1011:"Through their collective experience, the pursuit of justice has appeared increasingly quixotic to the members of Peaceful Tomorrows, and they have lost confidence in the fairness and integrity of the Proceedings. As the twentieth anniversary of the September 11th attacks approaches, the members of Peaceful Tomorrows fear that the 9/11 Proceedings will never offer the justice they seek – namely, a fair trial that applies the rule of law to both sides and brings the defendants to justice. They also fear that the subjugation of the defendants' rights will result in a broader erosion of rights and undermine the historical legitimacy of the 9/11 Proceedings themselves."
1004:
prosecutors; prosecutors from the
Nuremberg trials following World War II; academics; Members of Congress; human rights organizations; and others. There has been outrage directed at the United States' usage of military commissions to try Guantanamo Bay detainees by the international community. Criticisms include that the militaries control of the trials has led to unfair results and procedures. The military tribunals secrecy, lack of habeas corpus, and overarching military control has led to criticisms against the US's usage of them.
2583:
33:
2593:
787:
which substantially limits public access to information about proceedings." A sampling of over 11,000 filings from a six-month period in 2018 showed that, save for unofficial court transcripts from open hearing, filings were not posted until "almost four months to more than five months past DOD's timeliness standard."
795:
Defense
Department officials told GAO that "unlike most—if not all—federal criminal trials or courts-martial, commissions' court documents and proceedings regularly involve an unprecedented amount of classified information that cannot be shared with the public. For example, DOD officials told us that
140:
Of the 779 men detained at
Guantanamo at some point since the prison opened on January 11, 2002, only 32 have been charged by military commissions. Charges were dismissed in 12 of those cases, and stayed in another. The U.S. government has procured eight convictions total, six of which were achieved
786:
By regulation, the
Defense Department is supposed to post court documents on the Office of Military Commissions website generally no later than 15 business days after they have been filed in court. However, GAO found that "DOD has generally not met this standard for the timely posting of documents,
990:
and other indirect evidence is not explicitly prohibited in the statute, which adds flexibility to the proceedings due to the different legal traditions of the judges or of the applied law. But it has been argued the court is guided by hearsay exceptions which are prominent in common law systems,
106:
On
November 13, 2001, President Bush issued a military order governing the "Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism". The order effectively established the military commissions at Guantanamo Bay, which began in 2004 with charges against four Guantanamo
967:
and not mere military officers. Additionally, the ICC statute requires the judges to be of a high level of competence in criminal law and the necessary relevant experience; or have established competence in relevant areas of international law such as international humanitarian law and the law of
777:
GAO noted that "victims and their family members are located throughout the world or are concentrated in areas of the United States that are a significant distance from one of these five locations." Moreover, some victims and family members reported that they or their relatives have been denied
768:
Travel to
Guantanamo is onerous, and logistics once there are difficult. The military commissions courtroom gallery limits attendance to 52 seats. Moreover, GAO notes that "while selected victims and family members and non-government stakeholders are able to view proceedings in-person the vast
157:
reported that "General
Martins submitted his retirement papers ... after repeatedly butting heads with Biden administration lawyers over positions his office had taken on the applicable international law and the Convention Against Torture at the Guantánamo court, according to senior government
971:
Trials are supposed to be public, but proceedings are often closed, and such exceptions to a public trial have not been enumerated in detail. Nonetheless, the ICC statute explicitly states that the principle is a public trial, and exceptions could be entertained by the judges if they provide
759:
In practice, there are significant limitations associated with most of these access methods. Through the Fiscal Year 2018 National
Defense Authorization Act, Congress required the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to study the feasibility and advisability of expanding access to military
1003:
Many observers and stakeholders have expressed the view that the military commissions have failed. These observers and stakeholders include former senior U.S. government officials and military officers; families of victims of the 9/11 attacks; former military commission prosecutors; federal
796:
a substantial amount of evidence used in the commissions' proceedings relates to partially-classified activities conducted by intelligence agencies outside the department—such as the
Central Intelligence Agency's former Rendition, Detention, and Interrogation Program."
2629:
132:(GAO), from fiscal years 2012 to 2018 the Department of Defense spent $ 679.6 million on the military commissions. Defense Department officials told GAO that the department plans to spend almost $ 1 billion more from fiscal year 2019 through at least fiscal year 2023.
120:(MCA). Congress significantly amended the MCA in 2009. In 2019, exercising authority granted to him under the MCA, the Secretary of Defense published an updated Manual for Military Commissions, which sets forth the current procedures that govern the commissions.
