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Bringing manufacturing back to the United States isn't so simple, and there are a lot of considerations and analyses that companies must do to determine the costs and feasibility of reshoring. Some companies pursue reshoring with their own internal staff. But reshoring projects are complicated and involve engineering, marketing, production, finance, and procurement. In addition, there are real estate concerns, government incentives and training requirements that require outreach to the community. To help with these projects, companies often turn to consultants that specialize in reshoring.
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oversight. These countries also have strong cultural ties to the major economic centers in Europe as they are part of EU. For example, as of 2020 Portugal is considered to be the most trending outsourcing destination as big companies like
Mercedes, Google, Jaguar, Sky News, Natixis and BNP Paribas opening development centers in Lisbon and Porto, where labor costs are lower, talent comes from excellent Universities, there's availability of skills and the time zone is GMT (the same as London).
397:, argues that the concealment of income, the avoidance of taxation and eluding legislation relating to work, finance, pleasure, waste, energy and security may be becoming a serious concern for democratic governments and ordinary citizens who may be adversely affected by unregulated, offshore activities. Further, the rising costs of transportation could lead to production nearer the point of consumption becoming more economically viable, particularly as new technologies such as
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relatively less valuable. More recently, companies have explored nearshoring as a risk mitigation strategy for operational and supply chain weaknesses uncovered during the COVID-19 global pandemic crisis, when offshore BPOs experienced sudden closures and disruptive quarantine restrictions which hampered their ability to conduct day-to-day business operations.
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The complexities of offshoring stem from language and cultural differences, travel distances, workday/time zone mismatches, and greater effort for needed for establishing trust and long-term relationships. Many nearshore providers attempted to circumvent communication and project management barriers
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In the developed world, moving manufacturing jobs out of the country dates to at least the 1960s while moving knowledge service jobs offshore dates to the 1970s and has continued since then. It was characterized primarily by the transferring of factories from the developed to the developing world.
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Computers and the
Internet made work in the services industry electronically portable. Most theories that argue offshoring eventually benefits domestic workers assume that those workers will be able to obtain new jobs, even if by accepting lower salaries or by retraining themselves in a new field.
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The number of jobs lost to offshoring is less than 1 percent of the total US labor market. According to a study by the
Heritage foundation, outsourcing represents a very small proportion of jobs lost in the US. The total number of jobs lost to offshoring, both manufacturing and technical represent
861:
Before the 1990s, Ireland was one of the poorest countries in the EU. Because of
Ireland's relatively low corporate tax rates, US companies began offshoring of software, electronic, and pharmaceutical intellectual property to Ireland for export. This helped create a high-tech "boom" which led to
549:
Some cases of reshoring have not been successful. Otis
Elevators' reshoring effort did not go well. Otis says it failed to consider the consequences of the new location and tried to do too much at once, including a supply-chain software implementation. This is not an uncommon reshoring scenario.
262:
In Europe, nearshore outsourcing relationships are between clients in larger
European economies and various providers in smaller European nations. The attraction is lower-cost skilled labor forces, and a less stringent regulatory environment, but crucially they allow for more day to day physical
96:
Jobs are added in the destination country providing the goods or services and are subtracted from the higher-cost labor country. The increased safety net costs of the unemployed may be absorbed by the government (taxpayers) in the high-cost country or by the company doing the offshoring. Europe
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Software development nearshoring is mainly due to flexibility when it comes to upscale or downscale teams or availability of low cost skilled developers. The nearshoring of call centers, shared services centers, and business process outsourcing (BPO) rose as offshore outsourcing was seen to be
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See "Appendix II: Definitions of
Offshoring" in General Accounting Office: "International Trade: Current Government Data Provide Limited Insight into Offshoring of Services", September 2004. Imported intermediate goods are included in offshoring in "Swenson, D: "International Outsourcing", in
615:
Offshoring is often enabled by the transfer of valuable information to the offshore site. Such information and training enables the remote workers to produce results of comparable value previously produced by internal employees. When such transfer includes protected materials, as confidential
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program was the first federal program to promote and facilitate U.S. investment in partnership with the states. This program and website helps companies connect with resources available on a
Federal, State and local level. In January 2012, President Obama issued a call to action to "invest in
279:
Cultural alignment with the business is often more readily achieved through near-sourcing due to there being similarities between the cultures in which the business is located and in which services are sub-contracted, including for example proficiency with the language used in that culture.
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Constraints imposed by time zones can complicate communication; near-sourcing or nearshoring offers a solution. English language skills are the cornerstone of
Nearshore and IT services. Collaboration by universities, industry, and government has slowly produced improvements. Proximity also
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The increased safety net costs of the unemployed may be absorbed by the government (taxpayers) in the high-cost country or by the company doing the offshoring. Europe experienced less offshoring than the U.S. due to policies that applied more costs to corporations and cultural barriers.
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There is a relationship between offshoring and patent-system strength. Companies under a strong patent system are not afraid to move work offshore because their work will remain their property. Conversely, companies in countries with weak patent systems have an increased fear of
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by developing new ways to align organizations. As a result, concepts such as remote insourcing were created to give clients more control in managing their own projects. Nearshoring still has not overcome all barriers, but proximity allows more flexibility to align organizations.
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Jobs formerly held by U.S. workers have been lost, even as underdeveloped countries such as Brazil and Turkey flourish. Free-trade advocates suggest economies as a whole will obtain a net benefit from labor offshoring, but it is unclear if the displaced receive a net benefit.
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During the 20th century, the decreasing costs of transportation and communication combined with great disparities on pay rates made increased offshoring from wealthier countries to less wealthy countries financially feasible for many companies. Further, the growth of the
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based on cities with populations over a million workers dedicated to producing a single kind of product. However, many companies are reluctant to move high value-added production of leading-edge products to China because of lax enforcement of intellectual property laws.
