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a billion years younger than any other previously returned lunar sample. Late lunar volcanic activity was considered surprising as the Moon is much smaller than Earth; interior heat necessary for volcanism should have been lost three billion years ago, so volcanic rocks as late as those found in
Oceanus Procellarum must require additional heat sources.
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During the Apollo program, flight operations planners were concerned about having the optimum lighting conditions at the landing site, hence the alternative target sites moved progressively westward, following the terminator. A delay of two days for weather or equipment reasons would have sent Apollo
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Relatively recent (less than 2 bya) volcanic activity had been suspected in the
Oceanus Procellarum due to the presence of relatively uneroded features. The 2020 Chang'e-5 sample return mission provided constraints on the age of Oceanus Procellarum, finding it to be 1963 ± 57 million years old – over
497:
There are several hypotheses about the origin of
Oceanus Procellarum and a related asymmetry between the near and far sides of the Moon. One of the most likely is that Procellarum was a result of an ancient giant impact on the near side of the Moon. The size of the impact basin has been estimated to
553:
Previous studies suggested that
Oceanus Procellarum should have high concentrations of the heat-producing elements such as potassium, thorium, and uranium, but samples returned showed that the concentration of suspected radioactive elements is much lower than necessary to provide prolonged heating.
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Procellarum may have also been formed by spatially inhomogeneous heating during the Moon's formation. The GRAIL mission, which mapped the gravity gradients of the Moon, found square formations resembling rift valleys surrounding the region beneath the lava plains, suggesting the basin was formed by
356:" (ocean), due to its size: Oceanus Procellarum is the largest of the maria ("seas"), stretching more than 2,500 km (1,600 mi) across its north–south axis and covering roughly 4,000,000 km (1,500,000 sq mi), accounting for 10.5% of the total lunar surface area.
897:
Nakamura, R.; Yamamoto, S.; Matsunaga, T.; Ishihara, Y.; Morota, T.; Hiroi, T.; Takeda, H.; Ogawa, Y.; Yokota, Y.; Hirata, N.; Ohtake, M.; Saiki, K. (2012). "Compositional evidence for an impact origin of the Moon's
Procellarum basin".
376:. Basalts in Oceanus Procellarum have been estimated to be as young as one billion years old. Unlike the other lunar maria, however, Oceanus Procellarum may or may not be contained within a single, well-defined impact basin.
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Other hypotheses include a late accretion of a companion Moon on the far side. The latter postulates that in addition to the present Moon, another smaller (about 1,200 km in diameter) moon was formed from debris of the
509:
still existed or just ceased to exist. It deposited 5–30 km of crustal material on the far side forming highlands. If this is the case, all impact related structures such as crater
537:. After a few tens of millions of years it collided with the Moon and due to a small collisional velocity simply piled up on one side of the Moon forming what is now known as far side
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nearly 165 meters from
Surveyor 3 in Oceanus Procellarum. Their landing site has become known as Statio Cognitum (Latin, "to be known from experience").
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heating and cooling of the lunar surface by internal processes rather than by an impact, which would have left a round crater.
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lies within the eastern edge of the mare, distinct with its bright ray materials sprawling over the darker material.
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Jutzi, M.; Asphaug, E. (2011). "Forming the lunar farside highlands by accretion of a companion moon".
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in
Oceanus Procellarum in December 2020 and collected 1.73 kg (3.8 lb) of lunar rock samples.
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1054:"Age and composition of young basalts on the Moon, measured from samples returned by Chang'e-5"
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Gravity anomalies (red) bordering the
Procellarum region overlaid on a global elevation map
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Che, Xiaochao; Nemchin, Alexander; Liu, Dunyi; Long, Tao; Wang, Chen; Norman, Marc D.;
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The 'oceanus' area in a
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crater (within the larger
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The impact likely happened very early in the Moon's history: at the time when
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due to the abundance of their radioactive isotopes providing heat from decay
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floods that covered the region in a thick, nearly flat layer of solidified
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Most of the dark region is Oceanus Procellarum and smaller maria, such as
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to the south. To the northeast, Oceanus Procellarum is separated from
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977:"NASA Mission Points to Origin of "Ocean of Storms" on Earth's Moon"
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Vast lunar mare on the western edge of the near side of Earth's Moon
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933:
Byrne, C. J. (2008). "A Large Basin on the Near Side of the Moon".
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Like all lunar maria, Oceanus Procellarum was formed by ancient
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landing site (center) used in mission planning (1.75 x 1.75 km)
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1145:"China's Chang'e-5 mission returns to Earth with moon samples"
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30:"Ocean of Storms" redirects here. Not to be confused with
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Around its edges lie many minor bays and seas, including
352:. It is the only one of the lunar maria to be called an "
1117:"China's Chang'e 5 moon landing site finally has a name"
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Jennifer Hauser and Zamira Rahim (16 December 2020).
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Andrea Thompson 06 November 2008 (6 November 2008).
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October 2012, Charles Q. Choi 29 (29 October 2012).
