented programming" in conversation as early as 1967. Although sometimes called "the father of object-oriented programming", Alan Kay has differentiated his notion of OO from the more conventional
1084:
It is the responsibility of the object, not any external code, to select the procedural code to execute in response to a method call, typically by looking up the method at run time in a table associated with the object. This feature is known as
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has suggested that OOP's popularity within large companies is due to "large (and frequently changing) groups of mediocre programmers". According to Graham, the discipline imposed by OOP prevents any one programmer from "doing too much damage".
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3.0, FoxPro evolves from a procedural language to an object-oriented language. Visual FoxPro 3.0 introduces a database container, seamless client/server capabilities, support for ActiveX technologies, and OLE Automation and null support.
885:(including member variables and their types) and available procedures (class methods or member functions) for a given type or class of object. Objects are created by calling a special type of method in the class known as a
817:, described object systems as overly simplistic models of the real world. He emphasized the inability of OOP to model time properly, which is getting increasingly problematic as software systems become more concurrent.
2101:
OOP can be used to associate real-world objects and processes with digital counterparts. However, not everyone agrees that OOP facilitates direct real-world mapping or that real-world mapping is even a worthy goal;
402:. Smalltalk became noted for its application of object orientation at the language-level and its graphical development environment. Smalltalk went through various versions and interest in the language grew. While
1913:, often referred to humorously as the "Gang of Four". Along with exploring the capabilities and pitfalls of object-oriented programming, it describes 23 common programming problems and patterns for solving them.
3191:, section 18.1 "What is Object-Oriented Programming?" Lists: Dynamic dispatch, encapsulation or multi-methods (multiple dispatch), subtype polymorphism, inheritance or delegation, open recursion ("this"/"self")
1201:
The problem with object-oriented languages is they've got all this implicit environment that they carry around with them. You wanted a banana but what you got was a gorilla holding the banana and the entire
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version, AED-0, established a direct link between data structures ("plexes", in that dialect) and procedures, prefiguring what were later termed "messages", "methods", and "member functions". Topics such as
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that a program is not a model of the world but a model of some part of the world; "Reality is a cousin twice removed". At the same time, some principal limitations of OOP have been noted. For example, the
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languages have no unique strengths, and inflict a heavy burden of unneeded complexity. A study by Potok et al. has shown no significant difference in productivity between OOP and procedural approaches.
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of an object is just another object to which the object is linked. In Self, an object may have multiple or no parents, but in the most popular prototype-based language, Javascript, every object has one
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has written that object-oriented programming languages tend to encourage thickly layered programs that destroy transparency. Raymond compares this unfavourably to the approach taken with Unix and the
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which are solution patterns to commonly occurring problems in software design. Some of these commonly occurring problems have implications and solutions particular to object-oriented development.
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has claimed that OOP languages have "extremely poor modularity properties with respect to class extension and modification", and tend to be extremely complex. The latter point is reiterated by
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The OOP paradigm has been criticized for overemphasizing the use of objects for software design and modeling at the expense of other important aspects (computation/algorithms). For example,
2291:
can be stored in fields (like in functional-programming languages), but the actual calculi need be considerably more complex to incorporate essential features of OOP. Several extensions of
1363:(1972 to 1980) is another early example and the one with which much of the theory of OOP was developed. Concerning the degree of object orientation, the following distinctions can be made:
1089:. If the call variability relies on more than the single type of the object on which it is called (i.e. at least one other parameter object is involved in the method choice), one speaks of
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do not support inheritance at all. Go states that it is object-oriented, and Bjarne
Stroustrup, author of C++, has stated that it is possible to do OOP without inheritance. The doctrine of
2193:
defines classes in terms of a contract, that is, a class should be defined around a responsibility and the information that it shares. This is contrasted by Wirfs-Brock and
Wilkerson with
2262:
There have been several attempts at formalizing the concepts used in object-oriented programming. The following concepts and constructs have been used as interpretations of OOP concepts:
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1708:
A client or server consisting of all the managers necessary to implement a full processing environment, supporting such aspects as directory services, security, and concurrency control.
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1154:(which allows access from the same class and its subclasses, but not objects of a different class). In other languages (like Python) this is enforced only by convention (for example,
4912:
445:. In the 1980s, there were a few attempts to design processor architectures that included hardware support for objects in memory but these were not successful. Examples include the
1023:). Unlike class-based programming, it is typically possible in prototype-based languages to define attributes and methods not shared with other objects; for example, the attribute
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Objects are the run-time entities in an object-oriented system. They may represent a person, a place, a bank account, a table of data, or any item that the program has to handle.
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A common feature of objects is that methods are attached to them and can access and modify the object's data fields. In this brand of OOP, there is usually a special name such as
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or procedures defining the object's behavior in code). Fields may also be known as members, attributes, or properties. Objects are typically stored as contiguous regions of
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is a design pattern in which data are visible only to semantically related functions, to prevent misuse. The success of data abstraction leads to frequent incorporation of
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1705:, such as a directory to files and files consisting of metadata and records. Managers conceptually provide memory and processing resources for their contained objects.
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stated that critical comparison of OOP to other technologies, relational in particular, is difficult because of lack of an agreed-upon and rigorous definition of OOP.
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More recently, some languages have emerged that are primarily object-oriented, but that are also compatible with procedural methodology. Two such languages are
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was influenced by the ideas introduced in Simula 67 it was designed to be a fully dynamic system in which classes could be created and modified dynamically.
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used instead of those instantiated from the superclass. This intuition is unfortunately false in most OOP languages, in particular in all those that allow
518:, which rely heavily upon object-oriented programming techniques. An example of a closely related dynamic GUI library and OOP language can be found in the
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was developed during the years 1961–1967. Simula introduced important concepts that are today an essential part of object-oriented programming, such as
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576:. Adding these features to languages that were not initially designed for them often led to problems with compatibility and maintainability of code.
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Perhaps the greatest strength of an object-oriented approach to development is that it offers a mechanism that captures a model of the real world.
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link (and only one). New objects can be created based on already existing objects chosen as their prototype. You may call two different objects
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is allowed in some languages, though this can make resolving overrides complicated. Some languages have special support for other concepts like
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like an object that represents an open file, or an object that provides the service of translating measurements from U.S. customary to metric.
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1355:(1967) is generally accepted as being the first language with the primary features of an object-oriented language. It was created for making
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2197:, where classes are defined around the data-structures that must be held. The authors hold that responsibility-driven design is preferable.
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In the local M.I.T. patois, association lists are also referred to as "property lists", and atomic symbols are sometimes called "objects".
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cannot be instantiated into objects; they exist only for inheritance into other "concrete" classes that can be instantiated. In Java, the
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2066:. There are some approaches to cope with this problem, but no general solution without downsides. One of the most common approaches is
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Attempts to find a consensus definition or theory behind objects have not proven very successful (however, see Abadi & Cardelli,
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notion of object, and has implied that the computer science establishment did not adopt his notion. A 1976 MIT memo co-authored by
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states that because they are software, related classes do not necessarily share the relationships of the things they represent.
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Depending on the definition of the language, subclasses may or may not be able to override the methods defined by superclasses.
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1099:. It is conceptualized as a message (the name of the method and its input parameters) being passed to the object for dispatch.
910:; every object has its own copy of each one. All 4 variables mentioned above (first_name, position etc) are instance variables.
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Languages with most of the features of objects (classes, methods, inheritance), but in a distinctly original form. Examples:
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an object. Even if it is true it is not very interesting — saying that everything is an object is saying nothing at all.
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so identifiers in one module will not conflict with a procedure or variable sharing the same name in another file or module.
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2671:. AFIPS '63 (Spring): Proceedings of the May 21–23, 1963 Spring Joint Computer Conference. AFIPS Press. pp. 329–346.
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has claimed that OOP code is "intrinsically less efficient" than procedural code and that OOP can take longer to compile.
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530:, an object-oriented, dynamic messaging extension to C based on Smalltalk. OOP toolkits also enhanced the popularity of
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751:. Objects are accessed somewhat like variables with complex internal structures, and in many languages are effectively
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853:. These forms of inheritance are significantly different, but analogous terminology is used to define the concepts of
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support which may be used to resemble OO programming, but without all features of object-orientation. This includes
1272:; it allows a method defined in one class to invoke another method that is defined later, in some subclass thereof.
