Ogaden - Knowledge (XXG)

732:(SYL) to remove their flag, as they had declared both the party and its emblem as unlawful. The SYL defied this directive, leading to the flag being machine-gunned by an armored vehicle. This event escalated following the killing of a police officer after a grenade was thrown of the roof of the SYL headquarters. The police responded by firing into a crowd of protesters killing 25. Following this incident, Ethiopian administration resumed in Jijiga for the first time in 13 years. Then, on 23 September 1948, following the withdrawal of British forces and the appointment of Ethiopian district commissioners, areas east of Jijiga were placed under Ethiopian governance for the first time in history. The SYL was banned and an attempt was made to ban all Somali political activity in the region. Tens of thousands of Somalis fled the Ethiopian military in the Ogaden during this period, and were recognized by Britain and Italy as political refugees. 548:. Ethiopian authorities have since then based their claims to the Ogaden upon the treaty and the exchange of letters which followed it. International law professor W. Michael Reisman, observed that, "as a matter of law and fact, the 1897 treaty was void because it presumed an authority which the Somalis had never accorded to Great Britain." The Somalis, he notes, had given no authority to the British to transfer Somali territory to another state. In fact, the British had committed to protecting Somali territory, the primary reason for the Protectorate, and in attempting to transfer the land to Ethiopia, they were acting without competence, exceeding their jurisdiction, and concluding an agreement without the participation of the central party. Furthermore, Reisman notes that even had treaty originally been valid, it would have been invalidated by Ethiopia's failure to commit to key legal obligations. 59: 1157:, receiving as much as 500–600 millimetres (20–24 in) of rainfall annually. More typical of the Ogaden is an average annual rainfall of 350 millimetres (14 in) and less. The landscape consists of dense shrubland, bush grassland and bare hills. In more recent years, the Ogaden has suffered from increasingly erratic rainfall patterns, which has led to an increasing frequency of major droughts: in 1984–85; 1994; and most recently in 1999–2000, during which pastoralists claim to have lost 70–90 percent of their cattle. It also includes another region in the north known as 413: 950:

not serious about self-rule and democracy, so the armed struggle should be resumed. The opposing side argued that the government should still be given a chance considering the upcoming regional elections slated for December 1992. It was also noted that the organization only possessed a small military wing. Eventually the argument to refrain from joining the war and struggle through democratic means prevailed, and the government's war against AIAI ended in a ceasefire soon before the elections.

821:, and the Ethiopian government also introduced a new policy of encouraging Amhara farmers to resettle in the valuable pastureland's available in the Ogaden that were used by Somali nomads’ herds as grazing areas. Under new laws, Somali nomads had no recognized claim to these territory and were harassed by the military as a result. Wells frequented by nomads were poisoned, and new ones were created for the incoming migration of Amhara farmers and imperial army troops concurrently launched 592: 834: 392:, the Imam of Adal, launched a jihad against Abyssinia in response to escalating Abyssinian incursions into Muslim territories. Repeated military expeditions from the highlands into the southeast over several decades prior significantly unified the Somali and other Muslim communities in the region, who then joined Imam Ahmed's jihad. Abyssinian attacks were frequent and intense during the 15th and 16th centuries, but they halted in the mid-17th century, not resuming until 1035:

before the United States House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs revealed massive brutality and killings by the ONLF rebels, which the Ethiopian government labels "terrorists." The extent of this war can't be established due to a media blockade in the 'Ogaden' region. Some international rights organizations have accused the Ethiopian government of committing abuses and crimes that "violate laws of war," as a recent report by the

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commonplace before the raiding soldiers returned to their bases with stolen livestock. Repeatedly between 1890 and 1900, Ethiopian raiding parties into the Ogaden caused devastation. Imperial military expeditions dispatched into the Ogaden engaged in the torching of Somali settlements, and foreign travelers in the region widely reported countless stories of suffering at the hands of the Abyssinian invaders.

