85:
126:, the Supreme Court ruled that the individual must have a mental illness, pose a known threat to the safety of their self or others, be unable to care for themselves, or need psychiatric care. States adjusted their rules so that a patient's involuntary hospitalization would be re-evaluated over the span of a short period of time, ranging from two days to two weeks before a patient could have a court hearing to potentially be released.
76:, which translates to "parent of his or her nation", which "assigns to the government a responsibility to intervene on behalf of citizens who cannot act in their own best interest". The second part "requires a state to protect the interests of its citizens", meaning that the government must do what it can to care for greater society, which may involve limiting one individual's rights to avoid harming the greater society.
148:
dangerousness criterion might lead individuals without a serious mental illness to be involuntarily hospitalized, or that individuals without a serious mental illness will be involuntarily hospitalized as a "preventative" means. Those who oppose an obligatory dangerousness criterion also argue that there are less restrictive alternatives to involuntary hospitalization that can help those with a mental illness.
103:
allowed guardianship over mentally ill individuals. In the US, psychiatric hospitals were not established until the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Before their establishment, individuals suffering with mental illnesses were imprisoned or kept from society. After their establishment, anyone could
53:
have been around for hundreds and even thousands of years around the world, but the obligatory dangerousness criterion was created in the United States in the 1900s. The criterion is a controversial topic, with opponents claiming that it is unethical and potentially harmful. Supporters claim that the
143:
does not think that they need help. They argue that psychiatric care often involves some form of hospitalization or treatment, and as a result, "involuntary hospitalization, or civil commitment, has been a mainstay of psychiatric care" since the field first began. Some individuals who have been
119:
In 1964, Washington, D.C., established that an individual may only be involuntarily hospitalized if the individual has a mental illness, may be threat to others or their self in the near future, or is unable to survive on their own. States followed suit and began implementing a dangerousness
147:
Its opponents claim that an obligatory dangerousness criterion is unethical. Some believe it denies the individual of consent, is discriminatory based on mental health, and may increase the patient's risk of suicide, psychotic symptoms, or other harmful behaviors. They worry an obligatory
66:
and treated involuntarily. In order to be released, the court must determine whether the person is no longer dangerous. The length of time that a person is involuntarily hospitalized varies and is determined by the state.
144:
involuntarily hospitalized perceived their experience to be beneficial and fair. Lastly, they also note how many states require that the least invasive measures be taken before involuntary hospitalization is considered.
107:
An obligatory dangerousness criterion was officially established in the United States in 1964 by the Ervin Act in
Washington, D.C. It provided a more lenient interpretation of "dangerousness" as well as alternatives to
116:. In order to be involuntary hospitalized under the obligatory dangerousness criterion, one must have a mental illness, and most states also require that the individual is in need of medical treatment for the illness.
138:
will receive it, and to prevent the mentally ill individual from potentially harming themselves or others. They also note that mental health disorders can impair one's judgement, for example, if an individual with
104:
be admitted to a psychiatric hospital if a family member brought them and a physician agreed to provide a treatment. Individuals could be at the hospital indefinitely until a court ruled they could be released.
712:
SWANSON, JEFFREY W.; SWARTZ, MARVIN S.; ELBOGEN, ERIC B.; VAN DORN, RICHARD A.; WAGNER, H. RYAN; MOSER, LORNA A.; WILDER, CHRISTINE; GILBERT, ALLISON R. (2008-01-01).
360:
Substance Abuse and Mental Health
Services Administration: Civil Commitment and the Mental Health Care Continuum: Historical Trends and Principles for Law and Practice
134:
The obligatory dangerousness criterion is controversial. Supporters claim that the criterion is necessary in order to ensure that those who are in vital need of
438:"Did the introduction of 'dangerousness' and 'risk of harm' criteria in mental health laws increase the incidence of suicide in the United States of America?"
787:
88:
Founded in 1816 in
Manhattan, New York, Bloomingdale Insane Asylum was one of the earlier psychiatric hospitals established in the United States.
62:
If a court determines that a person may cause long-term harm to themselves or others, then the person can be hospitalized or be required to
362:. Rockville, MD: Office of the Chief Medical Officer: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2019. pp. 1, 2, 3, 4, 9.
819:
667:"Obligatory dangerousness criteria in the involuntary commitment and treatment provisions of Australian mental health legislation"
539:
979:
99:, believed that those with mental illnesses should be separated from others and maintained within a safe, healthy environment.
84:
182:
Dressing, H; Salize, HJ (October 2004). "Compulsory admission of mentally ill patients in
European Union Member States".
780:
363:
974:
773:
140:
565:"Consumers' perceptions of the fairness and effectiveness of mandated community treatment and related pressures"
122:
39:. The term "dangerousness" refers to one's ability to hurt oneself or others physically or mentally within an
943:
815:
157:
109:
50:
380:"The danger of dangerousness: why we must remove the dangerousness criterion from our mental health acts"
825:
810:
95:
and guardianship over the mentally ill have been present for centuries. In Greece, individuals, such as
63:
32:
54:
criterion is necessary to protect the mentally ill and those impacted by their involuntary treatment.
