Obstetrics - Knowledge (XXG)

1330:– a condition linked to many caused mainly by prolonged pressing of the foetus against the pelvis or other causes such as rape, hysterectomy, or other operations – and also having been doctor to many European royals and the 20th President of the United States James A. Garfield after he had been shot. Sims does have a controversial medical past. Under the beliefs at the time about pain and the prejudice towards African people, he had practiced his surgical skills and developed skills on slaves. These women were the first patients of modern gynecology. One of the women he operated on was named 1108: 256: 504: 275: 287: 5038: 6996: 6181: 7026: 7036: 426:(pregnancy hormone level itself). It gives an accurate risk profile very early. A second blood screen at 15 to 20 weeks refines the risk more accurately. The cost is higher than an "AFP-quad" screen due to the ultrasound and second blood test, but it is quoted to have a 93% pick up rate as opposed to 88% for the standard AFP/QS. This is an evolving standard of care in the United States. 7016: 6205: 7006: 6193: 517: 43: 1221:

the medical community. The 19th century marked an era of medical reform in Europe and increased regulation over the profession. Major European institutions such as The College of Physicians and Surgeons considered delivering babies ungentlemanly work and refused to have anything to do with childbirth as a whole. Even when

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had some relevance to some conditions as menopause, uterine and cervical problems, and childbirth could leave the mother in need of extensive surgery to repair tissue. But, there was also a large blame of the uterus for completely unrelated conditions. This led to many social consequences of the nineteenth century.

786:, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalances. Most women develop nausea and vomiting during the first trimester. The cause of hyperemesis gravidarum is not known. However, it is believed to be caused by a rapidly rising blood level of a hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), which is released by the placenta. 1354:

Men were introduced into the field of obstetrics in the nineteenth century and resulted in a change of the focus of this profession. Gynaecology directly resulted as a new and separate field of study from obstetrics and focused on the curing of illness and indispositions of female sexual organs. This

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During the birth of a child, men were rarely present. Women from the neighbourhood or family would join in on the process of birth and assist in many different ways. The one position where men would help with the birth of a child would be in the sitting position, usually when performed on the side of

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in 1825. By the mid-century the surgery was both successfully and unsuccessfully being performed. Pennsylvanian surgeons the Attlee brothers made this procedure very routine for a total of 465 surgeries – John Attlee performed 64 successfully of 78 while his brother William reported 387 – between the

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By the late 19th century, the foundation of modern-day obstetrics and midwifery began developing. Delivery of babies by doctors became popular and readily accepted, but midwives continued to play a role in childbirth. Midwifery also changed during this era due to increased regulation and the eventual

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18th-century physicians expected that obstetrics would continue to grow, but the opposite happened. Obstetrics entered a stage of stagnation in the 19th century, which lasted until about the 1880s. The central explanation for the lack of advancement during this time was the rejection of obstetrics by

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can, if uncorrected, cause adverse effects on foetal and maternal well-being. The deleterious effects of thyroid dysfunction can also extend beyond pregnancy and delivery to affect neurointellectual development in the early life of the child. Demand for thyroid hormones is increased during pregnancy,

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As midwifery began to develop, so did the profession of obstetrics near the end of the century. Childbirth was no longer unjustifiably despised by the medical community as it once had been at the beginning of the century. But obstetrics was underdeveloped compared to other medical specialities. Many

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Ephraim McDowell developed a surgical practice in 1795 and performed the first ovariotomy in 1809 on a 47-year-old widow who then lived on for 31 more years. He had attempted to share this with John Bell whom he had practiced under who had retired to Italy. Bell was said to have died without seeing

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were establishments where women would come to have their babies delivered, as opposed to the practice since time immemorial of the midwife attending the home of the woman in labour. This institution provided male-midwives with endless patients to practice their techniques on and was a way for these

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managed all aspects of the labour and delivery. The presence of physicians and surgeons was very rare and only occurred if a serious complication had taken place and the midwife had exhausted all measures at her disposal. Calling a surgeon was very much a last resort and having men deliver women in

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The development of obstetrics as a practice for accredited doctors happened at the turn of the 18th century and thus was very differently developed in Europe and in the Americas due to the independence of many countries in the Americas from European powers. "Unlike in Europe and the British Isles,

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Many midwives of the time bitterly opposed the involvement of men in childbirth. Some male practitioners also opposed the involvement of medical men like themselves in midwifery and even went as far as to say that male-midwives only undertook midwifery solely for perverse erotic satisfaction. The

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Women and men inhabited very different roles in natal care up to the 18th century. The role of a physician was exclusively held by men who went to university, an overly male institution, who would theorize anatomy and the process of reproduction based on theological teaching and philosophy. Many

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solution before a delivery reduced childbed fever fatalities by 90%. So it was concluded that it was physicians who had been spreading disease from one labouring mother to the next. Despite the publication of this information, doctors still would not wash. It was not until the 20th century when

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is a condition that causes high blood pressure during pregnancy. If left untreated, it can be life-threatening. In pregnant women, preeclampsia may occur after 20 weeks of pregnancy, often in women who have no history of high blood pressure. Symptoms of preeclampsia may include severe headache,

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Gynaecology and Obstetrics gained attention in the American medical field at the end of the nineteenth century through the development of such procedures as the ovariotomy. These procedures then were shared with European surgeons who replicated the surgeries. This was a period when antiseptic,

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The addition of the male-midwife (or man-midwife) is historically a significant change to the profession of obstetrics. In the 18th century medical men began to train in area of childbirth and believed with their advanced knowledge in anatomy that childbirth could be improved. In France these

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and first trimester bleeding, the most accurate dating being in first trimester before the growth of the foetus has been significantly influenced by other factors. Ultrasound is also used for detecting congenital anomalies (or other foetal anomalies) and determining the

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is a disease defined by a combination of signs and symptoms that are related to maternal hypertension. The cause is unknown, and markers are being sought to predict its development from the earliest stages of pregnancy. Some unknown factors cause vascular damage in the

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is an ascending infection of the genital tract. It may happen during or after labour. Signs to look out for include signs of infection (pyrexia or hypothermia, raised heart rate and respiratory rate, reduced blood pressure), and abdominal pain, offensive

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aseptic or anaesthetic measures were just being introduced to surgical and observational procedures and without these procedures surgeries were dangerous and often fatal. Following are two surgeons noted for their contributions to these fields include

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beliefs about the female body and menstruation in the 17th and 18th centuries were inaccurate; clearly resulting from the lack of literature about the practice. Many of the theories of what caused menstruation prevailed from Hippocratic philosophy.

1187:, based on better knowledge of the physiology of pregnancy and labour. By the end of the century, medical professionals began to understand the anatomy of the uterus and the physiological changes that take place during labour. The introduction of 581:

The safety of frequent ultrasound scanning has not been confirmed. Despite this, increasing numbers of women are choosing to have additional scans for no medical purpose, such as gender scans, 3D and 4D scans. A normal gestation would reveal a

6047: 1175:– and birth complications. After his death, techniques and works of gynecology declined; very little of his works were recorded and survived to the late 18th century when gynecology and obstetrics reemerged as a medical specialism. 1233:

need for midwives to become certified. Many European countries by the late 19th century were monitoring the training of midwives and issued certification based on competency. Midwives were no longer uneducated in the formal sense.

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Most doctors do a sugar load in a drink form of 50 grams of glucose in cola, lime or orange and draw blood an hour later (plus or minus 5 minutes). The standard modified criteria have been lowered to 135 since the late 1980s.

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may leave the hospital as soon as she is medically stable, and chooses to leave, which can be as early as a few hours later, but usually averages a stay of one or two days; the average postnatal stay following delivery by

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Sieber WK (September 1970). "Total prosthetic transplantation of the inferior vena cava, with venous drainage restoration of the one remaining kidney on the graft, successfully performed on a child with Wilms' tumor".

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can only happen after the membranes have ruptured. The umbilical cord delivers before the presenting part of the foetus. If the foetus is not delivered within minutes, or the pressure taken off the cord, the foetus

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male physicians would deliver children but very few would have referred to themselves as obstetricians. The end of the 19th century did mark a significant accomplishment in the profession with the advancements in

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noticed that women giving birth at home had a much lower incidence of childbed fever than those giving birth by physicians in lying-hospitals. His investigation discovered that washing hands with an

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Adeniji OA, Oladokun A, Olayemi O, Adeniji OI, Odukogbe AA, Ogunbode O, et al. (February 2005). "Pre-induction cervical ripening: transcervical foley catheter versus intravaginal misoprostol".

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was entirely ignored. This made it nearly impossible to pursue an education in midwifery and also have the recognition of being a doctor or surgeon. Obstetrics was pushed to the side.