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reported in
January 2013 that "High levels of unemployment in Western countries after the 2007-2008 financial crisis have made the public in many countries so hostile towards offshoring that many companies are now reluctant to engage in it." Economist
247:
Nearshoring can involve business strategy to locate operations close to where product is sold. This is contrasted with using low-wage manufacturing operations in developing nations and shipping product back to the country that offshored the work.
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on the future of work considers the potential for automation to drive companies to reshore production, reducing the role of labor in the process, and offers suggestions as to how governments can respond. A similar movement can be seen related to
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Some wages overseas are rising. A study by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics found that Chinese wages were almost tripled in the seven years following 2002. Research suggests that these wage increases could redirect some offshoring elsewhere.
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With nearshore outsourcing, the work is done by an outside company rather than internally, but in contrast to typical offshore outsourcing, the work is done in fairly close proximity to the company headquarters and its target market.
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U.S. opinion polls indicate that between 76-95% of Americans surveyed agreed that "outsourcing of production and manufacturing work to foreign countries is a reason the U.S. economy is struggling and more people aren't being hired."
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Product design, research and the development (R&D) process is relatively difficult to offshore because R&D, to improve products and create new reference designs, requires a higher skill set not associated with cheap labor.
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On the other hand, job losses and wage erosion in developed countries have sparked opposition. Free trade with low-wage countries is win-lose for many employees who find their jobs offshored or with stagnating wages.
1981:
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only 4 percent of the total jobs lost in the US. Major reasons for cutting jobs are from contract completion and downsizing. Some economists and commentators claim that the offshoring phenomenon is way overblown.
1330:"PLANTS SEEN NEAR SOURCE OF SUPPLY; Shift of the Chemical Industry to Sites With Basic Minerals Is Predicted TRANSPORTATION A FACTOR Potential Factory Migration Is Cited in Report to American Chemical Society"
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wrote in 2007 that while free trade among high-wage countries is viewed as win-win, free trade with low-wage countries is win-lose for many employees who find their jobs offshored or with stagnating wages.
195:
Recruitment Process Outsourcing (RPO) is a workforce solution in which a business transfers all or part of its recruitment to an external provider. Businesses can deliver a standalone service or the entire
632:
Offshoring to foreign subsidiaries has been a controversial issue spurring heated debates among economists. Jobs go to the destination country and lower cost of goods and services to the origin country.
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885:) has not yet been successful. In 2005, offshoring of skilled work, also referred to as knowledge work, dramatically increased from the US, which fed the growing worries about threats of job loss.
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testified before the Senate committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs that China, for instance, pegs its currency to the dollar at a sub-par value in violation of Article IV of the
927:– practice of using offshored resources and personnel to do small disaggregated tasks within a business environment, without any broader intention to offshore an entire business function.
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has been transferred or exported. The documentation and valuation of such exports is quite difficult, but should be considered since it comprises items that may be regulated or taxable.
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Stephan Manning; Silvia Massini; Arie Lewin (October 20, 2008). "SSRN-A Dynamic Perspective on Next-Generation Offshoring: The Global Sourcing of Science and Engineering Talent".
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Customer Support Outsourcing (CSO) involves delegating customer service functions to offshore call centres or service providers to handle inquiries, complaints, and assistance.
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Imported services from subsidiaries or other closely related suppliers are included, whereas intermediate goods, such as partially completed cars or computers, may not be.
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2130:
314:, of established products involves relocation of physical manufacturing processes overseas, usually to a lower-cost destination or one with fewer regulatory restrictions.
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article "Near Source of Supplies the Best Policy", the main focus was then on "cost of production." Although transportation cost was addressed, they did not choose among:
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Subcontracting in the same country would be outsourcing, but not offshoring. A company moving an internal business unit from one country to another would be offshoring or
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pegged to the US dollar, (currently fixed to a basket of economies) cheap loans, cheap land, and factories for new companies, few environmental regulations, and huge
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Being nearby results in potentially beneficial commonalities such as temporal (time zone), cultural, social, linguistic, economic, political, or historical linkages.
93:. More recently, offshoring incentives also include access to qualified personnel abroad, in particular in technical professions, and decreasing the time to market.
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Offshoring neither implies nor precludes involving a different company to be responsible for a business process. Therefore, offshoring should not be confused with
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Stephan Manning, Silvia Massini & Arie Y. Lewin, A Dynamic Perspective on Next-Generation Offshoring: The Global Sourcing of Science and Engineering Talent,
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Two estimates of the impact of offshoring on U.S. jobs were between 150,000 and 300,000 per year from 2004 to 2015. This represents 10-15% of U.S. job creation.
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954:
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on the future of work highlights how offshoring can shape the demand for skills in receiving countries and explores how increasing automation can lead to
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from one country to another—typically an operational process, such as manufacturing, or supporting processes, such as accounting. Usually this refers to a
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537:
There have been several very successful stories of companies. In most cases hundreds if not thousands of jobs were created or reinstated. In the case of
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This offshoring and closing of factories has caused a structural change in the developed world from an industrial to a post-industrial service society.
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2737:
2580:
M. Miszczynski (2016-02-18). "Global Production in a Romanian Village: Middle-Income Economy, Industrial Dislocation and the Reserve Army of Labor".
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148:, but not outsourcing. A company subcontracting a business unit to a different company in another country would be both outsourcing and offshoring,
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421:, where the incentive to move repetitive shared services work to lower cost countries is partially taken away by the progression of technology.
