195:
348:
319:
423:. Blood volume resuscitation should be done promptly and with caution. The goal should be hemodynamic stability and hemoglobin of over 8 g/dl. Resuscitation of all lost blood leads to increase in portal pressure leading to more bleeding. Volume resuscitation can also worsen ascites and increase portal pressure. (
326:
Dilated submucosal veins are the most prominent histologic feature of esophageal varices. The expansion of the submucosa leads to elevation of the mucosa above the surrounding tissue, which is apparent during endoscopy and is a key diagnostic feature. Evidence of recent variceal hemorrhage includes
233:
Normal portal pressure is approximately 9 mmHg compared to an inferior vena cava pressure of 2–6 mmHg. This creates a normal pressure gradient of 3–7 mmHg. If the portal pressure rises above 12 mmHg, this gradient rises to 7–10 mmHg. A gradient greater than 5 mmHg is
51:
1024:
1009:
994:
931:
Abid S, Jafri W, Hamid S, et al. (March 2009). "Terlipressin vs. octreotide in bleeding esophageal varices as an adjuvant therapy with endoscopic band ligation: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial".
3207:
222:. These veins have no part in the development of esophageal varices. The lower one third of the esophagus is drained into the superficial veins lining the esophageal mucosa, which drain into the
1950:
888:
de LĂ©dinghen V, Beau P, Mannant PR, et al. (1997). "Early feeding or enteral nutrition in patients with cirrhosis after bleeding from esophageal varices? A randomized controlled study".
453:
may be necessary, usually as a bridge to further endoscopy or treatment of the underlying cause of bleeding (i.e.: portal hypertension). Esophageal devascularization operations such as the
403:
When medical contraindications to beta-blockers exist, such as significant reactive airway disease, then treatment with prophylactic endoscopic variceal ligation is often performed.
238:. At gradients greater than 10 mmHg, blood flowing through the hepatic portal system is redirected from the liver into areas with lower venous pressures. This means that
1128:
411:
In emergency situations, care is directed at stopping blood loss, maintaining plasma volume, correcting disorders in coagulation induced by cirrhosis, and appropriate use of
1632:
874:
721:
Lebrec D, Poynard T, Hillon P, Benhamou JP (1981). "Propranolol for prevention of recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis: a controlled study".
230:. These superficial veins (normally only approximately 1 mm in diameter) become distended up to 1–2 cm in diameter in association with portal hypertension.
458:
1227:
2428:
3001:
1266:
1121:
269:, leading to esophageal varices. Splenic vein thrombosis is a rare condition that causes esophageal varices without a raised portal pressure.
2773:
1494:
632:
587:
2778:
1707:
1114:
462:
2379:
2226:
550:
2928:
2545:
2124:
2560:
2421:
2265:
1877:
1860:
1365:
1360:
1237:
512:
361:
In ideal circumstances, people with known varices should receive treatment to reduce their risk of bleeding. The non-selective
1390:
2879:
2119:
2075:
1969:
1791:
2330:
450:
2691:
2176:
756:
Talwalkar JA, Kamath PS (2004). "An evidence-based medicine approach to beta-blocker therapy in patients with cirrhosis".
393:
receptors at splanchnic vasculature. The effectiveness of this treatment has been shown by a number of different studies.
2916:
3212:
3202:
2996:
2621:
2085:
1604:
1212:
381:(IMN) have been evaluated for secondary prophylaxis. Non-selective β-blockers (but not cardioselective β-blockers like
1299:
3011:
3006:
2733:
2723:
1195:
507:
3112:
2763:
2738:
2555:
2484:
2414:
1665:
1594:
183:
3137:
3080:
2728:
2681:
2531:
2494:
1938:
1894:
1847:
1653:
1271:
2889:
2884:
1964:
3122:
2935:
2708:
2686:
2284:
1599:
1557:
1370:
1245:
1232:
1173:
1040:
1202:
3177:
3159:
2641:
2636:
2600:
2570:
2209:
1986:
1727:
1519:
1178:
434:
is considered the mainstay of urgent treatment. The two main therapeutic approaches are variceal ligation (
103:
3149:
3132:
3127:
3117:
2958:
2894:
2536:
2437:
2289:
2013:
1996:
1406:
1380:
1256:
1207:
1168:
1146:
1138:
378:
355:
239:
3154:
2899:
2758:
2750:
2718:
2605:
2221:
2129:
2090:
2018:
868:
612:
567:
466:
2140:
1321:
472:
Nutritional supplementation is necessary if the person has been unable to eat for more than four days.