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screen. If positive, the woman receives IV penicillin or ampicillin while in labor—or, if she is allergic to penicillin, an alternative therapy, such as IV clindamycin or IV vancomycin.

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accoucheurs argued that their involvement in midwifery was to improve the process of childbirth. These men also believed that obstetrics would forge ahead and continue to strengthen.

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also took place at this time. All these medical advances in obstetrics were a lever for the introduction of men into an arena previously managed and run by women – midwifery.

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gynecology. Living in the late first century AD and early second century, he studied anatomy and had opinions and techniques on abortion, contraception – most notably

4595:"Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis use and infection prevalence in non-cosmetic breast surgery procedures at a tertiary hospital in Western Australia-a retrospective study" 4860:

O'Malley-Keighran MP, Lohan G (December 2016). "Encourages and guides, or diagnoses and monitors: Woman centred-ness in the discourse of professional midwifery bodies".

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Cantor, Amy G.; Jungbauer, Rebecca M.; Totten, Annette M.; Tilden, Ellen L.; Holmes, Rebecca; Ahmed, Azrah; Wagner, Jesse; Hermesch, Amy C.; McDonagh, Marian S. (2022).

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Before the 1880s mortality rates in lying-hospitals would reach unacceptably high levels and became an area of public concern. Much of these maternal deaths were due to

822:, foetal distress, placental malfunction, intrauterine growth retardation and failure to progress through labour increasing the risk of infection and foetal distresses. 3547:"Determinants of puerperal sepsis among post partum women at public hospitals in west SHOA zone Oromia regional STATE, Ethiopia (institution BASEDCASE control study)" 984:

where one of the foetus' shoulders becomes stuck during vaginal birth. There are many risk factors, including macrosmic (large) foetus, but many are also unexplained.

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Monitor the progress of labour, by reviewing the nursing chart, performing vaginal examination, and assessing the trace produced by a foetal monitoring device (the

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Amniocentesis is the national standard for women over 35 or who reach 35 by mid pregnancy or who are at increased risk by family history or prior birth history.

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is when an embryo implants in the uterine (fallopian) tube or (rarely) on the ovary or inside the peritoneal cavity. This may cause massive internal bleeding.

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Ho PC, Ngai SW, Liu KL, Wong GC, Lee SW (November 1997). "Vaginal misoprostol compared with oral misoprostol in termination of second-trimester pregnancy".

8598: 8583: 7604: 5027: 8675: 8436: 6525: 6103: 6209: 2683: 8362: 6866: 1347:, meaning "with woman", were those who assisted in the birth and care of both born and unborn children, a position historically held mainly by women. 176: 170: 2832:

Prenatal and postnatal evaluation of foetal renal hyperechogenicity in pregnancies complicated with pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation

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A History of Women's Menstruation from Ancient Greece to the Twenty-first Century: Psychological, Social, Medical, Religious, and Educational Issues

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Sims ME (2014-01-01). "Legal Briefs: Iatrogenesis: Prolapsed Umbilical Cord After Artificial Rupture of the Membranes and Unskilled Stabilization".

8548: 8022: 6465: 6085: 249:. This includes routine office visits with physical exams and routine lab tests along with telehealth care for people with low-risk pregnancies: 1130:, and rigorously excluded men. The expectant mother would invite close female friends and family members to her home to keep her company during 8560: 6123: 959: 8668: 7800: 7730: 4969: 4577: 4460: 4124: 4025: 2667: 2436: 2301: 2094: 1458: 651: 419: 3184: 1303:

years of 1843 and 1883. By the middle of the nineteenth century this procedure was successfully performed in Europe by English surgeons Sir

8555: 7305: 6765: 3368: 670: 2334:"Prenatal Diagnosis for Congenital Malformations and Genetic Disorders: Practice Essentials, Noninvasive Techniques, Invasive Techniques" 776:. However, when combined with an additional underlying hypercoagulable states, the risk of thrombosis or embolism may become substantial. 8398: 7904: 7072: 6057: 3233:

Seppa N (2011-01-20). "Body & brain: Uncontrolled epilepsy can be fatal: Study finds more deaths in adults whose seizures persist".

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was well established but obstetrics was not recognized as a specific medical specialty. However, the subject matter and interest in the

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vision changes and pain under the ribs. However, in some women, symptoms may not occur, until they go for a routine prenatal visit.

459:) – elevations, low numbers or odd patterns correlate with neural tube defect risk and increased risks of trisomy 18 or trisomy 21 8540: 8229: 8214: 7909: 7609: 7134: 5395: 4919:

Bäcklund I (2006). "Modifiers describing women and men in nineteenth-century English". In Kytö M, Rydén M, Smitterberg E (eds.).

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of the fetal neck (thicker nuchal skin correlates with higher risk of Down syndrome being present) and two chemicals (analytes),

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can be assessed by evaluating the mean gestational sac diameter (MGD) before week 6, and the crown-rump length after week 6.

164: 1961: 2756: 2503:"Diabetes Mellitus and Pregnancy: Practice Essentials, Gestational Diabetes, Maternal-Fetal Metabolism in Normal Pregnancy" 2351: 2235:"'Ultrasound is an invaluable third eye, but it can't see everything': a qualitative study with obstetricians in Australia" 1850:"Cost-effectiveness of prenatal screening and diagnostic strategies for Down syndrome: A microsimulation modeling analysis" 7750: 7657: 7159: 6145: 6113: 6011: 782:

gravidarum in pregnancy occurs due to extreme, persistent nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. If untreated, can lead to

4653:"J. Marion Sims, MD: Why He and His Accomplishments Need to Continue to be Recognized a Commentary and Historical Review" 669:

the fetus is producing. Reduced production of surfactant indicates decreased lung maturity and is a high risk factor for

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is where the placenta detaches from the uterus and the woman and foetus can bleed to death if not managed appropriately.

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advancements in aseptic technique and the understanding of disease would play a significant role in the decrease of

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Adaikan G (January 2020). "Female sexual dysfunction". In Arulkumaran S, Ledger W, Denny L, Doumouchtsis S (eds.).

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Induction is a method of artificially or prematurely stimulating labour in a woman. Reasons to induce can include

570:(MRI) on the foetus have been demonstrated, but this technique is too expensive for routine observation. Instead, 8112: 8069: 7840: 7452: 7192: 7116: 6924: 5943: 5813: 5771: 5632: 1042: 632: 571: 528: 521: 229: 4346: 2452: 286: 8829: 8515: 8204: 8059: 7202: 6716: 6638: 6633: 6553: 6313: 6155: 5679: 5495: 5462: 5354: 3947: 3502: 1127: 1937: 962:(DIC). The only treatment is to deliver the foetus. Women may still develop pre-eclampsia following delivery. 8593: 8520: 8446: 8237: 8130: 7775: 7640: 7378: 7139: 7106: 7065: 6696: 6670: 6108: 5962: 5754: 5447: 4348:

Midwives voices, midwives realities. Findings from a global consultation on providing quality midwifery care

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is the imaging method of choice in the first trimester and throughout the pregnancy, because it emits no

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The result of an ultrasonography: a black and white image that shows a clear view of the interior abdomen

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Giuliano P (May 2018). "Gender: A Historical Perspective". In Averett SL, Argys LM, Hoffman SD (eds.).

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Fetal screening is used to help assess the viability of the fetus, as well as congenital abnormalities.

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Malone FD, Canick JA, Ball RH, Nyberg DA, Comstock CH, Bukowski R, et al. (November 2005).

1316: 410:(trisomy 18), the national standard in the United States, is rapidly evolving away from the AFP- 2881:"Prostin E2 Vaginal: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing - WebMD" 1203:

hospitals also contributed to the medicalization and male-dominance of obstetrics. These early

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Rutkow IM (August 1999). "Ephraim McDowell and the world's first successful ovariotomy".

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Martell LK (2000). "The hospital and the postpartum experience: a historical analysis".

3695:"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and perinatal health: a scoping review" 2419:

Jobe AH (January 1984). "Fetal lung maturation and the respiratory distress syndrome.".

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Weissleder R, Harisinghani MG, Wittenberg J, Chen JW, eds. (2011). "Obstetric Imaging".

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Ultrasound either abdominal or transvaginal to assess cervix, placenta, fluid and baby

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Adatara P, Amooba PA, Afaya A, Salia SM, Avane MA, Kuug A, et al. (April 2021).

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is routinely used for dating the gestational age of a pregnancy from the size of the

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Lavers A, Yip WS, Sunderland B, Parsons R, Mackenzie S, Seet J, Czarniak P (2018).

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Table 2: Types of procedures and association with surgical site infections (SSI).

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Pregnancy & Birth: The History of Childbearing Choices in the United States

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Fontenot HB, George ER (2014). "Sexually transmitted infections in pregnancy".