1266:, object methods can call other methods on the same object (including themselves) using this name. This variable is
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has criticized the OO mindset for preferring a multilevel type hierarchy with layered abstractions to a three-line
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Terminology invoking "objects" in the modern sense of object-oriented programming made its first appearance at the
142:
54:. Through inheritance, a subclass can be created as a subset of the Button class. Objects are instances of a class.
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had no priority and was meant to be handled by a compiler. With the increasing relevance of parallel hardware and
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that can be used to replace RDBMSs, but these have not been as technically and commercially successful as RDBMSs.
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Although Go has types and methods and allows an object-oriented style of programming, there is no type hierarchy.
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support provides the ability to group procedures into files and modules for organizational purposes. Modules are
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The initial version of DDM defined distributed file services. It was later extended to be the foundation of
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This is another type of abstraction that simplifies code external to the class hierarchy and enables strong
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keyword permits access only to files present in the same assembly, package, or module as that of the class.
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Dispatch interacts with inheritance; if a method is not present in a given object or class, the dispatch is
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advocate, has been critical of claims that present object-oriented programming as the "One True
Solution".
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is a mnemonic invented by
Michael Feathers which spells out five software engineering design principles:
425:, introducing Smalltalk and object-oriented programming to a wide audience. LOOPS, the object system for
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1684:(DDM) took this approach and used class objects to define objects at four levels of a formal hierarchy:
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4249:"HOW TO: Multicore Programming (Multiprocessing) Visual C++ Class Design Guidelines, Member Functions"
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prevents external code from being concerned with the internal workings of an object. This facilitates
429:-D, was influenced by Smalltalk and Flavors, and a paper about it was published in 1982. In 1986, the
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Fields defining the data values that form messages, such as their length, code point and data values.
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755:, serving as actual references to a single instance of said object in memory within a heap or stack.
442:
441:, which integrates functional programming and object-oriented programming and allows extension via a
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and support object-oriented programming to a greater or lesser degree, typically in combination with
66:
1185:" advocates that classes and functions "should be open for extension, but closed for modification".
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of the objects sharing the same prototype, or as the set of objects satisfying a certain interface (
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Brucker, Achim D.; Wolff, Burkhart (2008). "Extensible
Universes for Object-Oriented Data Models".
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Kindler, E.; Krivy, I. (2011). "Object-Oriented
Simulation of systems with sophisticated control".
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1996:
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322:, such as models to study and improve the movement of ships and their content through cargo ports.
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2182:, developing transparent control flow becomes more important, something hard to achieve with OOP.
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language, which employs cloning from prototypes rather than inheriting from a class (contrast to
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Leo Brodie has suggested a connection between the standalone nature of objects and a tendency to
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2241:(General Responsibility Assignment Software Patterns) is another set of guidelines advocated by
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programming language popularity index graph from 2002 to 2023. In the 2000s the object-oriented
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2158:). This problem may cause OOP to suffer more convoluted solutions than procedural programming.
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are the primary entities. Generally, the concept of a "class" does not even exist. Rather, the
318:. The object-oriented Simula programming language was used mainly by researchers involved with
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2637:
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2507:
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1973:
1965:
1961:
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1934:
1846:
1808:
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1359:, in which what came to be called objects were the most important information representation.
1090:
1016:
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472:
391:
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502:
when programming languages supporting the techniques became widely available. These included
498:
In the early and mid-1990s object-oriented programming developed as the dominant programming
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2020:
2012:
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1086:
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519:
292:
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104:
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on top. Inheritance can be performed by cloning the maps (sometimes called "prototyping").
1403:
Languages designed mainly for OO programming, but with some procedural elements. Examples:
6418:
6271:
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5424:
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2318:
2090:
2048:
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2008:
1992:
1953:
1938:
1853:" relationship, and thus to infer that objects instantiated from subclasses can always be
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1573:
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1095:
913:
660:
556:
Object-oriented features have been added to many previously existing languages, including
484:
282:
4248:
3936:"Productivity Analysis of Object-Oriented Software Developed in a Commercial Environment"
3552:
916:– refers to both the class and instance variables that are defined by a particular class.
4634:
4578:
2959:
Conference proceedings on Object-oriented Programming Systems Languages and Applications
2885:
6322:
6226:
5967:
5602:
5258:
5124:
4827:
4727:
4678:
4564:
4528:
4505:
4395:
3353:
2699:
2271:
2142:
and others noted that natural languages lack the OOP approach of strictly prioritizing
2133:
2129:
2103:
1969:
1957:
1910:
1780:
1702:
1263:
1207:
1067:
949:
893:
782:
748:
724:
628:
604:
545:
and his colleagues investigated the concept of type checking across module boundaries.
480:
446:
352:
123:
3637:, pp. 73–77, Chapter §4 Item15 Minimize the accessibility of classes and members.
3342:, p. 19, Chapter §2 Item 4 Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor.
3142:, p.278. Lists: Dynamic dispatch, abstraction, subtype polymorphism, and inheritance.
1150:
keyword. Methods may also be designed public, private, or intermediate levels such as
39:
6466:
6302:
6070:
5588:
4802:
4731:
4688:
4620:
4600:
4568:
4499:
4369:
4086:
4074:
3548:
3059:
2947:
2591:
2560:
2125:
2083:
2075:
2016:
1977:
1816:
1589:
1424:
1186:
1122:
as a design principle in object-oriented and pure functional programming. Similarly,
542:
538:
503:
450:
422:
409:
During the late 1970s and 1980s, object-oriented programming rose to prominence. The
202:
4468:
4439:
Armstrong, Deborah J. (February 2006). "The Quarks of Object-Oriented Development".
3962:
3584:
3260:
2988:
2797:
2453:
1146:
keyword and designating methods intended for use by code outside the class with the
6337:
6332:
6261:
5776:
4556:
4365:
4324:
4107:
2292:
2242:
2175:
1902:
1866:
1824:
1819:: receives a stream of data as its input and transforms it into the object's output
1493:
1463:
1451:
1063:
954:
900:; there is only one copy of each variable, shared across all instances of the class
146:
3648:"What is Object Oriented Programming (OOP) In Simple Words? – Software Geek Bytes"
686:– that take input, generate output, and manipulate data. Modern languages include
5731:
4602:
The Object Technology Casebook – Lessons from Award-Winning Business Applications
4297:
3814:
2488:
17:
5470:
4756:
4552:
4524:
4495:
3420:
2909:
2599:
2556:
2552:
2387:
2266:
2139:
1898:
1544:
1285:
1119:
1020:
810:
794:
762:
Objects can contain other objects in their instance variables; this is known as
587:. Probably the most commercially important recent object-oriented languages are
527:
460:
383:
198:
154:
80:
1056:
is another language feature that can be used as an alternative to inheritance.
437:(OOPSLA), which was attended by 1,000 people. Among other developments was the
435:
Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages, and Applications
6347:
6312:
4730:; Michael Blaha; William Premerlani; Frederick Eddy; William Lorensen (1991).
3492:
3414:. 29th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2015). 1:34.
3409:
2383:
2167:
1828:
1788:
1656:
1652:
1629:
1609:
1600:
In recent years, object-oriented programming has become especially popular in
1504:
1459:
1443:
1268:
1159:
744:
683:
672:
375:
182:
4460:
3791:
3696:
3576:
3512:
Jacobsen, Ivar; Magnus Christerson; Patrik Jonsson; Gunnar Overgaard (1992).
1803:: a specialized metaobject from which other objects can be created by copying
1106:
to its parent object or class, and so on, going up the chain of inheritance.
491:. Essential to the quality focus of Eiffel is Meyer's reliability mechanism,
277:
atoms with identified properties (attributes). Another early MIT example was
30:"Object-oriented" redirects here. For other meanings of object-oriented, see
4452:
4409:
2677:
2633:
1692:
1526:
stands out among these for TclOO, a hybrid object system that supports both
1377:
1360:
1222:
882:
790:
786:
767:
706:
648:
426:
403:
371:
356:
343:
278:
242:
234:
3955:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-024X(199908)29:10<833::AID-SPE258>3.0.CO;2-P
107:
are designed by making them out of objects that interact with one another.