194:
3068:
3063:
2867:
2659:
2260:
2204:
2025:
1921:
1504:
1499:
1333:
1251:
1217:
416:
254:. The small blood vessels in these areas become distended, becoming more thin-walled, and appear as
457:
can also be used to stop complicated bleeding. Methods of treating the portal hypertension include:
3144:
2911:
2354:
2164:
2057:
2040:
2001:
1974:
1926:
1769:
1746:
1739:
1688:
1660:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1489:
1028:
235:
167:
126:
3058:
2550:
2366:
2231:
2214:
2199:
2186:
2169:
2035:
1562:
1534:
1294:
1190:
1155:
957:
913:
611:
Awad, Joseph; Wattacheril, Julia (2012-01-01), Jarnagin, William R.; Blumgart, Leslie H. (eds.),
292:
219:
87:
1670:
1468:
542:
2849:
2798:
2698:
2344:
2325:
1698:
1080:
1051:
949:
905:
856:
815:
773:
738:
703:
676:
628:
583:
546:
454:
446:
435:
336:
223:
199:
138:
112:
108:
66:
2854:
2503:
2391:
2311:
2306:
2296:
2158:
2030:
1958:
1776:
1683:
1678:
1608:
1567:
1375:
1340:
941:
897:
846:
835:"Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis"
807:
765:
730:
666:
620:
575:
534:
211:
71:
50:
3046:
3041:
2953:
2676:
2631:
2511:
2349:
2279:
2145:
2080:
2045:
1916:
1781:
1717:
1619:
1538:
1529:
1479:
1419:
1304:
1281:
502:
307:
282:
1106:
1018:
3095:
2945:
2808:
2768:
2703:
2664:
2575:
2386:
2301:
1855:
1828:
1693:
1628:
1624:
1514:
1484:
624:
579:
302:
255:
179:
116:
1033:
3196:
2963:
2626:
2319:
2272:
2065:
2008:
1991:
1903:
1648:
1475:
1350:
1316:
1261:
535:
492:
439:
961:
354:
of a person with dilated, snake-like varicose veins in their esophagus secondary to
347:
318:
3104:
3016:
2831:
2521:
2464:
2406:
2194:
2106:
1979:
1882:
1833:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1722:
1547:
1463:
1355:
1345:
1311:
917:
475:
362:
332:
155:
17:
1091:
1045:
769:
3169:
2565:
2374:
2136:
2114:
1945:
1865:
1509:
1410:
1163:
1094:
1075:
734:
497:
420:
412:
366:
270:
266:
227:
215:
130:
92:
322:
Axial CT showing esophageal varices in liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension
3085:
3075:
3036:
2980:
2973:
2803:
2150:
1823:
1801:
1446:
1385:
1056:
901:
793:"Beta-Blockers to Prevent Gastroesophageal Varices in Patients with Cirrhosis"
479:
335:
of the mucosa. Evidence of past variceal hemorrhage includes inflammation and
79:
75:
792:
694:
Arguedas M (2003). "The critically ill liver patient: the variceal bleeder".
