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Southern
Hydrate Ridge site is located on the continental slope. Fiber-optic cables provide power and two-way communication to Junction Boxes, which house sensors and geophysical instruments such as seismometers and hydrophones. The three Junction Boxes at the Southern Hydrate Ridge include sensors that image and measure the methane hydrate plumes to help understand the movement and chemistry of these fluids. Junction Boxes paired with Cabled Deep and Shallow Profiler Moorings at the slope base site take observations throughout the water column from seafloor to ocean surface. Seafloor infrastructure includes a broadband seismometer and low frequency hydrophone to monitor local and far-field seismic events. All infrastructure is connected to the cable for power and real-time data flow coupled with live communications that permit event-response capabilities. Broadband hydrophones on the moorings from Axial to the Oregon Shelf site delineate mammal vocalizations, and sounds made by human activities.
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Ocean
Research and Education (CORE). The Program Office subsequently transitioned solely to JOI, which then merged with CORE to form the Consortium for Ocean Leadership in 2007. In 2005, the OOI Project Office asked for the ocean research community's help in developing the OOI network design by soliciting Request for Assistance (RFA) proposals that resulted in 48 proposals, representing the thoughts and ideas of more than 550 investigators and direct participants, and the involvement of over 130 separate educational and research institutions. Using the responses from the RFA process and associated review results, the OOI ORION Project Office and the external Science & Technical Advisory Committee developed an initial Conceptual Network Design (CND) for the OOI, which then served as the focus at an OOI Design and Implementation Workshop in March 2006.
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an OOI Surface
Mooring. Instead the subsurface Global Hybrid Profiler Mooring is co-located with the NOAA PMEL Surface Mooring at one corner of the triangle. Similar to the Global Irminger Sea Array, the other two corners are occupied by subsurface Global Flanking Moorings. The moorings are supplemented by open-ocean gliders that collect data on spatial variability in and around the array and vertically profiling gliders that sample the waters above the subsurface moorings. Data from the gliders is transmitted wirelessly though an acoustic modem from the moorings to a satellite for transmission to OOI's servers. Shore-based control of the gliders and certain parts of the array is used to collect data on sudden events or environmental changes.
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The other two sites consist of subsurface Global
Flanking Moorings. The water above the subsurface Global Hybrid Profiler Mooring is sampled by vertically profiling gliders. The water in and around the array is sampled by open-ocean gliders collecting data on spatial variability. Data from the gliders is transmitted wirelessly though an acoustic modem to the moorings and to a satellite for transmission to OOI's servers. Wireless reprogramming of the gliders and certain parts of the array is also possible to collect data on sudden events or environmental changes.
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391:(AUVs) sample the frontal region in the vicinity of the moored array and five coastal gliders resolve mesoscale features on the outer shelf and the slope sea between the shelf break front and the Gulf Stream. Two profiling gliders have acted as moorings by sampling at a single point. Gliders monitor a total area of 185 km by 130 km. Nominal AUV missions sample in the along-shelf and cross-shelf directions in two 14 km by 47 km rectangles.
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across 47 km of continental shelf. The mooring sites are located 9.2 km to 17.5 km apart from each other. Three of the seven sites contain paired moorings. In its initial location south of Cape Cod, the
Pioneer is embedded within an established regional observing system. The Pioneer Array is planned to move from place to place over approximately five-year intervals to characterize processes in different coastal ocean environments.
53:) in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. This networked infrastructure measures physical, chemical, geological, and biological variables from the seafloor to the sea surface and overlying atmosphere, providing an integrated data collection system on coastal, regional and global scales. OOI's goal is to deliver data and data products for a 25-year-plus time period, enabling a better understanding of ocean environments and critical ocean issues.
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column, supporting methane-oxidizing bacteria and larger organisms. As a potent greenhouse gas, it is also important to quantify methane released into the atmosphere. Destabilization of methane hydrates may also lead to slope failures, representing significant geohazards. New overview and quantification sonars funded by
Germany through the Bremen University, for the first time, image all methane plumes emanating from Southern Hydrate Ridge.
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of
Newport, Oregon and sits at a depth of 2900 m. It hosts both seafloor and instrumented profiling moorings and allows investigation of the variability and interactions of deep ocean waters, the California Current, and upwelling. It provides the foundation for making connections of transport up the slope and understanding the connection of deep to shallow processes acting at the Oregon Offshore Site.
452:(the Washington Line). The site for the Oregon Line was selected because it is close to the historic Newport Hydrographic Line, along which regular oceanographic sampling has occurred since 1961. The site of the Washington Line was selected as a companion line to the north. Both areas are influenced by the nearby Columbia River plume, the largest source of freshwater to the US west coast.