1245:, which paved the way for the mainstream introduction and later success of the 8627: 8327: 8249: 7971: 7489: 7411: 7290: 7085: 6781: 6748: 6470: 6455: 6450: 6443: 6428: 6418: 6048:

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

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laws were national, in America, midwifery laws were local and varied widely".

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was introduced, which stated that medical students could qualify as doctors,

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and sexual practice can be traced back to Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece.

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can be used for the screening of genetic diseases. This can be obtained via

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This article is about the medical specialty. For the health profession, see

17: 7050: 4881: 4721: 4678: 4639:-values were obtained from Fisher's Exact test, unless otherwise specified. 4630: 4487: 4445: 4413: 4395: 4297: 4246: 4211: 4089: 3982: 3829: 3730: 3655: 3582: 3453: 3305: 2968: 2660:

Platelets in haematologic and cardiovascular disorders: a clinical handbook

2632: 2591: 2270: 2213: 2186: 2137: 1893: 1834: 1760: 1719: 1700: 1619: 1507: 3286: 3107: 3098: 3081: 2925: 1581:"Hepatitis B Test: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels" 1326:

J. Marion Sims was the surgeon responsible for being the first treating a

8388: 8332: 8189: 8149: 7850: 7566: 6475: 6252: 6067: 5884: 5798: 5776: 5696: 5597: 5505: 5412: 5339: 5257: 5077: 3480: 1751: 1734: 1344: 1200: 1135: 1112: 1073: 1061: 990:

can occur during obstructed labour and endanger foetal and maternal life.

951: 865: 674: 606: 587: 536: 349: 193: 135: 3618:

Jones E, Taylor B, MacArthur C, Pritchett R, Cummins C (February 2016).

2060:"Basic Obstetric Ultrasound: Background, Indications, Contraindications" 1441:

Tulchinsky TH, Varavikova EA (March 2014). "Chapter 6 - Family Health".

516: 7373: 6954: 6414: 6382: 6275: 5986: 5957: 5933: 5915: 5711: 5691: 4611: 1238: 888: 832: 654:(PUBS), which is done by placing a needle through the abdomen into the 452: 354: 139: 4262:"Male involvement in maternal health: perspectives of opinion leaders" 4047: 4045: 2840: 2607:"Venous Thromboembolism Associated With Pregnancy: JACC Focus Seminar" 8194: 7879: 7341: 7336: 5824: 5706: 5530: 5452: 5111: 5106: 5101: 4544: 3787: 3785: 3693:

Kotlar B, Gerson E, Petrillo S, Langer A, Tiemeier H (January 2021).

1491: 1085: 1023: 975: 655: 643: 197: 2233:

Edvardsson K, Small R, Persson M, Lalos A, Mogren I (October 2014).

3528:"Postpartum Hemorrhage: Practice Essentials, Problem, Epidemiology" 3039:

Prior T, Lees C (2019). "Control and Monitoring of Fetal Growth.".

1183:

The 18th century marked the beginning of many advances in European

1126:

Prior to the 18th century, caring for pregnant women in Europe was

443:

MSAFP/quad. screen (four simultaneous blood tests) (maternal serum

7945: 7925: 7589: 7358: 5121: 5072: 4518:"The Childbed Fever Mystery and the Meaning of Medical Journalism" 3393:"Shoulder Dystocia: Signs, Causes, Prevention & Complications" 2857:"Prelabor Rupture of the Membranes (PROM) - Women's Health Issues" 1106: 1077: 681:

ratio greater than 1.5 is associated with increased lung maturity.

551: 532: 515: 502: 428: 360: 3545:

Demisse GA, Sifer SD, Kedir B, Fekene DB, Bulto GA (March 2019).

872:

During labour, the obstetrician carries out the following tasks:

711:, that may become worse or become a risk to the pregnancy, or to 558:(CT) are not used, especially in the first trimester, due to the 5791: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1049:

when it concerns the care of the mother after giving birth, and

755:

and may cause a previously unnoticed thyroid disorder to worsen.

8664: 8011: 7054: 6225: 5009: 4986:"Uterine Prolapse: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment" 4002:

Rhodes P (2004-09-23). "Leake, John (1729–1792), man-midwife".

5602: 4174:

Sialubanje C, Massar K, Hamer DH, Ruiter RA (September 2015).

3270:"The HELLP syndrome: clinical issues and management. A Review" 3166:"Preeclampsia: Practice Essentials, Overview, Pathophysiology" 2520:

Khurana R, Wolf RE (2021-10-16). Talavera F, Singh AK (eds.).

395: 36: 4260:

Aborigo RA, Reidpath DD, Oduro AR, Allotey P (January 2018).

3503:"Umbilical Cord Prolapse: Causes, Diagnosis & Management" 3344:"Placental Abruption: Symptoms, Causes & Effects On Baby" 3320:"Preeclampsia: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments & Prevention" 2478:"High-Risk Pregnancies: Symptoms, Doctors, Support, and More" 1396:"What Is an Obstetrician? What They Do & When To See One" 4560:

Baskett TF (29 March 2019). "Houstoun, Robert (1678–1734)".

3185:"Stages of Development of the Fetus - Women's Health Issues" 2541:"Thyroid Disorders in Pregnancy - Gynecology and Obstetrics" 2423:(Second ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 317–351. 1026:(blood loss) increased lochia, clots, diarrhea and vomiting. 6221: 4111:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 553–566. 1579:

Mekaroonkamol P, Hashemi N (2021-04-03). Staros EB (ed.).

954:

occur, which can be fatal. Preeclamptic patients with the

4923:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–55. 2288:(5th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby. pp. 533–574. 6053:

Declaration on the elimination of violence against women

2566:"Thyroid hormone dysfunction during pregnancy: A review" 2110:

Shaw P, Duncan A, Vouyouka A, Ozsvath K (January 2011).

1635:"Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheets- Tuberculin Skin Testing" 4735:"Iceman Ötzi may have had tummy trouble when he died". 4227:

Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing

1367:, who introduced antiseptic obstetrics to North America 57: 3946:

International Confederation of Midwives (2022-01-31).

2564:

Alemu A, Terefe B, Abebe M, Biadgo B (November 2016).

2375:

Gomella TL, Cunningham MD, Eyal FG, Tuttle DJ (2013).

1987:"Anemia in Pregnancy: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment" 1659:"Urinalysis: What It Is, Purpose, Types & Results" 1199:, a title later used all over Europe. The founding of 3123:"Cesarean Delivery: Overview, Preparation, Technique" 2058:

Kansky C, Ramus RM (2021-06-15). Pierce Jr JG (ed.).

1298:

the document but it was published by an associate in

27:

Medical specialty concerning pregnancy and childbirth

4818:"Dr. J Marion Sims: The Father of Modern Gynecology" 1801:"Prenatal Diagnosis: Screening and Diagnostic Tools" 1445:(Third ed.). Academic Press. pp. 311–379. 245:

Prenatal care is important in screening for various

8750: 8702: 8607: 8576: 8503: 8455: 8407: 8371: 8303: 8263: 8213: 8170: 8121: 8095: 8045: 7989: 7954: 7918: 7872: 7863: 7823: 7618: 7575: 7544: 7537: 7404: 7329: 7298: 7289: 7223: 7180: 7125: 7092: 6912: 6850: 6611: 6539: 6494: 6403: 6274: 6259: 6132: 6076: 6038: 6029: 5978: 5823: 5812: 5743: 5734: 5586: 5577: 5486: 5428: 5374: 5233: 5146: 5135: 5061: 5048: 3268:Haram K, Svendsen E, Abildgaard U (February 2009). 185: 150: 145: 129: 117: 102: 97: 52:

may be too technical for most readers to understand

3971:Gasner A, Aatsha PA (2022). "Physiology, Uterus". 2997:. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine 2684:"Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Symptoms & Treatment" 2605:Nichols KM, Henkin S, Creager MA (November 2020). 1805:Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 1060:A woman in the Western world who gives birth in a 978:is getting compromised in the uterine environment. 3852:Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine 2570:International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine 2381:(7 ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education 1420:"Obstetrics and Gynecology Specialty Description" 1165:sometimes is called the most important figure in 4354:. Switzerland: World Health Organization. 1991. 4315:. Originally published as Volume 2, Issue 3602. 3416:Astatikie G, Limenih MA, Kebede M (April 2017). 3209:"Hypertension: Causes, symptoms, and treatments" 1057:is provided to the mother following childbirth. 765:(blood clots). Pregnancy itself is a factor of 665:Fetal lung maturity is associated with how much 578:, is portable, and allows for realtime imaging. 4562:Eponyms and Names in Obstetrics and Gynaecology 3977:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 3597:"WHO Technical Consultation on Postpartum Care" 2208:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2077:DeFrancesco V (January 2004). "Perinatology.". 1139:this era was seen as offending female modesty. 825:Induction may be achieved via several methods: 761:is the propensity of pregnant women to develop 4107:. In Kassell L, Hopwood N, Flemming R (eds.). 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 2153:"Attitude towards MRI safety during pregnancy" 1015:or placental fragments, or bleeding disorders. 478:(if low, the mother receives iron supplements) 8676: 8023: 7066: 6237: 5021: 4956:. Oxford University Press. pp. 743–752. 4954:Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2662:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2611:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1848:Zhang W, Mohammadi T, Sou J, Anis AH (2019). 1256:, then known as childbed fever. In the 1800s 1072:During this time the mother is monitored for 264:of 3-inch (76 mm) fetus (about 14 weeks 8: 4896:"Situation of women and children in Nigeria" 4837:The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy 4380:"The start of life: a history of obstetrics" 4012:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2151:Alorainy IA, Albadr FB, Abujamea AH (2006). 1334:, the woman he first treated for a fistula. 92: 8599:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation 8584:Birth control movement in the United States 4657:Journal of the National Medical Association 4564:. Cambridge University Press. p. 194. 4468:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Canada 3918: 3916: 1962:"Prenatal Ultrasound Procedure Information" 1053:when the care of the newborn is concerned. 8683: 8669: 8661: 8437:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 8030: 8016: 8008: 7869: 7541: 7295: 7073: 7059: 7051: 6526:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 6271: 6244: 6230: 6222: 6104:International Center for Research on Women 6035: 5820: 5740: 5583: 5143: 5058: 5028: 5014: 5006: 2652: 2650: 1639:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1003:may be due to a number of factors such as 736:confers an increased rate of foetal death 6867:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 4844: 4668: 4620: 4610: 4403: 4287: 4277: 4201: 4191: 4079: 4069: 3819: 3809: 3720: 3710: 3645: 3635: 3572: 3562: 3443: 3433: 3295: 3285: 3141:"Ectopic pregnancy - Symptoms and causes" 3097: 2839: 2622: 2581: 2501:Moore T (2022-04-06). Griffing GT (ed.). 2352:"Chorionic villus sampling - Mayo Clinic" 2260: 2250: 2176: 2127: 1883: 1873: 1824: 1750: 1709: 1699: 616:Other tools used for assessment include: 487:Glucose loading test (GLT) – screens for 177:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 171:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 80:Learn how and when to remove this message 64:, without removing the technical details. 4373: 4371: 3753:. Boston: Northeastern University Press. 3744: 3742: 3740: 3369:"Fetal Distress - Women's Health Issues" 3082:"Pain management in paediatric patients" 2708:"Morning sickness - Symptoms and causes" 2317:Khan AN, Sabih D, Sabih A (2021-04-26). 2200:Herbst MK, Tafti D, Shanahan MM (2022). 2118:. Radiation Safety in Vascular Surgery. 4812: 4810: 4009:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4004:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2332:Marino T (2021-06-14). Ramus RM (ed.). 1387: 1045:makes a distinction between the use of 849:Intravaginal or oral administration of 251: 4430:"[The evolution of midwifery]" 4156: 4146: 3874:University of Manitoba: Women's Health 2834:(Ph.D. thesis). University of Szeged. 2401: 2391: 2035:"Glucose tolerance test - Mayo Clinic" 2011:"Glucose challenge test - Mayo Clinic" 1153:Prior to the 18th and 19th centuries, 960:disseminated intravascular coagulation 535:, determine the number of fetuses and 208:is the field of study concentrated on 91: 4846:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190628963.013.29 4428:Rabinerson D, Horowitz E (May 2007). 3909:. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. 3764:Healthdirect Australia (2021-05-23). 2949:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2805:Healthdirect Australia (2022-02-08). 652:percutaneous umbilical blood sampling 566:effects on the foetus. No effects of 420:pregnancy-associated plasma protein A 232:(OB/GYN), which is a surgical field. 62:make it understandable to non-experts 7: 7005: 6766:Physical medicine and rehabilitation 6192: 6086:Office of Research on Women's Health 4461:"Caesarean section-past and present" 2757:"Preeclampsia - Symptoms and causes" 2081:. Academic Press. pp. 410–416. 1208:men to demonstrate their knowledge. 1119:in the 16th century, from a work by 671:infant respiratory distress syndrome 7905:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth 7015: 6204: 6124:Society for Women's Health Research 6058:International Day of the Girl Child 4311:"The Midwives' Registration Bill". 1739:The New England Journal of Medicine 1682:Cereda A, Carey JC (October 2012). 6902:Medical Scientist Training Program 6168:Birth control in the United States 4962:10.1093/med/9780198766360.003.0060 4239:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2000.tb02757.x 4052:Aziato L, Omenyo CN (March 2018). 3164:Lim KH, Steinberg G (2022-04-13). 3049:10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.65414-4 3041:Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases 2781:"4 Common Pregnancy Complications" 2429:10.1016/B978-0-407-00366-8.50016-2 2294:10.1016/B978-0-323-06538-2.00010-X 2112:"Radiation exposure and pregnancy" 1451:10.1016/B978-0-12-415766-8.00006-9 1195:male-midwives were referred to as 864:Intravenous infusion of synthetic 323:antenatal patients should receive 25: 8293:self-report sexual risk behaviors 6063:Commission on the Status of Women 5073:External female genitalia (vulva) 4822:International Wellness Foundation 3854:. London and New York: Routledge. 3850:Bynum WF, Porter R, eds. (1993). 3670:"Types of Delivery for Pregnancy" 3599:. World Health Organization. 2010 1799:Carlson LM, Vora NL (June 2017). 1688:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 1115:assisting a woman in labour on a 829:Disturbance of cervical membranes 814:Pain management during childbirth 703:Pre-existing disease in pregnancy 8363:Precocious puberty and pregnancy 7910:Postpartum physiological changes 7610:Postpartum physiological changes 7135:Assisted reproductive technology 7034: 7024: 7014: 7004: 6995: 6994: 6203: 6191: 6180: 6179: 5396:Assisted reproductive technology 5036: 3080:Lloyd-Thomas AR (January 1990). 2995:MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia 2991:"Premature rupture of membranes" 2087:10.1016/B978-012226570-9/50102-2 1273:History of obstetrics in America 861:Rupturing the amniotic membranes 341:hemolytic disease of the newborn 306:of pregnancy generally include: 285: 273: 254: 41: 8483:Sexually transmitted infections 7962:Adaptation to extrauterine life 7035: 5362:Breastfeeding and mental health 3907:Encyclopedia of Medical History 2545:MSD Manual Professional Edition 1913:"Common Tests During Pregnancy" 1775:"Common Tests During Pregnancy" 1556:"Why Do I Need a Rubella Test?" 883:Provide pain relief, either by 759:Hypercoagulability in pregnancy 722:deals with the interactions of 720:Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy 8039:Sexual and reproductive health 7605:Maternal physiological changes 6892:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine 6326:Oral and maxillofacial surgery 3086:British Journal of Anaesthesia 2731:Gaither K (13 December 2019). 2453:"Nonstress test - Mayo Clinic" 1422:. American Medical Association 1300:Extractions of Diseased Ovaria 1269:rates among many populations. 946:. If severe, it progresses to 924:The main emergencies include: 855:Cervical insertion of a 30-mL 605:is evaluated by the number of 228:under the discipline known as 224:, obstetrics is combined with 165:Doctor of Osteopathic medicine 1: 7160:partner-assisted reproduction 6012:Social determinants of health 4793:10.1016/s0022-3468(70)80085-9 4757:10.1016/s0262-4079(16)30115-4 4480:10.1016/S1701-2163(16)34373-0 4325:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)86961-0 4319:(3602): 631–634. 1892-09-10. 3770:www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au 3043:. Vol. 5. pp. 1–9. 2918:10.1016/S0029-7844(97)00419-5 2811:www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au 2421:Fetal Physiology and Medicine 2079:Clinical Engineering Handbook 1351:a bed to support the mother. 1149:Women's medicine in antiquity 1128:confined exclusively to women 1088:'s health is also monitored. 