73:, the United States first used military commissions to try enemy belligerents accused of war crimes during the occupation in Mexico in 1847, made use of them in the Civil War and in the Philippine Insurrection, and then again in the aftermath of World War II. In
1094:"Ex parte QUIRIN. Ex parte HAUPT. Ex parte KERLING. Ex parte BURGER. Ex parte HEINCK. Ex parte THIEL. Ex parte NEUBAUER. UNITED STATES ex rel. QUIRIN v. COX, Brig. Gen., U.S.A., Provost Marshal of the Military District of Washington, and 6 other cases."
1007:
In an amicus brief filed with the U.S. Supreme Court on August 20, 2021, September 11 Families for
Peaceful Tomorrows – an organization of more than 250 family members of those killed in the attacks of September 11, 2001 – wrote the following:
1744:"Letter to President Joseph R Biden from 24 Members of the U.S. Senate re: closing the detention facility at U.S. Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba (April 16, 2021) (noting the "thoroughly failed and discredited military commission process)"
2622:
2677:
2615:
48:. To date, there have been a total of eight convictions in the military commissions, six through plea agreements. Several of the eight convictions have been overturned in whole or in part on appeal by U.S. federal courts.
812:
The United States has two parallel justice systems, with laws, statutes, precedents, rules of evidence, and paths for appeal. Under these justice systems, prisoners have certain rights. They have a right to know the
3152:
1972:
116:), determining that the commissions violated both the Uniform Code of Military Justice and the 1949 Geneva Conventions. In response, and in order to permit the commissions to go forward, Congress passed the
1982:
1020:
2697:
2662:
238:
Alleged to have planned, organized, and directed the October 6, 2002 attack against the French supertanker MV Limburg, killing one, injuring 12, and spilling 90,000 barrels of oil into Gulf.
1565:
339:
At age 15, alleged to have thrown a grenade – during a July 2002 U.S. military raid on a suspected al Qaeda compound in Afghanistan – that resulted in the death of a U.S. soldier.
1228:"Military Courts: DOD Should Assess the Tradeoffs Associated With Expanding Public Access to and Information About Terrorism Trials, Government Accountability Office (Feb. 2019)"
2272:
318:
Convictions for solicitation and material support for terrorism vacated and conviction for conspiracy sustained on plain error review by D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals in 2016.
1615:
3063:
871:
855:
Unlike civilian courts, only two-thirds of the jury needs to agree in order to convict someone under the military commission rules. This includes charges such as supporting
742:
The Department of Defense currently facilitates public access to the military commissions, and to information about military commission proceedings, in the following ways:
236:
Alleged to have planned, organized, and directed the October 12, 2000 attack against the USS Cole while in port in Aden, Yemen, killing 17 sailors and injuring many more.
103:. For the next fifty years, however, the U.S. relied on its established federal court and military justice systems to prosecute alleged war crimes and terrorism offenses.
3167:
3162:
1760:
260:
Alleged to have been an organizer and senior leader of al Qaeda and liaison to the Taliban., and to have participated to varying degrees in attacks against U.S. forces.
1520:
3023:
2277:
1281:
295:
Alleged to have played various roles in the bombing of nightclubs in Bali, Indonesia in 2002 and the bombing of a J.W. Marriott hotel in Jakarta, Indonesia in 2003.
1178:
799:
Consistent with GAO's findings, on August 4, 2021, 75 Members of Congress wrote to President Biden urging greater transparency in the military commissions process.
146:
3147:
2657:
980:
proceedings are allowed for protection of witnesses or defendants as well as for confidential or sensitive evidence. However, the statute states that this is an
2744:
1566:"Brief for Amicus Curiae September 11th Families for Peaceful Tomorrows in Support of Respondents at 27, U.S. v. Zubaydah, No. 20-827 (Sup. Ct., Aug. 20, 2021)"
2308:
2262:
1641:
2481:
539:
Charges subsequently dismissed by Convening Authority in light of Hamdan v. United States (D.C. Cir. 2012) and Al Bahlul v. United States (D.C. Cir. 2014).
215:
Varying levels of direct and indirect involvement in planning, funding, and otherwise facilitating the September 11, 2001 attacks that killed 2,997 people.
2511:
2672:
2016:
1025:
993:
hearsay exceptions generally recognized by some national legal systems, as well as the truthfulness, voluntariness and trustworthiness of the evidence."
153:
On July 9, 2021, Brig. Gen. Mark Martins – the chief prosecutor for the military commissions since March 2009 – announced his retirement. That same day,
1743:
150:—the prosecution of the detainees alleged to be most responsible for the September 11, 2001, attacks. None of those five cases has yet gone to trial.
55:—the prosecution of the detainees alleged to be most responsible for the September 11, 2001, attacks. None of those five cases has yet gone to trial.