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under its Chairman Mohamed O. Osman, which is fighting against the Ethiopian government. Some Somalis who inhabit in the 'Ogaden' claimed that Ethiopian military kill civilians, destroy the livelihood of many of the ethnic Somalis and commit crimes against the nomads in the region. However, testimony

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regime to break down Somali opposition to Ethiopian rule in the Ogaden. In the early 1980s the Ethiopian government rendered the region a vast military zone, engaging in indiscriminate aerial bombardments and forced resettlement programs. During 1981 there were an estimated 70,000 Ethiopian troops in

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In the mid-1950s, Ethiopia for the first time controlled the Ogaden and began incorporating it into the empire. In the 25 years following the commencement of Ethiopian rule in this era, hardly a single paved road, electrical line, school or hospital was built. The Ethiopian presence in the region was

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to the European powers. This marked the start of a tentative yet violent invasion into the Ogaden region. In the first phase of Ethiopian penetration into the region, Menelik dispatched his troops from occupied Harar on frequent raids that terrorized the region. Indiscriminate killing and looting was

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in early 1978 did not result in the pacification of the Ogaden. At the end of 1978 the first major outflow of refugees numbering in the hundreds of thousands headed for Somalia, and were bombed and strafed during the exodus by the Ethiopian military. During 1979, the Western Somali Liberation Front

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against the Ethiopian military presence in the region. As fighting between AIAI and the Ethiopian military raged throughout 1992, a serious internal debate and two factions emerged within the ONLF over whether to join the war. One wing argued that it was clear that the new Ethiopian government was

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and large segments of the Ogaden population due to governments heavy handed interference in the political process. Some ONLF members who opposed the boycott participated in the elections, and performed poorly. Major discontent was provoked by the EPRDF led government after it had moved the state

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in 1935. It was only after 1934 when the Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission attempted to demarcate the border, did the Somalis who had been transferred to the Ethiopian Empire during the 1897 treaty realize what had happened. This long period of ignorance about the transfer of their regions was

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The Somalis, although good and brave fighting men, cannot help themselves. They have no weapons except the hide shield and spear, while their oppressors are, as has already been recorded, armed with modern rifles, and they are by no means scrupulous concerning the use of them in asserting their

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imported a significant amount of arms from European powers. The large scale importation of European arms completely upset the balance of power between the Somalis and the Ethiopian Empire, as the colonial powers blocked Somalis from receiving firearms. However the Ethiopians were also defeated

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clan dominated ONLF. While many Somalis saw the ESDL as a merely an extension of the Ethiopian government, the strategy put the ONLF under greater pressure. Despite an agreement between the central government and the ONLF to cooperate on security and administration in the lead up to the 1992

794:. Though the newly formed Somali government and army was weak, it had felt pressured and obliged to respond to what Somali citizens widely perceived as oppression of its brethren by an Ethiopian military occupation. In a bid to control the population of the region during the 945:(AIAI), organized themselves into different constituencies across the Ogaden. Later that year the Ethiopian government forces attacked AIAI's headquarters in the region killing several high ranking figures. Following the attack, Al-Itihaad quickly regrouped and declared a 619:

In the 1920s and 1930s, there were no permanent Ethiopian settlements or administration in any Somali inhabited land, only military encampments. Due to native hostility, the region was barely occupied by Ethiopian authorities, who exerted little to no presence east of

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where Makonnen's troops had suffered a large defeat to Somali warriors. A British hunter Colonel Swayne, who visited Imi in February 1893, was shown "the remains of the bivouac of an enormous Abyssinian army which had been defeated some two or three years before."

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The Ethiopian hold on Ogaden at the start of the 20th century was tenuous, and administration in the region was "sketchy in the extreme". Sporadic tax raids into the region often failed and Ethiopian administrators and military personnel only resided in

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Foreign correspondents who visited the Ogaden during the early 1980s noted widespread evidence of a 'dual society', with the Somali inhabitants of the region strongly identified as 'Western Somalis'. Artificial droughts and famine were induced by the