830:
666:
92:
46:
890:
647:
473:
415:
207:
880:
796:
751:
733:
694:
686:
639:
631:
592:
584:
465:
457:
407:
399:
323:
277:
259:
199:
28:
24:
861:
741:
725:
678:
623:
576:
449:
391:
313:
267:
191:
948:
856:
162:
911:
491:
916:
746:
713:
563:
Swartz, Marvin S.; Wagner, H. Ryan; Swanson, Jeffrey W.; Elbogen, Eric B. (July 2004).
318:
301:
272:
247:
72:
40:
36:
968:
895:
477:
651:
419:
211:
70:
An obligatory dangerousness criterion has two main parts. First is the Latin phrase
953:
100:
112:. It is meant to protect individuals with mental health disorders on the basis of
515:
364:
https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/civil-commitment-continuum-of-care.pdf
938:
612:"Involuntary commitment and detainment in adolescent psychiatric inpatient care"
96:
714:"Psychiatric advance directives and reduction of coercive crisis interventions"
682:
43:
time frame, and the harm caused must have a long-term effect on the person(s).
885:
835:
729:
627:
453:
195:
135:
737:
690:
635:
588:
580:
461:
403:
327:
263:
611:
564:
437:
395:
755:
698:
643:
596:
469:
436:
Large, Matthew M.; Nielssen, Olav B.; Lackersteen, Steven M. (2009-08-01).
411:
281:
203:
930:
379:
872:
378:
Large, M. M.; Ryan, C. J.; Nielssen, O. B.; Hayes, R. A. (2008-12-01).
31:. It mandates evidence of dangerousness to oneself or to others before
765:
926:
83:
769:
925:
904:
870:
844:
803:
120:criteria, as well. In the 1975 Supreme Court case
665:King, Robert; Robinson, Jacqueline (2011-01-01).
616:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
442:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
184:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
781:
8:
718:Journal of Mental Health (Abingdon, England)
302:"Dangerousness, Rights and Criminal Justice"
671:International Journal of Law and Psychiatry
610:Kaltiala-Heino, Riittakerttu (2010-08-01).
788:
774:
766:
246:Testa, Megan; West, Sara G. (2010-10-07).
745:
317:
271:
248:"Civil Commitment in the United States"
174:
241:
7:
431:
429:
373:
371:
355:
353:
351:
349:
347:
345:
343:
341:
339:
337:
295:
293:
291:
239:
237:
235:
233:
231:
229:
227:
225:
223:
221:
852:Obligatory Dangerousness Criterion
540:"History of Psychiatric Hospitals"
319:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1993.tb01883.x
21:obligatory dangerousness criterion
14:
520:LII / Legal Information Institute
23:is a principle present in the
16:Principle in mental health law
1:
110:involuntary hospitalization
996:
683:10.1016/j.ijlp.2010.11.010
730:10.1080/09638230802052195
628:10.1007/s00127-009-0116-3
454:10.1007/s00127-008-0488-9
384:Journal of Medical Ethics
196:10.1007/s00127-004-0814-9
581:10.1176/appi.ps.55.7.780
492:"Involuntary Commitment"
396:10.1136/jme.2008.025098
300:Baker, Estella (1993).
980:Deinstitutionalisation
944:Mental health tribunal
816:Involuntary commitment
158:Deinstitutionalisation
89:
51:involuntary commitment
873:medical interventions
826:Outpatient commitment
811:Involuntary treatment
544:www.nursing.upenn.edu
306:The Modern Law Review
123:O'Connor v. Donaldson
87:
47:Psychiatric hospitals
33:involuntary treatment
871:Currently regulated
831:Voluntary commitment
569:Psychiatric Services
252:Psychiatry (Edgmont)
64:outpatient treatment
891:Chemical castration
93:Psychiatric asylums
29:developed countries
881:Psychoactive drugs
90:
975:Mental health law
962:
961:
797:Mental health law
25:mental health law
987:
790:
783:
776:
767:
760:
759:
749:
709:
703:
702:
662:
656:
655:
607:
601:
600:
560:
554:
553:
551:
550:
536:
530:
529:
527:
526:
516:"parens patriae"
512:
506:
505:
503:
502:
488:
482:
481:
433:
424:
423:
375:
366:
357:
332:
331:
321:
297:
286:
285:
275:
243:
216:
215:
179:
136:psychiatric care
995:
994:
990:
989:
988:
986:
985:
984:
965:
964:
963:
958:
949:Judicial review
921:
900:
866:
857:Duty to protect
840:
799:
794:
764:
763:
711:
710:
706:
664:
663:
659:
609:
608:
604:
562:
561:
557:
548:
546:
538:
537:
533:
524:
522:
514:
513:
509:
500:
498:
490:
489:
485:
435:
434:
427:
390:(12): 877–881.