65:(ION) in 1993. The ION national committee was formed in 1995 and later expanded into the Dynamics of Earth and Ocean Systems (DEOS) committee, tasked with providing a focus for exploratory planning for an ocean observatory network. In 2003 the Pew Oceans Commission recommended changes designed to improve society's use and stewardship of, and impact on, the coastal and global ocean.
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key coastal and open-ocean components (moorings, buoys, sensors), award of the primary seafloor cable contract, completion of a shore station for power and data, and software development for sensor interfaces to the network. Subsequent years of funding supported the design, build, and deployment of coastal, deep-ocean, and seafloor systems.
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The
Continental Margin Array includes infrastructure located on the continental slope and continental slope base that connects to the Endurance Array Oregon Line at the Offshore and Shelf sites. The Oregon slope base site is located by the Cascadia subduction zone, just off the continental slope. The
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The
Irminger Sea Array includes a set of four moorings. With a distance between moorings approximately ten times that of the water depth, the array is able to collect data on the mesoscale variability. One mooring site consists of a paired Global Surface and subsurface Global Hybrid Profiler mooring.
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Glider observations span 500 km from northern
Washington (~48°N) to Coos Bay, Oregon (~43°N). Gliders sample from 20 m isobaths between the mooring lines along one north–south transect at 126°W and five east–west transects out to 126°W or to 128°W for transects intersecting with the arrays. Some
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The Pioneer Array provides a three-dimensional view of key biophysical interactions at the shelf break using its flexible, multiplatform array that combines moored and mobile components with high spatial and temporal resolution. The array includes seven sites of moorings that span along 9 km and
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In 2018, in keeping with some of the recommendations laid out in Sea Change: 2015-2025 Decadal Survey of Ocean Sciences, the Argentine Basin Array was descoped and the Southern Ocean Array was reduced in scope to the surface mooring only, which was later removed in 2020. All OOI data collected at the
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In 2007, the National Science and Technology Council's Joint Subcommittee on Ocean Science and Technology developed an Ocean Research Priorities Strategy (ORPS), which provides a research investment framework to advance understanding of ocean processes and interactions that facilitate responsible use
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Raw data from the arrays are transmitted to operations centers located in Pacific City (Regional Cabled Array), Oregon State University (uncabled instruments on the Pacific Coast), or Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (uncabled instruments on the Atlantic coast). The data are then uploaded to the
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At the Axial Base site, junction boxes are paired with a Cabled Deep Profiler Mooring and a Cabled Shallow Profiler Mooring. The Cabled Deep Profiler Mooring contains a Wire-Following Profiler that samples the water column from 150 m below the surface to near bottom (up to 2600 m, depending on water
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Seven large seafloor substations (Primary Nodes) provide power and bandwidth to six sites that include those on the Oregon shelf and Offshore sites of the Endurance Array. Two additional sites span the continental margin to the base of the slope. The slope base site is located about 125 km west
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The OOI Regional Scale Nodes focus on two primary study sites (Hydrate Ridge and Axial Seamount) with the potential for future expansion to other sites. Credit: OOI Regional Scale Nodes program and Center for Environmental Visualization, University of Washington. Disclaimer: all data are subject to
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Observations from these high latitude areas are critical to understanding ocean circulation and climate change processes. The global arrays include moorings composed of fixed and moving sensors that measure air-sea fluxes of heat, moisture, and momentum—as well as physical, biological, and chemical
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Locations of the global arrays were selected by a team of scientists (~300 people) based on regions that are under-sampled and subject to extreme conditions (e.g., high winds and sea states) that are challenging for continuous or even frequent ship-based measurements. The planned global study sites
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Coastal Pioneer Array data enable scientists to examine how exchange processes structure physical, chemical and biological properties over the continental shelf and slope. Continuous rapid sampling at intervals of hours to days over multiple spatial scales (meters to hundreds of kilometers) provides
76:
In August 2006, NSF convened a Conceptual Design Review (CDR) to assess the Project's technical feasibility and budget, the Project's Management Plan, including schedules and milestones, and education and outreach plans. The CDR Panel affirmed that the OOI, as proposed, would transform oceanographic
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Momentum for research-oriented ocean observing built with two National Research Council (NRC) studies in 2000 and 2003 ("Illuminating the Hidden Planet: The Future of Seafloor Observatory Science" and "Enabling Ocean Research in the 21st Century" ), and a series of community workshops. In 2000, the
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The Global Station Papa Array is a set of three moorings. With a distance between moorings approximately ten times that of the water depth, the array is able to collect data on the mesoscale variability. Unlike the design of the Global Irminger Sea Array, the Global Station Papa array does not have
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The frontal region is associated with along- and cross-shelf transport of heat, freshwater, nutrients, and carbon. These fluxes control water mass and ecosystem characteristics in multiple regions. Many of the processes along the shelf-break front evolve rapidly and occur over short spatial scales.