991:
similar to the military commissions. Nonetheless, established rules of international law provides that admissibility of such evidence by guided by "
902:
The accused are not permitted a free choice of attorneys, as they can use only military lawyers or those civilian attorneys eligible for the Secret
2534:
2011:
1943:
1040:
984:
to the principle of public hearings which the court applies in particular to victims of sexual violence and children who are victims or witnesses.
84:
64:
1127:"Military Courts: DOD Should Assess the Tradeoffs Associated With Expanding Public Access to and Information About Terrorism Trials (Feb. 2019)"
1110:"Presidential Military Order pertaining to Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism (Nov. 13, 2001)"
1060:"Presidential Military Order pertaining to Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism (Nov. 13, 2001)"
3157:
3137:
2760:
2545:
2426:
1421:
1245:
3094:
2692:
2400:
1369:
1314:
899:
The proceedings may be closed at the discretion of the Presiding Officer, so that secret information may be discussed by the commission.
778:
access to certain of the sites because, "according to DOD, they did not meet the department's definition of a victim or family member."
368:
Alleged to have served as a driver, logistician, and cook for Osama bin Laden and the residents of an al-Qaeda compound in Afghanistan.
2257:
1968:
2667:
963:, may reach a decision, which must include a full and reasoned statement. However, and unlike the U.S. Military Commission, those are
922:
1521:
https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/law_national_security/ABAMilitaryCommissionsWorkshopFINAL.authcheckdam.pdf
3142:
3058:
2835:
2765:
2729:
2476:
2160:
1501:
347:
Sued the Canadian government for violating his constitutional rights, and obtained an apology and a multimillion-dollar settlement.
2328:
1582:
3053:
2451:
2395:
2390:
2343:
2313:
1030:
851:
The Guantanamo military trials under the 2006 MCA do not operate according to either system of justice. The differences include:
841:
129:
117:
2267:
2021:
1674:
968:
human rights and extensive experience in a professional legal capacity which is of relevance to the judicial work of the Court.
2348:
2770:
2456:
2410:
2215:
1336:
937:
70:
1834:
1144:
2820:
2682:
2647:
2491:
2134:
1194:
1078:"Comparison of Rights in Military Commission Trials and Trials in Federal Criminal Court, Congressional Research Service"
2876:
2866:
2466:
2358:
1285:
952:
941:
1717:
760:
commissions proceeding that are open to the public. GAO published its report in February, 2019. Its findings included:
518:
Conviction vacated by the Court of Military commission Review pursuant to Al Bahlul v. United States (D.C. Cir. 2014).
310:
Alleged to have received military training in Afghanistan and to have acted as a "media secretary" for Osama bin Laden
2830:
2717:
2526:
2405:
2170:
1936:
1035:
80:
2607:
1264:
2987:
2471:
2303:
2245:
1413:
893:
555:
Transferred to Afghanistan after federal court granted his petition for habeas corpus during pretrial proceedings.
141:
through plea agreements. U.S. federal courts have overturned several of the eight convictions in whole or in part.
3080:
2982:
2338:
2287:
2180:
1692:
3007:
2992:
2851:
2687:
2558:
2282:
1903:
940:
prohibits trying non-military personnel in military tribunals. The United States has also never ratified the
2949:
2486:
752:
providing five sites in the United States to view proceedings remotely via closed circuit television (CCTV);
230:
1877:"How Torture and National Security Have Corrupted the Right to Fair Trial in the 9/11 Military Commissions"
3115:
3108:
3043:
2944:
2911:
2810:
2586:
2521:
2441:
1988:
1929:
885:
279:
181:
3087:
2977:
2934:
2825:
2516:
2353:
427:
45:
1642:"Opinion | 20 years after the attacks, the accused of 9/11 must finally be tried — in civilian courts"
2969:
2861:
2815:
2790:
2333:
2190:
2139:
1963:
254:
187:
755:
making information such as court documents available on the Office of Military Commissions' website.
51:
There are five cases currently ongoing in the commissions and another two pending appeal, including
44:
through a military order on November 13, 2001, to try certain non-citizen terrorism suspects at the
3101:
2939:
2906:
2886:
2871:
2568:
928:
said in March 2002 that an acquittal on all charges by the commission is no guarantee of a release.
874:
are authorized to consider secret evidence which the accused have no opportunity to see or refute.
144:
There are five cases currently ongoing in the commissions—and another two pending appeal—including
1391:
3048:
2702:
2563:
2539:
2496:
2114:
2109:
2035:
1815:
1243:
918:
910:
903:
818:
570:
Transferred to Kuwait after federal court granted his petition for habeas corpus prior to trial.