3568:
2932:
2913:
2722:
2703:
923:
and have access to only class variables and inputs from the procedure call
6095:
4652:
4624:
3766:
3462:
1512:
1059:
778:
546:
523:
499:
468:
464:
453:
399:
379:
339:
2970:
338:
Influenced by the work at MIT and the Simula language, in November 1966
5902:
4099:
3892:
3809:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5142. pp. 438–462.
3497:
1858:
1691:
Objects and collections of objects similar to what would be found in a
1539:
814:
565:
170:
3864:
3687:
3670:
2789:
1628:
have been adding object-oriented features since Perl 5 and PHP 4, and
475:, who had used Simula for his PhD thesis, created the object-oriented
342:
began working on ideas that would eventually be incorporated into the
5952:
4783:
3909:"Object Oriented Programming is an expensive disaster which must end"
3829:
object-oriented programming is a widely accepted programming paradigm
2962:
2587:
1471:
1455:
1428:
1352:
418:
303:
238:
194:
4707:
4875:
Introduction to Object Oriented Programming Concepts (OOP) and More
4753:
Object-Oriented and Classical Software Engineering, Seventh Edition
4682:
4175:
3843:"Why Are So Many Developers Hating on Object-Oriented Programming?"
3467:"[9fans] Re: Threads: Sewing badges of honor onto a Kernel"
2878:
Touch of Class: Learning to Program Well with Objects and Contracts
2298:
that deal with mutable objects have been studied; these allow both
1522:
Chameleon languages that support multiple paradigms, including OO.
1412:
647:
that can store information formatted in a small number of built-in
507:
476:
150:
111:
6152:
3163:, p. 470. Lists encapsulation, inheritance, and dynamic dispatch.
2363:
2351:
2330:
2205:
1699:
1644:
943:
771:
675:
that are either built-in or result from combining variables using
573:
561:
287:
38:
4804:
Object-Oriented Information Systems – Planning and Implementation
3717:"The Art of Unix Programming: Unix and Object-Oriented Languages"
3361:
Prototype-based programming: concepts, languages and applications
2526:
2524:
2402:
Comparison of programming languages (object-oriented programming)
618:
Comparison of programming languages (object-oriented programming)
514:. Its dominance was further enhanced by the rising popularity of
6363:
4626:
Object-Oriented Software Engineering: A Use Case-Driven Approach
4423:
2504:
Java Software Solutions Foundations of Programming Design 6th ed
2155:
2147:
1850:
1713:
1640:
1621:
1577:
1467:
1447:
274:
206:
174:
76:
5906:
5735:
4894:
3612:
3200:
C. J. Date, Introduction to Database Systems, 6th-ed., Page 650
2769:"Compiling Simula: A historical study of technological genesis"
1724:
One way to address challenges of object-oriented design is via
1262:
used to refer to the current object. In languages that support
4570:
Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object Oriented Software
3411:
Object-Oriented Programming without Inheritance (Invited Talk)
2454:"Dr. Alan Kay on the Meaning of "Object-Oriented Programming""
2373:
1894:
Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software
1648:
1625:
1523:
1439:
1279:
958:
keyword can be used to prevent a class from being subclassed.
413:
object-oriented Lisp was developed starting 1979, introducing
367:
as object-oriented languages, but does not mention Smalltalk.
270:
210:
43:
2829:
Seven Concurrency Models in Seven Weeks: When Threads Unravel
2745:. MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
841:
OOP languages are diverse, but typically OOP languages allow
495:, which is an integral part of both the method and language.
3671:"On understanding types, data abstraction, and polymorphism"
1811:: only instance of its class for the lifetime of the program
781:
has said that OOP languages frequently shift the focus from
682:
Procedures – also known as functions, methods, routines, or
110:
Many of the most widely used programming languages (such as
3241:
Foundation for Future Database Systems: The Third Manifesto
1015:
class does not exist explicitly, but can be modeled as the
873:, the most popular style, each object is required to be an
549:(1978) included this concept, and their succeeding design,
2871:
2869:
1791:: from which other objects can be created (compare with a
1667:). Another scripting language that takes this approach is
1438:, but have been extended with some OO features. Examples:
390:. Smalltalk-72 included a programming environment and was
3553:"Bad Engineering Properties of Object-Oriented Languages"
3030:
LOOPS: data and object oriented Programming for Interlisp
2584:
Computation Center and Research Laboratory of Electronics
1869:
in OOP languages (with mutable objects) cannot guarantee
3609:
Coders at Work: Reflections on the Craft of Programming.
3320:"Stevey's Blog Rants: Execution in the Kingdom of Nouns"
3211:
273:
in the late 1950s and early 1960s. "Object" referred to
3710:
3708:
3706:
2669:
Sketchpad: a man-machine graphical communication system
2057:(RDBMSs) are extremely common in software today. Since
1747:: with a single method (in C++, the function operator,
845:
for code reuse and extensibility in the form of either
4709:
OOP – Learn Object Oriented Thinking & Programming
2880:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 329.
1651:
documents on the Internet has bindings to the popular
631:
with OOP support), with notable exceptions mentioned.
4501:
Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications
4298:"Subtyping and Inheritance for Categorical Datatypes"
1845:
It is intuitive to assume that inheritance creates a
1620:
are dynamic languages built on OOP principles, while
1567:) have been very popular in the developer community.
2856:
An Access Control Facility for Programming Languages
27:
Programming paradigm based on the concept of objects
6391:
6356:
6295:
6209:
6202:
6161:
6021:
5940:
5822:
5769:
5664:
5549:
5451:
5267:
5209:
5166:
5069:
5060:
5000:
4942:
4933:
3354:"Classifying prototype-based programming languages"
1257:
1250:
4824:The Object-Oriented Thought Process, Third Edition
3669:Cardelli, Luca; Wegner, Peter (10 December 1985).
2853:Jones, Anita K.; Liskov, Barbara H. (April 1976).
2174:of source code. Transparent representation of the
4405:Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
1066:. He has called object-oriented programming "the
4319:
4317:
3934:Potok, Thomas; Mladen Vouk; Andy Rindos (1999).
3283:Rich Hickey, JVM Languages Summit 2009 keynote,
906:or attributes – data that belongs to individual
3603:
3601:
1659:language. JavaScript is perhaps the best known
1199:
829:
803:
534:(although this concept is not limited to OOP).
421:. In 1981, Goldberg edited the August issue of
325:
299:were common points of discussion at this time.
2626:; Hart, swapnil d.; Levin, Michael I. (1962).
2117:is difficult to handle using OOP's concept of
141:Significant object-oriented languages include
5918:
5747:
4906:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
1348:List of object-oriented programming languages
302:Independently of later MIT work such as AED,
8:
4478:"Effective Java: Programming Language Guide"
3888:"Why Isn't Functional Programming the Norm?"
2598:and Research Laboratory: 88f. Archived from
1897:is an influential book published in 1994 by
1714:Distributed Relational Database Architecture
823:compares object orientation unfavourably to
46:notation for a class. This Button class has
4176:"A Realistic Look at Object-Oriented Reuse"
3251:
3249:
3075:1995 Reviewers Guide to Visual FoxPro 3.0:
2690:
2688:
2518:, section 1.6 "Object-Oriented Programming"
2287:are the basis for understanding objects if
1916:The book describes the following patterns:
1314:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
6206:
5925:
5911:
5903:
5754:
5740:
5732:
5066:
4939:
4913:
4899:
4891:
4022:. Interoperability Happens. Archived from
3865:"Why ARC isn't especially Object-Oriented"
3543:
3541:
3539:
2952:"Object-Oriented Programming with Flavors"
2317:and pointers to other maps, all with some
1558:(dark blue) competed for the top position.
1158:methods may have names that start with an
4977:Programming in the large and in the small
3686:
3419:
3363:. Singapore Berlin Heidelberg: Springer.
3352:Dony, C; Malenfant, J; Bardon, D (1999).
3279:
3277:
3116:The Quarks of Object-Oriented Development
2931:
2739:"The first software engineering language"
2721:
2704:"The development of the SIMULA languages"
2676:
2652:Object — a synonym for atomic symbol
2336:Common Object Request Broker Architecture
2255:Formal semantics of programming languages
1334:Learn how and when to remove this message
622:List of object-oriented programming terms
6116:Software development process/methodology
4058:OOOP – The Third "O" Solution: Open OOP.