897:(WSLF) became disillusioned with the organizations increasing reliance on Mogadishu and were frustrated by international portrayals of the struggle in the Ogaden as merely a border matter between Ethiopia and Somalia. They would go on to form the 724:, which had been in control of the Ogaden since WWII, commenced a withdrawal. This transition saw the replacement of British officials with Ethiopian counterparts between May and July of that year in a significant handover process. In the town of 616:. Control over the region was expressed through intermittent raids and expeditions that aimed to seize Somali livestock as tribute. Attempts at taxation in the region were called off following the massacre of 150 Ethiopian troops in January 1915. 957:), the ONLF won 80% of the seats of the local parliament. Though the war between Al-Itihaad and the government had ended before the election, AIAI did not participate. During the new region's founding conference, which was held in 708:

eventually persuaded the British to cede Ogaden to Ethiopia in 1948. The last remaining British controlled parts of Haud were transferred to Ethiopia in 1955. The population of the Ogaden did not perceive themselves to be

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mapping out the continent of Africa for the British government in the mid to late 1800s made no reference of any Ethiopians in the Ogaden, and maps from before 1884 drew the Ethiopian Empire's domain as confined by the

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during 1977–78 over the region and its peoples. After the war, an estimated 800,000 people crossed the border into Somalia where they would be displaced as refugees for the next 15 years. The defeat of the WSLF and

369:. The region became one of the earliest footholds for the spread of Islam into Africa. At the time, rivalries between the established Muslims in the Ogaden were recurring with those of the littoral in Zeila. 2779: 303:

constitute the majority in the region, and were enlisted in the Ogaden National Liberation Movement, which is why the region is associated with the Ogaden clan. Other Somali clans in the region are

2847: 357:, sometimes referred to as "The Ogaden" region of Ethiopia. The vast majority of the inhabitants today are Muslim and ethnically homogenous. In its early history, the Ogaden was inhabited by 969:, the naming of the region where there are several Somali clans as 'Ogadenia' following the name of a single clan would have been divisive. Finally, the region was named the Somali region. 810:

Somalis by denying them access to water. Thousands of residents were driven out from the Ogaden into Somalia as refugees. At the peak of the 1963 revolt, the Somali insurgents fighting for

283:, the naming of the region where there are several Somali clans as 'Ogadenia' following the name of a single clan would have been divisive. Finally, the region was named the Somali region. 58: 3431: 989:

in 1994. Following the boycott, the government went so far as to form another organization called 'New ONLF'. The 'New ONLF' and ESDL won the 1995 elections and then merged into the

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authority...The Abyssinians themselves have no more claim (except that of might) to dominate the wells than a Fiji Islander would have to interfere with a London waterworks company.

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imposed an arms embargo on the Somali population. During the same period Ethiopian Emperor Menelik, who was legally armed with rifles by European powers through the port cities of

1149:, with an elevation above sea level that ranges from 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) in the northwest, falling to about 300 metres (980 ft) along the southern limits and the 922: 1127: 2776: 431:, as it was occupied by organized Somali communities. Independent historical accounts are unanimous that previous to the penetration into the region in the late 1880s, 564:

were in particular targeted. The escalating frequency and violence of the raids resulted in Somalis consolidating behind the Dervish Movement under the lead of Sayyid

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continued his campaign of indiscriminate raiding and attacks against the Somalis of the Ogaden region between 1890 and 1899, Somali clans residing in the plains of

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on the Somali border. The Ogaden is known for its oil and gas reserves, although development efforts have been hindered by instability prevailing in the area.

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until 1900. At the start of the year, Abyssinian troops occupied the town with the construction of a fort in the outskirts. Subsequently, the anti-colonial

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of Ethiopia. The ONLF sought to name the region 'Ogadenia', whilst the non-Ogadeni Somali clans who live in the same region opposed this move. As noted by

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region and encompasses the plains between the border of Somalia and Ethiopia, extending towards the southeastern highlands, where larger cities like

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Cassanelli, Lee V. (1975). "Migrations, Islam, and politics in Somali Benaadir, 1500-1843". In Marcus, Harold G.; Schoonmaker, Kathleen M. (eds.).

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in the 20th century, Somalis had limited access to firearms. When European colonial powers began to exert influence in the Horn of Africa, the

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In 1897 in order to appease Menelik's expansionist policy Britain ceded almost half of the British Somaliland protectorate to Ethiopia in the

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by influencing politics in the region. To this end the central government portrayed the ESDL as a pan-Somali organization in contrast to the

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torched Somali villages and carried out mass killings of livestock. Watering holes were machine gunned by aircraft in order to control the

653: 918: 913:, an ONLF a central committee was formed in January 1992, laying the foundation for an organized and cohesive organization. By the time 1291: 713:

and were deeply tied to Somalis in neighboring states. Somalis widely considered Ethiopian rule in the Ogaden to be a case of African

384:, serving as the effective capital of Ogaden, became a key administrative center for Adal. In the first half of the 16th century, the 629:

facilitated by the lack of 'any semblance' of effective control by the Somalis to indicate that they were being annexed by Ethiopia.