287:
201:
194:
112:
100:
2552:
2501:
2185:
2026:
1908:
1854:
1807:
1787:
1649:
1590:
1535:
1497:
1491:
1417:
1407:
1186:
1152:
944:
statute, and withdrew its original signature of accession when it feared repercussions of the
376:
Petition for writ of mandamus in support of al Qosi's appeal rights filed on January 4, 2013.
371:
Petition for writ of mandamus in support of al Qosi's appeal rights filed on January 4, 2013.
17:
2596:
1362:
1307:
2200:
2195:
1898:
1888:
1846:
1799:
914:
860:
822:
208:
96:
476:
Convicted of one count of conspiracy and sentenced to life imprisonment in federal prison.
2959:
2896:
2461:
2205:
2104:
2099:
2094:
1548:
1249:
925:
837:
357:
75:
1876:
1109:
1059:
2954:
2891:
2734:
2707:
2124:
2061:
2051:
1442:
826:
814:
272:
41:
1340:
1093:
877:
It may be possible for the commission to consider evidence that was extracted through
32:
3131:
3038:
3033:
3002:
2800:
2739:
2639:
2436:
2384:
2318:
2220:
2056:
1952:
1819:
960:
881:
845:
304:
2929:
2856:
2785:
2431:
2119:
888:. Legally, the commission is restricted from considering any evidence extracted by
88:
1616:"Op-Ed: Morris Davis: Here's why I resigned as the chief prosecutor at Guantanamo"
2997:
2881:
2378:
2129:
2066:
1803:
848:
are entitled to the same basic rights as those in the civilian justice system.
3028:
2901:
2775:
2720:
2175:
2165:
328:
1912:
1858:
1811:
1653:
1594:
1190:
1156:
1227:
1126:
1077:
976:
856:
844:(UCMJ) for people under military jurisdiction. People undergoing a military
833:
746:
communicating directly with victims and their family members about hearings;
710:
Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on December 19, 2008.
1893:
695:
Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on January 28, 2013.
682:
Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on January 28, 2013.
667:
Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on January 18, 2013.
618:
Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on December 3, 2009.
1850:
1493:
Justice and the Enemy: From the Nuremberg Trials to Khaled Sheikh Mohammed
728:
Charges stayed indefinitely by the Appointing Authority on June 10, 2006.
473:
Prosecution transferred to federal court (Southern District of New York).
2780:
2506:
2446:
2323:
2155:
2071:
2046:
1978:
945:
878:
870:
The accused are not allowed access to all the evidence against them. The
636:
Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on March 1, 2012.
2921:
2210:
987:
889:
600:
Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on June 7, 2011.
585:
Transferred to England after charges dismissed by Convening Authority.
471:
Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on May 29, 2009.
453:
Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority on May 20, 2009.
418:
Pled guilty. Findings and sentence approved by the Convening Authority
321:
Petition for certoriari filed in the Supreme Court on August 24, 2021.
110:
In 2006, the US Supreme Court struck down the military commissions (in
749:
enabling selected members of the public to view proceedings in-person;
864:
654:
Charges dismissed at direction of Convening Authority June 29, 2012.
1145:"Chief Guantánamo Prosecutor Retiring Before Sept. 11 Trial Begins"
218:
were referred to the Capital Military Commission on April 4, 2012.
1583:"Opinion | I was a prosecutor at Guantánamo. Close the prison now"
40:
The Guantanamo military commissions were established by President
36:
Court room where initial Guantanamo military commissions convened.
31:
242:
referred to a Capital Military Commission on September 28, 2011.
87:
over eight German saboteurs captured in the United States during
2041:
2031:
1921:
497:
Conviction vacated by Hamdan v. United States (D.C. Cir. 2012).
2611:
1925:
438:
Pled guilty. Transferred to Belize after serving his sentence.
1718:"It's Time to Admit That the Military Commissions Have Failed"
817:
against them; they have a right to protect themselves against
263:
referred to non-capital Military Commission on June 2, 2014.
2553:
Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World
1021:
List of resignations from the Guantanamo military commission
3153:
Guantanamo Bay captives legal and administrative procedures
825:; and they have a right to have the witnesses against them
769:
majority of the general public cannot, due to DOD policy."
913:(a certain category of people who are not classified as
420:
Transferred to Saudi Arabia per a pretrial agreement.
1761:"How to Close Guantanamo and End Indefinite Detention"
840:, and a slightly streamlined justice system named the
379:
Appeal dismissed by D.C. Circuit on October 27, 2020.
350:
On appeal in the Court of Military Commission Review.
2678:
Former captives alleged to have (re)joined insurgency
2638:
Controversies surrounding people captured during the
515:
Transferred to Australia after serving his sentence.