3807:ECOOP 2008 – Object-Oriented Programming
3261:"STLport: An Interview with A. Stepanov"
3091:Object Oriented Programming with C++, 1E
2477:International Journal of General Systems
2347:Distributed Data Management Architecture
2128:(who popularized the adage now known as
1682:Distributed Data Management Architecture
1538:
1162:). In C#, Swift & Kotlin languages,
603:(VB.NET), both designed for Microsoft's
4776:Object oriented programming with ANSI-C
4079:"Good ideas, through the looking glass"
3987:"Design Principles and Design Patterns"
2777:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
2762:
2760:
2438:
881:. The class defines the data format or
370:In the 1970s, the first version of the
3886:Feldman, Richard (30 September 2019).
3094:. Vikas Publishing House Pvt Limited.
2862:(Technical report). MIT. CSG Memo 137.
2186:Responsibility- vs. data-driven design
2055:relational database management systems
1759:: does not change state after creation
483:also produced the first design of the
374:programming language was developed at
4847:Object Thinking (Developer Reference)
4684:Object-Oriented Software Construction
4222:"Multithreading is a verb not a noun"
4044:
3634:
3518:. Addison-Wesley ACM Press. pp.
3339:
3046:
2530:
2502:Lewis, John; Loftus, William (2008).
2109:Object-Oriented Software Construction
2097:Real-world modeling and relationships
2053:Both object-oriented programming and
1795:, which is not necessarily an object)
489:Object-Oriented Software Construction
7:
6437:
6131:Software verification and validation
6034:Component-based software engineering
3515:Object Oriented Software Engineering
3385:"Is Go an object-oriented language?"
3155:, Edition 2, Morgan Kaufmann, 2006,
3134:, Cambridge University Press, 2003,
3027:Bobrow, D. G.; Stefik, M. J (1982).
2832:. Pragmatic Bookshelf. p. 204.
2407:Component-based software engineering
2064:object-relational impedance mismatch
2041:Object-relational impedance mismatch
1835:Inheritance and behavioral subtyping
1695:program for messages and parameters.
1312:adding citations to reliable sources
1011:as their prototype. The idea of the
4733:Object-Oriented Modeling and Design
4199:"Flaws of Object Oriented Modeling"
4151:Boronczyk, Timothy (11 June 2009).
4130:"Execution in the Kingdom of Nouns"
2422:Object-oriented analysis and design
1214:principle of software development.
1052:many public attributes or methods.
431:Association for Computing Machinery
4480:(third ed.). Addison-Wesley.
4224:. techrepublic.com. Archived from
3911:. smashcompany.com. Archived from
3792:"The Emerald Programming Language"
3088:Khurana, Rohit (1 November 2009).
2767:Holmevik, Jan Rune (Winter 1994).
2342:Distributed Component Object Model
2166:OOP was developed to increase the
1110:Data abstraction and encapsulation
774:, but it forbids object pointers.
25:
6111:Software configuration management
5978:Search-based software engineering
5963:Experimental software engineering
4333:. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
4020:"The Vietnam of Computer Science"
3943:Software: Practice and Experience
3437:"A few years ago I saw this page"
3132:Concepts in programming languages
2594:: Artificial Intelligence Group,
1888:Design pattern (computer science)
1767:: can be used without restriction
1093:. A method call is also known as
6447:
6446:
6436:
5521:Partitioned global address space
4220:James, Justin (1 October 2007).
4174:Ambler, Scott (1 January 1998).
3841:Cassel, David (21 August 2019).
2914:"The early history of Smalltalk"
2386:
2035:Object-orientation and databases
1434:Languages that are historically
1284:
1080:Dynamic dispatch/message passing
4774:Schreiner, Axel-Tobias (1993).
4247:Shelly, Asaf (22 August 2008).
4197:Shelly, Asaf (22 August 2008).
3216:. Addison Wesley. p. 220.
3176:Types and Programming Languages
3153:Programming language pragmatics
3010:"Introducing the Smalltalk Zoo"
2228:Interface segregation principle
2213:Single responsibility principle
1989:Chain-of-responsibility pattern
5958:Empirical software engineering
5763:Types of programming languages
4658:The Early History of Smalltalk
4275:"Some thoughts on teaching FP"
4128:Yegge, Steve (30 March 2006).
4064:, 1993, Vol. 3, issue 3, p.14.
3435:Pike, Rob (14 November 2012).
2826:Butcher, Paul (30 June 2014).
2369:Interface description language
2233:Dependency inversion principle
1751:) it acts much like a function
919:Class methods – belong to the
1:
4886:OOP Concepts (Java Tutorials)
3213:Software Engineering with Ada
2223:Liskov substitution principle
1876:Liskov substitution principle
1602:dynamic programming languages
926:Instance methods – belong to
806:strangely skewed perspective.
639:Shared with non-OOP languages
5983:Site reliability engineering
5895:Programming paradigms navbox
5048:Uniform Function Call Syntax
4599:; William Morrissey (1996).
4018:Neward, Ted (26 June 2006).
3815:10.1007/978-3-540-70592-5_19
3771:Category Extreme Programming
3622:, Accessed 13 November 2009.
3493:"Uncle Bob SOLID principles"
3299:"Less is exponentially more"
2629:LISP 1.5 Programmer's Manual
2533:, pp. xi–xii, Foreword.
2489:10.1080/03081079.2010.539975
2191:Responsibility-driven design
1882:Gang of Four design patterns
1193:, the principal inventor of
1049:composition over inheritance
467:, who had used Smalltalk at
6473:Object-oriented programming
5988:Social software engineering
5516:Parallel programming models
5490:Concurrent constraint logic
4706:Pecinovsky, Rudolf (2013).
3421:10.4230/LIPIcs.ECOOP.2015.1
3408:Stroustrup, Bjarne (2015).
2577:"LISP I Programmers Manual"
2394:Computer programming portal
2319:syntactic and scoping sugar
1823:As an example of an object
1661:prototype-based programming
1528:prototype-based programming
1197:, who is quoted as saying:
968:prototype-based programming
95:), and code in the form of
59:Object-oriented programming
6494:
6126:Software quality assurance
5609:Metalinguistic abstraction
5476:Automatic mutual exclusion
4132:. steve-yegge.blogspot.com
3297:Pike, Rob (25 June 2012).
2252:
2201:SOLID and GRASP guidelines
2038:
1885:
1838:
1736:The following are notable
1345:
797:noted that, as opposed to
716:
615:
29:
6432:
5481:Choreographic programming
4881:Discussion on Cons of OOP
4807:. John Wiley & Sons.
4801:Taylor, David A. (1992).
4605:. John Wiley & Sons.
4530:Building Business Objects
4441:Communications of the ACM
4327:; Cardelli, Luca (1996).
3239:C. J. Date, Hugh Darwen.
3173:Pierce, Benjamin (2002).
3036:. European AI Conference.
2596:M.I.T. Computation Center
2506:. Pearson Education Inc.
2068:object-relational mapping
2045:Object-relational mapping
1675:OOP in a network protocol
719:Object (computer science)
516:graphical user interfaces
439:Common Lisp Object System
6282:Model-driven engineering
6081:Functional specification
6064:Software incompatibility
5973:Requirements engineering
5531:Relativistic programming
4751:Schach, Stephen (2006).
4201:. Intel Software Network
3715:Eric S. Raymond (2003).
2427:Object-oriented ontology
2417:Object modeling language
1931:Abstract factory pattern
1831:knows or does too much.
1775:: contains other objects
1738:software design patterns
1596:OOP in dynamic languages
1535:Popularity and reception
532:event-driven programming
69:based on the concept of
6076:Enterprise architecture
4822:Weisfeld, Matt (2009).
4712:. Bruckner Publishing.
4453:10.1145/1113034.1113040
4277:. Existential Type Blog
4251:. support.microsoft.com
4153:"What's Wrong with OOP"
3767:"Don't Repeat Yourself"
3065:Summary of Fox releases
2876:Bertrand Meyer (2009).
2678:10.1145/1461551.1461591
2304:parametric polymorphism
2267:co algebraic data types
2025:Template method pattern
1783:: creates other objects
1665:class-based programming
1485:(Oberon-1 or Oberon-2).