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Currency manipulation by governments and their central banks cause differences in labor cost. On May 1, 2002, Economist and former Ambassador
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business, although state governments may also employ offshoring. More recently, technical and administrative services have been offshored.
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Regardless of size, companies benefit from accessibility to labor resources across the world. This gave rise to business models such as
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experienced less offshoring than the United States due to policies that applied more costs to corporations and cultural barriers.
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Christian F. Durach; Stefan Kurpjuweit; Stephan M. Wagner (2017-09-25). "The impact of additive manufacturing on supply chains".
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became one prominent destination for such offshoring, though many parts of the world are now emerging as offshore destinations.
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Growth of offshoring has been linked to the availability of reliable and affordable communication infrastructure following the
1963:
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The opposing sides regarding offshoring, outsourcing, and offshore outsourcing are those seeking government intervention and
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915:, and customer service) are outsourced. More specific terms can be found in the field of software development - for example
390:, is the act of reversing an offshoring change; moving a business process that was offshored, back to the original country.
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1555:
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436:- "working with other nations and trusted supply sources" - as a business practice and policy initiative aiming to promote
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182:
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how a corporation can spend its working capital, it will not be able to offshore its operations. For the same reason the
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all announced they would move operations back to Britain in order to boost the economy and regain customer satisfaction.
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185:(KPO) is a type of outsourcing that involves or requires more advanced technical skills and a higher level of expertise.
167:
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Since the 1980s American companies have been "offshoring" and outsourcing manufacturing to low cost countries such as
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1982:"India may no longer be outsourcing hub as UK companies such as Aviva, BT & Santander move work to home country"
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that allow companies to tap into resources found abroad, without losing control over security of product quality.
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Increased training and education has been advocated to offset trade-related displacements, but it is no longer a
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35:
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1827:"President Obama Issues Call to Action to Invest in America at White House "Insourcing American Jobs" Forum"
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In 2015, IT employment in the United States has recently reached pre-2001 levels and has been rising since.
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New categories of work such as call centres, computer programming, reading medical data such as X-rays and
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leads to unethical practices, connected to exploitation of workers, eroding work conditions and decreasing
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Articles of Agreement which state that no nation shall manipulate its currency to gain a market advantage.
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In-house offshoring is when the offshored work is done by means of an internal (captive) delivery model.
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3132:
2399:"Estimating the Impact of Trade and Offshoring on American Workers using the Current Population Surveys"
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980:
760:
676:
621:
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Kupchan, C. (2012, January 1). The Democratic malaise: Globalization and the threat to the West, 62-67.
63:, and can be individually or jointly, partially or completely reversed, as described by terms such as
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In the area of service research has found that offshoring has mixed effects on wages and employment.
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is a form of offshoring in which the other country is relatively close such as one sharing a border.
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Lower cost and increased profitability are often the motivation for offshoring. Economists call this
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30:
This article is about the business process involving a single company. For offshore outsourcing, see
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US clients nearshore to countries such as Canada, Mexico and nations in Central and South America.
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which does imply one company relying on another. In practice, the concepts can be intertwined, i.e
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162:(ITO) is where outsourcing is related to technology or the internet, such as computer programming.
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2327:
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2010:
1986:
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1149:"Captive Audience: How to Partner with Service Providers to Improve In-House Offshore Operations"
1121:
1055:
943:
843:
340:
2616:"Offshoring: U.S. Semiconductor and Software Industries Increasingly Produce in China and India"
2502:
Robert C. Feenstra; Gordon H. Hanson (1996). "Globalization, Outsourcing, and Wage Inequality".
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This trend later shifted to China, which offered cheap prices through very low wage rates, few
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3543:
3424:
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3196:
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2370:"Much Ado About Nothing: American Jobs and the Rise of Service Outsourcing to China and India"
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768:
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462:
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emerged as a prominent destination for production offshoring. Another focus area has been the
353:
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Carmel, Erran; Abbott, Pamela (October 2007). "Why 'nearshore' means that distance matters".
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Gartner Outlines the Top 10 Forces to Impact Outsourcing and IT Services Industry. Sep. 2010
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2648:
2589:
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2460:
2410:
2377:
2311:
2005:
1866:
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1285:
1230:"Staying put. European jobs are not coming back because few of them went in the first place"
1200:
1113:
1030:
776:
764:
45:
541:, in 2012 it saved American Mug and Stein Company in East Liverpool, Ohio from bankruptcy.
244:, the nearshore workers are not employees of the company for which the work is performed.
17:
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853:, medical transcription, income tax preparation, and title searching are being offshored.
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579:
90:
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3240:
3179:
3034:
2397:
Ebenstein, Avraham; Harrison, Ann; McMillan, Margaret; Phillips, Shannon (2013-05-15).
1831:
1015:
965:
831:
795:
783:
559:
336:
324:(NAFTA) made it easier for manufacturers to shift production facilities from the US to
170:(BPO) involves contracting out operational functions to a third-party service provider.
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2213:
1312:"HOW TO HANDLE MATERIAL.; Founding Industries Near Source of Supplies the Best Policy"
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Foreign workers benefit from new jobs and higher wages when the work moves to them.
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There is a significant wage difference between the original and offshore countries
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A Gift of Fire: Social, Legal, and Ethical Issues for Computing and The Internet
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Zuckerman, Michael A. (November 2008). "The Offshoring of American Government".
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reduced "transportation" costs for many kinds of information work to near zero.
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205:
114:
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31:
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473:. After technical progress in telecommunications improved the possibilities of
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Accelerating the Globalization of America: The Role for Information Technology
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of high-wage nations because education costs are lower in low-wage countries.