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The coastal ocean is host to a variety of dynamic and heterogeneous processes, including human influences, which often strongly interact. Better understanding of these complex and intertwined relationships and their impacts will aid mastery and management of coastal resources in a changing climate.
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The first year of funding under the Cooperative Agreement supported a range of construction efforts performed by the Marine Implementing Organizations (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, University of Washington, and Oregon State University), including production, engineering, and prototyping of
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In late 2007, the OOI project completed its Preliminary Design Review and in 2008 completed its Final Network Design Review resulting in the Final Network Design. In May 2009, the National Science Board authorized the Director of NSF to award funds for the construction and initial operation of the
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The OOI CI has been in operation since 2013. As of May 2020, it has collected and curated 36 terabytes of data and has served over 189 million requests to users from more than 100 countries. All raw and processed datasets are made available online to users and a full archive of all raw datasets is
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The Axial Caldera site has five medium-power junction boxes that contain data-collecting instruments. Seismometers and hydrophones collect geophysical data. Pressure-tilt devices detect changes in seafloor height and angle associated with the inflation and deflation of the magma chambers. Several
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The Axial Caldera site is located on the summit of the seamount 1500 m below the sea surface. The observatory at the Axial Seamount is the most advanced underwater volcanic observatory in the world. Instrumentation at the Cabled Axial Seamount Array facilitate study of seismic activity, volcanic
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The platforms and sensors are connected by approximately 900 kilometers (560 miles) of electro-optical cable. The design provides high power (10 kV, 8 kW) and bandwidth (10 GbE) to sensor arrays on the seafloor and throughout the water column using moorings with instrumented wire-following
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In 2004, the NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) established the OOI Project Office under the Ocean Research Interactive Observatory Network (ORION) to coordinate further OOI planning between two independent but complementary groups, Joint Oceanographic Institutions (JOI) and Consortium for
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Southern Hydrate Ridge is located in a region of buried deposits of methane hydrates and, more rarely, hydrates exposed on the seafloor. Methane-rich fluids and bubble plumes emitted from these seeps support dense benthic microbial communities and may provide a carbon source for the upper water
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Geophysical observations at the Slope Base site detect seismic and tsunami events associated with earthquakes along the Cascadia subduction zone and far field. This site also contains seafloor infrastructure and moorings with instrumented profilers designed to observe the deeper portions of the
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Locations of OOI's global arrays were selected by a team of roughly 300 scientists to target regions that were under-sampled and subject to extreme conditions (e.g., high winds and sea states) that were challenging for continuous or even frequent ship-based measurements. The originally planned
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Further refinement of the design based on engineering best-practices and financial reviews caused the initial CND to be revisited. The OOI Project Office working with the OOI advisory committees, consisting of unconflicted members of the community, and in consultation with NSF, then generated a
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The three moorings of the array are co-located with the Ocean Station Papa surface buoy, which is maintained by the NOAA PMEL. This region is known for its productive fishery and low eddy variability, but it suffers from extreme vulnerability to ocean acidification. Continuous measurements of
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The Coastal Endurance Array, located on the continental shelf and slope off Oregon and Washington, provides a long-term network of moorings, benthic nodes, cabled and uncabled sensors and gliders. It is part of a larger network of observatories on the Pacific Coast which also includes the OOI
591:, making the RCA the first U.S. ocean observatory to span a tectonic plate. Its observations allow for the in-depth study of volcanic activity, methane seeps, hydrothermal vents, and submarine earthquakes, as well as biological, chemical, and physical processes in the overlying water column.
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The OOI is composed of two coastal arrays (Coastal Pioneer Array and Coastal Endurance Array), two global arrays (Global Irminger Sea Array and Global Station Papa Array), the Regional Cabled Array (RCA), and Cyberinfrastructure. Data continue to be served from the discontinued arrays in the
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The coastal observatory includes a long-term Endurance Array in the Eastern Pacific and a re-locatable Pioneer Array in the Western Atlantic. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution installed and operates the Pioneer Array. Oregon State University installed and operates the Endurance Array.
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depth). The Cabled Shallow Profiler Mooring samples shallow waters (200 m to just below the surface) with an instrumented science pod. Seafloor infrastructure, such as a broadband seismometer and low-frequency hydrophone, allows the RCA to monitor local and far-field seismic events.