1084:function, and baby care. The 914:Complications and emergencies 899:, an anaesthesiologist, or a 744:(miscarriage), as well as of 642:for the assessment of foetal 8463:Disorders of sex development 6872:Bachelor of Medical Sciences 6639:Neurosurgical anesthesiology 6007:Gender disparities in health 5345:Mother-to-child transmission 4929:10.1017/cbo9780511486944.002 4781:Journal of Pediatric Surgery 4384:Postgraduate Medical Journal 4266:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 4180:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 4058:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 4036:UK public library membership 3798:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 3551:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 3422:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 3274:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 3121:Saint Louis H (2022-04-14). 2239:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 1875:10.1371/journal.pone.0225281 1007:, uterine rupture or tears, 752:Thyroid disease in pregnancy 707:A pregnant woman may have a 658:and taking a portion of the 491:; if > 140 mg/dL, a 424:human chorionic gonadotropin 8473:Reproductive system disease 7396:Traditional birth attendant 5620:Pelvic inflammatory disease 5563:Hormone replacement therapy 5127:Reproductive system disease 4839:. Oxford University Press. 3373:MSD Manual Consumer Version 3189:MSD Manual Consumer Version 2861:MSD Manual Consumer Version 2286:Primer of Diagnostic Imagin 2116:Journal of Vascular Surgery 1938:"Quad screen - Mayo Clinic" 1480:Annals of Internal Medicine 1311:as well as French surgeons 302:Routine tests in the first 8851: 8763:Braxton Hicks contractions 8432:Obstetrics and gynaecology 7628:Brain health and pollution 6114:Black Women's Health Study 5181:Complications of pregnancy 4921:Nineteenth-Century English 4874:10.1016/j.midw.2016.10.007 4743:(3056): 17. January 2016. 4714:10.1001/archsurg.134.8.902 4670:10.1016/j.jnma.2019.02.002 4549:. 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3637:10.1186/s13643-016-0193-9 3564:10.1186/s12884-019-2230-x 3435:10.1186/s12884-017-1302-z 2961:10.1080/01443610500040737 2906:Obstetrics and Gynecology 2129:10.1016/j.jvs.2010.05.140 1817:10.1016/j.ogc.2017.02.004 1684:"The trisomy 18 syndrome" 1338:Historical role of gender 1043:World Health Organization 646:, Rh isoimmunization, or 633:chorionic villus sampling 572:obstetric ultrasonography 529:Obstetric ultrasonography 230:obstetrics and gynecology 8234:Gamete Cryopreservation 8080:Circumcision controversy 8060:Compulsory sterilization 7731:Intrahepatic cholestasis 6826:Transplantation medicine 6717:Clinical neurophysiology 6634:Obstetric anesthesiology 6554:Interventional radiology 6314:Digestive system surgery 5680:Gynaecological disorders 5496:Culture and menstruation 5463:Contraceptive prevalence 5355:Compulsory sterilization 3213:www.medicalnewstoday.com 2252:10.1186/1471-2393-14-363 2157:Annals of Saudi Medicine 1531:"What Is a Coombs Test?" 1172:coitus interruptus 339:(AGT) to assess risk of 8594:Social hygiene movement 8447:Transgender health care 7801:Motor vehicle emissions 7662:Concomitant conditions 7636:environmental toxicants 7379:Auxiliary nurse midwife 7140:artificial insemination 7107:Natural family planning 6697:Intensive care medicine 6671:Mass gathering medicine 6516:Maternal–fetal medicine 5963:Urinary tract infection 5755:Abuse during childbirth 3526:Smith JR (2022-04-01). 3247:10.1002/scin.5591790305 2785:www.hopkinsmedicine.org 1917:www.hopkinsmedicine.org 1779:www.hopkinsmedicine.org 1612:10.1111/1751-486X.12095 1371:Maternal-fetal medicine 1365:Henry Jacques Garrigues 1143:Before the 18th century 1069:is three to four days. 958:show liver failure and 868:(Pitocin or Syntocinon) 691:Oxytocin challenge test 556:computerized tomography 433:Down syndrome karyotype 327:at 28 weeks to prevent 8422:Genitourinary medicine 8225:In vitro fertilization 8180:Hormonal contraception 8065:Contraceptive security 7895:Postpartum confinement 7155:in vitro fertilisation 6289:Cardiothoracic surgery 5880:Cardiovascular disease 5468:Contraceptive security 5401:In vitro fertilization 5312:Postpartum confinement 5186:Hyperemesis gravidarum 4396:10.1136/pmj.78.919.311 4018:10.1093/ref:odnb/16239 3766:"What do midwives do?" 2202:"Obstetric Ultrasound" 1701:10.1186/1750-1172-7-81 1123: 1001:Obstetrical hemorrhage 525: 508: 493:glucose tolerance test 434: 402:Genetic screening for 8085:Intersex human rights 7890:Postpartum depression 7771:Pruritic folliculitis 7515:Unassisted childbirth 6940:Personalized medicine 6799:Reproductive medicine 6724:Occupational medicine 6678:Evolutionary medicine 6002:Healthcare inequality 5804:Gender discrimination 5608:Human papilloma virus 5283:Vesicovaginal fistula 4103:Al-Gailani S (2018). 3751:History of Childbirth 3287:10.1186/1471-2393-9-8 1443:The new public health 1328:vesicovaginal fistula 1189:forceps in childbirth 1110: 1098:Veterinary obstetrics 1092:Veterinary obstetrics 1035:Further information: 812:Further information: 713:postnatal development 701:Further information: 697:Diseases in pregnancy 650:can be determined by 519: 506: 482:Group B Streptococcus 432: 8786:Spiegelberg criteria 8712:Abderhalden reaction 8643:tax on childlessness 8399:Genital modification 8323:Unintended pregnancy 8055:Reproductive Justice 7997:Gravidity and parity 7977:Congenital disorders 7936:Lactation consultant 7806:Pre-existing disease 7485:Childbirth positions 7475:Rupture of membranes 7172:Unintended pregnancy 7150:fertility medication 6960:Traditional medicine 6920:Alternative medicine 6787:Addiction psychiatry 6601:Transfusion medicine 6596:Medical microbiology 6511:Gynecologic oncology 6363:Reproductive surgery 6109:Nurses' Health Study 6017:Reproductive justice 5968:Urinary incontinence 5588:Sexually transmitted 5443:Intrauterine devices 5288:Rectovaginal fistula 5278:Obstetrical fistulae 5206:Gestational diabetes 5201:Obstetrical bleeding 5176:Adolescent pregnancy 5161:Gravidity and parity 5156:Unintended pregnancy 4378:Drife J (May 2002). 3923:Hufnagel GL (2012). 3481:10.1542/neo.15-1-e32 3183:Artal-Mittelmark R. 3020:www.medicines.org.uk 2122:(1 Suppl): 28S–34S. 1752:10.1056/NEJMoa043693 1633:CDCTB (2020-12-16). 893:epidural anaesthesia 798:Induction and labour 742:spontaneous abortion 728:gestational diabetes 709:pre-existing disease 546:biophysical profiles 489:gestational diabetes 337:Indirect Coombs test 311:Complete blood count 8804:Leopold's maneuvers 8343:Pregnancy from rape 8200:Intrauterine device 7900:Sex after pregnancy 7707:Endocrine diseases 7653:Prenatal depression 7525:Placental expulsion 7443:Uterine contraction 7426:cervical effacement 7167:Fertility awareness 6982:History of medicine 6965:Veterinary medicine 6772:Preventive medicine 6624:Adolescent medicine 6466:Infectious diseases 6022:Women's empowerment 5890:Alzheimer's disease 5521:Cloth menstrual pad 5478:Fertility awareness 5448:Oral contraceptives 5330:Perinatal mortality 4824:. 12 February 2014. 4749:2016NewSc.229...17. 4702:Archives of Surgery 4528:(1). Archived from 4497:on January 23, 2013 3865:Carr I (May 2000). 3699:Reproductive Health 3099:10.1093/bja/64.1.85 2830:Surányim A (2000). 1866:2019PLoSO..1425281Z 1376:Obstetrical nursing 1205:maternity hospitals 966:Placental abruption 734:Lupus and pregnancy 726:(not restricted to 363:test to screen for 348:test to screen for 346:Rapid plasma reagin 94: 8692:Signs and symptoms 8589:History of condoms 8478:Sexual dysfunction 8384:Sexual orientation 8338:Options counseling 8185:Male contraception 8108:Genetic counseling 7676:Hypercoagulability 7505:Natural childbirth 7354:Postterm pregnancy 7112:Male contraceptive 6930:Molecular oncology 6887:Doctor of Medicine 6877:Master of Medicine 6794:Radiation oncology 6666:Emergency medicine 6619:Addiction medicine 6586:Clinical chemistry 6581:Clinical pathology 6373:Transplant surgery 6331:Orthopedic surgery 6309:Colorectal surgery 6119:Cartwright Inquiry 6030:Politics, research 5848:Endometrial cancer 5702:Sexual intercourse 5473:Planned parenthood 5458:Male contraceptive 4612:10.7717/peerj.5724 4516:Caplan CE (1995). 3933:Edwin Mellen Press 3929:Lewiston, New York 3905:McGrew RE (1985). 3624:Systematic Reviews 2658:Gresele P (2008). 2457:www.mayoclinic.org 2356:www.mayoclinic.org 2039:www.mayoclinic.org 2015:www.mayoclinic.org 1942:www.mayoclinic.org 1267:maternal mortality 1163:Soranus of Ephesus 1124: 901:nurse anaesthetist 767:hypercoagulability 603:Multiple gestation 560:ionizing radiation 539:, evaluate for an 526: 509: 435: 159:Doctor of Medicine 152:Education required 8812: 8811: 8781:ectopic pregnancy 8658: 8657: 8358:Teenage pregnancy 8075:Genital integrity 8005: 8004: 7990:Obstetric history 7985: 7984: 7946:Confinement nanny 7859: 7858: 7726:Acute fatty liver 7533: 7532: 7421:cervical dilation 7048: 7047: 6882:Master of Surgery 6846: 6845: 6831:Tropical medicine 6777:Prison healthcare 6692:Hospital medicine 6656:Disaster medicine 6646:Aviation medicine 6461:Hospital medicine 6368:Surgical oncology 6353:Pediatric surgery 6347: 6294:Endocrine surgery 6219: 6218: 6099: 6098: 5924: 5923: 5875: 5874: 5858:Papanicolaou test 5814:Non-communicable 5782:Sexual harassment 5760:Domestic violence 5730: 5729: 5573: 5572: 5370: 5369: 5273:Retained placenta 5191:Ectopic pregnancy 4971:978-0-19-876636-0 4579:978-1-108-33671-0 4474:(12): 1131–1136. 4440:(5): 380–4, 405. 4126:978-1-107-06802-5 4034:(Subscription or 4027:978-0-19-861412-8 2841:10.14232/phd.2154 2669:978-0-521-88115-9 2617:(18): 2128–2141. 2438:978-0-407-00366-8 2303:978-0-323-06538-2 2096:978-0-12-226570-9 1745:(19): 2001–2011. 1460:978-0-12-415766-8 1247:Caesarean section 1067:caesarean section 1037:Postpartum period 1031:Postpartum period 1013:retained placenta 982:Shoulder dystocia 929:Ectopic pregnancy 907:Caesarean section 804:Induction (birth) 724:diabetes mellitus 715:of the offspring 541:ectopic pregnancy 512:Fetal assessments 406:(trisomy 21) and 292:Fetus at 20 weeks 280:Fetus at 17 weeks 222:medical specialty 218:postpartum period 203: 202: 90: 89: 82: 16:(Redirected from 8842: 8774:Hemoglobin Barts 8685: 8678: 8671: 8662: 8620:Two-child policy 8615:One-child policy 8495:Gender dysphoria 8032: 8025: 8018: 8009: 7870: 7836:Cardiotocography 7542: 7448:Vaginal delivery 7321:Nesting instinct 7296: 7281:Rudimentary horn 7210:Prenatal testing 7075: 7068: 7061: 7052: 7038: 7037: 7028: 7018: 7017: 7008: 7007: 6998: 6997: 6702:Medical genetics 6687:General practice 6564:Nuclear medicine 6439:Gastroenterology 6395:Vascular surgery 6345: 6272: 6246: 6239: 6232: 6223: 6207: 6206: 6195: 6194: 6183: 6182: 6036: 5821: 5741: 5735:Non-reproductive 5584: 5501:Feminine hygiene 5268:Cesarian section 5263:Obstructed labor 5144: 5059: 5040: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5007: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4990:Cleveland Clinic 4982: 4976: 4975: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4814: 4805: 4804: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4672: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4624: 4614: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4496: 4490:. Archived from 4465: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4425: 4419: 4417: 4407: 4390:(919): 311–315. 