661:
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completed a move of call centres back to Britain. The call centre industry in
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72:
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Outsourcing Comparison Study South-East Asia: China, India, Vietnam 2011-2012
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730:
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1945:
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Amiti, Mary; Wei, Shang-Jin; Haskel, Jonathan; Auriol, Emmanuelle (2005).
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as a class of systems being developed for / by globally distributed teams.
259:(IT) processes such as application development, maintenance and testing.
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2414:
1859:
International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management
907:(BPO) – outsourcing arrangements when entire business functions (such as
827:
502:
498:
429:
357:
123:
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2445:
2296:
830:, particularly fiber-optic intercontinental long haul capacity, and the
2901:"Some businesses learning value of bringing factories back to the U.S."
2515:
2472:
2323:
1765:"World Bank World Development Report 2019: The Changing Nature of Work"
1381:
908:
612:
from foreign vendors or workers, and, therefore, have less offshoring.
506:
49:
2735:
Consulate General of the Kingdom of The Netherlands Guangzhou (2011).
2661:
2073:"Free Trade and Outsourcing Are Not the Same | YaleGlobal Online"
2859:"Wheels of Industry Turn Faster as UK Brings Manufacturing Back Home"
899:
Bestshoring or rightshoring – picking the best country for offshoring
325:
2382:
2369:
2238:
1188:
2947:"'Reshoring' Trend Has Little Impact On U.S. Economy, Study Finds"
587:
575:
494:
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facilitates in-person interaction regularly and/or when required.
2807:"Survey says reshoring 'symbolic' and will not lead to jobs boom"
2977:
1843:
2981:
2446:"The Surprisingly Swift Decline of US Manufacturing Employment"
2833:
The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century
2560:"Americans' Top Job–Creation Idea: Stop Sending Work Overseas"
1258:. Nonprofit Coordinating Committee of New York. Archived from
534:
technologies brought manufacturers closer to their customers.
522:
America" at the White House "Insourcing American Jobs" Forum.
2913:"As Overseas Costs Rise, More U.S. Companies Are 'Reshoring'"
2345:
Groshen, Erica; Hobijn, Bart; McConnell, Margaret M. (2005).
1189:"Labour arbitrage: the lifecycle of a global production node"
1159:
a.k.a. internal shared-services centers in low-cost locations
1964:"RSA completes move to UK-only call centres/1409402.article"
1894:"What's So Special About This Starbuck's [sic] Mug?"
790:
funds the initial costs of offshoring. If the state heavily
2181:"Business Technology News and Commentary - InformationWeek"
874:(NAFTA) went into effect, and it increased the velocity of
432:'s report commend adopting a combination of re-shoring and
2877:, Institute for International Economics, Washington D.C.,
1759:
1757:
775:. Offshoring relies heavily on the mobility of labor and
2967:"Industrial Property Boost as Manufacturers Return Home"
2347:"U.S. jobs gained and lost through trade: a net measure"
1377:"After Google, Portugal's tech scene gets boost from VW"
2113:"Outsourcing & Offshoring Industry Market Research"
1651:(chapter) COMMUNICATION AND OUTSOURCING ... Roche, 1998
417:, called RPA or RPAAI for self-guided RPA 2.0 based on
2801:, Vol. 85, No. 2 (March/April 2006), pp. 113–128.
2720:
An Atlas of Offshore Outsourcing by David E. Gumpert (
2206:"Myths and Realities: The False Crisis of Outsourcing"
2046:"Protectionism leads to its own outsourcing problems"
562:, companies have used the reintroduction of domestic
2092:"The Politics and Economics of Offshore Outsourcing"
1504:"Effective communication for successful outsourcing"
3767:
3642:
3577:
3494:
3485:
3412:
3249:
3170:
3163:
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578:has been hit by reshoring, as businesses including
363:Much of the job movement was to outside companies,
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862:Ireland becoming one of the richest EU countries.
2934:"Outsourcing not what you think, say researchers"
2888:, Vol. 22, No. 3 (October 2008), pp. 35–54.
2780:"Report shows U.S. manufacturers continue to lag"
2676:
2674:
2672:
2444:Pierce, Justin R.; Schott, Peter K. (July 2016).
1825:Office of the Press Secretary (11 January 2012).
1611:"Offshore manufacturing - definition and meaning"
1097:
1095:
105:Some criteria for a job to be offshore-able are:
2239:"Samuelson: Debunking the Great Offshoring Myth"
894:Inshoring – picking services in the same country
2873:Catherine L. Mann & Jacob Funk Kirkegaard,
2297:"Fear of Service Outsourcing: Is It Justified?"
2233:
2231:
1999:
1997:
1224:
1222:
225:transporting finished goods to place(s) of sale
2879:Peterson Institute for International Economics
1636:Managing Projects in Telecommunication Service
1581:"Nearshoring: A Smart Alternative to Offshore"
1431:"Communication: The Holy Grail of Outsourcing"
2993:
2759:"Factories 'Reshore' Some Work From Overseas"
881:The plan to create free trade areas (such as
8:
1710:Zacks Investment Research (April 29, 2015).
779:; land has little or no mobility potential.
222:transporting supplies to place of production
2795:Offshoring: The Next Industrial Revolution?
2368:Liu, Runjuan; Trefler, Daniel (June 2008).
1801:The Global Supply Chain and Risk Management
1786:Reshoring and “friendshoring” supply chains
955:Decline and Fall of the American Programmer
3491:
3167:
3000:
2986:
2978:
2637:"History of offshoring knowledge services"
2151:"IT Employment Reaches Record High In U.S"
2026:Testimony on Chinese Currency Manipulation
616:documents and trade secrets, protected by
68:
2685:(Third ed.). Harlow: Prentice Hall.
