Allied-occupied Austria - Knowledge (XXG)

1252: 1378: 102: 4945: 114: 555: 71: 632: 1762:, "in the most profound sense, it involved the transfer of attitudes, habits and values as well, indeed a whole way of life that Marshall planners associated with progress in the marketplace of politics and social relationships as much as they did with industry and agriculture." The program, as intended by American lawmakers, targeted improvement in factory-level productivity, labor-management relations, free trade unions and introduction of modern business practices. The 85: 1389:. Americans objected and blocked the deal but ultimately the Soviets assumed control over Austrian oil in their zone. The British arrived in September. The Allied Council of four military governors convened for its first meeting in Vienna on 12 September 1945. It refused to recognize Renner's claim of a national government but did not prevent him from extending influence into the Western zones. Renner appointed vocal anti-communist 1353: 1044: 580: 1853:. Clark insisted that before their departure the United States must secretly train and arm the core of a future military. Serious secret training of the B-Gendarmerie began in 1950 but soon stalled due to US defense budget cuts in 1951. Gendarmes were trained primarily as an anti-coup police force, but they also studied Soviet combat practice and counted on cooperation with the 1924:, elected in April 1953, removed pro-Western foreign minister Gruber and steered Austria to a more neutral policy. Raab carefully probed the Soviets about resuming the talks on independence, but until February 1955 it remained contingent on a solution to the larger German problem. The Western strategy of rearming West Germany, formulated in the 1335:, beginning in the first days and weeks after the Soviet victory. Repression against civilians harmed the Red Army's reputation to such an extent that on 28 September 1945 Moscow issued an order forbidding violent interrogations. Red Army morale fell as soldiers prepared to be sent home; replacement of combat units with 3472:$ 150 million for German assets paid with goods, plus 10 million tons of oil and $ 2 million in cash – Steininger 2008, p. 128. The Kremlin proposed to spread oil shipments over six years through 1961, taking 50% of Austrian output, but at the request of Austria the schedule was extended to 10 years (to 1965) – Sergeev. 1989:: Austria was no longer hostage to the German issue. Molotov invited Raab to Moscow for bilateral negotiations that, if successful, had to be followed by a Four Powers conference. By this time Paris Agreements were ratified by France and Germany, although the British and Americans suspected a trap of the same sort that 1283:, who believed that Renner was a trustworthy politician rather than a token front for the Kremlin, denied him recognition. However, Renner had secured inter-party control by designating two Under-Secretaries of State in each of the ministries, appointed by the two parties not designating the Secretary of State. 2016:

These fears did not materialize, and Raab's visit to Moscow (12–15 April) was a breakthrough. Moscow agreed that Austria would be free no later than 31 December. Austrians agreed to pay for the "German assets" and oil fields left by the Soviets, mostly in kind; "the real prize was to be neutrality on

1766:, which operated until December 1951, distributed around $ 300 million in technical assistance and attempted steering the Austrian social partnership (political parties, labor unions, business associations, and government) in favor of productivity and growth instead of redistribution and consumption. 1742:

the Soviet zone but it was not completely excluded: it received 8% of Marshall plan investments (compared to 25% of food and other physical commodities). The Austrian government regarded financial aid to the Soviet zone as a lifeline holding the country together. This was the only case where Marshall

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to unlink the Austrian and German issues, expecting that the new talks on Austria would delay ratification of the Paris Agreement. Molotov publicly announced the new Soviet initiative on 8 February. He put forward three conditions for Austrian independence: neutrality, no foreign military bases, and

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In 1947, the Austrian economy, including USIA enterprises, reached 61% of pre-war levels, but it was disproportionately weak in consumer goods production (42% of pre-war levels). Food remained the worst problem. The country, according to American reports, survived 1945 and 1946 on "a near-starvation

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only marginally reduced 'misbehaviour'. Throughout 1945 and 1946, all levels of Soviet command tried, in vain, to contain desertion and plunder by rank and file. According to Austrian police records for 1946, "men in Soviet uniform", usually drunk, accounted for more than 90% of registered crime (in

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were routinely voided by Western opposition. Over the next nine years the country was gradually emancipated from foreign control, and evolved from a "nation under tutelage" to full independence. The government possessed its own independent vision of the future, reacting to adverse circumstances and

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According to Bischof, "no European nation benefited more from the Marshall Plan than Austria." Austria received nearly $ 1 billion through the Marshall Plan, and half a billion in humanitarian aid. The Americans also refunded all occupation costs charged in 1945–1946, around $ 300 million. In

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The Marshall Plan was not universally popular, especially in its initial phase. It benefited some trades such as metallurgy but depressed others such as agriculture. Heavy industries quickly recovered, from 74.7% of pre-war output in 1948 to 150.7% in 1951. American planners deliberately neglected

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The severe winter of 1946–1947 was followed by the disastrous summer of 1947, when the potato harvest barely reached 30% of pre-war output. The food shortages were aggravated by the withdrawal of UNRRA aid, spiraling inflation, and the demoralizing failure of State Treaty talks. In April 1947, the

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would be considered "null and void". As well, all administrative and legal measures since 1938 would be ignored. The conference declared the intent to create a free and independent Austria after the war, but also stated that Austria had a responsibility for "participation in the war at the side of

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over its possessions; in retaliation, the USIA refused to pay Austrian taxes and tariffs. This competitive advantage helped to keep USIA enterprises afloat despite their mounting obsolescence. The Soviets had no intention to reinvest their profits, and USIA assets gradually decayed and lost their

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In late 1945 and early 1946 the Allied occupation force peaked at around 150,000 Soviet, 55,000 British, 40,000 American, and 15,000 French troops. The costs of keeping these troops were levied on the Austrian government. At first, Austria had to pay the whole occupation bill; in 1946 occupation

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of over 400 enterprises. It controlled not more than 5% of Austrian economic output but possessed a substantial, or even monopolistic, share in the glass, steel, oil, and transportation industries. The USIA was weakly integrated with the rest of the Austrian economy; its products were primarily

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American troops, including the 11th Armored Division, crossed the Austrian border on 26 April, followed by French and British troops on 29 April and on 8 May, respectively. Until the end of July 1945 none of the Western allies had first-hand intelligence from Eastern Austria (likewise, Renner's

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terrorized Austrians with atrocities committed by Soviet soldiers. The directive called Nazi propaganda a lie and called on the military not to confuse Austrian civilians with German occupiers. The end of the directive reads, "be merciless towards German enslavers, but don't offend the Austrian

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defused the standoff, and the country was rapidly, but not completely, demilitarized. After the Soviet Union had relieved Austria of the need to pay for the cost of their reduced army of 40,000 men, the British and French followed suit and reduced their forces to a token presence. Finally, the

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vetoed the idea: Austria had more value as a bargaining chip than as another unstable client state. The continuing talks on Austrian independence stalled in 1948 but progressed to a "near breakthrough" in 1949: the Soviets lifted most of their objections, and the Americans suspected foul play.