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one of the three largest craters in the Solar System
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67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
596:crater, later in 1966. Surveyor 1 landed north of
410:. On its north-west edge lies the 32 km wide
860:DK Space Encyclopedia: The Near Side of the Moon
446:– rectangular structure (visible – topography –
756:"Moon's Mysterious 'Ocean of Storms' Explained"
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585:landed in Oceanus Procellarum. Luna 9 landed
429:Moon – Oceanus Procellarum ("Ocean of Storms")
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676:, there is a song named after the lunar mare.
592:crater in 1966. Luna 13 landed southeast of
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817:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
778:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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127:Learn how and when to remove this message
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795:"Signs of Late Volcanism Seen on Moon"
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341:'Ocean of Storms') is a vast
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65:adding citations to reliable sources
731:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
632:(designated ALS3) instead of ALS2—
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979:(Press release). NASA. 2014-10-01
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608:landed at Statio Tianchuan on
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1115:Jones, Andrew (8 July 2021).
655:landed the Lunar Module (LM)
482:– closeup (artist's concept).
220:2,592 km (1,611 mi)
1163:"Apollo 12 Mission Overview"
525:around Oceanus Procellarum.
345:on the western edge of the
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29:
1620:List of maria on the Moon
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955:10.1007/s11038-007-9225-8
639:During the November 1969
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935:Earth, Moon, and Planets
697:Human Lunar Return study
1078:10.1126/science.abl7957
947:2007EM&P..101..153B
448:GRAIL gravity gradients
368:eruptions resulting in
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412:Aristarchus ray crater
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727:"Oceanus Procellarum"
707:Volcanism on the Moon
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76:"Oceanus Procellarum"
841:US Geological Survey
833:"Sinus Viscositatis"
692:Aristarchus (crater)
672:by greek metal band
634:Mare Tranquillitatis
545:Late lunar volcanism
450:) (October 1, 2014).
408:Carpathian Mountains
61:improve this article
1070:2021Sci...374..887C
1019:10.1038/nature10289
1011:2011Natur.476...69J
912:2012NatGe...5..775N
871:"NASA – Copernicus"
733:. USGS Astrogeology
332:Ōceanus procellārum
237:Oceanus Procellarum
195: /
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151:Oceanus Procellarum
147:Feature on the moon
1231:"Selenochromatica"
668:In the 2004 album
663:In popular culture
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521:) and low calcium
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393:Sinus Viscositatis
383:to the north, and
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1716:Maria on the Moon
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1229:Ferruggia, Aldo.
1191:lroc.sese.asu.edu
1064:(6569): 887–890.
1050:Joy, Katherine H.
900:Nature Geoscience
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1319:Fecunditatis
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535:giant impact
531:
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480:rift valleys
464:rift valleys
444:rift valleys
404:Mare Imbrium
389:Mare Humorum
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59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1683:Outer space
1671:Spaceflight
1597:Epidemiarum
1541:Asperitatis
1490:Solitudinis
1445:Felicitatis
1379:Serenitatis
1359:Moscoviense
1283:Procellarum
1269:Lunar maria
906:(11): 775.
649:Pete Conrad
630:Sinus Medii
610:Mons Rümker
558:Exploration
507:magma ocean
396: [
385:Mare Nubium
381:Sinus Roris
204:18.4; -57.4
202: /
177:Coordinates
168:Serenitatis
1705:Categories
1602:Putredinis
1546:Concordiae
1475:Oblivionis
1196:2021-04-25
1172:2021-04-25
983:2014-10-02
880:2021-05-07
846:January 6,
804:2021-05-07
765:2021-05-07
737:2010-08-23
713:References
647:(Charles)
645:astronauts
583:Surveyor 3
579:Surveyor 1
466:– context.
416:Copernicus
343:lunar mare
87:newspapers
1721:Apollo 12
1647:Astronomy
1581:Successus
1495:Somniorum
1460:Lenitatis
1430:Bonitatis
1374:Orientale
1349:Insularum
1122:Space.com
1102:238474681
1086:0036-8075
963:121092521
799:Space.com
760:Space.com
687:Apollo 18
653:Alan Bean
643:mission,
641:Apollo 12
621:Apollo 12
619:Image of
606:Chang'e 5
598:Flamsteed
539:highlands
515:volcanism
1505:Temporis
1465:Luxuriae
1455:Hiemalis
1420:Aestatis
1364:Nectaris
1354:Marginis
1324:Frigoris
1309:Cognitum
1304:Australe
1094:34618547
1027:21814278
813:cite web
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681:See also
657:Intrepid
594:Seleucus
590:Galilaei
523:pyroxene
478:Ancient
462:Ancient
442:Ancient
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366:volcanic
216:Diameter
1633:Portals
1590:Paludes
1566:Lunicus
1556:Honoris
1531:Aestuum
1510:Timoris
1435:Doloris
1425:Autumni
1404:Vaporum
1399:Undarum
1389:Spumans
1384:Smythii
1344:Ingenii
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1334:Humorum
1314:Crisium
1276:Oceanus
1066:Bibcode
1058:Science
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602:Chinese
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1369:Nubium
1299:Anguis
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568:probes
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1500:Spei
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