1693:"Nuremberg prosecutor says Guantanamo trials unfair"
3072:
3064:
Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture
3016:
2968:
2920:
2844:
2799:
2753:
2716:
2646:
2419:
2371:
2296:
2244:
2237:
2148:
2087:
2080:
2004:
1997:
1675:"Statement of Benjamin R. Ferencz (April 15, 2017)"
1409:
An Introduction to the International Criminal Court
1284:. The Center for Victims of Torture. Archived from
1904:20.500.11820/20e01d2e-a9a2-4594-87b6-de9b722f4289
1179:"Tortured Guantánamo Detainee Is Freed in Belize"
536:Transferred to Sudan after serving his sentence.
494:Transferred to Yemen after serving his sentence.
1443:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
147:United States v. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, et al.
95:has been cited as a precedent for the trial by
53:United States v. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, et al.
2623:
1937:
803:Comparisons to U.S. and international systems
492:Convicted of Material Support for Terrorism.
8:
2512:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
1839:International and Comparative Law Quarterly
959:A majority of the three judges present, as
158:officials with knowledge of the disputes."
2630:
2616:
2608:
2241:
2084:
2001:
1944:
1930:
1922:
1026:Boycott of Guantanamo Military Commissions
298:Charges referred (Zubon January 21, 2021.
265:The case remains in pretrial proceedings.
1902:
1892:
1282:"FAQs about the Military Commissions Act"
832:The two parallel justice systems are the
3168:Courts and tribunals established in 2001
3163:2001 establishments in the United States
2309:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
1835:"Guantanamo Bay: The Legal Black Hole 1"
1308:"Military Commission Instruction No. 10"
951:Much like the military commissions, the
394:
220:The case remains in pre-trial hearings.
165:
2017:Operation Enduring Freedom participants
1788:"Human Rights Issues in Guantanamo Bay"
1477:
1465:
1453:
1265:Sean Flynn, "The Defense Will Not Rest"
1051:
1041:United States v. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed
638:Transferred to Bosnia and Herzegovina.
244:The case remains in pre-trial hearings
65:Military tribunals in the United States
3059:Senate Armed Services Committee Report
1560:
1558:
1544:
1533:
1363:"Trial Guide for Military Commissions"
3148:Counterterrorism in the United States
2546:Targeted Killing in International Law
2427:Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
1437:
1435:
1433:
1401:
1399:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1177:Rosenberg, Carol (February 2, 2023).
387:Closed, inactive, and dismissed cases
7:
2592:
1881:Journal of Conflict and Security Law
1786:Schneider, Daniella (October 2004).
1370:United States Department of Defense
1315:United States Department of Defense
909:Because the accused are charged as
373:Pled guilty to all counts in 2010.
344:Pled guilty to all counts in 2010.
2745:Destruction of interrogation tapes
782:Timeliness of publishing documents
466:serving sentence in federal prison
25:
2730:Enhanced interrogation techniques
2477:Enhanced interrogation techniques
2273:Georgia Sustainment and Stability
2161:al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
1143:Rosenberg, Carol (July 9, 2021).
955:(ICC) trial procedures call for:
884:techniques before passage of the
315:Convicted of all counts in 2008.
3054:Military Commissions Act of 2006
2591:
2582:
2581:
2452:Combatant Status Review Tribunal
2401:President's Surveillance Program
2396:Military Commissions Act of 2009
2391:Military Commissions Act of 2006
2344:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
2319:Moro conflict in the Philippines
2314:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
1031:Combatant Status Review Tribunal
842:Uniform Code of Military Justice
162:Active cases and pending appeals
130:Government Accountability Office
118:Military Commissions Act of 2006
2821:2008 Sarposa Prison mass escape
2268:Georgia Train and Equip Program
313:referred on February 26, 2008.
128:According to the United States
3017:Reports and legal developments
2771:Canadian Afghan detainee issue
2457:Criticism of the war on terror
2411:Terrorist Surveillance Program
2216:Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
1969:War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)
1691:Sutton, Jane (June 11, 2007).
1496:. PublicAffairs. p. 120.
938:International human rights law
71:Congressional Research Service
18:Office of Military Commissions
1:
3158:Guantanamo Bay detention camp
3138:United States military courts
2673:Boycott of military tribunals
2668:Quran desecration controversy
2492:Guantanamo Bay detention camp
2135:Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq
1833:Steyn, Johan (January 2004).
808:United States justice systems
684:Transferred to Saudi Arabia.
83:upheld the jurisdiction of a
3095:Standard Operating Procedure
2467:Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri
2359:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
1875:McCall-Smith, Kasey (2022).