871:class-based programming
267:artificial intelligence
6287:Round-trip engineering
6044:Backward compatibility
6039:Software compatibility
5541:Structured concurrency
4926:Comparison by language
4476:Bloch, Joshua (2018).
3114:Deborah J. Armstrong.
2115:circle-ellipse problem
2078:and libraries such as
1927:Factory method pattern
1841:Object-oriented design
1565:functional programming
1559:
1454:(derived from BASIC),
1238:separation of concerns
1204:
1176:C programming language
995:a fruit if the object
834:
808:
799:functional programming
688:structured programming
330:
136:functional programming
132:procedural programming
128:imperative programming
83:: data in the form of
55:
6478:Programming paradigms
6106:Software architecture
6059:Forward compatibility
5884:Programming languages
5506:Multitier programming
5322:Interface description
4922:Programming paradigms
4535:John Wiley & Sons
4155:. zaemis.blogspot.com
3675:ACM Computing Surveys
3569:10.1145/242224.242415
3210:Booch, Grady (1986).
2933:10.1145/155360.155364
2723:10.1145/960118.808391
2622:; Abrahams, Paul W.;
2218:Open/closed principle
1637:Document Object Model
1542:
1503:languages. Examples:
1212:don't repeat yourself
1183:open/closed principle
739:containing data) and
42:
6404:Computer engineering
6101:Software archaeology
6091:Programming paradigm
6003:Software maintenance
5948:Computer programming
5934:Software engineering
4845:West, David (2004).
3737:Brodie, Leo (1984).
3618:5 March 2010 at the
2300:subtype polymorphism
2180:multithreaded coding
2162:OOP and control flow
2059:relational databases
1871:behavioral subtyping
1863:Subtype polymorphism
1698:Managers similar to
1582:open-source software
1436:procedural languages
1308:improve this section
1210:in violation of the
1043:Some languages like
936:Multiple inheritance
443:Meta-object protocol
433:organized the first
415:multiple inheritance
75:, which can contain
67:programming paradigm
6424:Systems engineering
6409:Information science
6189:Service orientation
6141:Structured analysis
6049:Compatibility layer
5993:Software deployment
5646:Self-modifying code
5254:Probabilistic logic
5185:Functional reactive
5140:Expression-oriented
5094:Partial application
4635:1992oose.book.....J
4579:1995dper.book.....G
4426:on 26 December 2017
4374:A Theory of Objects
4330:A Theory of Objects
4117:on 12 October 2016.
4077:(23 January 2006).
3999:on 6 September 2015
3907:Krubner, Lawrence.
3794:. 26 February 2011.
3607:Armstrong, Joe. In
3257:Stepanov, Alexander
3151:Michael Lee Scott,
3016:. 17 December 2020.
2971:10.1145/28697.28698
2965:'86. pp. 1–8.
2919:ACM SIGPLAN Notices
2886:2009tclp.book.....M
2743:LCS/AI Lab Timeline
2709:ACM SIGPLAN Notices
2313:A Theory of Objects
1997:Interpreter pattern
1984:Behavioral patterns
1949:Structural patterns
1922:Creational patterns
1865:as enforced by the
1530:and class-based OO.
1357:simulation programs
825:generic programming
703:Modular programming
659:. This may include
633:Christopher J. Date
394:, and at first was
314:, inheritance, and
297:modular programming
6414:Project management
6179:Object orientation
6146:Essential analysis
6054:Compatibility mode
5559:Attribute-oriented
5332:List comprehension
5277:Algebraic modeling
5090:Anonymous function
4982:Design by contract
4952:Jackson structures
4629:. Addison-Wesley.
4573:. Addison-Wesley.
4400:Gerald Jay Sussman
4228:on 10 October 2007
4100:10.1109/MC.2006.20
3915:on 14 October 2014
3611:Peter Seibel, ed.
2665:Ivan E. Sutherland
2624:Edwards, Daniel J.
2412:Object association
2358:Modeling languages
2276:encapsulated state
2195:data-driven design
2074:languages such as
1765:First-class object
1560:
1490:abstract data type
1027:may be defined in
928:individual objects
904:Instance variables
821:Alexander Stepanov
764:object composition
729:abstract data type
493:design by contract
349:abstract data type
320:physical modelling
56:
32:Object-orientation
6460:
6459:
6387:
6386:
6328:Information model
6232:Incremental model
6086:Modeling language
5873:Computer language
5860:
5859:
5729:
5728:
5619:Program synthesis
5511:Organic computing
5447:
5446:
5352:Non-English-based
5327:Language-oriented
5105:Purely functional
5056:
5055:
4860:978-0-7356-1965-4
4837:978-0-672-33016-2
4814:978-0-471-54364-0
4793:978-3-446-17426-9
4766:978-0-07-319126-3
4743:978-0-13-629841-0
4736:. Prentice Hall.
4719:978-80-904661-8-0
4698:978-0-13-629155-8
4644:978-0-201-54435-0
4612:978-0-471-14717-6
4588:978-0-201-63361-0
4544:978-0-471-19176-6
4515:978-0-8053-5340-2
4419:978-0-262-01153-2
4387:978-0-387-94775-4
4340:978-0-387-94775-4
4273:(17 April 2011).
4090:. Cover Feature.
3984:Martin, Robert C.
3824:978-3-540-70591-8
3688:10.1145/6041.6042
3529:978-0-201-54435-0
3443:on 14 August 2018
3285:Are We There Yet?
3223:978-0-8053-0608-8
3186:978-0-262-16209-8
3101:978-81-259-2532-3
2980:978-0-89791-204-4
2895:978-3-540-92144-8
2839:978-1-68050-466-8
2807:on 30 August 2017
2790:10.1109/85.329756
2702:(1 August 1978).
2647:978-0-262-13011-0
2605:on 17 July 2010.
2513:978-0-321-53205-3
2289:function literals
2080:Java Data Objects
1974:Flyweight pattern
1966:Decorator pattern
1962:Composite pattern
1943:Prototype pattern
1935:Singleton pattern
1740:for OOP objects.
1632:since version 6.
1551:(orange) and the
1344:
1343:
1336:
1091:multiple dispatch
1017:equivalence class
999:exists, and both
655:and alphanumeric
473:Bjarne Stroustrup
463:was developed by
459:In the mid-1980s
392:dynamically typed
105:computer programs
18:Object technology
16:(Redirected from
6485:
6450:
6449:
6440:
6439:
6399:Computer science
6207:
6121:Software quality
6013:Systems analysis
6008:Software testing
5927:
5920:
5913:
5904:
5899:
5893:
5888:
5882:
5877:
5871:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5733:
5631:by demonstration
5536:Service-oriented
5526:Process-oriented
5501:Macroprogramming
5486:Concurrent logic
5357:Page description
5347:Natural language
5317:Grammar-oriented
5244:Nondeterministic
5233:Constraint logic
5135:Point-free style
5130:Functional logic
5067:
5038:Immutable object
4957:Block-structured
4940:
4915:
4908:
4901:
4892:
4877:by L.W.C. Nirosh
4864:
4841:
4818:
4797:
4770:
4747:
4723:
4702:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4661:. Archived from
4648:
4616:
4592:
4548:
4519:
4491:
4472:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4422:. Archived from
4391:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4321:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4302:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4110:. Archived from
4083:
4071:
4065:
4054:
4048:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3998:
3992:. Archived from
3991:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3940:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3867:. PaulGraham.com
3857:
3851:
3850:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3746:. pp. 92–93
3745:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3712:
3701:
3700:
3690:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3650:. 5 January 2023
3644:
3638:
3632:
3623:
3613:Codersatwork.com
3605:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3557:ACM Comput. Surv
3545:
3534:
3533:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3501:. 2 August 2018.
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3465:(2 March 2004).
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3439:. Archived from
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3391:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3358:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3294:
3288:
3281:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3253:
3244:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3170:
3164:
3149:
3143:
3128:John C. Mitchell
3125:
3119:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2956:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2800:. Archived from
2773:
2764:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2581:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2519:
2517:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2450:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2249:Formal semantics
2091:object databases
2086:' ActiveRecord.