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profilers, 200 m instrumented platforms and winched profilers. The cables provide two-way real-time communication between the seafloor and water column instrumentation and the shore station in Pacific City, Oregon. The RCA was installed and operated by the University of Washington.
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Turbulent mixing plays a critical role in the transfer of materials within the ocean and in the exchange of energy and gases between the ocean and atmosphere. Horizontal and vertical mixing within the ocean can have a profound effect on a wide variety of biological processes.
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interacts with the subpolar gyre, making this site an important place where heat, salt, gasses, and biota are transported. Data collection aims to find connections between ocean dynamics, ecosystems, and climate at a range of scales, from basin to regional level.
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The Global Station Papa Array, located in the Gulf of Alaska, includes two subsurface flanking moorings and a surface mooring maintained by the NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. Credit: Center for Environmental Visualization, University of
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The Continental Margin portion of the RCA, located west of Newport, Oregon, focuses on observations of biogeochemical and physical oceanographic processes, coastal ecosystems, methane seeps/hydrate deposits, and seismic events along the
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The Coastal Pioneer Array, located on the Mid-Atlantic Bight south of Cape Cod, will soon be moved further south on the Mid-Atlantic Bight, off the coast of North Carolina. Credit: Center for Environmental Visualization, University of
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There are two global arrays currently in operation (Global Irminger Sea Array and Global Station Papa Array). The Argentine Basin and the Southern Ocean Arrays were removed, but their data remain available through OOI's data portal.
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The OOI was commissioned and accepted by the NSF in 2016 and data from more than 900 sensors at the seven sites became freely available for download in and near-real time online. The annual budget is approximately $ 44 million.
69:
National Science Board (NSB) approved the OOI as a potential Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction project for inclusion in a future National Science Foundation budget, which allowed for focused planning efforts.
1115:"National Science and Technology Council's Joint Subcommittee on Ocean Science and Technology. 2006. Charting the Course for Ocean Science for the United States for the Next Decade: An Ocean Research Priorities Strategy (ORPP)"
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The Global Irminger Sea Array is located in the North Atlantic off the southern tip of Greenland. High winds and waves drive strong atmosphere-ocean interactions, including energy and gas exchanges that contribute to
477:; and Station Papa. The Global Argentine Basin Array and the Global Southern Ocean Array were decommissioned in 2018 and 2020, respectively. The global arrays are developed and operated by Woods Hole and Scripps.
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The Axial Seamount portion of the Regional Cabled Array includes infrastructure located at the base and inside the caldera of the Axial Seamount. Credit: Center for Environmental Visualization, University of
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The OOI Cyberinfrastructure (CI) manages and integrates data from more than 800 instruments deployed across the five ongoing ocean arrays, linking the marine infrastructure to the global community of users.
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Quantifying the air-sea exchange of energy and mass, especially during high winds (greater than 20 meters-per-second), is critical to providing estimates of energy and gas exchange between the surface and
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The Global Station Papa Array is located in the Gulf of Alaska North of the Coastal Endurance and Regional Cabled Arrays. The array is part of a larger network of observatories in the Northeast Pacific.
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California Current, biogeochemical processes in the overlying water column including ocean acidification and thin layers, and topographic forcing of ocean waters induced by steep, rough topography.
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The Mid-Atlantic Bight shelf-break front is a persistent oceanographic feature associated with the changing bathymetry of the continental shelf and slope. The frontal region is influenced by
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is responsible for the Coastal & Global Scale Nodes, which includes the Coastal Pioneer Array and two Global Arrays, including their associated moorings, autonomous vehicles, and sensors.
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The Coastal Endurance Washington Line, one of two lines of moorings off the coasts of Washington and Oregon. Credit: Center for Environmental Visualization, University of Washington.
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As early as 1987, the ocean sciences community began discussions about the science, design concepts, and engineering of ocean research observatories, leading to the formation of the
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The OOI Continental Slope Base site is located off the coast of Oregon near the Cascadia Subduction zone. Credit: Center for Environmental Visualization, University of Washington.
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stored in multiple locations. OOI data quality control procedures were designed with the goal of meeting the IOOS Quality Assurance of Real Time Ocean Data (QARTOD) standards.
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Endurance Array Oregon Line infrastructure connects to the RSN cabled network to provide enhanced power and communications for observing water column and seafloor processes.
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The Global Irminger Sea Array, located off the coast of Greenland, consists of three moorings. Credit: Center for Environmental Visualization, University of Washington.
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operates on the northern Juan de Fuca plate. Together these observatories enable long-term, plate-scale seafloor and ocean investigations in the Northeast Pacific.