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Coincidentally with the Second Control Agreement, the Soviets changed their economic policy from outright plunder to running expropriated Austrian businesses for a profit. Austrian communists advised Stalin to nationalize the whole economy, but he deemed the proposal to be too radical. Between

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consumer goods industries, construction trades, and small business. Their workers, almost half of the industrial workforce, suffered from rising unemployment. In 1948–1949, a substantial share of Marshall Plan funds was used to subsidize imports of food. American money effectively raised

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In determining the occupation zones, the administrative changes made after the Anschluss were applied in the western zones (Steirisches Salzkammergut to Upper Austria and East Tyrol to Carinthia) and were disregarded in the Soviet zone (Vienna not enlarged and Burgenland re-established).

1734:. Their products were in high demand in post-war Europe. Naturally, the administrators of the Marshall Plan channeled available financial aid into heavy industry controlled by the American and British forces. American military and political leaders made no secret of their intentions: 1877:

offices and disrupted railroad traffic but failed to recruit sufficient public support and had to admit defeat. The Soviets and the Western allies did not dare to actively intervene in the strikes. The strike intensified the militarization of Western Austria, with active input from

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experience persuaded Washington that Austria might become "Europe's Korea" and sped up rearmament of the "secret ally". International tension was coincident with a severe internal economic and social crisis. The planned withdrawal of American food subsidies spelled a sharp drop in

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of world communism. Renner's objections came in too late and carried too little weight to have effect. Popular and official protests continued through 1946. The signatures of 150,000 South Tyroleans did not alter the decision. South Tyrol is today an Italian autonomous province

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Soviet commanders on the ground ordered the troops to stop the crime as soon as they entered Austria. On April 4, 1945, the command issued a directive that was read to all soldiers on the front lines. The directive declared that Austria was Hitler's first victim and that the

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allowed confiscation of "German external assets" in Austria, and the Soviets used the vagueness of this definition to the full. In less than a year they dismantled and shipped to the East industrial equipment valued at around US$ 500 million. American High Commissioner

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or territory. Total war reparations taken by the Soviet Union including withdrawn USIA profits, looted property and the final settlement agreed in 1955, are estimated between $ 1.54 billion and $ 2.65 billion (Eisterer: 2 to 2.5 billion).

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stance, appreciated by the Socialists, and pressed the government to remove anti-competition legislation but ultimately they were responsible for the creation of the vast monopolistic public sector of the economy (and thus politically benefiting the Socialists).

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On 9 July 1945 the Allies agreed on the borders of their occupation zones. Movement of occupation troops ("zone swap") continued until the end of July. The French and American zones bordered those countries' zones in Germany, and the Soviet zone bordered future

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competitive edge. The Austrian government feared paramilitary communist gangs sheltered by the USIA and scorned it for being "an economy of exploitation in colonial style". The economy of the Soviet zone eventually reunited with the rest of the country.

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government was unable to distribute any rations, and on 5 May Vienna was shaken by a violent food riot. Unlike earlier protests, the demonstrators, led by the Communists, called to curb the westernisation of Austrian politics. In August, a food riot in

1751:: the grain price was about one-third of the world price, while agriculture remained in ruins. Marshall Plan aid gradually removed many of the causes of popular unrest that shook the country in 1947, but Austria remained dependent on food imports. 1701:

In June 1947, the month when the UNRRA stopped shipments of food to Austria, the extent of the food crisis compelled the U.S. government to issue $ 300 million in food aid. In the same month Austria was invited to discuss its participation in the

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remaining below 2000 calories until the end of 1947. 65% of Austrian agricultural output and nearly all oil was concentrated in the Soviet zone, complicating the Western Allies' task of feeding the population in their own zones.

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population. Respect their traditions, families, and private property. Proudly carry the glorious title of a Red Army warrior . . . let your conduct cause respect everywhere for the Red Army." The Red Army lost 17,000 lives in the

1664:(ÖGB) temporarily resolved the crisis in favor of tight regulation of food and labor markets. Wage increases were limited and locked to commodity prices through annual price-wage agreements. The negotiations set a model of 1248:. Soviet acceptance of Renner was not an isolated episode; their officers re-established district administrations and appointed local mayors, frequently following the advice of the locals, even before the battle was over. 3462:

Molotov at first demanded six months to withdraw the troops, while Raab pressed for three months. In the end they agreed on "three months from signing the Treaty, but no later than December 31" – Kindermann 1955, p.

1886:. Despite the strain of the Korean War, by the end of 1952 the American "Stockpile A" (A for Austria) in France and Germany amassed 227 thousand tons of materiel earmarked for Austrian armed forces. 1239:

On 20 April 1945, the Soviets, without asking their Western allies, instructed Renner to form a provisional government. Seven days later Renner's cabinet took office, declared the independence of Austria from

1928:, was unacceptable to the Soviets. They responded with a counter-proposal for a pan-European security system that, they said, could speed up reunification of Germany, and again the West suspected foul play. 1778:

1948–1949, Marshall Plan aid contributed 14% of national income, the highest ratio of all involved countries. Per capita, aid amounted to $ 132 compared to $ 19 for the Germans but Austria also paid more

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as Foreign Minister and tried to reduce Communist influence. On 20 October 1945, Renner's reformed cabinet was recognized by the Western allies and received a go-ahead for the first legislative election.

1932:, in particular, had "an utter lack of confidence in the reliability and integrity of the men in the Kremlin... the Kremlin is pre-empting the right to speak for the small nations of the world". 101: 1769:

Their efforts were thwarted by the Austrian practice of making decisions behind closed doors. The Americans struggled to change it in favor of open, public discussion. They took a strong anti-

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at times turning them to their own benefit. The first allied talks on Austrian independence were held in January 1947, and deadlocked over the issue of "German assets" in Soviet possession.

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and others wrote that the Moscow initiative was merely a cover-up for another incursion into German matters. The West erroneously thought that the Soviets valued Austria primarily as a

1653: 5013: 4869: 853: 5028: 2048:, whereby Austria would never join a military alliance such as NATO or the Warsaw Pact, or allow foreign troops be based within Austria. The Soviets left in Vienna the large 3325:

Eisterer 2009, p. 202: UK – single battalion, France – 400 men in Vienna and "a few officers and gendarmes" in Tyrol. Carafano 2002, p. 188 – "reduced to skeletal commands."

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Although in the fall of 1950 the Western powers replaced their military representatives with civilian diplomats, strategically, the situation became gloomier than ever. The

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had already established a would-be future Austrian cabinet from the country's communists in exile, but Tolbukhin's telegram changed Stalin's mind in favor of Renner.