4375: 4366: 4365: 4353: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4291: 4281: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4205: 4195: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4158: 4154: 4152: 4144: 4142: 4141: 4105:"Hospital Birth" 4100: 4094: 4093: 4083: 4073: 4049: 4040: 4039: 4031: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3989: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3920: 3911: 3910: 3902: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3871: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3847: 3834: 3833: 3823: 3813: 3789: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3776: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3749:Gelis J (1991). 3746: 3735: 3734: 3724: 3714: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3680: 3674:Cleveland Clinic 3666: 3660: 3659: 3649: 3639: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3576: 3566: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3513: 3507:Cleveland Clinic 3499: 3493: 3492: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3447: 3437: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3403: 3397:Cleveland Clinic 3389: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3379: 3367:Moldenhauer JS. 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3354: 3348:Cleveland Clinic 3340: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3330: 3324:Cleveland Clinic 3316: 3310: 3309: 3299: 3289: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3220: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3195: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3151: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3101: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3026: 3012: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3002: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2891: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2867: 2855:Moldenhauer JS. 2852: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2817: 2807:"Induced labour" 2802: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2792: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2767: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2743: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2718: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2694: 2688:Cleveland Clinic 2680: 2674: 2673: 2654: 2645: 2644: 2626: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2585: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2551: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2488: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2463: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2403: 2399: 2397: 2389: 2387: 2386: 2378:Fetal Assessment 2372: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2362: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2264: 2254: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2220: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2180: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2131: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2045: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2022: 2021: 2007: 2001: 2000: 1998: 1997: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1973: 1972: 1966:Cleveland Clinic 1958: 1952: 1951: 1949: 1948: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1924: 1909: 1898: 1897: 1887: 1877: 1860:(12): e0225281. 1845: 1839: 1838: 1828: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1787: 1786: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1754: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1713: 1703: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1670: 1669: 1663:Cleveland Clinic 1655: 1649: 1648: 1646: 1645: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1595: 1589: 1588: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1567: 1566: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1542: 1541: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1492:10.7326/M22-0737 1486:(9): 1285–1297. 1471: 1465: 1464: 1438: 1432: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1416: 1410: 1409: 1407: 1406: 1400:Cleveland Clinic 1392: 1332:Anarcha Westcott 1288:Ephraim McDowell 1258:Ignaz Semmelweis 1223:Medical Act 1858 1121:Eucharius Rößlin 1019:Puerperal sepsis 438:Second trimester 408:Edwards syndrome 289: 277: 258: 131:Activity sectors 95: 85: 78: 74: 71: 65: 45: 44: 37: 21: 8850: 8849: 8845: 8844: 8843: 8841: 8840: 8839: 8830:Human pregnancy 8815: 8814: 8813: 8808: 8798:Spalding's sign 8769:hydrops fetalis 8746: 8737:Piskacek's sign 8698: 8689: 8659: 8654: 8603: 8572: 8545:United Kingdom 8499: 8451: 8442:Sexual medicine 8403: 8379:Gender identity 8367: 8313:Maternal health 8299: 8259: 8255:fertility fraud 8216: 8209: 8166: 8117: 8091: 8041: 8036: 8006: 8001: 7981: 7950: 7914: 7885:Postpartum care 7855: 7819: 7722:Liver diseases 7716:Thyroid disease 7614: 7600:Gestational age 7571: 7529: 7495:Labor induction 7400: 7391:Perinatal nurse 7364:Birth attendant 7325: 7285: 7219: 7215:Medical imaging 7176: 7145:fertility fraud 7121: 7088: 7079: 7049: 7044: 6986: 6975:Chief physician 6908: 6853: 6842: 6836:Travel medicine 6821:Sports medicine 6804:Sexual medicine 6744:Palliative care 6739:Pain management 6683:Family medicine 6661:Diving medicine 6607: 6535: 6497: 6490: 6406: 6399: 6358:Plastic surgery 6304:General surgery 6284:Cardiac surgery 6265: 6263: 6255: 6250: 6220: 6215: 6171: 6156:Family planning 6134: 6128: 6095: 6072: 6031: 6025: 5997:Gender equality 5980: 5974: 5920: 5871: 5853:Cervical cancer 5815: 5808: 5746: 5736: 5726: 5717:Sex differences 5675:Forced marriage 5624: 5589: 5579: 5569: 5511:Menstrual cycle 5482: 5435:Family planning 5433: 5424: 5377: 5366: 5325:Maternal deaths 5316: 5307:Postpartum care 5253:Multiple births 5229: 5138: 5131: 5064: 5055: 5052: 5044: 5034: 5004: 5003: 4994: 4992: 4984: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4939: 4918: 4917: 4913: 4904: 4902: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4859: 4858: 4854: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4816: 4815: 4808: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4580: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4463: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4377: 4376: 4369: 4362: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4155: 4145: 4139: 4137: 4127: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4051: 4050: 4043: 4033: 4028: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3987: 3985: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3956: 3954: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3922: 3921: 3914: 3904: 3903: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3869: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3849: 3848: 3837: 3791: 3790: 3783: 3774: 3772: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3747: 3738: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3678: 3676: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3511: 3509: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3401: 3399: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3377: 3375: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3352: 3350: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3328: 3326: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3218: 3216: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3193: 3191: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3149: 3147: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3059: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3024: 3022: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3000: 2998: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2889: 2887: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2865: 2863: 2854: 2853: 2849: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2815: 2813: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2790: 2788: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2765: 2763: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2741: 2739: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2716: 2714: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2692: 2690: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2670: 2657: 2655: 2648: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2576:(11): 677–686. 2563: 2562: 2558: 2549: 2547: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2486: 2484: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2461: 2459: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2439: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2400: 2390: 2384: 2382: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2360: 2358: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2304: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2218: 2216: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2097: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2043: 2041: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2019: 2017: 2009: 2008: 2004: 1995: 1993: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1970: 1968: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1946: 1944: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1922: 1920: 1911: 1910: 1901: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1784: 1782: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1667: 1665: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1643: 1641: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1597: 1596: 1592: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1564: 1562: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1539: 1537: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1461: 1440: 1439: 1435: 1425: 1423: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1404: 1402: 1394: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1361: 1340: 1317:Auguste Nélaton 1313:Eugène Koeberlé 1275: 1254:puerperal fever 1218: 1181: 1151: 1145: 1105: 