1406:Schabas, William A. (2011).
953:International Criminal Court
942:International Criminal Court
712:Transferred to Afghanistan.
620:Transferred to Afghanistan.
602:Transferred to Afghanistan.
455:Transferred to Afghanistan.
342:referred on April 24, 2007.
247:No trial has been date set.
223:No trial has been date set.
2535:State Sponsors of Terrorism
2406:Protect America Act of 2007
1804:10.1350/jcla.68.5.423.43228
1792:The Journal of Criminal Law
1490:Shawcross, William (2012).
1036:Administrative Review Board
534:Pled guilty to all counts.
513:Pled guilty to all counts.
136:Commission cases and status
81:United States Supreme Court
3184:
2988:Mohammed Omar Abdel-Rahman
2472:Killing of Osama bin Laden
2349:War in Somalia (2006–2009)
2304:Operation Active Endeavour
1414:Cambridge University Press
62:
2983:Abdu Ali al Haji Sharqawi
2754:Prison and detainee abuse
2577:
2339:Terrorism in Saudi Arabia
2288:Drone strikes in Pakistan
2181:Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami
1959:
738:Public access limitations
79:, 317 U.S. 1 (1942), the
3143:Guantanamo Bay attorneys
3008:Hiwa Abdul Rahman Rashul
2559:Unitary executive theory
1099:Retrieved April 7, 2023.
2950:Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri
2663:Human rights violations
2487:Extraordinary rendition
2482:Extrajudicial prisoners
656:Transferred to Kuwait.
231:Abd al Rahim al Nashiri
27:U.S. military tribunals
3081:The Road to Guantánamo
3044:Detainee Treatment Act
2945:Khalid Sheikh Mohammed
2912:Dasht-i-Leili massacre
2811:Battle of Qala-i-Jangi
2522:Operation Eagle Assist
2442:Clash of Civilizations
1989:Symbolism of terrorism
1441:Article 67.1 and 68.2
1337:"rcfp.org Feb 28 2004"
1248:March 3, 2016, at the
886:Detainee Treatment Act
462:Ahmed Khalfan Ghailani
280:Mohammed Nazir Bin Lep
182:Khalid Sheikh Mohammed
37:
3088:Taxi to the Dark Side
2978:Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi
2970:Forced disappearances
2935:Mohamedou Ould Salahi
2826:Basra prison incident
2517:Operation Noble Eagle
2354:2007 Lebanon conflict
972:sufficient grounding.
894:Department of Defense
730:Transferred to Oman.
334:Repatriated to Canada
46:Guantanamo Bay prison
35:
2816:Battle of Abu Ghraib
2791:James Elmer Mitchell
2693:Homicide accusations
2334:Operation Linda Nchi
2278:OEF – Horn of Africa
2191:Islamic Courts Union
2140:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
1964:September 11 attacks
1894:10.1093/jcsl/krac002
1767:. September 11, 2020
1288:on December 22, 2007
923:Secretary of Defense
892:, as defined by the
363:Repatriated to Sudan
255:Abd al-Hadi al-Iraqi
69:As explained by the
3102:Torturing Democracy
2940:Mohammed al-Qahtani
2872:Abed Hamed Mowhoush
1851:10.1093/iclq/53.1.1
1518:www.americanbar.org
1456:, pp. 303–304.
1390:US Dept. of State:
1197:on February 2, 2023
1096:Cornell Law School.
911:unlawful combatants
396:
101:unlawful combatants
97:military commission
3049:Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
2703:Seton Hall reports
2698:Juvenile prisoners
2564:Unlawful combatant
2497:Iranian Revolution
2283:OEF – Trans Sahara
2258:War in Afghanistan
2115:Jalaluddin Haqqani
2110:Sirajuddin Haqqani
2036:Iraqi Armed Forces
1183:The New York Times
1149:The New York Times
919:Geneva Conventions
904:security clearance
872:Presiding Officers
819:self-incrimination
395:
288:Mohamad Farik Amin
202:Mustafa al-Hawsawi
195:Ali Abdul Aziz Ali
155:The New York Times
113:Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
38:
3125:
3124:
2877:Manadel al-Jamadi
2845:Deaths in custody
2605:
2604:
2502:Islamic terrorism
2367:
2366:
2263:OEF – Philippines
2233:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2186:Hizbul Mujahideen
2027:Northern Alliance
1622:. October 4, 2017
1620:Los Angeles Times
1543:Missing or empty
1423:978-0-521-15195-5
1372:. August 17, 2004
1271:August 2007, p. 1
1076:Elsea, Jennifer.