133:
and the associated blood vessels in the hepatic, or liver-based, circulation)
2839:
2580:
2516:
2472:
2455:
2450:
2100:
2070:
1933:
1911:
1764:
1615:
1589:
1451:
1441:
1328:
1289:
1222:
1086:
1013:
1003:
431:
262:
243:
207:
171:
163:
143:
59:
58:
Gastroscopy image of esophageal varices with prominent cherry-red spots and
953:
860:
819:
777:
707:
680:
617:
Blumgart's
Surgery of the Liver, Pancreas and Biliary Tract (Fifth Edition)
613:"Chapter 75B - Esophageal varices: Acute management of portal hypertension"
909:
742:
174:. People with esophageal varices have a strong tendency to develop severe
3053:
2655:
2592:
2526:
2477:
1734:
1712:
1424:
945:
811:
382:
328:
287:
175:
566:
Cushman, James (2018-01-01), Harken, Alden H.; Moore, Ernest E. (eds.),
1786:
1552:
1456:
1428:
374:
370:
277:
247:
986:
851:
834:
671:
654:
2446:
2252:
1870:
1756:
998:
297:
251:
96:
306:). Treatment of these types of varices may differ. In some cases,
2790:
1702:
1432:
424:
351:
346:
317:
193:
2822:
533:
Rubin, Raphael; Strayer, David S.; Rubin, Emanuel, eds. (2012).
276:
Varices can also form in other areas of the body, including the
159:
2410:
1110:
273:
can cure the variceal bleeding due to splenic vein thrombosis.
385:) are preferred because they decrease both cardiac output by β
389:
blockade and splanchnic blood flow by blocking vasodilating β
537:
Rubin's
Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine
261:
In situations where portal pressures increase, such as with
214:, which carry deoxygenated blood from the esophagus to the
791:
Groszmann RJ, Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J, et al. (2005).
541:(6th ed.). Lippincot Williams & Wilkins. p.
568:"Chapter 44 - Portal Hypertension and Esophageal Varices"
182:. Esophageal varices are typically diagnosed through an
619:, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, pp. 1135–1138.e1,
396:
However, non-selective β-blockers do not prevent the
3208:
Diseases of veins, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes
976:
833:
Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, Carey W (2007).
3168:
3103:
3094:
3029:
2989:
2944:
2848:
2830:
2821:
2789:
2749:
2654:
2614:
2591:
2502:
2493:
2463:
2445:
2365:
2251:
2244:
2185:
2099:
2056:
1902:
1893:
1846:
1800:
1755:
1641:
1528:
1418:
1405:
1280:
1154:
1145:
1066:
980:
137:
122:
102:
86:
65:
40:
35:
655:"The role of endoscopy in portal hypertension"
572:Abernathy's Surgical Secrets (Seventh Edition)
2422:
1122:
459:transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
8:
1228:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
873:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
653:Biecker E, Schepke M, Sauerbruch T (2005).
202:, showing ulceration at the site of banding
3100:
3002:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
2827:
2499:
2460:
2429:
2415:
2407:
2248:
1899:
1415:
1267:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
1151:
1129:
1115:
1107:
977:
482:for one to five days have also been used.
49:
32:
850:
670:
226:, which in turn drains directly into the
218:, which in turn drains directly into the
525:
166:. They are most often a consequence of
866:
2774:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
1495:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
44:Esophageal varix, oesophageal varices
27:Dilated veins in the lower oesophagus
7:
2779:Generalized essential telangiectasia
606:
604:
265:, there is dilation of veins in the
198:Esophageal varices seven days after
625:10.1016/b978-1-4377-1454-8.00120-x
580:10.1016/b978-0-323-47873-1.00044-9
463:distal splenorenal shunt procedure
310:also leads to esophageal varices.