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sought to name the region 'Ogadenia', whilst the non-Ogadeni Somali clans who live in the same region opposed this move. As noted by

3019: 2410: 2342: 2299:. New York : Published for the Council on Foreign Relations by Harper & Row. pp. 284–286 – via Internet Archive. 1769: 1742: 1653: 1626: 1599: 1568: 1537: 1418: 1295: 275:

in 1992, the naming of the region became a divisive issue, because almost 30 different ethnic Somali clans live in the region. The

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indicates. Other reports have claimed that Ethiopia has bombed, killed, and raped many Somalis in the Ogaden region, while the

894: 845: 837: 761: 516: 2797:"Why We Don't Hear About the Conflict in the Ogaden: When an American reporter started digging, he was forced out of Ethiopia" 1030:

after Ogaden rebels killed dozens of civilian staff workers and guards at an Ethiopian oil field. The main rebel group is the

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The Ajuuraan state is regarded as the successor to its more influential and resilient predecessors such as the Adal and Ifat

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To take part in the upcoming 1992 regional elections the two existing Somali political entities in the Ogaden, the ONLF and

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by the Somalis. In many towns, Somali people were barred from employment. During this period, the newly independent

1554: 1070:, the second largest region in Ethiopia is around 300,000 square kilometres (120,000 sq mi), and borders 771: 633: 389: 2638:

Federalism and ethnic conflict in Ethiopia : a comparative study of the Somali and Benishangul-Gumuz regions

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Federalism and ethnic conflict in Ethiopia : a comparative study of the Somali and Benishangul-Gumuz regions

1500: 661: 657: 577: 512: 483: 465: 393: 3086: 2381:"Somali Irredentism: An analysis of its causes and its impact on political stability in Somalia from 1960 -1991" 1890:

Proceedings of the First United States Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Michigan State University, 2-5 May, 1973

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under Haile Selassie were on the verge of full-scale war over the Ogaden issue, particularly in 1961 and in the

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in nature, primarily consisting of soldiers and tax collectors. The Somalis were never treated as equals by the

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valley. The areas with altitudes between 1,400 and 1,600 metres (4,600 and 5,200 ft) are characterised as

596: 585: 196:, which is fed by temporary seasonal streams. Towards the southwestern edge of the Ogaden is the source of the 1358: 990: 910: 818: 417: 2862: 700:. Ethiopia unsuccessfully pleaded before the London Conference of the Allied Powers to gain the Ogaden and 385: 3436: 3395: 3237: 977: 942: 935: 528: 449: 224:, referring only to their land originally, and eventually expanding to encompass most parts of the modern 2825: 568:. As the Ethiopian Empire began expanding into Somali territories at the start of the 1890s, the town of 494:

Menelik's expansion into Somali inhabited territory coincided with the European colonial advances in the

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Ahmed Yusuf, Abdulqawi (1980). "The Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897 and the Somali-Ethiopian Dispute".

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Hagmann, T.; Khalif, Mohamud H. (2008). "State and Politics in Ethiopia's Somali Region since 1991".

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Ylönen, Aleksi (2022). "The Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) and the dilemma of liberation".

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Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Somali Studies. Vol. II: Archaeology and History

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in 1960, the Ogaden was rocked by waves of popular revolts which were brutally repressed by Emperor

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had fallen, the ONLF had significantly consolidated its position in the region. Since 1992, the

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There are few historical texts written about the people who lived in what is known today as the