377:
376:
369:
358:
335:
299:
298:
289:
245:
244:
219:
190:(10): 797–803.
181:
180:
176:
171:
163:Duty to protect
154:
132:
82:
60:
17:
12:
11:
5:
993:
991:
983:
982:
977:
967:
966:
960:
959:
957:
956:
951:
946:
941:
935:
933:
923:
922:
920:
919:
914:
908:
906:
902:
901:
899:
898:
893:
888:
883:
877:
875:
868:
867:
865:
864:
859:
854:
848:
846:
842:
841:
839:
838:
833:
828:
823:
813:
807:
805:
801:
800:
795:
793:
792:
785:
778:
770:
762:
761:
724:(3): 255–267.
704:
657:
622:(8): 785–793.
602:
575:(7): 780–785.
555:
531:
507:
483:
448:(8): 614–621.
425:
367:
333:
312:(4): 528–547.
287:
217:
173:
172:
170:
167:
166:
165:
160:
153:
150:
131:
128:
81:
78:
73:parens patriae
59:
56:
37:mental illness
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
992:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
970:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
934:
932:
928:
924:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
907:
903:
897:
896:Psychosurgery
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
876:
874:
869:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
847:
843:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
821:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
806:
802:
798:
791:
786:
784:
779:
777:
772:
771:
768:
757:
753:
748:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
708:
705:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
661:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
606:
603:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
559:
556:
545:
541:
535:
532:
521:
517:
511:
508:
497:
493:
487:
484:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
432:
430:
426:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
374:
372:
368:
365:
361:
356:
354:
352:
350:
348:
346:
344:
342:
340:
338:
334:
329:
325:
320:
315:
311:
307:
303:
296:
294:
292:
288:
283:
279:
274:
269:
265:
261:
258:(10): 30–40.
257:
253:
249:
242:
240:
238:
236:
234:
232:
230:
228:
226:
224:
222:
218:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
178:
175:
168:
164:
161:
159:
156:
155:
151:
149:
145:
142:
137:
129:
127:
125:
124:
117:
115:
114:parens patria
111:
105:
102:
98:
94:
86:
79:
77:
75:
74:
68:
65:
57:
55:
52:
48:
44:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
954:Human rights
912:Kendra's Law
851:
721:
717:
707:
677:(1): 64–70.
674:
670:
660:
619:
615:
605:
572:
568:
558:
547:. Retrieved
543:
534:
523:. Retrieved
519:
510:
499:. Retrieved
495:
486:
445:
441:
387:
383:
359:
309:
305:
255:
251:
187:
183:
177:
146:
133:
121:
118:
113:
106:
101:Ancient Rome
91:
71:
69:
61:
45:
20:
18:
939:Court order
917:Laura's Law
130:Controversy
97:Hippocrates
969:Categories
886:Castration
862:Automatism
845:Principles
836:Psychiatry
820:by country
549:2020-10-19
525:2020-11-03
501:2020-10-15
169:References
141:depression
58:Background
931:Tribunals
738:0963-8237
691:0160-2527
636:1433-9285
589:1075-2730
478:189938803
462:1433-9285
404:0306-6800
328:1468-2230
264:1550-5952
756:20221301
699:21112634
652:33128142
644:19690788
597:15232017
470:19099169
420:12802199
412:19043114
282:22778709
212:27770614
204:15669660
152:See also
41:imminent
27:of many
804:General
747:2835342
273:3392176
80:History
927:Courts
754:
744:
736:
697:
689:
650:
642:
634:
595:
587:
476:
468:
460:
418:
410:
402:
326:
280:
270:
262:
210:
202:
648:S2CID
474:S2CID
416:S2CID
208:S2CID
929:and
905:Laws
752:PMID
734:ISSN
695:PMID
687:ISSN
640:PMID
632:ISSN
593:PMID
585:ISSN
496:NCHA
466:PMID
458:ISSN
408:PMID
400:ISSN
324:ISSN
278:PMID
260:ISSN
200:PMID
49:and
35:for
19:The
742:PMC
726:doi
679:doi
624:doi
577:doi
450:doi
392:doi
314:doi
268:PMC
192:doi
971::
750:.
740:.
732:.
722:17
720:.
716:.
693:.
685:.
675:34
673:.
669:.
646:.
638:.
630:.
620:45
618:.
614:.
591:.
583:.
573:55
571:.
567:.
542:.
518:.
494:.
472:.
464:.
456:.
446:44
444:.
440:.
428:^
414:.
406:.
398:.
388:34
386:.
382:.
370:^
336:^
322:.
310:56
308:.
304:.
290:^
276:.
266:.
254:.
250:.
220:^
206:.
198:.
188:39
186:.
822:)
818:(
789:e
782:t
775:v
758:.
728::
701:.
681::
654:.
626::
599:.
579::
552:.
528:.
504:.
480:.
452::
422:.
394::
330:.
316::
284:.
256:7
214:.
194::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