25:
2380:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
2227:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
445:In cases of refractory bleeding,
2929:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
2125:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
1366:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
1361:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
1238:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
513:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
2880:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
2120:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
1970:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
1792:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
574:, Elsevier, pp. 195–199,
1:
2692:Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
2546:Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
2177:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
2997:Chronic venous insufficiency
2622:Aortoiliac occlusive disease
2086:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
1605:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
1213:Esophageal motility disorder
770:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.03.006
206:The upper two thirds of the
178:which left untreated can be
129:(high blood pressure in the
3012:Inferior vena cava syndrome
3007:Superior vena cava syndrome
2734:Vertebral artery dissection
2724:Intracranial berry aneurysm
735:10.1056/NEJM198112033052302
3229:
3113:Hypertensive heart disease
2764:Arteriovenous malformation
2739:Familial aortic dissection
2071:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
1595:Functional colonic disease
1391:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
184:esophagogastroduodenoscopy
162:in the lower third of the
3138:Renovascular hypertension
3081:Hepatic artery thrombosis
2729:Carotid artery dissection
2682:Abdominal aortic aneurysm
2532:Intermittent claudication
2495:Peripheral artery disease
1272:Acute esophageal necrosis
451:Sengstaken–Blakemore tube
57:
48:
3123:Hypertensive nephropathy
2936:Post-thrombotic syndrome
2917:Paget–Schroetter disease
2709:Coronary artery aneurysm
2687:Thoracic aortic aneurysm
1371:Gastric dumping syndrome
1246:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
1233:Diffuse esophageal spasm
3178:Orthostatic hypotension
3160:White coat hypertension
2637:Fibromuscular dysplasia
2601:Carotid artery stenosis
1987:Alcoholic liver disease
1520:Bile acid malabsorption
1464:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
902:10.1023/A:1018838808396
400:of esophageal varices.
3150:Pulmonary hypertension
3133:Secondary hypertension
3128:Essential hypertension
3118:Hypertensive emergency
2959:Portacaval anastomosis
2895:Portal vein thrombosis
2537:Critical limb ischemia
2438:Cardiovascular disease
1997:Hepatic encephalopathy
1381:Buried bumper syndrome
1312:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
1196:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
1139:human digestive system
696:Semin Gastrointest Dis
508:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
379:isosorbide mononitrate
377:) and nitrates (e.g.,
358:
356:pulmonary hypertension
323:
242:develops in the lower
240:collateral circulation
203:
3155:Systolic hypertension
2900:Renal vein thrombosis
2759:Arteriovenous fistula
2751:Vascular malformation
2719:Intracranial aneurysm
2606:Renal artery stenosis
2222:Pancreatic pseudocyst
2091:Porcelain gallbladder
1203:Zenker's diverticulum
467:liver transplantation
350:
321:
197:
3069:Paradoxical embolism
3064:Cholesterol embolism
2890:May–Thurner syndrome
2885:Budd–Chiari syndrome
2868:Deep vein thrombosis
2863:primarily lower limb
2642:Raynaud's phenomenon
2026:Hepatorenal syndrome
1965:Budd–Chiari syndrome
1922:Autoimmune hepatitis
1747:Intestinal adhesions
1505:Short bowel syndrome
1334:Functional dyspepsia
1252:Esophageal stricture
1218:Nutcracker esophagus
946:10.1038/ajg.2008.147
934:Am. J. Gastroenterol
812:10.1056/NEJMoa044456
210:are drained via the
3213:Medical emergencies
3203:Esophagus disorders
3145:Benign hypertension
2165:Choledocholithiasis
2036:Metabolic disorders
2002:Acute liver failure
1975:Portal hypertension
1927:Alcoholic hepatitis
1770:Radiation proctitis
1689:Mesenteric ischemia
1661:Gastroenterocolitis
1490:Blind loop syndrome
1300:Ménétrier's disease
1208:Barrett's esophagus
236:portal hypertension
168:portal hypertension
127:portal hypertension
97:passing black stool
18:Oesophageal varices
3059:Pulmonary embolism
2969:Esophageal varices
2907:upper limb / torso
2551:Arteriolosclerosis
2340:Undefined location
2331:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
2232:Pancreatic fistula
2215:Pancreatic abscess
2170:Biliary dyskinesia
2141:Mirizzi's syndrome
1642:Large and/or small
1322:Dieulafoy's lesion
1191:Boerhaave syndrome
1067:External resources
359:
324:
246:, abdominal wall,
220:superior vena cava
204:
170:, commonly due to
152:Esophageal varices
36:Esophageal varices
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3030:Arteries or veins
3025:
3024:
2850:Venous thrombosis
2817:
2816:
2799:Cherry hemangioma
2699:Aortic dissection
2650:
2649:
2485:Buerger's disease
2404:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2240:
2239:
1842:
1841:
1699:Bowel obstruction
1401:
1400:
1104:
1103:
852:10.1002/hep.21907
806:(21): 2254–2261.