2021:Strategy pattern
2013:Observer pattern
2005:Mediator pattern
2001:Iterator pattern
1809:Singleton object
1801:Prototype object
1773:Container object
1757:Immutable object
1750:
1339:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1288:
1280:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1128:code refactoring
1087:dynamic dispatch
966:In contrast, in
957:
950:Abstract classes
921:class as a whole
914:Member variables
898:class as a whole
896:– belong to the
877:of a particular
690:constructs like
601:Visual Basic.NET
593:Sun Microsystems
334:
293:data abstraction
255:Visual Basic.NET
99:(often known as
87:(often known as
21:
6493:
6492:
6488:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6482:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6456:
6428:
6419:Risk management
6383:
6352:
6291:
6272:Waterfall model
6242:Prototype model
6237:Iterative model
6198:
6174:Aspect-oriented
6157:
6136:Software system
6017:
5998:Software design
5936:
5931:
5897:
5891:
5886:
5880:
5875:
5869:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5818:
5809:Very high-level
5765:
5760:
5730:
5725:
5667:
5660:
5551:Metaprogramming
5545:
5461:
5456:
5443:
5425:Graph rewriting
5263:
5239:Inductive logic
5219:Abductive logic
5205:
5162:
5125:Dependent types
5073:
5052:
5024:Prototype-based
5004:
5002:Object-oriented
4996:
4992:Nested function
4987:Invariant-based
4929:
4919:
4871:
4861:
4851:Microsoft Press
4844:
4838:
4821:
4815:
4800:
4794:
4773:
4767:
4750:
4744:
4728:Rumbaugh, James
4726:
4720:
4705:
4699:
4679:Meyer, Bertrand
4677:
4668:
4666:
4665:on 4 April 2005
4651:
4645:
4619:
4613:
4595:
4589:
4551:
4545:
4522:
4516:
4494:
4488:
4475:
4438:
4429:
4427:
4420:
4396:Abelson, Harold
4394:
4388:
4378:Springer Verlag
4364:
4361:
4359:Further reading
4356:
4355:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4323:
4322:
4315:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4280:
4278:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4254:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4231:
4229:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4204:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4181:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4158:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4135:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4114:
4081:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4055:
4051:
4043:
4039:
4029:
4027:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3967:
3965:
3949:(10): 833–847.
3938:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3918:
3916:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3870:
3868:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3721:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3704:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3653:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3633:
3626:
3620:Wayback Machine
3606:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3563:(4es): 150–es.
3547:
3546:
3537:
3530:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3474:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3303:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3282:
3275:
3265:
3263:
3255:
3254:
3247:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3187:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3150:
3146:
3126:
3122:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3057:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3033:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2991:
2981:
2954:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2859:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2748:
2746:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2696:Kristen Nygaard
2694:
2693:
2686:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2602:
2579:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2522:
2514:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2440:
2435:
2392:
2385:
2382:
2360:
2327:
2296:
2272:recursive types
2257:
2251:
2203:
2188:
2172:maintainability
2164:
2099:
2089:There are also
2051:
2049:Object database
2039:Main articles:
2037:
2029:Visitor pattern
2009:Memento pattern
1993:Command pattern
1954:Adapter pattern
1939:Builder pattern
1890:
1884:
1843:
1837:
1748:
1745:Function object
1734:
1732:Object patterns
1726:design patterns
1722:
1720:Design patterns
1677:
1598:
1580:programmer and
1574:Eric S. Raymond
1537:
1501:prototype-based
1488:Languages with
1350:
1340:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1305:
1289:
1278:
1258:
1251:
1246:
1220:
1172:Eric S. Raymond
1163:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1112:
1096:message passing
1082:
1070:of computing".
1041:
964:
962:Prototype-based
953:
894:Class variables
867:
839:
783:data structures
723:An object is a
721:
715:
677:memory pointers
661:data structures
641:
624:
614:
591:, developed by
485:Eiffel language
336:
332:
316:dynamic binding
283:Ivan Sutherland
263:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6491:
6489:
6481:
6480:
6475:
6465:
6464:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6454:
6444:
6433:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6395:
6393:
6392:Related fields
6389:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6323:Function model
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6299:
6297:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6227:Executable UML
6224:
6219:
6213:
6211:
6204:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6150:
6149:
6148:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6067:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6036:
6031:
6025:
6023:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5968:Formal methods
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5944:
5942:
5938:
5937:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5922:
5915:
5907:
5901:
5900:
5889:
5878:
5865:
5862:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5828:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5751:
5744:
5736:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5672:
5670:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5561:
5555:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5467:
5465:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5421:Transformation
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5307:Differentiable
5304:
5294:
5287:Automata-based
5284:
5279:
5273:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5226:
5221:
5215:
5213:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5178:
5172:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5154:Function-level
5151:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5087:
5081:
5079:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5016:
5014:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4967:Non-structured
4964:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4910:
4903:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4870:
4869:External links
4867:
4866:
4865:
4859:
4842:
4836:
4828:Addison-Wesley
4819:
4813:
4798:
4792:
4771:
4765:
4748:
4742:
4724:
4718:
4703:
4697:
4675:
4649:
4643:
4621:Jacobson, Ivar
4617:
4611:
4593:
4587:
4565:John Vlissides
4549:
4543:
4523:Eeles, Peter;
4520:
4514:
4506:Addison-Wesley
4492:
4487:978-0134685991
4486:
4473:
4447:(2): 123–128.
4436:
4418:
4392:
4386:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4339:
4313:
4288:
4262:
4239:
4212:
4189:
4166:
4143:
4120:
4066:
4049:
4047:, p. 230.
4037:
4026:on 4 July 2006
4010:
3975:
3926:
3899:
3878:
3852:
3833:
3823:
3797:
3783:
3765:Hunt, Andrew.
3757:
3740:Thinking Forth
3729:
3702:
3681:(4): 471–523.
3661:
3639:
3624:
3597:
3549:Cardelli, Luca
3535:
3528:
3504:
3484:
3473:(Mailing list)
3454:
3427:
3400:
3376:
3369:
3344:
3332:
3311:
3289:
3287:November 2009.
3273:
3245:
3232:
3222:
3202:
3193:
3185:
3165:
3144:
3120:
3107:
3100:
3080:
3068:
3051:
3039:
3019:
3001:
2979:
2948:Moon, David A.
2939:
2912:(March 1993).
2901:
2894:
2865:
2845:
2838:
2818:
2756:
2729:
2716:(8): 245–272.
2700:Ole-Johan Dahl
2684:
2656:
2646:
2620:McCarthy, John
2611:
2575:(March 1969).
2543:McCarthy, J.;
2535:
2520:
2512:
2494:
2483:(3): 313–343.
2467:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2326:
2323:
2308:
2307:
2294:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2250:
2247:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2202:
2199:
2187:
2184:
2163:
2160:
2134:KISS principle
2104:Bertrand Meyer
2098:
2095:
2070:, as found in
2036:
2033:
2032:
2031:
1980:
1970:Facade pattern
1958:Bridge pattern
1945:
1911:John Vlissides
1886:Main article:
1883:
1880:
1836:
1833:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1796:
1785:
1784:
1781:Factory object
1777:
1776:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1752:
1733:
1730:
1721:
1718:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1696:
1689:
1676:
1673:
1597:
1594:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1520:
1486:
1479:
1432:
1401:
1342:
1341:
1292:
1290:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1264:open recursion
1245:
1244:Open recursion
1242:
1219:
1216:
1208:duplicate code
1111:
1108:
1081:
1078:
1068:Roman numerals
1040:
1037:
963:
960:
932:
931:
924:
917:
911:
901:
866:
863:
838:
835:
725:data structure
717:Main article:
714:
711:
700:
699:
680:
640:
637:
629:multi-paradigm
613:
610:
522:frameworks on
481:Bertrand Meyer
447:Intel iAPX 432
388:Adele Goldberg
353:Barbara Liskov
333:Alan Kay,
324:
262:
259:
124:multi-paradigm
50:for data, and
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6490:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6453:
6445:
6443:
6435:
6434:
6431:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6390:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6343:Systems model
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6294:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6210:Developmental
6208:
6205:
6201:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6160:
6154:
6151:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6071:Data modeling
6069:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5928:
5923:
5921:
5916:
5914:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5896:
5890:
5885:
5879:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5757:
5752:
5750:
5745:
5743:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5691:Data-oriented
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5663:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5604:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5589:Homoiconicity
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5569:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5496:Concurrent OO
5494:
5491:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5450:
5440:
5437:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5391:Set-theoretic
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5371:Probabilistic
5369:
5367:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5149:Concatenative
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5003:
4999:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4927:
4923:
4916:
4911:
4909:
4904:
4902:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4711:
4710:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4690:
4689:Prentice Hall
4686:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4664:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4561:Ralph Johnson
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4479:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4370:Luca Cardelli
4367:
4366:Abadi, Martin
4363:
4362:
4358:
4342:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4325:Abadi, Martin
4320:
4318:
4314:
4299:
4292:
4289:
4276:
4272:
4271:Robert Harper
4266:
4263:
4250:
4243:
4240:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4213:
4200:
4193:
4190:
4178:. drdobbs.com
4177:
4170:
4167:
4154:
4147:
4144:
4131:
4124:
4121:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4087:IEEE Computer
4080:
4076:
4075:Niklaus Wirth
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:First Class,
4059:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4038:
4025:
4021:
4014:
4011:
3995:
3988:
3985:
3979:
3976:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3927:
3914:
3910:
3903:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3882:
3879:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3848:
3847:The New Stack
3844:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3758:
3742:
3741:
3733:
3730:
3718:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3662:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3508:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3472:
3471:comp.os.plan9
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3428:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3372:
3370:9789814021258
3366:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3333:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3300:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3243:(2nd Edition)
3242:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3206:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3179:. MIT Press.