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Fiber-optic cables provide power and two-way real-time communication to the instruments from the shore. Live communication allows event response capabilities.
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In October 2018, the Program Management office of the OOI shifted from the Consortium for Ocean Leadership to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
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OOI. In September 2009, NSF and the Consortium for Ocean Leadership signed a Cooperative Agreement that initiated the construction phase of the OOI.
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OOI's cyberinfrastructure manages and integrates the data collected from the instruments on the arrays. Credit: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
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in cross-shelf exchange. Technologies that gather data in the coastal region include moored buoys with fixed sensors, moored vertical profilers,
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OOI Seafloor processes. Image Credit: OOI Regional Cabled Array program and the Center for Environmental Visualization, University of Washington
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global study sites include instrumented moorings and gliders in four locations: Argentine Basin, Irminger Sea, Southern Ocean, and Station Papa.
183:. Understanding how these processes change in current and future conditions is a key motivation for collecting multidisciplinary observations.
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physical, biological, and chemical properties will help monitor mesoscale and large-scale patterns such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation.
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The Regional Cabled Array (RCA) consists of cabled arrays of ocean observing sensors in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. The RCA crosses the
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of the ocean environment. The ORPS identified three cross-cutting elements, one of which is ocean observing for research and management.
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Smith, Leslie; Barth, John; Kelley, Deborah; Plueddemann, Al; Rodero, Ivan; Ulses, Greg; Vardaro, Michael; Weller, Robert (March 2018).
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257:. Thermal circulation and reactivity of seawater-derived fluids can modify the composition of oceanic plates, lead to the formation of
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is in the process of being transferred to the Data Explorer portal. Access to data and subsets of data is also available through the
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Map of OOI's arrays that continuously collect ocean data. Credit: Center for Environmental Visualization, University of Washington
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The Axial Seamount portion of the RCA is located more than 500 km offshore and includes sites located within the caldera of
725:. These instruments span broad science investigations into crustal deformation at the volcano with follow-on studies focused on
710:, and how the temperature and chemical changes associated with volcanic activity affect microbial and macrofaunal communities.
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Trowbridge, John; Weller, Robert; Kelley, Deborah; Dever, Edward; Plueddemann, Albert; Barth, John A.; Kawka, Orest (2019).
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The Coastal Pioneer Array is a network of platforms and sensors that operate on the continental shelf and slope south of
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movements and interactions at plate boundaries at or beneath the seafloor are responsible for short-term events such as
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types of instruments including cameras, sensors, and a 3D thermistor array are used to study the hydrothermal vents.
120:(WHOI), with four organizations responsible for operations and maintenance of specific components of the OOI system.
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Delaney, J.R (1987). "Scientific Rationale for Establishing Long-Term Ocean Bottom Observatory/Laboratory Systems".
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606:, an area of massive sub-seafloor gas-hydrate deposits and fluxes of methane from the seafloor into the ocean, and
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1202:; Jahnke, Richard; Moline, Mark; Detrick, Robert; Luther, Doug; Matsumoto, George; Mayer, Larry; Raybould, Keith.
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earthquakes. New instruments funded by NASA will also provide insights into the search for life on other planets.
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1515:"Scientific rationale and conceptual design of a process-oriented shelfbreak observatory: the OOI Pioneer Array"
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research in the coming decades, and that the CND provided a good starting point for developing the OOI network.
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432:) patterns. Instruments examine wind-driven upwelling and downwelling dynamics as well as the influence of the
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351:, Massachusetts. In 2024, the Coastal Pioneer Array was relocated to the southern Mid-Atlantic Bight, between
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Coastal arrays provide sustained, adaptable access to complex coastal systems. Coastal arrays extend from the
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is responsible for the Regional Cabled Array, including its cabled seafloor systems, moorings, and sensors.
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properties of the water column. Each array also includes gliders to sample within the array's footprint.
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Daly, K., R. Jahnke, M. Moline, R. Detrick, D. Luther, G. Matsumoto, L. Mayer, K. Raybould. May 2006.
237:. These regions are also host to the densest hydrothermal and biological activity in the ocean basins.
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boundaries influence the ocean from physical, chemical and biological perspectives to varying degrees.
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1310:"NSF Awards Contract to Group Led by WHOI to Continue Operation of Ocean Observatories Initiative"
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Orcutt, J.A; Berger, J; Vernon, F.L. (2002). "Stable platform designs for global DEOS moorings".
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insight into oceanographic processes that occur through more than one seasonal or annual cycle.