2683:"Mass Killings in the Ogaden: Daily Atrocities Against Civilians by the Ethiopian Armed Forces" 848:(WSLF) waged a guerrilla war against the Ethiopian government. Ethiopia and Somalia fought the 3282: 3257: 3036: 3015: 2988: 2978: 2955: 2947: 2923: 2904: 2894: 2469: 2444: 2434: 2406: 2338: 2175: 2150: 2033: 1952: 1864: 1837: 1795: 1765: 1738: 1711: 1676: 1649: 1622: 1595: 1564: 1533: 1527: 1509: 1435: 1414: 1389: 1383: 1362: 961:

in 1992, the naming of the region became a divisive issue. Almost 30 Somali clans live in the

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For nearly a year after the 1964 war, most major Somali towns in the Ogaden were under direct

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A History of the Ogaden (Western Somali) Struggle for Self-Determination: Part I (1300-2007)

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Eshete, Tibebe (1994). "Towards a History of the Incorporation of the Ogaden: 1887–1935".

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along the upper Shabelle River in eastern Ogaden until its decline in the 17th century.

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Chekroun, Amelie (2011). Fauvelle-Aymar, François-Xavier; Hirsch, Bertrand (eds.).

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under the banner of 'Nasrallah' controlled nearly 70 percent of the Ogaden region.

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makes no mention of an Ethiopian presence while describing his time in the Ogaden.

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Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings

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Throughout the late 1970s, internal unrest in the Ogaden region continued as the

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on the nomadic way of life by devastating massive herds of invaluable livestock.

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This article is about a geographical area in Ethiopia. For the Somali clan, see

2732:"Ethiopia: Crackdown in East Punishes Civilians (Human Rights Watch, 4-7-2007)" 1948:

Conflict and peace in the Horn of Africa : federalism and its alternatives

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in 1935, the Ethiopian hold on the Ogaden remained tenuous. After the Italian

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Churchill and the Mad Mullah of Somaliland: Betrayal and Redemption 1899-1921

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During the pre-colonial era the Ogaden was neither under Ethiopian rule, nor

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at the end of the 19th century. The regional successor of Ifat and Adal, the

17: 3343: 3011: 2992: 2448: 1451: 1262:. Bureau of African Affairs, U.S. Department of State. 1981. pp. 6, 15. 1154: 958: 953:

During the December 1992 elections for District Five (what later became the

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The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951: Arab Nationalism, the ...

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Concessions and Conflicts: Mapping Oil Exploration in Somalia and Ethiopia

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Conflict and Peace in the Horn of Africa: Federalism and its Alternatives

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Islam in Nineteenth-Century Wallo, Ethiopia: Revival, Reform and Reaction

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term that means "He who takes care of another". An alternative (possibly

229: 151: 90: 2938: 1485: 232:. The Ogaden clan's name itself comes from their progenitor, Abdirahman 3353: 3277: 3177: 3157: 3152: 2053: 1146: 1103: 1079: 524: 327: 308: 173:. It represents the westernmost region inhabited by the Somalis in the 165:

The Ogaden is a vast plateau located to the south and southeast of the

155: 1893:. African Studies Center, Michigan State University. pp. 101–115. 1734:

The shorefolk: aspects of the early development of Swahili communities

1340:. African Studies Center, Michigan State University. 1977. p. 31. 3307: 3172: 3147: 3142: 1324:(Report). Danish Institute for International Studies. pp. 21–25. 1107: 1083: 1012: 986: 725: 621: 613: 569: 561: 401: 331: 220:

has been an elusive question. It is usually attributed to the Somali

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Tareke, Gebru (2000). "The Ethiopia-Somalia War of 1977 Revisited".

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elections, a mutual suspicion existed. Following the 1992 attack on

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writes the following concerning the Ethiopian raids into the Ogaden:

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Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia: Collected Essays

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Civil wars of the world : major conflicts since World War II

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in 1945, but their persistent negotiations and pressure from the

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to free livestock that had been looted from the local population.

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Map of the Ogaden region with Somali-inhabited land shaded in red

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persisted in its resistance, regaining control of rural areas.

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government - resulting in deep animosity developed towards the

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During the new region's founding conference, which was held in

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Rambles in Lion Land: Three Months' Leave Passed in Somaliland

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Members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization

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ONLF rebels accused of killing civilians in southern Ethiopia

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ecoregion. It has been a historic habitat for the endangered

2362: 2360: 1993:"An Historical Introduction to Refugee Problems in the Horn" 503:

numerous times by poorly armed Somalis such as in 1890 near

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Nationalism & Self Determination in the Horn of Africa

2753:"Ethiopia Ogaden rebels blast report on killing civilians" 2653: 2651: 2618: 2616: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 1699:

The Harla: archeology and memory of the giants of Ethiopia

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Abramowitz, Sharon; Panter-Brick, Catherine (2015-09-17).