3178:
3177:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3161:0-12-633951-1
3158:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3140:0-521-78098-5
3137:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3060:Visual FoxPro
3055:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3040:
3032:
3031:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3002:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2950:(June 1986).
2949:
2943:
2940:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2857:
2849:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2822:
2819:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2770:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2730:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2592:Massachusetts
2589:
2585:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2126:Niklaus Wirth
2122:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2084:Ruby on Rails
2081:
2077:
2076:Visual FoxPro
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2017:State pattern
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1978:Proxy pattern
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1907:Ralph Johnson
1904:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1817:Filter object
1815:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1590:Luca Cardelli
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1425:Object Pascal
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1338:
1335:
1327:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1293:This section
1291:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1276:OOP languages
1275:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1255:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:Joe Armstrong
1188:
1187:Luca Cardelli
1184:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:encapsulation
1121:
1117:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:sugar_content
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
981:
977:
973:
969:
961:
959:
956:
951:
947:
945:
941:
937:
929:
925:
922:
918:
915:
912:
909:
905:
902:
899:
895:
892:
891:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
864:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
836:
833:
828:
826:
822:
818:
816:
813:, creator of
812:
807:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
773:
769:
765:
760:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
720:
712:
710:
708:
704:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
643:
642:
638:
636:
634:
630:
623:
619:
611:
609:
606:
602:
598:
595:, as well as
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
543:Niklaus Wirth
540:
535:
533:
529:
526:, written in
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:Visual FoxPro
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
457:
455:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
423:Byte Magazine
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
341:
335:
329:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
289:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
260:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:Object Pascal
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
60:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6338:Object model
6333:Metamodeling
6262:Spiral model
6178:
6162:Orientations
5898:}}
5892:{{
5887:}}
5881:{{
5876:}}
5870:{{
5696:Event-driven
5100:Higher-order
5028:Object-based
5001:
4846:
4823:
4803:
4775:
4752:
4732:
4708:
4683:
4667:. Retrieved
4663:the original
4657:
4625:
4601:
4597:Harmon, Paul
4569:
4557:Richard Helm
4553:Gamma, Erich
4529:
4500:
4496:Booch, Grady
4477:
4444:
4440:
4428:. Retrieved
4424:the original
4404:
4373:
4344:. Retrieved
4329:
4304:. Retrieved
4296:Poll, Erik.
4291:
4279:. Retrieved
4265:
4253:. Retrieved
4242:
4230:. Retrieved
4226:the original
4215:
4203:. Retrieved
4192:
4180:. Retrieved
4169:
4157:. Retrieved
4146:
4134:. Retrieved
4123:
4112:the original
4094:(1): 28–39.
4091:
4085:
4069:
4057:
4056:M.Trofimov,
4052:
4040:
4028:. Retrieved
4024:the original
4013:
4001:. Retrieved
3994:the original
3978:
3966:. Retrieved
3946:
3942:
3929:
3917:. Retrieved
3913:the original
3902:
3891:
3881:
3869:. Retrieved
3861:Graham, Paul
3855:
3846:
3836:
3828:
3806:
3800:
3786:
3774:. Retrieved
3770:
3760:
3748:. Retrieved
3739:
3732:
3720:. Retrieved
3678:
3674:
3664:
3652:. Retrieved
3642:
3608:
3588:. Retrieved
3560:
3556:
3514:
3507:
3496:
3487:
3475:. Retrieved
3470:
3457:
3445:. Retrieved
3441:the original
3430:
3410:
3403:
3395:
3388:. Retrieved
3379:
3360:
3347:
3335:
3323:. Retrieved
3314:
3302:. Retrieved
3292:
3264:. Retrieved
3240:
3235:
3227:
3212:
3205:
3196:
3175:
3168:
3152:
3147:
3131:
3123:
3115:
3110:
3090:
3083:
3071:
3058:1995 (June)
3054:
3042:
3029:
3022:
3013:
3004:
2992:. Retrieved
2958:
2942:
2926:(3): 69–95.
2923:
2917:
2904:
2877:
2855:
2848:
2828:
2821:
2809:. Retrieved
2802:the original
2784:(4): 25–37.
2781:
2775:
2747:. Retrieved
2742:
2737:Ross, Doug.
2732:
2713:
2707:
2668:
2667:(May 1963).
2659:
2651:
2628:
2614:
2606:
2600:the original
2583:
2538:
2503:
2497:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2458:. Retrieved
2312:
2309:
2261:
2258:
2243:Craig Larman
2237:
2204:
2189:
2176:control flow
2165:
2151:
2143:
2138:
2123:
2107:
2100:
2088:
2052:
1982:
1947:
1920:
1915:
1903:Richard Helm
1892:
1891:
1867:type checker
1854:
1844:
1825:anti-pattern
1822:
1735:
1723:
1711:
1678:
1634:
1599:
1586:
1561:
1495:
1464:Fortran 2003
1452:Visual Basic
1351:
1330:
1321:
1306:Please help
1294:
1267:
1247:
1235:
1231:
1227:polymorphism
1225:– a form of
1221:
1218:Polymorphism
1205:
1200:
1180:
1168:
1140:
1136:
1113:
1101:
1094:
1083:
1072:
1064:lookup table
1058:
1042:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
975:
971:
965:
948:
933:
927:
920:
907:
897:
878:
868:
858:
854:
840:
830:
819:
809:
804:
776:
761:
757:
722:
701:
696:conditionals
625:
578:
555:
536:
497:
458:
434:
408:
369:
337:
331:
326:
301:
264:
171:Fortran 2003
147:ActionScript
140:
109:
70:
62:
58:
57:
36:
6029:Abstraction
5792:Interpreted
5706:Intentional
5686:Data-driven
5668:of concerns
5627:Inferential
5614:Multi-stage
5594:Interactive
5471:Actor-based
5458:distributed
5401:Stack-based
5201:Synchronous
5158:Value-level
5145:Applicative
5062:Declarative
5020:Class-based
4757:McGraw-Hill
4525:Oliver Sims
3871:13 November
3477:17 November
2910:Alan C. Kay
2573:Russell, S.
2561:Luckham, D.
2549:Edwards, D.
2545:Brayton, R.
2460:11 February
2280:inheritance
2168:reusability
2140:Steve Yegge
2130:Wirth's law
2119:inheritance
1899:Erich Gamma
1569:Paul Graham
1324:August 2009
1120:data hiding
1116:abstraction
1021:duck typing
887:constructor
865:Class-based
843:inheritance
837:Inheritance
811:Rich Hickey
795:Steve Yegge
770:to support
768:type system
745:subroutines
731:containing
684:subroutines
673:hash tables
528:Objective-C
479:. In 1985,
461:Objective-C
396:interpreted
384:Dan Ingalls
281:created by
199:Objective-C
155:Common Lisp
103:). In OOP,
6467:Categories
6348:View model
6313:Data model
5824:Generation
5804:High-level
5681:Components
5666:Separation
5641:Reflective
5635:by example
5579:Extensible
5453:Concurrent
5429:Production
5416:Templating
5396:Simulation
5381:Scientific
5301:Spacecraft
5229:Constraint
5224:Answer set
5176:Flow-based
5076:comparison
5071:Functional
5043:Persistent
5007:comparison
4972:Procedural
4944:Structured
4935:Imperative
4778:. Hanser.