729:(23): 1371–1374.
672:10.1159/000084721
634:978-1-4377-1454-8
589:978-0-323-47873-1
455:Sugiura procedure
447:balloon tamponade
337:venous thrombosis
224:left gastric vein
149:
148:
139:Diagnostic method
113:hypovolemic shock
109:Internal bleeding
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3220:
3101:
2912:Mondor's disease
2855:Thrombophlebitis
2828:
2504:Arteriosclerosis
2500:
2461:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2408:
2392:Pneumoperitoneum
2249:
2159:Common bile duct
2041:Wilson's disease
2031:Peliosis hepatis
1900:
1777:Proctalgia fugax
1684:Abdominal angina
1609:Ogilvie syndrome
1558:Pseudomembranous
1416:
1376:Gastric volvulus
1341:Pyloric stenosis
1152:
1137:Diseases of the
1131:
1124:
1117:
1108:
978:
966:
965:
928:
922:
921:
885:
879:
878:
872:
864:
854:
830:
824:
823:
797:
788:
782:
781:
753:
747:
746:
718:
712:
711:
691:
685:
684:
674:
650:
644:
643:
642:
641:
608:
599:
598:
597:
596:
563:
557:
556:
540:
530:
293:duodenal varices
212:esophageal veins
72:Gastroenterology
53:
33:
21:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3182:
3164:
3090:
3047:Microangiopathy
3042:Macroangiopathy
3021:
2985:
2954:Gastric varices
2940:
2853:
2844:
2813:
2785:
2745:
2677:Aortic aneurysm
2663:
2646:
2632:Erythromelalgia
2610:
2587:
2512:Atherosclerosis
2489:
2453:
2441:
2435:
2405:
2396:
2361:
2350:Internal hernia
2236:
2181:
2146:Biliary fistula
2104:
2095:
2081:Adenomyomatosis
2076:Cholesterolosis
2052:
2046:Hemochromatosis
1917:Viral hepatitis
1889:
1838:
1796:
1782:Rectal prolapse
1751:
1718:Fecal impaction
1708:Intussusception
1671:Crohn's disease
1637:
1620:Toxic megacolon
1532:
1530:Large intestine
1524:
1469:Curling's ulcer
1422:
1420:Small intestine
1409:
1397:
1305:Gastroenteritis
1276:
1141:
1135:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1062:
1061:
989:
975:
970:
969:
930:
929:
925:
887:
886:
882:
865:
832:
831:
827:
795:
790:
789:
785:
764:(11): 759–766.
755:
754:
750:
720:
719:
715:
693:
692:
688:
652:
651:
647:
639:
637:
635:
610:
609:
602:
594:
592:
590:
565:
564:
560:
553:
532:
531:
527:
522:
517:
503:Gastric varices
488:
409:
392:
388:
345:
316:
308:schistosomiasis
283:gastric varices
192:
82:(liver disease)
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3226:
3224:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3195:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3098:
3096:Blood pressure
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2946:Varicose veins
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2859:
2857:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2809:Spider angioma
2806:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2791:Vascular nevus
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2769:Telangiectasia
2766:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2711:
2706:
2704:Aortic rupture
2701:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2669:
2667:
2665:pseudoaneurysm
2652:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2576:Oxycholesterol
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2508:
2506:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2469:
2467:
2458:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2387:Hemoperitoneum
2384:
2383:
2382:
2371:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2257:
2255:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2111:
2109:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1908:
1906:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1858:
1856:Blood in stool
1852:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1829:Anal dysplasia
1826:
1821:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1761:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1696:
1694:Angiodysplasia
1691:
1686:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1629:Diverticulosis
1625:Diverticulitis
1622:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1602:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1515:Milroy disease
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1485:Tropical sprue
1482:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1438:
1436:
1413:
1407:Lower GI tract
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1286:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1160:
1158:
1149:
1147:Upper GI tract
1143:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1083:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1048:
1037:
1021:
1006:
990:
985:
984:
982:
981:Classification
974:
973:External links
971:
968:
967:
923:
880:
845:(3): 922–938.