938:, mistrust of the EPRDF within the ONLF greatly deepened. 460:

Menelik's invasions and Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty (1887-1897)

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Somali-inhabited region within Ethiopia shown as part of

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continues to arm Ethiopia in the United States' ongoing

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The International Journal of African Historical Studies

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Bamberger, Jakob Grandjean; Skovsted, Kristian (2016).

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The Modern History of Somaliland: From Nation to State

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Who Intervenes?: Ethnic Conflict and Interstate Crisis

1138:; However, this canid is thought by some to have been 244:) etymology analyses the name as a combination of the 2465:

Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia

2433:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 351–355. 126:) is one of the historical names used for the modern 2494:

Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies

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Grassroots Conflict Assessment in the Somali Region

326:, Massare, Gabooye, Degodia, Jidle, as well as the 89: 81: 76: 68: 44: 1587:Medical Humanitarianism: Ethnographies of Practice 2670:Ethiopian Rebels Kill 70 at Chinese-Run Oil Field 1413:. Gobaad Communications & Press. p. 72. 2172:Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa 1783: 1781: 1645:New Trends in Ethiopian Studies: Social Sciences 728:, incoming Ethiopian authorities instructed the 486:and in 1891, announced a programme of ambitious 361:, a now extinct people. Harla are linked to the 3432:Somali Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets 2405:. Helmut Buske Verlag. 1984. pp. 291–307. 1128:Somali Acacia–Commiphora bushlands and thickets 744:invaders and were scarcely integrated into the 586:attacked the Ethiopian forces occupying Jigjiga 3119:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 2874:(Aug. 2006), p. 12 (accessed 12 December 2008) 1642:Marcus, Harold Golden; Hudson, Grover (1994). 696:, only to be ignored by both Ethiopia and the 3102: 2706:"US Committee on Foreign Affairs on Ethiopia" 1521: 1519: 925:government sought to curb Somali demands for 8: 2681:Ogaden Human Rights Committee (2006-02-20). 976:were boycotted by the majority of the ONLF, 2174:. Cambridge University Press. p. 183. 2145:Laitin, David D.; Samatar, Said S. (1987). 529:expanding into Somali inhabited territories 150:). The region forms the eastern portion of 135: 3109: 3095: 3087: 2099:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1951:. Dartmouth: Aldershot. pp. 105–106. 1927: 1915: 1903: 664:. The British sought to unite Ogaden with 511:Before the emergence of the anti-colonial 41: 2644:(Thesis). Leiden University. p. 135. 1945:Woodward, Peter; Forsyth, Murray (1994). 1863:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 40. 1830:Woodward, Peter; Forsyth, Murray (1994). 886:troops who garrisoned the regions towns. 688:, Somali leaders in the Ogaden region of 291:The inhabitants are predominantly ethnic 85:327,068 km (126,282 sq mi) 3003:Routledge Handbook of the Horn of Africa 2424: 2422: 2366: 2296:The United States in world affairs, 1964 2242: 2219:"Socio-Economic Developments in Somalia" 2072: 1675:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 55. 1006: 590: 411: 27:Historic name of Somali Region, Ethiopia 3375:District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) 3006:. Routledge Handbooks. pp. 21–31. 1702:. French Center for Ethiopian Studies. 1236:"Self-Determination for Ogaden Somalis" 1196: 1003:2007–2008 Ethiopian crackdown in Ogaden 192:The primary river in the region is the 88: 75: 67: 55: 2893:(2nd ed.). UK: Safis Publishing. 2829:, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg 2607: 2468:. Human Rights Watch. pp. 70–71. 2092: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1857:Njoku, Raphael Chijioke (2013-02-20). 1436:"An Analysis of the Harari Vocabulary" 2519:"Ogaden: The Land But Not the People" 2513: 2511: 2487: 2485: 2267: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2149:. Avalon Publishing. pp. 54–57. 