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said that "we cannot afford to let this key area (Austria) fall under the exclusive influence of the Soviet Union." The Marshall Plan was deployed primarily

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Lewis, pp. 145, 153, wrote that Tolbukhin "was reported to have been relieved of his command in the summer of 1945 because of the behaviour of his troops."

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comparison, U.S. soldiers accounted for 5 to 7%). At the same time, the Soviet governors resisted the expansion and arming of the Austrian police force.

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in 1949, Austria remained under joint occupation of the Western Allies and the Soviet Union until 1955; its status became a controversial subject in the

1821:. The American command secretly trained the soldiers of an underground Austrian military at a rate of 200 men a week. The B-Gendarmerie knowingly hired 1626:

of 200,000 German-speaking Tyroleans. The decision was arguably motivated by the British desire to reward Italy, a country far more important for the

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February and June 1946, the Soviets expropriated hundreds of businesses left in their zone. On 27 June 1946, they amalgamated these assets into the

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tanks; the Americans left a far greater gift of "Stockpile A" assets. The only political spokesperson who was publicly upset about the outcome was

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in Vienna. It came into force on 27 July and on 25 October the country was free of occupying troops. The next day, Austria's parliament enacted a

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shipped to the East, its profits de facto confiscated and its taxes left unpaid by the Soviets. The Austrian government refused to recognize USIA

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reported to London that the deal "was far too good to be true, to be honest". But it proceeded as had been agreed in Moscow and on 15 May 1955

1850: 1813:, since 1945 and discussed the creation of a proper Austrian military in 1947. The Americans feared that Vienna could be the scene of another 1135:, Austria was divided into four occupation zones and jointly occupied by the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and France. 113: 5023: 3991: 3663: 4862: 4514: 4401: 2661: 995: 4886: 4381: 2134: 1817:. They set up and filled emergency food dumps, and prepared to airlift supplies to Vienna while the government created a backup base in 1763: 1656:. Heating depended on supplies of German coal shipped by the U.S. on lax credit terms. A 1946 drought further depressed farm output and 1527:, who was just barely acceptable to the Soviets. They responded with massive and coordinated expropriation of Austrian economic assets. 1488: 1306:

who had fled to Western Austria from Soviet authorities and certain death. In July and August, the Soviets brought in four regiments of

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asset, when in reality it was a purely political issue. Austria's military significance had been largely devalued by the end of the

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Enemy Images: The Meaning of Anti-Communism and its Importance for the Political and Economic Reconstruction in Austria after 1945

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On 28 June 1946, the Allies signed the Second Control Agreement which loosened their dominance over the Austrian government. The

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relieved of Allied control. From now on, its decisions could be overturned only by unanimous vote by all four Allies. Soviet

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The first Americans arrived in Vienna in the end of July 1945, when the Soviets were pressing Renner to surrender Austrian

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to grant South Tyrol to Italy (4 September 1945) disregarded popular opinion in Austria and the possible effects of a

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At the 1943 Moscow Conference, the Soviet Union, United States, and the United Kingdom had jointly decided that the

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See Bailey, p. 163, for a contemporary Western assessment of the final settlement as "self-ransom" and "extortion".

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costs were capped at 35% of Austrian state expenditures, equally split between the Soviets and the Western allies.

1520: 1500: 1492: 1323: 876: 684: 84: 70: 4917: 4452: 4411: 4371: 3788: 3539: 2285: 2045: 2025: 1665: 1132: 1128:—without denying Austria's role in Nazi crimes—and treated as a liberated and independent country after the war. 1094: 398: 1668:

between elected and non-elected political elites that became the basis of post-war Austrian democracy, known as

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Austrian communists appealed to Stalin to partition their country along the German model, but in February 1948

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was convinced that the withdrawal of Western troops would leave the country open to Soviet invasion of the

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began to comb the captured territories. By 23 May, they reported arrests of 268 former Red Army men, 1,208

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required "to encourage free enterprise and trade unions and to discourage restricting trade practices."

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Agreement on the occupation zones in Austria and the administration of the City of Vienna (9 July 1945)

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of Marshall Plan aid in March 1948. Heavy industry (or what was left of it) was concentrated around

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The Internal Troops of the NKVD in the System of Soviet Organs of Repression in Austria. 1945–1946

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had generally been recognized as part of Nazi Germany. In 1943, however, the Allies agreed in the

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Lewis 2000, pp. 141–142, used 1937 as a base year, and wrote that "1937 itself was a poor year".

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which became the gravest threat since the 1947 food riots. The communists stormed and took over

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and refused to recognize Renner. The British were particularly hostile; even American President

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Caught between Iwan and the Weihnachtsmann: Occupation, the Marshall Plan and Austrian Identity

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Kak byl dostignut proryv v avsriyskom voprose (Как был достигнут прорыв в австрийском вопросе)

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In March 1955, Molotov clarified his plan through a series of consultations with ambassador

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of local Jews. In November, the food shortage sparked workers' strikes in British-occupied

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vocally resisted Soviet expansionist intentions, and his reports to Washington, along with

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during the 1930s. Instead President Karl Renner, with the consent of parliament, appointed

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bodyguards. One-third of State Chancellor Renner's cabinet, including crucial seats of the

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The Politics of Productivity and Corporatism: The Late Marshall Plan in Austria, 1950–1954

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The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947–1952

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An American in Allied-occupied Austria: John Dos Passos Reports on "The Vienna Frontier"

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Berg, p. 169. The Netherlands and Ireland were the second and third with 10.8% and 7.8%.

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was similarly subdivided, but the central district was collectively administered by the

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Berg 2000, pp. 161–162, reviews the studies and sources on alcoholism in Soviet troops.

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According to Sergeev, who was present at the negotiations, Molotov's phrase about the

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and discouraging local farmers, thereby delaying the rebirth of Austrian agriculture.

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generation. Figl's government, the Chambers of Labor, Trade and Agriculture, and the

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men, and 1,655 civilians. In the following weeks the British surrendered over 40,000

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Austria, Germany, and the Cold War: from the Anschluss to the State Treaty 1938–1955

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The Marshall Plan summer: an eyewitness report on Europe and the Russians in 1947

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For a review of evolution of Austrian Social Partnership see Bischof et al. 1996.

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Sowjetische Politik in Österreich 1945–1955. Dokumente aus russischen Archiven

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area of Upper Austria, north of the Danube, were assigned to the Soviet Zone.

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The second stage of the Marshall Plan, which began in 1950, concentrated on

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Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary

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Western powers were stunned. British diplomat and signatory to the treaty,

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As cited in Tweraser 1995, p. 93. See Hogan, p. 415 for the original text.