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Enabling Ocean Research in the 21st Century: Implementation of a Network of Ocean Observatories
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The sites and platforms of the OOI components target the following key scientific processes:
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888:"Pew Oceans Commission. May 2003. America's Living Oceans: Charting a Course for Sea Change"
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Infrastructure within the caldera has also been augmented by instruments with funding from
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1293:"Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) Science Plan: Exciting Opportunities Using OOI Data"
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is responsible for the Coastal Endurance Array moorings, autonomous vehicles, and sensors.
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and the region's high biological productivity and fisheries. This area is also a site of
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and improving the predictive capability of storm forecasting and climate change models.
1032:"Building a Window to the Sea: Ocean Research Interactive Observatory Networks (ORION)"
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Argentine Basin and Southern Ocean sites continue to be served on the OOI website.
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and at its base. The Axial Seamount is an active submarine volcano and on the
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1074:"Global Conceptual Network Design for ORION's Ocean Observatories Initiative"
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1764:"Ocean Observatories Initiative Deploys First Global Site in Gulf of Alaska"
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that support unique micro- and macro-biological communities and concentrate
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The OOI Program is managed and coordinated by the OOI Project Office at the
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Illuminating the Hidden Planet: The Future of Seafloor Observatory Science
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OOI Environmental Research Division Data Access Program (ERDDAP) server
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is the primary tool to access datasets. Previous data from the
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1464:"Pioneer Array to Move to Southern Mid-Atlantic Bight in 2024"
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included instrumented moorings and gliders in four locations:
1841:"Explosive Bubble Plume Emissions from Souther Hydrate Ridge"
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Regional Cabled Array, the OOI Global Station Papa Array and
294:, allowing scientists to examine coastal processes including
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The Axial Base site is an open-ocean environment where the
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Sea Change: 2015–2025 Decadal Survey of Ocean Sciences
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The array consists of two lines of moorings, one off
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Fluid-rock interactions and the subseafloor biosphere
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Climate variability, ocean circulation and ecosystems
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and Norfolk Canyon off the coast of North Carolina.
302:, shelf break fronts, and the role of filaments and
1942:"Community Expansion of the Regional Cabled Array"
1030:Schofield, Oscar; Tivey, Margaret K. (June 2004).
424:The array focuses on observing inter-annual (e.g.
2023:University of Washington – OOI Regional Component
1159:Consortium for Ocean Leadership (22 April 2010).
1513:Gawarkiewicz, Glen; Plueddemann, Albert (2020).
1182:"Ocean Observatories Initiative Receives Award"
1091:"Subcommittee on Ocean Science and Technology"
610:, the most magmatically robust volcano on the
2018:Oregon State University – OOI Endurance Array
1281:. National Academies Press. 2015. p. 11.
1226:"US ocean-observing project launches at last"
1204:". Design and Implementation Workshop Report"
614:spreading center that erupted in April 2011.
187:Turbulent mixing and biophysical interactions
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410:NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
868:. American Geophysical Union: OS61B–0223.
807:OOI Machine to Machine (M2M) API Interface
19:"OOI" redirects here. For other uses, see
1636:Design and Implementation Workshop Report
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831:. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 389–411.
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515:formation, important to the large-scale
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1123:Office of Science and Technology Policy
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819:
145:is responsible for the OOI data center.
2013:Ocean Observatories Initiative Website
1910:
1908:
1906:
1816:"OOI Station map Regional Scale Nodes"
1362:"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"
1012:
1002:
965:
955:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1671:
1669:
1570:
1568:
1508:
1506:
1479:
1477:
1407:
1405:
1403:
196:Coastal ocean dynamics and ecosystems
7:
1603:"The Ocean Observatories Initiative"
1414:"The Ocean Observatories Initiative"
1394:"OOI Data Center Transferred to OSU"
1314:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
448:(the Oregon Line) and the other off
278:Argentine Basin and Southern Ocean.
125:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
118:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
1519:Journal of Operational Oceanography
2028:Ocean Observatories Facility Board
983:National Research Council (2003).
936:National Research Council (2000).
14:
1867:"Cabled Continental Margin Array"
40:National Science Foundation (NSF)
989:. The National Academies Press.
942:. The National Academies Press.
602:Other sites in the RCA focus on
265:to form massive methane gas and
1713:from the original on 2012-05-08
1224:Witze, Alexandra (2016-06-09).
1186:Consortium for Ocean Leadership
629:Cabled Continental Margin Array
371:rings, meanders and filaments.