764:In-person viewing
735:
734:
673:Jabran al Qahtani
663:Ghassan al Sharbi
384:
383:
275:, a/k/a "Hambali"
188:Walid Bin 'Attash
85:military tribunal
16:(Redirected from
3175:
2801:Prison uprisings
2658:Suicide attempts
2632:
2625:
2618:
2609:
2595:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2540:Targeted killing
2329:Iraqi insurgency
2249:Enduring Freedom
2242:
2201:Jemaah Islamiyah
2196:Jaish-e-Mohammed
2085:
2002:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1923:
1916:
1906:
1896:
1863:
1862:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1724:. April 16, 2019
1714:
1708:
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1705:
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1688:
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1579:
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1394:
1388:
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1381:
1379:
1377:
1367:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1343:on June 12, 2010
1339:. Archived from
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1317:. March 24, 2006
1312:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1278:
1272:
1262:
1256:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1224:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1193:. Archived from
1174:
1168:
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1131:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1106:
1100:
1091:
1085:
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1082:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1056:
915:prisoners of war
861:attempted murder
823:right to counsel
691:Sufyian Barhoumi
397:
290:, a/k/a "Zubair"
282:, a/k/a "Lillie"
209:Ramzi Binalshibh
166:
21:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3109:Enemy Combatant
3068:
3012:
2964:
2960:Khalid El-Masri
2916:
2897:Muhammad Zaidan
2840:
2802:
2795:
2749:
2735:Ghost detainees
2712:
2649:
2642:
2636:
2606:
2601:
2573:
2462:CIA black sites
2415:
2363:
2292:
2247:
2225:
2206:Lashkar-e-Taiba
2144:
2105:Anwar al-Awlaki
2100:Hamza bin Laden
2095:Osama bin Laden
2076:
1993:
1955:
1950:
1874:
1871:
1869:Further reading
1866:
1832:
1831:
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1668:
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1656:
1646:Washington Post
1640:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1587:Washington Post
1581:
1580:
1576:
1568:
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1556:
1542:
1532:
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1424:
1416:. p. 312.
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1250:Wayback Machine
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926:Donald Rumsfeld
838:U.S. Government
834:Judicial Branch
810:
805:
793:
784:
775:
766:
740:
645:Faiz al Kandari
576:Binyam Mohammed
444:Mohammed Hashim
389:
358:Ibrahim al Qosi
164:
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76:Ex parte Quirin
67:
61:
28:
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2955:Binyam Mohamed
2952:
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2932:
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2924:
2918:
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2909:
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2899:
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2892:Fashad Mohamed
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2831:Afghan escapes
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
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2737:
2732:
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2724:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2708:Gitmo playlist
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2683:Hunger strikes
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2650:detention camp
2648:Guantanamo Bay
2644:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2612:
2603:
2602:
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2572:
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2556:
2549:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2528:Situation Room
2524:
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2514:
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2163:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2125:Khalil Haqqani
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2062:European Union
2059:
2054:
2052:United Kingdom
2049:
2044:
2039:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2006:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1976:
1966:
1960:
1957:
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1949:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1825:
1798:(5): 423–439.
1778:
1752:
1735:
1709:
1683:
1666:
1633:
1607:
1574:
1554:
1509:
1502:
1482:
1480:, p. 312.
1470:
1468:, p. 304.
1458:
1446:
1429:
1422:
1395:
1383:
1354:
1328:
1299:
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1169:
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1101:
1086:
1068:
1050:
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1044:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1016:
1013:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
985:
973:
969:
961:triers of fact
934:
931:
930:
929:
907:
900:
897:
875:
868:
827:cross-examined
821:; they have a
809:
806:
804:
801:
792:
789:
783:
780:
774:
773:Remote viewing
771:
765:
762:
757:
756:
753:
750:
747:
739:
736:
733:
732:
726:
715:
714:
708:
697:
696:
693:
687:
686:
680:
669:
668:
665:
659:
658:
652:
641:
640:
634:
627:Tarek El Sawah
623:
622:
616:
609:Mohammed Kamin
605:
604:
598:
587:
586:
583:
572:
571:
568:
561:Fouad al Rabia
557:
556:
553:
546:Mohammed Jawad
542:
541:
532:
521:
520:
511:
500:
499:
490:
479:
478:
469:
458:
457:
451:
440:
439:
436:
423:
422:
416:
409:Ahmed al Darbi
405:
404:
401:
393:
392:
388:
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382:
381:
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366:
353:
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340:
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296:
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273:Encep Nurjaman
268:
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226:
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177:
176:
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163:
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134:
125:
122:
63:Main article:
60:
57:
42:George W. Bush
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3180:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
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3156:
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3149:
3146:
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3141:
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3133:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:Related media
3071:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:Church Report
3037:
3035:
3034:Taguba Report
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3003:Musaad Aruchi
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:Tariq Mahmood
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
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2973:
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2961:
2958:
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2865:
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2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2836:Iraqi escapes
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
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2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:Waterboarding
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2688:Force feeding
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2645:
2641:
2640:War on Terror
2633:
2628:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2598:
2590:
2588:
2580:
2579:
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2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2437:Bush Doctrine
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2385:Torture Memos
2383:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
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2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2222:
2221:Islamic State
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:United States
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:(2003–2011) (
1980:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1953:War on terror
1947:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1887:(1): 83–116.