1100: 1094: 1055:Postpartum care 1047:postpartum care 1039: 1033: 1005:placenta previa 988:Uterine rupture 972:Foetal distress 922: 916: 878:cardiotocograph 846: 816: 810: 802:Main articles: 800: 705: 699: 599:gestational age 584:gestational sac 514: 472: 470:Third trimester 440: 357:antibody screen 300: 298:First trimester 293: 290: 281: 278: 269: 266:gestational age 259: 243: 238: 190: 188: 153: 132: 120: 119:Occupation type 86: 75: 69: 66: 58:help improve it 55: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8848: 8846: 8838: 8837: 8835:Women's health 8832: 8827: 8817: 8816: 8810: 8809: 8807: 8806: 8801: 8789: 8777: 8765: 8760: 8754: 8752: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8722:Goodell's sign 8719: 8714: 8708: 8706: 8700: 8699: 8690: 8688: 8687: 8680: 8673: 8665: 8656: 8655: 8653: 8652: 8647: 8646: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8622: 8617: 8611: 8609: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8580: 8578: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8570: 8569: 8568: 8563: 8561:teen pregnancy 8553: 8552: 8551: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8507: 8505: 8501: 8500: 8498: 8497: 8492: 8491: 8490: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8459: 8457: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8413: 8411: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8375: 8373: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8309: 8307: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8297: 8296: 8295: 8287: 8286: 8285: 8275: 8269: 8267: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8246: 8245: 8240: 8232: 8227: 8221: 8219: 8211: 8210: 8208: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8176: 8174: 8168: 8167: 8165: 8164: 8159: 8158: 8157: 8152: 8142: 8137: 8127: 8125: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8099: 8097: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8089: 8088: 8087: 8082: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8051: 8049: 8043: 8042: 8037: 8035: 8034: 8027: 8020: 8012: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7999: 7993: 7991: 7987: 7986: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7958: 7956: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7931:Health visitor 7928: 7922: 7920: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7876: 7874: 7867: 7861: 7860: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7853: 7848: 7846:Nonstress test 7843: 7838: 7833: 7827: 7825: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7780: 7779: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7762:Skin diseases 7760: 7759: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7735: 7734: 7733: 7728: 7720: 7719: 7718: 7713: 7705: 7704: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7649: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7630: 7624: 7622: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7581: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7552:Amniotic fluid 7548: 7546: 7539: 7535: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7500:Multiple birth 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7434: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7408: 7406: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7382: 7381: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7339: 7333: 7331: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7306:Bradley method 7302: 7300: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7227: 7225: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7206: 7205: 7198:Pregnancy test 7195: 7190: 7184: 7182: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7163: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7131: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7098: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7080: 7078: 7077: 7070: 7063: 7055: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7042: 7032: 7022: 7012: 7002: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6984: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6916: 6914: 6913:Related topics 6910: 6909: 6907: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6862:Medical school 6858: 6856: 6848: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6816:Sleep medicine 6813: 6812: 6811: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6790: 6789: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6763: 6758: 6757: 6756: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6680: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6629:Anesthesiology 6626: 6621: 6615: 6613: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6561: 6559:Neuroradiology 6556: 6545: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6502: 6500: 6496:Obstetrics and 6492: 6491: 6489: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6447: 6446: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6411: 6409: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6380: 6378:Trauma surgery 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6341:Otolaryngology 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6311: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6280: 6278: 6269: 6267:subspecialties 6257: 6256: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6226: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6213: 6201: 6189: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6136: 6133:Women's health 6130: 6129: 6127: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6082: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6044: 6042: 6040:United Nations 6033: 6032:& advocacy 6027: 6026: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5982: 5979:Sociocultural 5976: 5975: 5973: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5950: 5949: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5936: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5918: 5913: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5882: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5869: 5867:Ovarian cancer 5864: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5850: 5843:Uterine cancer 5840: 5835: 5829: 5827: 5818: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5787:Sexual assault 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5757: 5751: 5749: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5665:Child marriage 5662: 5660:Breast ironing 5657: 5652: 5650:Breast binding 5647: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5638:Clitoridectomy 5629: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5605: 5600: 5594: 5592: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5565: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5516:Menstrual aids 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5492: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5439: 5437: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5382: 5380: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5303: 5302: 5300:Husband stitch 5292: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5239: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5178: 5173: 5171:Antenatal care 5168: 5163: 5158: 5152: 5150: 5141: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5117:Fallopian tube 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5069: 5067: 5063:Reproductive 5056: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5042:Women's health 5035: 5033: 5032: 5025: 5018: 5010: 5002: 5001: 4977: 4970: 4944: 4937: 4911: 4900:www.unicef.org 4887: 4852: 4827: 4806: 4787:(6): 694–695. 4770: 4727: 4692: 4663:(4): 436–446. 4643: 4585: 4578: 4552: 4535: 4532:on 2012-07-07. 4508: 4459:Low J (2009). 4451: 4420: 4367: 4361:978-9241510547 4360: 4338: 4303: 4252: 4217: 4166: 4125: 4095: 4041: 4026: 3994: 3963: 3938: 3912: 3886: 3857: 3835: 3781: 3756: 3736: 3685: 3661: 3610: 3588: 3537: 3518: 3494: 3475:(1): e32–e36. 3459: 3408: 3384: 3359: 3335: 3311: 3260: 3225: 3200: 3175: 3156: 3132: 3113: 3072: 3057: 3031: 3007: 2982: 2955:(2): 134–139. 2939: 2912:(5): 735–738. 2896: 2872: 2847: 2822: 2797: 2772: 2748: 2733:"Preeclampsia" 2723: 2699: 2675: 2668: 2646: 2597: 2556: 2531: 2512: 2493: 2468: 2444: 2437: 2411: 2367: 2343: 2324: 2309: 2302: 2276: 2225: 2192: 2163:(4): 306–309. 2143: 2102: 2095: 2069: 2050: 2026: 2002: 1977: 1953: 1929: 1899: 1840: 1811:(2): 245–256. 1791: 1766: 1725: 1674: 1650: 1625: 1590: 1571: 1546: 1521: 1466: 1459: 1433: 1411: 1386: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1360: 1357: 1339: 1336: 1292:J. Marion Sims 1274: 1271: 1217: 1214: 1180: 1177: 1144: 1141: 1117:birthing chair 1104: 1101: 1096:Main article: 1093: 1090: 1051:postnatal care 1032: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1016: 998: 994:Prolapsed cord 991: 985: 979: 969: 963: 956:HELLP syndrome 932: 918:Main article: 915: 912: 911: 910: 904: 897:anaesthestists 881: 870: 869: 862: 859: 857:Foley catheter 853: 847: 844: 830: 799: 796: 795: 794: 787: 777: 756: 749: 746:neonatal lupus 731: 698: 695: 694: 693: 688: 685:Nonstress test 682: 673:. Typically a 663: 660:umbilical cord 636: 621: 513: 510: 497: 496: 485: 479: 471: 468: 467: 466: 463: 460: 439: 436: 400: 399: 393: 387: 378: 377:when indicated 367: 358: 352: 343: 334: 333: 332: 313: 299: 296: 295: 294: 291: 284: 282: 279: 272: 270: 260: 253: 242: 239: 237: 234: 201: 200: 191: 186: 183: 182: 181: 180: 174: 168: 162: 154: 151: 148: 147: 143: 142: 133: 130: 127: 126: 121: 118: 115: 114: 113: 112: 109: 104: 100: 99: 88: 87: 70:September 2010 49: 47: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8847: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8805: 8802: 8799: 8795: 8794: 8790: 8787: 8783: 8782: 8778: 8775: 8771: 8770: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8755: 8753: 8749: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8717:Chadwick sign 8715: 8713: 8710: 8709: 8707: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8686: 8681: 8679: 8674: 8672: 8667: 8666: 8663: 8651: 8648: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8638:child benefit 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8606: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8575: 8567: 8566:birth control 8564: 8562: 8559: 8558: 8557: 8556:United States 8554: 8550: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8502: 8496: 8493: 8489: 8486: 8485: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8454: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8410: 