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Great Britain—Soviet Union—United States: Tripartite Conference in Moscow

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Sowjetische Politik in Österreich 1945–1955: Einleitung zu den Dokumenten

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Bailey, p. 148, wrote "65% of pre-war yield", not actual post-war output.

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Petrov 2009, p. 255, provides a roll of NKVD troops stationed in Austria.

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and to the new government a symbolic cache of small arms, artillery, and

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and called for the creation of a democratic state along the lines of the

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the Swiss model." Molotov also promised the release and repatriation of

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From March 1946 to June 1947, 64% of these rations were provided by the

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indicate countries occupied while the Soviet Union was a member of the

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Conference delegates (January 1944). "Supplement: Official Documents".

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The intimate Diary of an Austrian Interpreter at Moscow Treaty Talks...

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Steininger 2008, p. 123, refers to chancellor Schuschnigg's visit to

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Allied Plans and Policies for the Occupation of Austria, 1938–1955

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For a detailed account of the 1950 strikes see Bader, pp. 155–180.

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which received a bit more than 5% of the vote. The coalition of

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cabinet knew practically nothing about conditions in the West).

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The Marshall Plan and the Making of the Iron Curtain in Austria

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As soon as Hitler's armies were pushed back into Germany, the

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Waltzing into the Cold War: the struggle for occupied Austria

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Bader, p. 165; Williams, p. 115; Carafano 2002, pp. 196–197.

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Austria and America: 20th-Century Cross-Cultural Encounters

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Dancing on a Tight Rope: The Beginning of the Marshall Plan

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Eisterer 2009, p. 201: 2 to 2.5 billion U. S. dollars.

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was returned to Italy. The "thirty-second decision" of the

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Flashpoint Austria: The Communist-Inspired Strikes of 1950

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Plan funds were distributed in Soviet-occupied territory.

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had entered the country to liberate it and annihilate the

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South Tyrol. A Minority Conflict of the Twentieth Century

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The coalition of ÖVP and SPÖ has been since known as the

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in Austria began in the spring of 1946, one year before

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Tweraser 1995, p. 96: the 1951 Benton Amendment to the

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south of the Danube were assigned to the American Zone.

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Steininger 2008, p. 101, cites Eisenhower's letter to

3145:

Lewis, p. 144: "962 million dollars in Marshall Aid".

2805:

Fraberger, Stiefel 2000, p. 80; Komlosy 2000, p. 124.

1310:

to "mop up" Vienna and seal the Czechoslovak border.

1263:

Renner and his ministers were guarded and watched by

4125:

Whithan, Donald Robert; Whithan, Florentine (1991).