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
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2930:Abu Zubaydah
2857:Jamal Nasser
2786:Bruce Jessen
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2432:Axis of evil
2248:
2120:Anas Haqqani
1998:Participants
1884:
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1771:September 9,
1769:. Retrieved
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1598:. Retrieved
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1526:September 9,
1524:. Retrieved
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1478:Schabas 2011
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1466:Schabas 2011
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1454:Schabas 2011
1449:
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1392:News Release
1386:
1376:December 17,
1374:. Retrieved
1357:
1345:. Retrieved
1341:the original
1331:
1321:December 16,
1319:. Retrieved
1302:
1292:December 17,
1290:. Retrieved
1286:the original
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1269:GQ Magazine,
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1160:. Retrieved
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172:Allegations
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89:World War II
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2998:Hassan Ghul
2882:Nagem Hatab
2862:Abdul Wahid
2803:and escapes
2379:Patriot Act
2130:Hafiz Saeed
2088:Individuals
2067:Philippines
2022:Afghanistan
2005:Operational
1845:(1): 1–15.
1347:January 15,
1254:Calgary Sun
719:Abdul Zahir
705:repatriated
701:Abdul Ghani
677:repatriated
649:repatriated
631:repatriated
613:repatriated
595:repatriated
580:repatriated
565:repatriated
550:repatriated
529:repatriated
508:repatriated
504:David Hicks
487:repatriated
448:repatriated
433:repatriated
413:repatriated
107:detainees.
3132:Categories
3116:The Report
3029:Fay Report
2907:Abdul Wali
2902:Gul Rahman
2887:Baha Mousa
2867:Habibullah
2776:Black jail
2761:Abu Ghraib
2723:operations
2721:black site
2530:photograph
2176:Boko Haram
2171:Al-Shabaab
2166:Abu Sayyaf
1983:Withdrawal
1973:Withdrawal
1047:References
999:Criticisms
982:exception
917:under the
591:Obaidullah
428:Majid Khan
329:Omar Khadr
2246:Operation
2238:Conflicts
1913:1467-7954
1859:0020-5893
1820:145717026
1812:0022-0183
1654:0190-8286
1595:0190-8286
1191:0362-4331
1157:0362-4331
977:In camera
857:terrorism
723:resettled
2922:Tortured
2781:Salt Pit
2587:Category
2507:Islamism
2447:Cold War
2372:Policies
2324:Iraq War
2156:al-Qaeda
2149:Factions
2072:Ethiopia
2047:Pakistan
1979:Iraq War
1536:cite web
1246:Archived
1015:See also
946:Iraq War
921:), then
896:in 2006.
879:coercive
815:evidence
400:Accused
169:Accused
2852:Dilawar
2597:Commons
2420:Related
2211:Taliban
2081:Targets
1722:Lawfare
1697:Reuters
1201:May 12,
988:Hearsay
965:judges
890:torture
836:of the
791:Secrecy
59:History
2766:Bagram
2387:(2002)
2381:(2001)
1911:
1857:
1818:
1810:
1652:
1593:
1500:
1420:
1189:
1155:
865:murder
863:, and
93:Quirin
2297:Other
1816:S2CID
1747:(PDF)
1678:(PDF)
1569:(PDF)
1366:(PDF)
1311:(PDF)
1231:(PDF)
1130:(PDF)
1113:(PDF)
1081:(PDF)
1063:(PDF)
124:Costs
2569:CAGE
2042:NATO
2032:Iraq
2012:ISAF
1909:ISSN
1855:ISSN
1808:ISSN
1773:2021
1730:2021
1704:2021
1661:2021
1650:ISSN
1628:2021
1602:2021
1591:ISSN
1549:help
1528:2021
1498:ISBN
1418:ISBN
1378:2007
1349:2010
1323:2007
1294:2007
1203:2023
1187:ISSN
1164:2021
1153:ISSN
2718:CIA
1899:hdl
1889:doi
1847:doi
1800:doi
99:of
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