825:
783:
748:
713:
686:
645:
633:
600:
588:
558:
551:
524:
523:
521:
518:
516:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
489:
487:
484:
408:
405:
390:
386:
344:
341:
315:
312:
303:rectal varices
191:
188:
154:are extremely
147:
146:
141:
135:
134:
124:
120:
119:
117:cardiac arrest
106:
100:
99:
93:vomiting blood
90:
84:
83:
69:
63:
62:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3225:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2964:Caput medusae
2962:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2627:Degos disease
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2261:Diaphragmatic
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:Cholecystitis
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2009:Liver abscess
2007:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1992:Liver failure
1990:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1649:Enterocolitis
1647:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1476:Malabsorption
1474:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1351:Gastroparesis
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:Cushing ulcer
1315:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1262:Megaesophagus
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1001:
1000:
996:
992:
991:
988:
983:
979:
972:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
940:(3): 617–23.
939:
935:
927:
924:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
896:(3): 536–41.
895:
891:
890:Dig. Dis. Sci
884:
881:
876:
870:
862:
858:
853:
848:
844:
840:
836:
829:
826:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
794:
787:
784:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
752:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
717:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
690:
687:
682:
678:
673:
668:
664:
660:
656:
649:
646:
636:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
607:
605:
601:
591:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
562:
559:
554:
552:9781605479682
548:
544:
539:
538:
529:
526:
519:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
493:Caput medusae
491:
490:
485:
483:
481:
477:
473:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
441:
440:sclerotherapy
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
406:
404:
401:
399:
394:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
357:
353:
349:
342:
340:
338:
334:
330:
320:
313:
311:
309:
305:
304:
299:
295:
294:
289:
285:
284:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
201:
196:
189:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
145:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
125:
121:
118:
114:
110:
107:
105:
104:Complications
101:
98:
94:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
68:
64:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
3105:Hypertension
3017:Venous ulcer
2968:
2923:
2906:
2874:
2862:
2832:Inflammation
2713:
2672:
2561:Hyperplastic
2522:Fatty streak
2465:Inflammation
2339:
2318:
2195:Pancreatitis
2157:
2107:biliary tree
1980:Nutmeg liver
1957:
1883:Hematochezia
1834:Pruritus ani
1819:Anal abscess
1814:Anal fistula
1810:Anal fissure
1723:Constipation
1677:
1548:Appendicitis
1356:Gastroptosis
1346:Achlorhydria
1185:
1174:Eosinophilic
1085:
1074:
1050:
1039:
1023:
1008:
993:
937:
933:
926:
893:
889:
883:
869:cite journal
842:
838:
828:
803:
800:N Engl J Med
799:
786:
761:
757:
751:
726:
723:N Engl J Med
722:
716:
699:
695:
689:
662:
658:
648:
638:, retrieved
616:
593:, retrieved
571:
561:
536:
528:
476:Terlipressin
474:
471:
444:
430:Therapeutic
429:
427:guidelines)
410:
402:
397:
395:
360:
325:
301:
291:
281:
275:
260:
256:varicosities
232:
205:
190:Pathogenesis
158:sub-mucosal
151:
150:
3170:Hypotension
2714:head / neck
2566:Cholesterol
2456:capillaries
2375:Peritonitis
2137:Cholestasis
2115:Cholangitis
2058:Gallbladder
1946:Fatty liver
1866:Hematemesis
1848:GI bleeding
1654:Necrotizing
1583:Lymphocytic
1578:Collagenous
1573:Microscopic
1510:Steatorrhea
1411:Enteropathy
1257:Inlet patch
1179:Herpetiform
1164:Esophagitis
1076:MedlinePlus
702:(1): 34–8.
665:(1): 11–7.