2366: 4952: 4833: 4675: 4593: 4527: 4439: 4358: 4189: 594: 520: 510: 496: 486: 475: 461: 448: 435: 425: 412: 394: 378: 366: 354: 340: 324: 312: 298: 282: 270: 258: 246: 234: 220: 202: 190: 167: 143: 133: 123: 34: 3676:The Churchill-Eisenhower Correspondence, 1953–1955 1722:program in the end of 1947 and received the first 1381:Soviet soldiers taking down a Nazi sign in Austria 1190:Soviet rule and reestablishing Austrian government 3024:Bader, p. 160, uses 1937 as the base year (100%). 2080:List of administrators of Allied-occupied Austria 1475:, in which occupation forces changed every month. 4128:Salzburg under siege: U.S. occupation, 1945–1955 4021:Parties and party systems in liberal democracies 3658:. Wien: The Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. 1909:Soviets replaced their military governor with a 1730:, in the American zone, and in British-occupied 1212:'s troops crossed the former Austrian border at 1097:for Germany on 5 June 1945), as a result of the 3778:, 11 July 1955 (v. 39 no. 2), pp. 108–112. 3859:New perspectives on Austrians and World War II 3648:Bordjygov, Gennadij et al. (2005, in German). 3412:on the eve of the Anschluss, 12 February 1938. 3365:dated 22 July 1954. Full text in Boyle, p. 163 1467:Vienna was divided among all four Allies. The 1181:Hitlerite Germany" which could not be evaded. 5014:States and territories disestablished in 1955 4811: 4163: 1066: 859:History of Austria-Hungary during World War I 8: 2327: 2326:Since it was standardized in Austria by the 2065: 1457: 1445: 1295: 1158:until the warming of relations known as the 1109: 41: 3743:Fraberger, Ingrid; Stiefel, Dieter (2000). 2336:Ministry of Education, Science and Research 5029:States and territories established in 1945 4818: 4804: 4796: 4599: 4533: 4445: 4364: 4170: 4156: 4148: 2675:– Wilsford, p. 378 or, alternatively, the 1124:that Austria would instead be regarded as 1073: 1059: 605: 112: 100: 31: 3967:, in: Parker, Joshua and Ralph J. Poole. 3630:Austro-Corporatism: Past, Present, Future 3506: 3504: 3449: 3447: 3445: 2296:American food policy in occupied Germany 2019:Austrians imprisoned in the Soviet Union 1232:, established contact with the Soviets. 3877:Sergeev, Rostislav (2001, in Russian). 3494:was a quote from a speech delivered by 3240: 3238: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3155: 3153: 3151: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2749: 2747: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2590: 2588: 2359: 2319: 619: 608: 474: 221: 27:Post-World War II occupation of Austria 4081: 4071: 3176: 3174: 2687: 2685: 2496:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans 2441: 2439: 2437: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2377: 2375: 2084:American zone: 1331:. Soviet troops engaged in systematic 1220:. On 3 April, at the beginning of the 4979:Northern half of the Korean Peninsula 3992:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 3856:, in: Bischof, Günter et al. (2009). 3831:, in: Bischof, Günter et al. (2000). 3806:. in: Bischof, Günter et al. (2000). 3747:, in: Bischof, Günter et al. (2000). 3577:, in: Bischof, Günter et al. (2000). 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 2067:die ganze österreichische Schweinerei 1489:The election held on 25 November 1945 1484:First general elections after the war 495: 485: 481: 460: 447: 434: 424: 411: 407: 377: 365: 353: 349: 339: 323: 311: 307: 297: 281: 269: 257: 245: 233: 229: 219: 106:Occupation zones in Austria 1945–1955 7: 2391: 2389: 2387: 1805:The British had been quietly arming 1348:French, British, and American troops 2796:Fraberger, Stiefel 2000, pp. 76–77. 1764:Economic Cooperation Administration 1635:) with a German-speaking majority. 1555:the outbreak of the global Cold War 1208:On 29 March 1945, Soviet commander 1185:1945–1946: first year of occupation 1126:the first victim of Nazi aggression 1093:on 27 April 1945 (confirmed by the 4422:Western European broadleaf forests 3703:. Texas A&M University Press. 2492:"The Soviet Occupation of Austria" 1935:In January 1955, Soviet diplomats 1442:were assigned to the British Zone. 1356:The four sectors of occupation in 1269:Secretary of State of the Interior 284:• Soviet Military Occupation 25: 5054:1955 disestablishments in Austria 5019:World War II occupied territories 1146:Whereas Germany was divided into 1105:came into force on 27 July 1955. 4943: 4870:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 3784:The Origins of the Marshall Plan 3725:Austria in the Twentieth Century 3609:Austria in the Twentieth Century 3244:Carafano 2002, pp. 185–186, 187. 2334:, a dictionary published by the 2109:20 September 1950 - 17 July 1952 2009:and the upcoming signing of the 1418:were assigned to the French Zone 1273:Secretary of State for Education 1101:. The occupation ended when the 1042: 854:Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 783:Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg 630: 578: 553: 83: 69: 5039:Austria–United States relations 3945:Austria in the Nineteen Fifties 3716:Austria under Allied Occupation 3627:Bischof, Günter et al. (1996). 3180:Fraberger, Stiefel 2000, p. 85. 3006:Fraberger, Stiefel 2000, p. 83. 2997:Fraberger, Stiefel 2000, p. 82. 2823:Fraberger, Stiefel 2000, p. 77. 2787:Fraberger, Stiefel 2000, p. 76. 2634:(USSR) – Eisterer 2009, p. 197. 2581:http://11tharmoreddivision.com/ 2162:1 August 1950 - 5 February 1954 2101:17 May 1947 - 19 September 1950 1662:Austrian Trade Union Federation 5049:1945 establishments in Austria 5034:Austria–Soviet Union relations 4377:Alps conifer and mixed forests 4044:. Vol. 38. pp. 3–8. 3498:in Berlin on 13 February 1954. 2778:Fraberger, Stiefel 2000, p. 75 2579:History 11th Armored Division 2170:5 February 1954 - 27 July 1955 2154:1 January 1950 - 1 August 1950 1857:in case of a Soviet invasion. 1133:aftermath of World War II 1089:and declared independent from 1: 3942:, in: Bischof, Günter et al. 3535:Austria Between East and West 3399:Steininger 2008, pp. 117–119. 3390:Steininger 2008, pp. 112–113. 3352:Steininger 2008, pp. 110–111. 2219:François Seydoux de Clausonne 2191:September 1950 - October 1954 2146:October 1947 - 1 January 1950 1981:(right) in Moscow, April 1955 1871:1950 Austrian general strikes 1758:of the economy. According to 1333:sexual violence against women 118:Occupation sectors in Austria 5024:Allied occupation of Austria 3834:The Marshall Plan in Austria 3809:The Marshall Plan in Austria 3750:The Marshall Plan in Austria 3580:The Marshall Plan in Austria 2206:October 1954 - February 1955 2183:8 July 1945 - September 1950 1620:Council of Foreign Ministers 1196:Eastern Front (World War II) 1178:German annexation of Austria 1085:Austria was occupied by the 4350:Military history of Austria 4340:Allied-administered Austria 3988:Journal of Cold War Studies 3768:Kindermann, Walter (1955). 3573:Berg, Matthew Paul (2000). 3519:Carafano 2002, pp. 190–191. 3439:Carafano 2002, pp. 193–194. 3343:Eisterer 2009, pp. 202–203. 3198:Carafano 2002, pp. 177–178. 2841:Steininger 2003, pp. 81–82. 2832:Steininger 2003, pp. 79–80. 2330:Österreichisches Wörterbuch 2117:17 July 1952 - 27 July 1955 1837:had largely ended in 1948. 1670:Austrian Social Partnership 1469:historical center of Vienna 561:Austria within Nazi Germany 5075: 4133:Greenwood Publishing Group 4112:Cambridge University Press 4018:Wollinetz, Steven (1988). 4005:Greenwood Publishing Group 3938:Tweraser, Kurt K. (1995). 3532:Bader, William B. (1966). 3207:Bischof 2009, pp. 181–182. 2709:Bischof 2009, pp. 177–178. 2700:Bischof 2009, pp. 176–177. 