1989:Ocean Observatories Initiative
1971:Ocean Observatories Initiative
1920:Ocean Observatories Initiative
1871:Ocean Observatories Initiative
1845:Ocean Observatories Initiative
1794:Ocean Observatories Initiative
1768:Ocean Observatories Initiative
1742:Ocean Observatories Initiative
1707:Ocean Observatories Initiative
1681:Ocean Observatories Initiative
1652:Ocean Observatories Initiative
1580:Ocean Observatories Initiative
1489:Ocean Observatories Initiative
1468:Ocean Observatories Initiative
1340:Ocean Observatories Initiative
1168:Ocean Observatories Initiative
1146:Ocean Observatories Initiative
706:, formation and alteration of
389:autonomous underwater vehicles
312:autonomous underwater vehicles
213:Plate-scale, ocean geodynamics
36:Ocean Observatories Initiative
16:Network of ocean observatories
1:
1916:"Cabled Axial Seamount Array"
1703:"Global Southern Ocean Array"
1540:10.1080/1755876X.2019.1679609
253:on Earth and supports a vast
837:10.1007/978-94-009-3803-8_27
426:El Niño-Southern Oscillation
175:Climate variability affects
1738:"Global Station Papa Array"
1677:"Global Irminger Sea Array"
1418:Frontiers in Marine Science
1142:"Preliminary Design Review"
681:Cabled Axial Seamount Array
568:Regional Cabled Array (RCA)
430:Pacific Decadal Oscillation
63:International Ocean Network
2069:
862:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
580:
436:on the coastal ecosystem.
18:
1576:"Coastal Endurance Array"
651:west of Newport, Oregon.
532:Global Station Papa Array
513:North Atlantic Deep Water
485:Global Irminger Sea Array
412:(PMEL) Surface Buoy, and
282:Coastal and Global Arrays
158:Ocean-atmosphere exchange
1648:"Global Argentine Basin"
1622:10.5670/oceanog.2018.105
1431:10.3389/fmars.2019.00074
727:Cascadia Subduction Zone
719:Office of Naval Research
649:Cascadia subduction zone
621:cabled observatory that
617:The RCA complements the
577:revision without notice.
517:thermohaline circulation
450:Grays Harbor, Washington
137:University of Washington
112:Organizational structure
1790:"Regional Cabled Array"
1485:"Coastal Pioneer Array"
1049:10.5670/oceanog.2004.59
799:Analytical Data Archive
403:Coastal Endurance Array
143:Oregon State University
131:Oregon State University
49:platforms and sensors (
43:Major Research Facility
1893:"Broadband Hydrophone"
1161:"Final Network Design"
770:
677:
638:
604:Southern Hydrate Ridge
578:
542:
494:
399:
336:
209:
31:
2048:Physical oceanography
1967:"Cyberinfrastructure"
768:
734:North Pacific Current
686:Scientific Motivation
674:
642:Scientific Motivation
636:
623:Ocean Networks Canada
575:
546:Scientific Motivation
539:
498:Scientific Motivation
492:
420:Scientific Motivation
414:Ocean Networks Canada
397:
363:Scientific motivation
333:
326:Coastal Pioneer Array
249:contains the largest
207:
29:
1376:"Interactive Oceans"
1336:"Program Management"
583:Regional Scale Nodes
428:) and decadal (e.g.
21:OOI (disambiguation)
2053:Cyberinfrastructure
1744:. 29 September 2015
1683:. 29 September 2015
1654:. 30 September 2015
1582:. 30 September 2015
1531:2020JOO....13...19G
1491:. 30 September 2015
1316:. 19 September 2018
1242:2016Natur.534..159W
1188:. 2 September 2009.
874:2002AGUFMOS61B0223O
761:Cyberinfrastructure
51:ocean observatories
1946:Interactive Oceans
1897:Interactive Oceans
1847:. 13 December 2019
1380:Interactive Oceans
771:
738:California Current
704:hydrothermal vents
698:spreading center.
696:Juan de Fuca Ridge
678:
639:
612:Juan de Fuca Ridge
589:Juan de Fuca plate
579:
543:
495:
400:
345:Mid-Atlantic Bight
337:
259:hydrothermal vents
235:volcanic eruptions
210:
32:
1236:(7606): 159–160.
1128:National Archives
1101:National Archives
846:978-94-010-8192-4
787:OOI Data Explorer
292:continental slope
288:continental shelf
181:marine ecosystems
177:ocean circulation
2060:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1963:
1957:
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1952:
1938:
1932:
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1878:
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1828:
1827:
1818:. Archived from
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1801:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1770:. 13 August 2013
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1211:Ocean Leadership
1208:
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1000:
980:
974:
973:
967:
963:
961:
953:
933:
927:
926:
924:
923:
918:on April 7, 2014
914:. Archived from
908:
902:
901:
899:
893:. Archived from
892:
884:
878:
877:
857:
851:
850:
824:
795:Raw Data Archive
519:of ocean water.