4430:22 January
4281:5 December
4045:Meyer 1997
3919:14 October
3654:17 January
3635:Bloch 2018
3340:Bloch 2018
3047:Meyer 1997
2636:. p.
2565:Maling, K.
2531:Bloch 2018
2433:References
2306:(generics)
2253:See also:
2106:argues in
1839:See also:
1829:God object
1789:Metaobject
1749:operator()
1657:ECMAScript
1653:JavaScript
1630:ColdFusion
1610:PowerShell
1553:procedural
1505:JavaScript
1460:COBOL 2002
1444:JavaScript
1368:Examples:
1346:See also:
1269:late-bound
1160:underscore
1132:decoupling
1074:Bob Martin
1054:Delegation
851:prototypes
787:algorithms
707:namespaced
657:characters
649:data types
616:See also:
539:ETH Zürich
451:Linn Smart
376:Xerox PARC
183:JavaScript
97:procedures
93:properties
89:attributes
6357:Languages
5799:Low-level
5568:Inductive
5564:Automatic
5386:Scripting
5085:Recursive
4784:1850/8544
4653:Kay, Alan
4461:0001-0782
4410:MIT Press
3697:0360-0300
3577:0360-0300
3463:Pike, Rob
3447:1 October
3304:1 October
2634:MIT Press
2557:Hodes, L.
2154:(methods/
2150:) before
2146:(objects/
2124:However,
1861:objects.
1693:Smalltalk
1378:Smalltalk
1361:Smalltalk
1295:does not
1223:Subtyping
1152:protected
1104:delegated
985:prototype
976:prototype
737:variables
645:Variables
427:Interlisp
404:Smalltalk
372:Smalltalk
357:Simula 67
344:Smalltalk
279:Sketchpad
269:group at
243:Smalltalk
235:SIMSCRIPT
52:functions
48:variables
6452:Category
6318:ER model
6184:Ontology
6096:Software
6022:Concepts
5864:See also
5814:Esoteric
5787:Compiled
5782:Assembly
5721:Subjects
5711:Literate
5701:Features
5656:Template
5651:Symbolic
5623:Bayesian
5603:Hygienic
5463:parallel
5342:Modeling
5337:Low-code
5312:End-user
5249:Ontology
5181:Reactive
5168:Dataflow
4681:(1997).
4669:18 April
4623:(1992).
4567:(1995).
4527:(1998).
4498:(1997).
4469:11485502
4402:(1997).
4372:(1998).
4346:21 April
4003:28 April
3968:21 April
3963:57865731
3722:6 August
3616:Archived
3590:21 April
3585:12105785
3551:(1996).
3390:13 April
3266:21 April
3077:DFpug.de
2994:17 March
2989:17150741
2798:18148999
2569:Park, D.
2380:See also
2293:System F
1847:semantic
1716:(DRDA).
1513:Modula-2
1164:internal
1060:Rob Pike
1031:but not
875:instance
859:instance
779:Rob Pike
753:pointers
653:integers
612:Features
547:Modula-2
524:Mac OS X
500:paradigm
469:ITT Inc.
465:Brad Cox
454:Rekursiv
449:and the
400:compiled
380:Alan Kay
340:Alan Kay
6442:Commons
6267:V-model
5777:Machine
5676:Aspects
5584:Generic
5574:Dynamic
5433:Pattern
5411:Tactile
5376:Quantum
5366:filters
5297:Command
5196:Streams
5191:Signals
4962:Modular
4631:Bibcode
4575:Bibcode
4108:6582369
3893:YouTube
3498:YouTube
2882:Bibcode
2811:3 March
2553:Fox, P.
2338:(CORBA)
2325:Systems
2285:records
2152:actions
1859:mutable
1703:Objects
1494:object-
1386:Emerald
1316:removed
1301:sources
1202:jungle.
1156:private
1144:private
1039:Absence
972:objects
908:objects
847:classes
815:Clojure
741:methods
735:(state
713:Objects
665:strings
566:Fortran
411:Flavors
365:Alphard
261:History
101:methods
72:objects
65:) is a
6203:Models
5953:DevOps
5941:Fields
5847:Fourth
5837:Second
5439:Visual
5406:System
5291:Action
5115:Strict
4857:
4834:
4811:
4790:
4763:
4740:
4716:
4695:
4641:
4609:
4585:
4541:
4512:
4484:
4467:
4459:
4416:
4384:
4337:
4306:5 June
4255:4 July
4232:4 July
4205:4 July
4182:4 July
4159:3 July
4136:3 July
4106:
4030:2 June
3961:
3821:
3695:
3583:
3575:
3526:
3367:
3325:20 May
3220:
3183:
3159:
3138:
3098:
2987:
2977:
2963:OOPSLA
2892:
2836:
2796:
2749:13 May
2644:
2588:Boston
2510:
2456:. 2003
2144:things
2047:, and
1987:(11):
1909:, and
1855:safely
1827:, the
1647:, and
1618:Groovy
1606:Python
1483:Oberon
1476:Pascal
1472:Ada 95
1456:MATLAB
1429:VB.NET
1421:Delphi
1409:Python
1382:Eiffel
1353:Simula
1195:Erlang
1148:public
1033:orange
1005:orange
993:orange
980:parent
944:mixins
940:traits
855:object
749:memory
733:fields
671:, and
581:Python
572:, and
570:Pascal
551:Oberon
512:Delphi
510:, and
419:mixins
398:, not
363:, and
355:lists
312:object
304:Simula
239:Simula
215:Python
195:MATLAB
187:Kotlin
167:Eiffel
122:) are
120:Python
118:, and
85:fields
6379:SysML
6303:SPICE
6296:Other
6257:Scrum
6217:Agile
6169:Agile
6153:CI/CD
5852:Fifth
5842:Third
5832:First
5770:Level
5716:Roles
5599:Macro
5362:Pipes
5282:Array
5259:Query
5211:Logic
5120:GADTs
5110:Total
5033:Agent
4465:S2CID
4301:(PDF)
4115:(PDF)
4104:S2CID
4082:(PDF)
3997:(PDF)
3990:(PDF)
3959:S2CID
3939:(PDF)
3776:4 May
3750:4 May
3744:(PDF)
3581:S2CID
3520:43–69
3357:(PDF)
3034:(PDF)
2985:S2CID
2955:(PDF)
2860:(PDF)
2805:(PDF)
2794:S2CID
2772:(PDF)
2603:(PDF)
2580:(PDF)
2364:IDEF4
2352:Jeroo
2331:CADES
2295:<:
2239:GRASP
2206:SOLID
2156:verbs
2148:nouns
1952:(7):
1925:(5):
1793:class
1700:IBM i
1645:XHTML
1545:TIOBE
1496:based
1374:Scala
1181:The "
1114:Data
1029:apple
1013:fruit
1009:fruit
1007:have
1001:apple
997:fruit
989:apple
955:final
879:class
791:types
772:RDBMS
692:loops
669:lists
663:like
651:like
574:COBOL
562:BASIC
520:Cocoa
506:3.0,
308:class
288:ALGOL
247:Swift
231:Scala
6364:IDEF
6308:CMMI
6194:SDLC
5364:and
5011:list
4855:ISBN
4832:ISBN
4809:ISBN
4788:ISBN
4761:ISBN
4738:ISBN
4714:ISBN
4693:ISBN
4671:2005
4639:ISBN
4607:ISBN
4583:ISBN
4539:ISBN
4510:ISBN
4482:ISBN
4457:ISSN
4432:2006
4414:ISBN
4382:ISBN
4348:2010
4335:ISBN
4308:2011
4283:2011
4257:2010
4234:2010
4207:2010
4184:2010
4161:2010
4138:2010
4032:2010
4005:2017
3970:2010
3921:2014
3873:2009
3819:ISBN
3778:2018
3752:2018
3724:2014
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