2275:7 June 1953 - 27 July 1955 2259:10 May 1946 - 2 April 1949 2222:3 June 1955 - 27 July 1955 2077: 1963: 1906:Korean Armistice Agreement 1893: 1794: 1782:per capita than any other 1582: 1493:Communist Party of Austria 1362: 1341:permanent occupation force 1324:propaganda in Nazi Germany 1228:, then living in southern 1224:, the Austrian politician 1193: 1169: 877:Republic of German-Austria 685:Odoacer's Kingdom of Italy 4987: 4941: 4757: 4602: 4536: 4448: 4367: 3997:Wilsford, Robert (1995). 3980:Williams, Warren (2007). 3789:Stanford University Press 3540:Stanford University Press 3100:Tweraser 1995, pp. 92–93. 2534:Petrov 2009, pp. 266–268. 2472:Petrov 2009, pp. 252–253. 2367:Conference delegates 1944 2286:Aftermath of World War II 2251:July 1945 - 25 April 1946 2238:13 April 1945 - July 1945 2214:February 1955 - June 1955 2138:March 1946 - October 1947 2093:5 July 1945 - 16 May 1947 2046:Declaration of Neutrality 1952:guarantees against a new 1446: 532: 506: 482: 471: 408: 399:Aftermath of World War II 390: 350: 336: 308: 294: 230: 111: 99: 65: 60: 4372:Administrative divisions 4320:Federal State of Austria 3963:Wenzl, Bernhard (2017). 3802:Komlosy, Andrea (2000). 3714:Eisterer, Klaus (2009). 3598:Bischof, Günter (2009). 3510:Steininger 2008, p. 131. 3453:Steininger 2008, p. 128. 3421:Steininger 2008, p. 126. 2347:Soviet Interior Ministry 2267:4 May 1949 - 7 June 1953 2064:, who called the affair 2007:Soviet-Yugoslav conflict 1172:Moscow Conference (1943) 948:Second Austrian Republic 897:Federal State of Austria 574:Second Austrian Republic 463:• Last Allies left 4407:Pannonian mixed forests 4310:First Austrian Republic 3852:Petrov, Nikita (2009). 3280:Steininger 2008, p. 96. 2988:Steininger 2008, p. 77. 2850:Steininger 2003, p. 83. 2291:Allied-occupied Germany 1369:Effects of World War II 1246:First Austrian Republic 943:Allied-occupied Austria 882:First Austrian Republic 4994:Allies of World War II 4280:Siege of Vienna (1529) 4260:Margraviate of Austria 3950:Transaction Publishers 3925:Transaction Publishers 3864:Transaction Publishers 3839:Transaction Publishers 3814:Transaction Publishers 3755:Transaction Publishers 3730:Transaction Publishers 3635:Transaction Publishers 3614:Transaction Publishers 3585:Transaction Publishers 3430:Carafano 2002, p. 189. 3334:Carafano 2002, p. 173. 3316:Carafano 2002, p. 184. 3271:Carafano 2002, p. 183. 3253:Eisterer 2009, p. 210. 3232:Carafano 2002, p. 180. 3159:Eisterer 2009, p. 202. 3127:Tweraser 1995, p. 105. 3109:Tweraser 1995, p. 106. 2769:Eisterer 2009, p. 201. 2691:Wollinetz 1988, p. 94. 2594:Eisterer 2009, p. 197. 2570:Carafano 2002, p. 177. 2422:Eisterer 2009, p. 196. 2381:Eisterer 2009, p. 190. 2328: 2130:July 1945 - March 1946 2066: 2040:, and Figl signed the 1982: 1718:Austria finalised its 1589:History of South Tyrol 1515:to Christian Democrat 1458: 1382: 1365:Allies of World War II 1360: 1322:. For years, it said, 1296: 1260: 1141:Allied Control Council 1110: 745:Margraviate of Austria 215:parliamentary republic 42: 5059:Federalism in Austria 5044:History of Vorarlberg 3781:Gimbel, John (1976). 3673:Boyle, Peter (1990). 3262:Bischof 2009, p. 180. 3223:Bischof 2009, p. 181. 3136:Bischof 2009, p. 179. 3118:Tweraser 1995, p. 98. 3091:Tweraser 1995, p. 94. 3060:Tweraser 1995, p. 93. 2753:Bischof 2009, p. 178. 2732:Bischof 2009, p. 173. 2723:Bischof 2009, p. 172. 2648:Bischof 2009, p. 176. 2610:Bischof 2009, p. 177. 2445:Bischof 2009, p. 175. 2413:Bischof 2009, p. 174. 2042:Austrian State Treaty 1973: 1966:Austrian State Treaty 1964:Further information: 1894:Further information: 1833:of Austria's 537,000 1795:Further information: 1583:Further information: 1380: 1363:Further information: 1355: 1255:Soviet troops in the 1254: 1194:Further information: 1170:Further information: 1122:Declaration of Moscow 1103:Austrian State Treaty 452:Austrian State Treaty 248:• American zone 144:Common languages 18:Occupation of Austria 4427:World Heritage Sites 4270:Archduchy of Austria 4026:Taylor & Francis 3827:Lewis, Jill (2000). 2902:Gimbel 1976, p. 163. 2516:Petrov 2009, p. 258. 2463:Petrov 2009, p. 263. 2454:Petrov 2009, p. 260. 2431:Petrov 2009, p. 259. 831:German Confederation 816:Archduchy of Austria 236:• British zone 4661:freedom of religion 4248:Ostrogothic Kingdom 3885:Sovremennaya Evropa 3874:. pp. 250–276. 3849:. pp. 138–155. 3695:Carafano, James Jay 3624:. pp. 162–189. 3595:. pp. 156–184. 3080:Mutual Security Act 3033:Bader, pp. 160–161. 3015:Lewis 2000, p. 138. 2970:Lewis 2000, p. 144. 2961:Lewis 2000, p. 145. 2943:Lewis 2000, p. 148. 2929:Lewis 2000, p. 147. 2911:Lewis 2000, p. 149. 2893:Lewis 2000, p. 143. 2868:Lewis 2000, p. 142. 2814:Lewis 2000, p. 146. 2741:Lewis 2000, p. 139. 2679:– Wollinetz, p. 93. 2498:. 20 September 2021 2242:High Commissioners 2229:Military Commander 2050:Soviet War Memorial 1911:civilian ambassador 1658:hydroelectric power 1624:forced repatriation 1497:Christian Democrats 1491:was a blow for the 1204:Austrian resistance 810:Early modern period 690:Ostrogothic Kingdom 427:• Established 272:• Soviet zone 260:• French zone 155:(national language) 150:(official language) 128:Military occupation 43:Republik Österreich 36:Republic of Austria 4928:Western Belorussia 4827:Soviet occupations 4571:Telecommunications 4315:Austrian Civil War 4295:Congress of Vienna 4290:March Constitution 4209:Kingdom of Noricum 3960:. pp. 91–115. 3824:. pp. 98–137. 3666:. pp. 18–30 ( 3496:John Foster Dulles 2952:Berg 2000, p. 165. 2552:Berg 2000, p. 162. 2301:Soviet occupations 2167:Geoffrey Wallinger 2143:Alexander Galloway 2114:Llewellyn Thompson 2106:Walter J. Donnelly 2074:High commissioners 2038:John Foster Dulles 2026:Geoffrey Wallinger 1983: 1949:Vyacheslav Molotov 1851:Czechoslovak model 1797:Cold War (1947–53) 1675:Austro-corporatism 1666:building consensus 1513:Federal Chancellor 1473:international zone 1383: 1361: 1261: 1200:Soviet occupations 1095:Berlin Declaration 1049:Austria portal 925:National Socialism 798:Duchy of Carinthia 750:House of Babenberg 656:Kingdom of Noricum 515:Austrian schilling 5001: 5000: 4793: 4792: 4753: 4752: 4589: 4588: 4523: 4522: 4515:Political parties 4468:Foreign relations 4435: 4434: 4345:History of Vienna 4275:Habsburg monarchy 4199:Hallstatt culture 4102:Hogan, Michael J. 3765:. pp. 56–97. 3664:978-3-7001-3536-4 3554:Bailey, Thomas A. 3363:Winston Churchill 3307:Williams, p. 126. 3042:Williams, p. 122. 2620:Antoine Béthouart 2525:Eisterer, p. 194. 2264:Vladimir Sviridov 2180:Antoine Béthouart 1947:secretly advised 1546:The Long Telegram 1532:Potsdam Agreement 1257:Schönbrunn Palace 1214:Klostermarienberg 1131:In the immediate 1083: 1082: 907:Ostmark (Austria) 778:Holy Roman Empire 773:House of Habsburg 755:Privilegium Minus 702:Early Middle Ages 647:Hallstatt culture 604: 603: 590: 589: 586: 585: 566: 565: 416:Capture of Vienna 380:• 1953–1955 368:• 1945–1953 326:• 1951–1955 314:• 1945–1950 265:Antoine Béthouart 16:(Redirected from 5066: 4947: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4797: 4773: 4766: 4600: 4534: 4446: 4365: 4265:Duchy of Austria 4172: 4165: 4158: 4149: 4089: 4083: 4079: 4077: 4069: 3977:, pp. 73–80 3915:Steininger, Rolf 3891:Steininger, Rolf 3720:Steininger, Rolf 3604:Steininger, Rolf 3562:. Hoover Press. 