2660:
2381:
1920:"How To Avoid a Failed Reshoring Project"
1623:Fishman, T: "China, Inc." Scribner, 2006.
1490:"Communication Problems When Outsourcing"
1249:Amy Karson; Marcia Brown (October 2012).
1174:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
798:must be free for offshoring to succeed.
751:Effects of factor of production mobility
2635:Metters, Richard; Verma, Rohit (2008).
2351:Current Issues in Economics and Finance
1664:"Workforce Management Online, Dec 2007"
1587:. Auerbach Publications. Archived from
1072:
155:Types of offshore outsourcing include:
2842:"Bosses Back to UK in Reshoring Moves"
2532:And Douglas Belkin (October 2, 2010).
2403:The Review of Economics and Statistics
1946:"Are you ready to evaluate Reshoring?"
27:Transnational relocation of operations
1712:"Reshoring Bringing Back Jobs to USA"
1193:Journal of Organizational Ethnography
393:John Urry, professor of sociology at
310:Production offshoring, also known as
122:The work can be transmitted over the
7:
3363:New international division of labour
2044:Marc-William Palen (June 18, 2013).
1463:"Indian IT moves to 'near-sourcing'"
1429:Gabriel Fuchs (September 14, 2007).
1036:Offshore custom software development
2911:Jackie Northam (January 27, 2014).
1532:"COVID-19's Impact on Call Centers"
1488:Elizabeth Mott (27 February 2014).
1352:"EY Attractiveness Survey Portugal"
872:North American Free Trade Agreement
695:Impact on jobs in western countries
322:North American Free Trade Agreement
2886:Academy of Management Perspectives
2820:"Canada's 'reshoring' opportunity"
2004:Paul Krugman (December 12, 2007).
1471:. November 1, 2006. Archived from
1187:Miszczynski, Milosz (2016-06-22).
1105:Academy of Management Perspectives
1021:List of international trade topics
240:. When combined with outsourcing,
160:Information technology outsourcing
25:
2945:Jim Zarroli (December 16, 2014).
2818:Kevin Carmichael (June 4, 2013).
1404:Nearshore, velv (July 24, 2020).
1011:Information technology consulting
603:Transfer of intellectual property
3824:
3814:
3813:
3024:
2932:Jon Talton (February 22, 2014).
2746:"More Support to Push Reshoring"
2641:Journal of Operations Management
2316:10.1111/j.1468-0327.2005.00140.x
1556:"2020 global outsourcing survey"
1518:"Nearshore Software Development"
1252:A Nonprofit Guide to Outsourcing
3025:
2857:Mark Hennessy (March 5, 2014).
2757:Annie Baxter (March 13, 2012).
2024:Ernest H. Preeg (May 1, 2002).
1633:Sherif, Mostafa Hashem (2006).
1336:. 6 August 1939. Archived from
883:Free Trade Area of the Americas
64:
2805:Andrew Bounds (May 10, 2013).
2778:Adam Belz (January 13, 2013).
2558:Gallup, Inc. (31 March 2011).
1950:Blue Silk Consulting Reshoring
1001:Globally integrated enterprise
348:IT-enabled services offshoring
255:Nearshoring is often used for
228:cost and availability of labor
1:
2840:Jon Griffin (March 3, 2014).
1736:Urry, John (April 14, 2014).
1691:. Mike Karlesky. May 17, 2005
733:of production in some cases.
360:expansion of the late 1990s.
183:Knowledge Process Outsourcing
176:Offshore Software development
2899:Ed Marcum (August 7, 2010).
2504:The American Economic Review
2374:NBER Working Paper No. 14061
2260:"Here, there and everywhere"
1147:Cliff Justice; Stan Lepeak.
905:Business process outsourcing
168:Business process outsourcing
3081:Environmental globalization
3056:Anti-globalization movement
2614:General Accounting Office:
1871:10.1108/ijpdlm-11-2016-0332
1041:Offshoring Research Network
939:Anti-globalization movement
660:versus the side advocating
646:International Monetary Fund
610:intellectual property theft
453:After its accession to the
18:Offshore development center
3898:
3229:Offshore financial centres
2750:Coventry Evening Telegraph
2241:. Newsweek.com. 2007-08-21
1788:, accessed 23 January 2023
851:magnetic resonance imaging
805:Labor scholars argue that
471:global information systems
459:People's Republic of China
415:Robotic Process Automation
29:
3809:
3015:
2653:10.1016/j.jom.2007.02.012
2534:"Americans Sour on Trade"
1804:. Business Expert Press.
1798:Stuart Rosenberg (2018).
1716:Zacks Investment Research
1639:. John Wiley & Sons.
1406:"Nearshoring in Portugal"
1278:Communications of the ACM
1118:10.5465/amp.2008.34587994
1026:Low-cost country sourcing
917:Global Information System
618:non-disclosure agreements
36:Offshore (disambiguation)
3071:Democratic globalization
2594:10.1177/0896920515623076
2453:American Economic Review
2131:"Education and learning"
2006:"The Trouble with Trade"
1205:10.1108/JOE-04-2016-0009
727:World Development Report
455:World Trade Organization
410:World Development Report
3353:Investor-state disputes
3306:Illicit financial flows
3150:Political globalization
3098:Global financial system
2953:. National Public Radio
2919:. National Public Radio
2904:Knoxville News Sentinel
2765:. National Public Radio
2210:The Heritage Foundation
1290:10.1145/1290958.1290959
517:President Obama's 2011
438:supply chain resilience
419:artificial intelligence
44:is the relocation of a
3872:International business
3867:Economic globalization
3694:Christopher Chase-Dunn
3462:Primitive accumulation
3145:Military globalization
3076:Economic globalization
3061:Cultural globalization
2117:Plunkett Research, Ltd
1560:Deloitte United States
986:Global labor arbitrage
971:Free trade controversy
876:physical restructuring
838:Impact of the Internet
807:global labor arbitrage
399:additive manufacturing
318:Physical restructuring
312:physical restructuring
257:information technology
214:According to the 1913
146:physical restructuring
130:The work is repeatable
117:is possible in the job
34:. For other uses, see
2917:All Things Considered
2763:All Things Considered
2136:The Los Angeles Times
2090:N. G. Mankiw (2006).