8406: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8376: 8374: 8370: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8353:Prenatal care 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8306: 8302: 8294: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8284: 8281: 8280: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8266: 8262: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8218: 8212: 8206: 8205:Sterilization 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8173: 8172:Contraception 8169: 8163: 8160: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8140:Birth spacing 8138: 8136: 8135:childlessness 8132: 8131:Childfreeness 8129: 8128: 8126: 8124: 8120: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8103:Sex education 8101: 8100: 8098: 8094: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8077: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8033: 8028: 8026: 8021: 8019: 8014: 8013: 8010: 7998: 7995: 7994: 7992: 7988: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7953: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7941:Monthly nurse 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7917: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7862: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7831:Amniocentesis 7829: 7828: 7826: 7822: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7791:Vaginal flora 7789: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7706: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7683: 7682: 7681:Substance use 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7617: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7595:Fundal height 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7578: 7574: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7543: 7540: 7536: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7403: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7348: 7347:Preterm birth 7345: 7344: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7328: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7311:Hypnobirthing 7309: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7288: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7222: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7188:3D ultrasound 7186: 7185: 7183: 7179: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7102:Birth control 7100: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7076: 7071: 7069: 7064: 7062: 7057: 7056: 7053: 7041: 7033: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7021: 7013: 7011: 7003: 7001: 6993: 6992: 6989: 6983: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6945:Public health 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6925:Allied health 6923: 6921: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6849: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6734:Oral medicine 6732: 6730: 6729:Ophthalmology 6727: 6725: 6722: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6591:Cytopathology 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6572: 6569: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6532: 6531:Urogynecology 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6493: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6434:Endocrinology 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6393: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6344: 6343: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6247: 6242: 6240: 6235: 6233: 6228: 6227: 6224: 6212: 6211: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6178: 6177: 6174: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6101: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6078:United States 6075: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6034: 6028: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5992:Disadvantaged 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5977: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5953:Urinary tract 5951: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5929:Mental health 5927: 5926: 5917: 5914: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5868: 5865: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5838:Breast cancer 5836: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5747:against women 5742: 5739: 5733: 5723: 5722:Sex education 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5655:Breast health 5653: 5651: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5627: 5621: 5618: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5585: 5582: 5576: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5526:Menstrual cup 5524: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5431: 5430:Contraception 5427: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5391:Childlessness 5389: 5388: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5376:Reproductive 5373: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5350:Sterilization 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5319: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5248:Preterm birth 5246: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5083:Clitoral hood 5081: 5080: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5051:Reproductive 5047: 5043: 5039: 5031: 5026: 5024: 5019: 5017: 5012: 5011: 5008: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4978: 4973: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4945: 4940: 4938:9780511486944 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4915: 4912: 4901: 4897: 4891: 4888: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4853: 4847: 4842: 4838: 4831: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4771: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4737:New Scientist 4731: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4693: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4644: 4640: 4638: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4586: 4581: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4556: 4553: 4548: 4547: 4539: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4512: 4509: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4421: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4357: 4350: 4349: 4342: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4307: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4167: 4162: 4150: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4029: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4010: 4005: 3998: 3995: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3967: 3964: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3917: 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Skilled 1132:childbirth 974:where the 942:, causing 808:Childbirth 763:thrombosis 667:surfactant 592:fetal pole 476:Hematocrit 416:ultrasound 390:Urinalysis 329:Rh disease 316:Blood type 236:Main areas 226:gynecology 214:childbirth 206:Obstetrics 189:employment 173:(M.B.B.S.) 98:Occupation 8704:Pregnancy 8541:Singapore 8456:Disorders 8417:Andrology 8305:Pregnancy 8289:Research 8145:Parenting 8096:Education 7480:Caesarean 7246:Abdominal 7082:Pregnancy 6970:Physician 6854:education 6712:Neurology 6707:Narcology 6571:Pathology 6549:Radiology 6424:Angiology 6388:Andrology 5765:Pregnancy 5745:Violence 5685:Vaginitis 5558:Menopause 5418:Fostering 5408:Parenting 5378:life plan 5243:Midwifery 5221:Eclampsia 5148:Pregnancy 5137:Maternal 4868:: 48–58. 4862:Midwifery 4801:0022-3468 4765:0262-4079 4605:: e5724. 4333:0140-6736 4159:ignored ( 4149:cite book 4135:239583227 4064:(1): 64. 3705:(1): 10. 3557:(1): 95. 3489:1526-9906 3255:0036-8423 2641:226205234 2404:ignored ( 2394:cite book 1516:251067668 1500:0003-4819 1280:midwifery 1227:midwifery 1185:midwifery 1155:midwifery 948:eclampsia 625:karyotype 613:present. 607:placentae 576:radiation 537:placentae 520:A dating 449:inhibin A 375:gonorrhea 371:chlamydia 304:trimester 210:pregnancy 194:Hospitals 187:Fields of 124:Specialty 108:Physician 32:Midwifery 8531:Pakistan 8409:Medicine 8389:Intersex 8372:Identity 8333:Abortion 8215:Assisted 8190:Safe sex 8150:adoption 8123:Planning 7873:Maternal 7851:Abortion 7796:Bleeding 7746:COVID-19 7711:Diabetes 7696:Cannabis 7646:prenatal 7567:Placenta 7538:Prenatal 7468:shoulder 7463:cephalic 7431:position 7405:Delivery 7266:Postterm 7231:Cervical 7094:Planning 7000:Category 6476:Oncology 6407:medicine 6405:Internal 6253:Medicine 6186:Category 6146:Ethiopia 6068:UN Women 5885:Dementia 5816:diseases 5799:Femicide 5777:Misogyny 5697:Polygamy 5598:Safe sex 5506:Menarche 5413:Adoption 5340:Abortion 5258:Oxytocin 5078:Clitoris 4882:27846406 4722:10443816 4687:73725863 4679:30851980 4631:30386692 4543:Roth J. 4488:20085678 4446:17674557 4434:Harefuah 4414:12151591 4298:29291711 4272:(1): 3. 4247:10660278 4212:26361976 4090:29514607 3983:32491507 3830:33836689 3731:33461593 3656:26857705 3583:30885159 3532:Medscape 3454:28403833 3306:19245695 3280:(1): 8. 3241:(3): 8. 3170:Medscape 3127:Medscape 3067:81797258 2977:24250115 2969:15814391 2934:21261210 2633:33121721 2592:27981252 2526:Medscape 2507:Medscape 2338:Medscape 2271:25336335 2214:29261880 2187:16885635 2138:20869193 2064:Medscape 1894:31800591 1854:PLOS ONE 1835:28499534 1761:16282175 1720:23088440 1620:24548498 1585:Medscape 1554:Rath L. 1529:Rath L. 1508:35878405 1359:See also 1345:Midwives 1201:lying-in 1136:midwives 1113:midwives 1074:bleeding 1062:hospital 952:seizures 950:, where 895:done by 891:, or by 866:oxytocin 774:bleeding 738:in utero 675:lecithin 588:yolk sac 350:syphilis 216:and the 136:Medicine 8577:History 8526:Ireland 8278:Women's 7782:Others 7756:Malaria 7701:Opioids 7691:Alcohol 7686:Smoking 7545:Anatomy 7374:Midwife 7342:Newborn 7261:Ovarian 7241:Ectopic 7236:Cryptic 7181:Testing 7040:Outline 7010:Commons 6955:Therapy 6852:Medical 6415:Allergy 6383:Urology 6276:Surgery 6198:Commons 5987:Poverty 5981:factors 5958:Urethra 5934:Anxiety 5916:Anaemia 5712:Puberty 5692:Leblouh 5578:Sexual 5453:Condoms 4745:Bibcode 4622:6202972 4501:May 20, 4405:1742346 4289:5749010 4203:4567794 4081:5842514 3821:8033657 3722:7812564 3647:4746909 3603:30 June 3574:6423770 3445:5389173 3297:2654858 3108:2405898 2926:9351755 2583:5153572 2262:4287579 2178:6074503 1885:6892535 1862:Bibcode 1826:5548328 1711:3520824 1239:asepsis 1167:ancient 1103:History 1082:bladder 889:opiates 839:cream, 837:Prostin 833:Pessary 648:hydrops 638:Foetal 453:estriol 355:Rubella 220:. 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