3520: 3517: 3511: 3508: 3499: 3488: 3482: 3479: 3473: 3470: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3451: 3440: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3422: 3419: 3413: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3366: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3281: 3278: 3272: 3269: 3263: 3260: 3254: 3251: 3245: 3242: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3208: 3205: 3199: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3169: 3166: 3160: 3157: 3146: 3143: 3137: 3134: 3128: 3125: 3119: 3116: 3110: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3083: 3076: 3070: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3007: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2953: 2950: 2944: 2941: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2912: 2909: 2903: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2878: 2875: 2869: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2851: 2848: 2842: 2839: 2833: 2830: 2824: 2821: 2815: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2779: 2776: 2770: 2767: 2754: 2751: 2742: 2739: 2733: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2710: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2692: 2689: 2680: 2669: 2663: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2635: 2624:Richard McCreery 2617: 2611: 2608: 2595: 2592: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2562: 2559: 2553: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2473: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2455: 2452: 2446: 2443: 2432: 2429: 2423: 2420: 2414: 2411: 2396: 2393: 2382: 2379: 2370: 2364: 2348: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2324: 2256:Vladimir Kurasov 2235:Fyodor Tolbukhin 2204: 2127:Richard McCreery 2069: 2034:Harold Macmillan 1987:Norbert Bischoff 1941:Vladimir Semenov 1915:demarcation line 1835:registered Nazis 1809:, the so-called 1801:Wiederbewaffnung 1760:Michael J. Hogan 1541:George F. Kennan 1521:Fatherland Front 1505:Social Democrats 1471:was declared an 1463: 1451: 1450: 1398:Occupation zones 1329:Battle of Vienna 1301: 1222:Vienna Offensive 1210:Fyodor Tolbukhin 1115: 1099:Vienna offensive 1075: 1068: 1061: 1047: 1046: 1045: 991:Military history 976:Economic history 937:Post-war Austria 788:Duchy of Austria 735:Frankish Kingdom 634: 624: 606: 582: 581: 570: 569: 557: 556: 550: 549: 534: 533: 289:Fyodor Tolbukhin 241:Richard McCreery 180:Eastern Orthodox 116: 104: 87: 73: 55: 54: 53: 45: 32: 21: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5064: 5063: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4983: 4948: 4939: 4923:Western Ukraine 4829: 4824: 4794: 4789: 4776: 4769: 4762: 4749: 4740:Public holidays 4735:National anthem 4671: 4612:Austrian people 4585: 4519: 4431: 4354: 4300:Austria-Hungary 4285:Austrian Empire 4238:Germanic tribes 4185: 4176: 4146: 4097: 4095:Further reading 4092: 4080: 4070: 4050:10.2307/2214037 4039: 3986:(paid access). 3776:Life (magazine) 3722:et al. (2003). 3668:Russian edition 3606:et al. 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793:Duchy of Styria 768: 760: 759: 703: 695: 694: 642: 622: 615: 579: 554: 499: 489: 467:25 October 1955 464: 454: 441: 428: 418: 381: 369: 357: 327: 315: 285: 273: 261: 249: 237: 160: 158:Austro-Bavarian 156: 153:Austrian German 151: 119: 107: 95: 94: 93: 88: 80: 79: 74: 56: 47: 40: 39: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5072: 5070: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5006: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4969: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4949: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4925: 4915: 4910: 4909: 4908: 4896: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4887:Transcarpathia 4882:Czechoslovakia 4879: 4872: 4867: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4845: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4825: 4823: 4822: 4815: 4808: 4800: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4787: 4782: 4775: 4774: 4767: 4759: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4681: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 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3367: 3354: 3345: 3336: 3327: 3318: 3309: 3300: 3291: 3282: 3273: 3264: 3255: 3246: 3234: 3225: 3209: 3200: 3191: 3182: 3170: 3161: 3147: 3138: 3129: 3120: 3111: 3102: 3093: 3084: 3071: 3062: 3053: 3051:Bader, p. 157. 3044: 3035: 3026: 3017: 3008: 2999: 2990: 2981: 2979:Bader, p. 160. 2972: 2963: 2954: 2945: 2931: 2922: 2913: 2904: 2895: 2879: 2870: 2861: 2852: 2843: 2834: 2825: 2816: 2807: 2798: 2789: 2780: 2771: 2755: 2743: 2734: 2725: 2711: 2702: 2693: 2681: 2664: 2650: 2636: 2612: 2596: 2584: 2572: 2563: 2554: 2545: 2536: 2527: 2518: 2509: 2483: 2474: 2465: 2456: 2447: 2433: 2424: 2415: 2397: 2383: 2371: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2340: 2318: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2268: 2260: 2252: 2240: 2239: 2224: 2223: 2215: 2207: 2192: 2184: 2172: 2171: 2163: 2155: 2151:John Winterton 2147: 2139: 2131: 2121:British zone: 2119: 2118: 2110: 2102: 2098:Geoffrey Keyes 2094: 2078:Main article: 2075: 2072: 1961: 1958: 1945:Georgy Pushkin 1937:Andrey Gromyko 1891: 1888: 1842:Andrei Zhdanov 1831:denazification 1792: 1789: 1736:Geoffrey Keyes 1715: 1712: 1686:turned into a 1640: 1637: 1580: 1577: 1485: 1482: 1477: 1476: 1465: 1443: 1429: 1419: 1399: 1396: 1349: 1346: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1167: 1164: 1081: 1080: 1078: 1077: 1070: 1063: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 996:Rail transport 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 962: 959: 958: 955: 954: 951: 950: 945: 939: 936: 935: 932: 931: 928: 927: 921: 918: 917: 914: 913: 910: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 873: 871:Interwar years 870: 869: 866: 865: 862: 861: 856: 850: 847: 846: 843: 842: 839: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 812: 809: 808: 805: 804: 801: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 769: 766: 765: 762: 761: 758: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 704: 701: 700: 697: 696: 693: 692: 687: 682: 677: 659: 649: 643: 640: 639: 636: 635: 627: 626: 617: 616: 609: 602: 601: 596: 592: 591: 588: 587: 584: 583: 576: 567: 564: 563: 558: 546: 545: 540: 530: 529: 524: 518: 517: 512: 508: 507: 504: 503: 500: 497: 494: 493: 490: 487: 484: 483: 480: 479: 473: 472: 469: 468: 465: 462: 459: 458: 455: 449: 446: 445: 442: 437:• End of 436: 433: 432: 429: 426: 423: 422: 419: 413: 410: 409: 406: 405: 396: 395:Historical era 392: 391: 388: 387: 382: 379: 376: 375: 370: 367: 364: 363: 358: 355: 352: 351: 348: 347: 344: 338: 337: 334: 333: 331:Theodor Körner 328: 325: 322: 321: 316: 313: 310: 309: 306: 305: 302: 296: 295: 292: 291: 286: 283: 280: 279: 274: 271: 268: 267: 262: 259: 256: 255: 250: 247: 244: 243: 238: 235: 232: 231: 228: 227: 224: 218: 217: 206: 200: 199: 194: 188: 187: 169: 165: 164: 145: 141: 140: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 117: 109: 108: 105: 97: 96: 89: 82: 81: 75: 68: 67: 66: 63: 62: 58: 57: 38: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5071: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5009: 4995: 4991: 4986: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4966:Northern Iran 4963: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4848:Baltic states 4846: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4821: 4816: 4814: 4809: 4807: 4802: 4801: 4798: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4765: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4632:Ethnic groups 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4325:Austrofascism 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4240: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4173: 4168: 4166: 4161: 4159: 4154: 4153: 4150: 4142: 4141:0-313-28116-5 4138: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4124: 4121: 4120:0-521-37840-0 4117: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4087: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4035: 4034:0-415-01276-7 