1477:on December 10, 2022.
981:Global delivery model
761:factors of production
677:comparative advantage
622:intellectual property
306:Production offshoring
242:nearshore outsourcing
3759:Immanuel Wallerstein
3420:Capital accumulation
3286:Endangered languages
2830:Thomas L. Friedman,
2681:Baase, Sara (2008).
2465:10.1257/aer.20131578
2415:10.1162/rest_a_00400
1492:. Hearst Newspapers.
949:Call center security
568:unique selling point
467:software development
395:Lancaster University
365:offshore outsourcing
270:Reasons to nearshore
150:offshore outsourcing
140:Offshore outsourcing
61:offshore outsourcing
3877:International trade
3862:Business management
3831:Business portal
3390:Transnational crime
3296:Forced displacement
3281:Economic inequality
3155:Trade globalization
3051:Alter-globalization
2973:. December 4, 2014.
2752:. October 28, 2013.
2266:. January 19, 2013.
2077:yaleglobal.yale.edu
1443:on October 11, 2019
1318:. 30 November 1913.
757:classical economics
572:RSA Insurance Group
513:Government response
457:(WTO) in 2001, the
3604:Andre Gunder Frank
3378:Race to the bottom
3368:North–South divide
3086:Global citizenship
2621:2010-12-02 at the
2588:(7–8): 1079–1092.
2582:Critical Sociology
2284:. 17 January 2013.
2031:2006-04-27 at the
2011:The New York Times
1987:The Economic Times
1334:The New York Times
1316:The New York Times
1056:Runaway production
944:Borderless selling
844:Remote In-Sourcing
652:Source of conflict
594:R&D offshoring
465:as part of global
341:economies of scale
3839:
3838:
3805:
3804:
3664:K. Anthony Appiah
3659:Daniele Archibugi
3408:
3407:
3197:COVID-19 pandemic
3103:Global governance
2869:on March 8, 2016.
2852:on March 9, 2016.
2692:978-0-13-600848-4
2625:, September 2006.
1970:. August 5, 2014.
1944:Rosemary Coates.
1918:Rosemary Coates.
1844:National Archives
1579:Sam Cinquegrani.
1361:Ernst & Young
1046:Programmers Guild
961:Domestic sourcing
683:U.S. labor market
475:trade in services
463:software industry
354:telecommunication
320:arrived when the
16:(Redirected from
3889:
3882:Offshore finance
3829:
3828:
3817:
3816:
3770:
3679:Jean Baudrillard
3647:
3594:Giovanni Arrighi
3582:
3539:Branko Milanović
3519:Jagdish Bhagwati
3497:
3492:
3383:pollution havens
3348:Invasive species
3252:
3173:
3168:
3118:Global workforce
3028:
3027:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2979:
2974:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2941:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2907:
2870:
2865:. Archived from
2853:
2848:. Archived from
2827:
2814:
2787:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2753:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2678:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2632:
2626:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2459:(7): 1632–1662.
2450:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2301:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2212:. Archived from
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2161:on 14 April 2011
2157:. Archived from
2147:
2141:
2140:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2041:
2035:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1990:. July 14, 2011.
1978:
1972:
1971:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1795:
1789:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1666:. Archived from
1660:
1654:
1653:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1591:on March 3, 2011
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1536:Wharton Magazine
1528:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1439:. Archived from
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1385:. April 17, 2018
1373:
1367:
1366:
1356:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1340:on 2 April 2018.
1326:
1320:
1319:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1257:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1184:
1178:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1077:
1031:Offshore company
545:Avoiding failure
378:, also known as
293:Other advantages
46:business process
21:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3823:
3801:
3782:Thomas Friedman
3768:
3763:
3714:Anthony Giddens
3689:Manuel Castells
3654:Arjun Appadurai
3645:
3643:
3638:
3580:
3578:
3573:
3569:Joseph Stiglitz
3509:Richard Baldwin
3495:
3487:
3481:
3440:Fiscal localism
3404:
3358:McDonaldization
3276:Development aid
3250:
3245:
3214:Multilingualism
3209:Labor arbitrage
3185:Climate justice
3171:
3159:
3113:Global politics
3066:Deglobalization
3039:
3011:
3006:
2971:Birmingham Post
2965:
2956:
2954:
2951:Morning Edition
2944:
2931:
2922:
2920:
2910:
2898:
2863:The Irish Times
2856:
2846:Birmingham Mail
2839:
2817:
2804:
2799:Foreign Affairs
2791:Alan S. Blinder
2777:
2768:
2766:
2756:
2744:
2732:
2730:Further reading
2716:
2711:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2680:
2679:
2670:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2623:Wayback Machine
2613:
2609:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2310:(42): 307–347.
2304:Economic Policy
2299:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2244:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2216:on 3 March 2010
2204:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2185:InformationWeek
2179:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2155:InformationWeek
2149:
2148:
2144:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2033:Wayback Machine
2023:
2019:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1968:Insurance Times
1962:
1961:
1957:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1892:John Grgurich.