498:Esophagitis
421:ceftriaxone
413:antibiotics
367:propranolol
271:Splenectomy
267:anastomosis
234:considered
228:portal vein
216:azygos vein
131:portal vein
41:Other names
3197:Categories
3086:Vasculitis
3076:Thrombosis
3037:Angiopathy
2981:Varicocele
2974:Hemorrhoid
2804:Halo nevus
2660:dissection
2451:arterioles
2367:Peritoneal
2345:Incisional
2266:Congenital
2210:Hereditary
2187:Pancreatic
2151:Haemobilia
1824:Hemorrhoid
1802:Anal canal
1740:Infectious
1728:Functional
1563:Ulcerative
1447:Duodenitis
1386:Gastrinoma
1052:DiseasesDB
839:Hepatology
640:2020-11-23
595:2020-11-23
520:References
480:octreotide
417:quinolones
363:β-blockers
343:Prevention
333:ulceration
80:Hepatology
76:Hematology
60:wale signs
2840:Phlebitis
2581:Trans fat
2517:Foam cell
2473:Arteritis
2440:(vessels)
2355:Richter's
2312:Spigelian
2307:Obturator
2297:Umbilical
2130:Ascending
2101:Bile duct
1934:Cirrhosis
1912:Hepatitis
1895:Accessory
1765:Proctitis
1616:Megacolon
1590:Dysentery
1500:Whipple's
1452:Jejunitis
1442:Enteritis
1329:Dyspepsia
1290:Gastritis
1223:Achalasia
1156:Esophagus
1095:radio/269
1087:eMedicine
432:endoscopy
407:Treatment
398:formation
314:Histology
263:cirrhosis
244:esophagus
208:esophagus
172:cirrhosis
164:esophagus
144:Endoscopy
67:Specialty
3054:Embolism
2656:Aneurysm
2593:Stenosis
2527:Atheroma
2478:Aortitis
2447:Arteries
2285:Indirect
2280:Inguinal
2014:Pyogenic
1959:Vascular
1735:Diarrhea
1713:Volvulus
1679:Vascular
1618: /
1607: /
1568:Ischemic
1535:Appendix
1425:Duodenum
1295:Atrophic
1169:Candidal
962:19130876
954:19223890
861:17879356
820:16306522
778:15144913
758:Am J Med
708:12610853
681:15920321
486:See also
461:(TIPS),
415:such as
383:atenolol
329:necrosis
288:duodenum
176:bleeding
88:Symptoms
2875:abdomen
2556:Hyaline
2326:Petit's
2302:Femoral
2205:Chronic
2019:Amoebic
1787:Anismus
1553:Colitis
1480:Coeliac
1457:Ileitis
1429:Jejunum
1282:Stomach
1186:Rupture
1092:med/745
1046:D004932
918:2819476
910:9073135
743:7029276
659:Dig Dis
449:with a
436:banding
375:nadolol
371:timolol
365:(e.g.,
296:), and
278:stomach
248:stomach
200:banding
156:dilated
2320:Lumbar
2290:Direct
2273:Hiatus
2253:Hernia
2105:Other
1871:Melena
1757:Rectum
1240:(GERD)
1081:000268
1036:-456.2
960:
952:
916:
908:
859:
818:
776:
741:
706:
679:
631:
586:
549:
438:) and
298:rectum
252:rectum
250:, and
123:Causes
2990:Other
2823:Veins
2673:torso
2615:Other
2245:Other
2200:Acute
1951:MASLD
1904:Liver
1878:Lower
1861:Upper
1703:Ileus
1539:Colon
1433:Ileum
1248:(LPR)
1034:456.0
1019:I85.0
1014:10-CM
958:S2CID
914:S2CID
796:(PDF)
465:, or
425:AASLD
352:X-ray
180:fatal
160:veins
2924:head
2454:and
1633:SCAD
1057:9177
1041:MeSH
1029:9-CM
950:PMID
906:PMID
875:link
857:PMID
816:PMID
774:PMID
739:PMID
704:PMID
677:PMID
629:ISBN
584:ISBN
547:ISBN
478:and
331:and
2571:LDL
1939:PBC
1666:IBD
1600:IBS
1025:ICD
1010:ICD
1004:I85
995:ICD
942:doi
938:104
898:doi
847:doi
808:doi
804:353
766:doi
762:116
731:doi
727:305
667:doi
621:doi
576:doi
543:612
419:or
373:or
286:),
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