4031: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4014: 4013:0-313-28623-X 4010: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3959: 3958:1-56000-763-X 3955: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3934: 3933:0-7658-0800-5 3930: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3909:1-84545-326-3 3906: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3876: 3873: 3872:1-4128-0883-9 3869: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3848: 3847:0-7658-0679-7 3844: 3840: 3836: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3823: 3822:0-7658-0679-7 3819: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3798: 3797:0-8047-0903-3 3794: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3780: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3764: 3763:0-7658-0679-7 3760: 3756: 3752: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3738:1-4128-0854-5 3735: 3731: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3710: 3709:1-58544-213-5 3706: 3702: 3701: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3689:0-8078-4951-0 3686: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3647: 3644: 3643:1-56000-833-4 3640: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3623: 3622:1-4128-0854-5 3619: 3615: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3593:0-7658-0679-7 3590: 3586: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3568:0-8179-4201-7 3565: 3561: 3560: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3548:0-8047-0258-6 3545: 3541: 3537: 3536: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3459: 3456: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3410:Berchtesgaden 3405: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3381:Sergeev 2001. 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3340: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3277: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3259: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3201: 3195: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3097: 3094: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3057: 3054: 3048: 3045: 3039: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3021: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2967: 2964: 2958: 2955: 2949: 2946: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2896: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2847: 2844: 2838: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2793: 2790: 2784: 2781: 2775: 2772: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2729: 2726: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2703: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2654: 2651: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2628:Mark W. Clark 2625: 2621: 2616: 2613: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2576: 2573: 2567: 2564: 2558: 2555: 2549: 2546: 2540: 2537: 2531: 2528: 2522: 2519: 2513: 2510: 2497: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2451: 2448: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2419: 2416: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2360: 2354: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2331: 2323: 2320: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2307:The Third Man 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2273: 2272:Ivan Ilyichev 2269: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2231: 2230: 2227: 2226:Soviet zone: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2175: 2174:French zone: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2159:Harold Caccia 2156: 2153: 2152: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2090:Mark W. Clark 2087: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2030:Antoine Pinay 2027: 2022: 2020: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1902:Joseph Stalin 1900:The death of 1897: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1829:members; the 1828: 1825:veterans and 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1811:B-Gendarmerie 1808: 1802: 1798: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1720:Marshall Plan 1714:Marshall Plan 1713: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1704:Marshall Plan 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1679: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1647: 1646:daily rations 1638: 1636: 1634: 1633:Bolzano/Bozen 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1537:Mark W. Clark 1533: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1483: 1481: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1455: 1454:Lower Austria 1449: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1426:Upper Austria 1423: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1406: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1359: 1354: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1299: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1259:gardens, 1945 1258: 1253: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1237: 1235: 1234:Joseph Stalin 1231: 1230:Lower Austria 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1173: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1113: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1057: 1056: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 971: 967: 964: 963: 957: 956: 949: 946: 944: 941: 940: 934: 933: 926: 923: 922: 916: 915: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 892:Austrofascism 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 874: 868: 867: 860: 857: 855: 852: 851: 845: 844: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 813: 807: 806: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 770: 764: 763: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 717: 713: 709: 706: 705: 699: 698: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 675: 671: 667: 663: 660: 657: 653: 650: 648: 645: 644: 641:Early history 638: 637: 633: 629: 628: 625: 618: 613: 607: 600: 597: 595:Today part of 593: 577: 575: 572: 571: 568: 562: 559: 552: 551: 548: 547: 544: 541: 539: 536: 535: 531: 528: 525: 523: 522:ISO 3166 code 519: 516: 513: 509: 505: 501: 491: 478: 470: 466: 456: 453: 443: 440: 431:27 April 1945 430: 421:13 April 1945 420: 417: 404: 400: 397: 393: 389: 386: 383: 374: 371: 362: 359: 345: 343: 335: 332: 329: 320: 317: 303: 301: 293: 290: 287: 278: 275: 266: 263: 254: 253:Mark W. Clark 251: 242: 239: 225: 223: 216: 213: 210: 207: 205: 201: 198: 195: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 170: 166: 163: 159: 154: 149: 146: 142: 139: 136: 132: 129: 126: 122: 115: 110: 103: 98: 92: 86: 78: 72: 64: 59: 51: 44: 33: 30: 19: 4989: 4971: 4964: 4906:East Prussia 4898: 4874: 4841: 4840: 4695:Coat of arms 4685:Architecture 4652:Prostitution 4622:Demographics 4500:Legal system 4478:Human rights 4458:Constitution 4339: 4253:East Francia 4126: 4105: 4041: 4019: 3998: 3981: 3968: 3964: 3943: 3939: 3918: 3894: 3884: 3878: 3857: 3853: 3832: 3828: 3807: 3803: 3782: 3769: 3748: 3744: 3723: 3715: 3698: 3674: 3655: 3649: 3628: 3607: 3599: 3578: 3574: 3557: 3533: 3526:Bibliography 3515: 3491: 3486: 3477: 3468: 3458: 3435: 3426: 3417: 3404: 3395: 3386: 3357: 3348: 3339: 3330: 3321: 3312: 3303: 3294: 3285: 3276: 3267: 3258: 3249: 3228: 3203: 3194: 3185: 3164: 3141: 3132: 3123: 3114: 3105: 3096: 3087: 3074: 3065: 3056: 3047: 3038: 3029: 3020: 3011: 3002: 2993: 2984: 2975: 2966: 2957: 2948: 2925: 2916: 2907: 2898: 2873: 2864: 2855: 2846: 2837: 2828: 2819: 2810: 2801: 2792: 2783: 2774: 2737: 2728: 2705: 2696: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2653: 2615: 2575: 2566: 2557: 2548: 2539: 2530: 2521: 2512: 2500:. 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