1891:
1890:
1886:
1865:(10): 954–971.
1856:
1855:
1851:
1837:
1835:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1540:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1468:Financial Times
1461:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1414:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1238:. January 2013.
1228:
1227:
1220:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1169:
1165:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
991:Global sourcing
934:
891:
868:
859:
840:
819:
788:working capital
753:
748:
739:
697:
685:
654:
642:Ernest H. Preeg
630:
605:
596:
580:British Telecom
570:. In 2014, the
556:
547:
528:
526:Success stories
515:
487:
469:and developing
451:
446:
373:
350:
333:workers' rights
308:
295:
286:
277:
272:
203:
142:
137:
103:
91:labor arbitrage
87:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3895:
3893:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3857:Business terms
3854:
3844:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3821:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3684:Zygmunt Bauman
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3583:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3549:Thomas Piketty
3546:
3544:Kevin O'Rourke
3541:
3536:
3534:Michael Hudson
3531:
3526:
3524:Robert Brenner
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3498:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3395:Westernization
3392:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3255:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3234:Tax inversions
3231:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3204:Digital divide
3201:
3200:
3199:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3180:Climate change
3176:
3174:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2963:
2942:
2929:
2908:
2896:
2882:
2871:
2854:
2837:
2828:
2824:Globe and Mail
2815:
2811:Globe and Mail
2802:
2788:
2786:. Minneapolis.
2775:
2754:
2742:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2715:
2714:External links
2712:
2710:
2709:
2698:
2691:
2668:
2627:
2607:
2572:
2550:
2521:
2510:(2): 240–245.
2494:
2436:
2409:(4): 581–595.
2389:
2383:10.3386/w14061
2360:
2337:
2287:
2269:
2251:
2227:
2197:
2172:
2142:
2122:
2104:
2082:
2079:. 19 May 2021.
2064:
2055:
2036:
2017:
1993:
1973:
1955:
1936:
1910:
1884:
1849:
1832:whitehouse.gov
1817:
1811:978-1631579592
1810:
1790:
1773:
1753:
1747:978-0745664866
1746:
1728:
1702:
1680:
1655:
1645:
1625:
1616:
1602:
1571:
1547:
1523:
1509:
1495:
1480:
1454:
1421:
1396:
1368:
1343:
1321:
1303:
1268:
1265:on 2019-10-08.
1241:
1218:
1199:(2): 106–122.
1179:
1163:
1139:
1091:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1016:Labor shortage
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
966:Follow-the-sun
963:
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951:
946:
941:
935:
933:
930:
929:
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921:
920:
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896:
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890:
887:
867:
864:
858:
855:
839:
836:
832:World Wide Web
818:
815:
784:microeconomics
752:
749:
747:
744:
738:
737:Public opinion
735:
696:
693:
684:
681:
653:
650:
629:
626:
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560:United Kingdom
555:
554:United Kingdom
552:
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511:
486:
483:
450:
447:
445:
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424:Melanie Rojas
372:
369:
349:
346:
337:fixed currency
307:
304:
294:
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285:
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276:
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230:
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216:New York Times
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141:
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86:
83:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3894:
3883:
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3875:
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3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
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3849:
3847:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3820:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3798:
3797:Vandana Shiva
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3749:Saskia Sassen
3747:
3745:
3744:George Ritzer
3742:
3740:
3739:Antonio Negri
3737:
3735:
3734:L. H. M. Ling
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3719:Michael Hardt
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
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3700:
3699:Alfred Crosby
3697:
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3635:
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3630:
3629:Susan Strange
3627:
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3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3599:Robert W. Cox
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:Jeffrey Sachs
3557:
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3499:
3493:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3477:World-systems
3475:
3473:
3472:World history
3470:
3468:
3467:Social change
3465:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3445:Modernization
3443:
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3329:
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3309:
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3299:
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3134:
3131:
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3129:
3126:
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3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:Global health
3106:
3104:
3101:
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3096:
3092:
3089:
3088:
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3084:
3082:
3079:
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3048:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3009:Globalization
3003:
2998:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2938:Seattle Times
2935:
2930:
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2914:
2909:
2905:
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2897:
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2646:
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2638:
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2628:
2624:
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2617:
2611:
2608:
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2591:
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2583:
2576:
2573:
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2517:
2513:
2509:
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2428:
2424:
2420:
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2408:
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2356:
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2341:
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2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2282:The Economist
2279:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2264:The Economist
2261:
2255:
2252:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1899:
1898:Daily Finance
1895:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1740:. polity UK.
1739:
1732:
1729:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1670:on 2013-12-17
1669:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1520:. 2020-07-21.
1519:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1422:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1365:. 2019-06-01.
1364:
1362:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1284:(10): 40–46.