2068:
2067:
2063:
2062:
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2059:
2058:
2057:
2033:
2032:
2009:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1965:
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1494:
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1475:
1470:. 20 June 2021.
1462:
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1392:
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1387:
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1307:
1303:
1298:. January 2021.
1295:
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1290:
1286:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1251:10.1038/534159a
1223:
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1218:
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1198:
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1148:. 14 June 2010.
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829:Marine Minerals
826:
825:
821:
817:
791:OOI Data Portal
763:
747:
688:
683:
665:
644:
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570:
561:
548:
534:
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508:
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467:Argentine Basin
462:
446:Newport, Oregon
442:
422:
416:observatories.
405:
381:
365:
328:
308:seafloor cables
284:
275:
267:methane hydrate
243:
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59:
47:ocean observing
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2035:
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2025:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2007:External links
2005:
2003:
2002:
1976:
1973:. 5 June 2010.
1958:
1933:
1922:. 27 July 2016
1902:
1884:
1873:. 27 July 2016
1858:
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1342:. 14 June 2010
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1042:(2): 113–120.
1022:
1013:|website=
995:
975:
966:|website=
948:
928:
903:
900:on 2012-02-07.
879:
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692:Axial Seamount
687:
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608:Axial Seamount
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1991:. 14 May 2010
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708:oceanic crust
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509:sequestration
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460:Global Arrays
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81:revised CND.
78:
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52:
48:
44:
41:
37:
28:
22:
2043:Oceanography
1993:. Retrieved
1988:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1949:. Retrieved
1945:
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1919:
1896:
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1870:
1861:
1849:. Retrieved
1844:
1835:
1824:. Retrieved
1820:the original
1810:
1798:. Retrieved
1793:
1784:
1772:. Retrieved
1767:
1758:
1746:. Retrieved
1741:
1715:. Retrieved
1706:
1697:
1685:. Retrieved
1680:
1656:. Retrieved
1651:
1642:
1630:
1613:
1610:Oceanography
1609:
1596:
1584:. Retrieved
1579:
1525:(1): 19–36.
1522:
1518:
1493:. Retrieved
1488:
1467:
1458:
1421:
1417:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1356:
1344:. Retrieved
1339:
1330:
1318:. Retrieved
1313:
1304:
1287:
1274:
1268:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1210:
1200:Daly, Kendra
1194:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1126:– via
1121:
1109:
1099:– via
1094:
1085:
1068:
1039:
1036:Oceanography
1035:
1025:
985:
978:
938:
931:
920:. Retrieved
916:the original
906:
895:the original
882:
865:
861:
855:
828:
822:
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780:
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772:
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748:
731:
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689:
666:
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479:
471:Irminger Sea
463:
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443:
423:
406:
386:
382:
373:
366:
357:
338:
320:
316:
285:
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269:reservoirs.
244:
223:Lithospheric
216:
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115:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
60:
35:
33:
1985:"About OOI"
702:eruptions,
676:Washington.
541:Washington.
369:Gulf Stream
341:New England
335:Washington.
227:earthquakes
38:(OOI) is a
2037:Categories
1826:2013-03-02
1550:1912/25302
1441:1912/24082
922:2016-06-07
912:"Our work"
814:References
805:, and the
273:Components
165:deep ocean
1616:: 16–35.
1559:209956288
1495:March 23,
1450:2296-7745
1279:(Summary)
1059:1912/2800
1015:ignored (
1005:cite book
968:ignored (
958:cite book
347:south of
296:upwelling
1800:22 April
1774:30 March
1748:25 March
1717:25 March
1711:Archived
1687:25 March
1658:25 March
1586:23 March
1346:3 August
1320:3 August
1260:27279186
778:OOI CI.
349:Cape Cod
231:tsunamis
1527:Bibcode
1238:Bibcode
870:Bibcode
619:NEPTUNE
300:hypoxia
290:to the
263:methane
251:aquifer
217:Active
57:History
1995:1 July
1951:3 June
1926:3 June
1557:
1448:
1258:
1230:Nature
993:
946:
843:
801:, the
797:, the
745:Design
717:, the
663:Design
559:Design
523:Design
440:Design
379:Design
304:eddies
150:Themes
1877:4 May
1851:4 May
1606:(PDF)
1555:S2CID
1296:(PDF)
1207:(PDF)
1164:(PDF)
1118:(PDF)
1077:(PDF)
898:(PDF)
891:(PDF)
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