1283:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1261:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1235:The Economist
1231:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1051:Restructuring
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
976:Friendshoring
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
956:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
931:
926:
923:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
903:
902:
898:
897:
893:
892:
888:
886:
884:
879:
877:
873:
865:
863:
856:
854:
852:
847:
845:
837:
835:
833:
829:
823:
816:
814:
812:
808:
803:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
755:According to
750:
745:
743:
736:
734:
732:
728:
724:
719:
716:
712:
709:
706:
701:
700:The Economist
694:
692:
688:
682:
680:
678:
673:
669:
665:
663:
659:
658:Protectionism
651:
649:
647:
643:
638:
634:
627:
625:
623:
619:
613:
611:
602:
600:
593:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
553:
551:
544:
542:
540:
535:
533:
525:
523:
520:
512:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
485:United States
484:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
448:
443:
441:
439:
435:
434:friendshoring
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
370:
368:
366:
361:
359:
355:
347:
345:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
313:
305:
303:
299:
292:
290:
284:Communication
283:
281:
274:
269:
267:
264:
260:
258:
253:
249:
245:
243:
239:
236:derives from
235:
227:
224:
221:
220:
219:
217:
212:
209:
207:
200:
194:
193:
189:
188:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
173:
169:
166:
165:
161:
158:
157:
156:
153:
151:
147:
139:
134:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
116:
113:
112:
108:
107:
106:
100:
98:
94:
92:
84:
82:
79:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
51:
47:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3792:John R. Saul
3777:Noam Chomsky
3769:Non–academic
3709:Susan George
3704:Nancy Fraser
3674:Walden Bello
3619:David Harvey
3609:Stephen Gill
3529:Jayati Ghosh
3435:Earth system
3372:
3301:Human rights
3241:Water crisis
3138:early modern
2970:
2955:. Retrieved
2950:
2937:
2921:. Retrieved
2916:
2903:
2885:
2881:(June 2006).
2874:
2867:the original
2862:
2850:the original
2845:
2831:
2823:
2810:
2798:
2784:Star Tribune
2783:
2767:. Retrieved
2762:
2749:
2736:
2722:BusinessWeek
2721:
2701:
2682:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2610:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2563:. Retrieved
2553:
2541:. Retrieved
2537:
2524:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2456:
2452:
2439:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2373:
2363:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2307:
2303:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2243:. Retrieved
2218:. Retrieved
2214:the original
2209:
2200:
2188:. Retrieved
2184:
2175:
2163:. Retrieved
2159:the original
2154:
2145:
2134:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2039:
2020:
2009:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1939:
1927:. Retrieved
1923:
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1897:
1887:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1842:– via
1836:. Retrieved
1830:
1820:
1800:
1793:
1781:
1776:
1737:
1731:
1719:. Retrieved
1715:
1705:
1693:. Retrieved
1683:
1672:. Retrieved
1668:the original
1658:
1650:
1635:
1628:
1619:
1605:
1593:. Retrieved
1589:the original
1584:
1574:
1563:. Retrieved
1559:
1550:
1539:. Retrieved
1535:
1526:
1512:
1498:
1483:
1474:the original
1466:
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1441:the original
1436:CIO magazine
1434:
1424:
1413:. Retrieved
1409:
1399:
1387:. Retrieved
1380:
1371:
1358:
1346:
1338:the original
1333:
1324:
1315:
1306:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1260:the original
1251:
1244:
1233:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1172:
1166:
1158:
1154:CIO magazine
1152:
1142:
1112:(3): 35–54.
1109:
1103:
1075:
1006:Guest worker
953:
925:Bodyshopping
880:
870:In 1994 the
869:
860:
848:
841:
824:
820:
811:job security
804:
800:
796:macroeconomy
781:
759:, the three
754:
740:
720:
717:
713:
710:
705:Paul Krugman
699:
698:
689:
686:
674:
670:
666:
655:
639:
635:
631:
614:
606:
597:
584:Santander UK
564:call centres
557:
548:
536:
530:Advances in
529:
516:
488:
452:
449:Destinations
425:
423:
403:
392:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:
362:
351:
330:
316:
309:
300:
296:
287:
278:
265:
261:
254:
250:
246:
241:
237:
233:
231:
215:
213:
210:
204:
201:Nearshoring
154:
149:
143:
104:
95:
88:
80:
77:
54:
41:
40:
3787:Naomi Klein
3669:Ulrich Beck
3644:Politics /
3634:Robert Wade
3624:Ronen Palan
3614:Peter Gowan
3564:Amartya Sen
3554:Dani Rodrik
3504:David Autor
3430:Development
3311:Imperialism
3259:Brain drain
2530:Sara Murray
2473:10419/89626
2099:Harvard.edu
1780:Rojas, M.,
1689:"Inshoring"
1447:October 11,
532:3D printing
384:backshoring
234:nearshoring
206:Nearshoring
196:operations.
115:Remote work
57:outsourcing
32:Outsourcing
3852:Offshoring
3846:Categories
3729:Paul Hirst
3724:David Held
3589:Samir Amin
3579:Political
3514:Ravi Batra
3455:history of
3450:ecological
3425:Dependency
3373:Offshoring
3336:scientific
3326:linguistic
3291:Fair trade
3271:Care drain
3224:Tax havens
3219:Population
3128:History of
2826:. Toronto.
2813:. Toronto.
2662:1813/72001
2647:(2): 141.
2278:"Shape up"
2245:2010-05-22
1838:11 January
1738:Offshoring
1674:2010-04-12
1646:0470047674
1595:January 9,
1565:2022-05-20
1541:2022-05-19
1415:2020-08-05
1068:References
913:accounting
723:World Bank
662:Free Trade
428:in a 2022
406:World Bank
371:Re-shoring
238:offshoring
135:Variations
85:Motivation
73:insourcing
42:Offshoring
3754:John Urry
3646:sociology
3496:Economics
3400:World war
3123:Globality
3091:education
2602:146971797
2481:0002-8282
2423:0034-6535
2332:154874880
1879:0960-0035
1389:August 5,
1213:2046-6749
1061:Tax haven
996:Globality
792:regulates
731:reshoring
539:Starbucks
519:SelectUSA
444:Practices
388:inshoring
380:onshoring
376:Reshoring
232:The term
69:inshoring
65:reshoring
3819:Category
3488:scholars
3413:Theories
3321:cultural
3316:academic
3020:Journals
2894:27747462
2619:Archived
2565:29 April
2543:29 April
2431:43576715
2220:29 April
2190:29 April
2165:29 April
2050:ABC News
2029:Archived
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