2132: 2013: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1836:. Dartmouth: Aldershot. p. 104. 1351:Gérard Prunier; Éloi Ficquet (2015). 1229: 1227: 1208:"Hawd Plateau | plateau, East Africa" 889:In the years following the 1977-1978 676:which was supported by many Somalis. 169:, and is overwhelmingly inhabited by 130:. It is also natively referred to as 80: 7: 2849:The Critical Issue of Land Ownership 2657: 2622: 2592: 2573: 2561: 2401:"The 1963 Rebellion in the Ogaden". 2147:Somalia: Nation In Search Of A State 1971: 1817: 1529:Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia 1385:Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia 1234:Abdi, Said Y. (January–March 1978). 1202: 1200: 680:Ogaden and Haud transfer (1945-1955) 1354:Understanding Contemporary Ethiopia 1274:"Relation: Somali Region (1707658)" 692:repeatedly put forward demands for 584:had its first major battle when it 439:control. It has been observed that 2827:Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus 2755:. Sudantribune.com. Archived from 1764:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 18. 376:in the 13th century and later the 372:The Ogaden region was part of the 25: 2730:Peter Takirambudde (2007-07-04). 2313:. Ethiopianreview.com. 2012-02-10 1296:Energy Information Administration 1292:"Ethiopia Country Analysis Brief" 905:Fall of the Derg and rise of ONLF 531:. British colonial administrator 380:in the 15th century. The city of 236:nickname of Ogaadeen, which is a 3206: 2429:Karl R. DeRouen; Uk Heo (2007). 1672:Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers 1618:Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers 1592:University of Pennsylvania Press 1032:Ogaden National Liberation Front 991:Somali People's Democratic Party 899:Ogaden National Liberation Front 882:the Ogaden, supported by 10,000 868:Ogaden National Liberation Front 640:in 1936, Ogaden was attached to 484:his efforts to expand the empire 400:, governed its territories from 57: 3442:Territorial disputes of Somalia 2635:Adegehe, Asnake Kefale (2009). 2541:"Ethiopia: Conquest and Terror" 2085:Pearce, Francis Barrow (1898). 1499:Adegehe, Asnake Kefale (2009). 1409:Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). 919:Tigray Peoples Liberation Front 895:Western Somali Liberation Front 846:Western Somali Liberation Front 838:Western Somali Liberation Front 762:Western Somali Liberation Front 722:British Military Administration 654:British conquest of this colony 632:In the years leading up to the 517:Brussels Conference Act of 1890 454:First Footsteps in East Africa, 2887:Abdi, Mohamed Mohamud (2021). 2217:Geshekter, Charles L. (1979). 546:Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897 470:Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1897 106:(pronounced and often spelled 1: 2331:Louis, William Roger (1984). 2032:. Pen and Sword. p. 16. 840:(WSLF) fighters in the Ogaden 603:, legend from the early 1900s 452:famous 1856 exploration book 420:designating "Ugaden" east of 2795:Connors, Will (2007-09-05). 1991:Greenfield, Richard (1979). 1621:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. 1474:Journal of Ethiopian Studies 1028:military crackdown in Ogaden 394:Emperor Menelik's expansions 3032:The Betrayal of the Somalis 2462:Waal, Alexander De (1991). 2199:. F.A. Praeger. p. 71. 2089:. London. pp. 176–177. 2054:"A Trip to Harar and Imé", 1561:Ohio State University Press 474:In 1887, Ethiopian Emperor 435:were free of Ethiopian and 69:Region (non-administrative) 3468: 3029:Fitzgibbon, Louis (1982). 2967:FitzGibbon, Louis (1985). 2379:Omar, Mohamed Ali (2021). 1731:Wildings, Richard (1987). 1126:The Ogaden is part of the 1082:. Important towns include 1000: 865: 755: 634:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 463: 390:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi 295:, of almost 30 clans. The 29: 3204: 2945:Frederick A. Praeger Inc. 2916:Lewis, I.M., ed. (1983). 2834:December 9, 2010, at the 2353:– via Google Books. 2026:Irons, Roy (2013-11-04). 1388:. Springer. p. 324. 893:, many supporters of the 670:former Italian Somaliland 662:temporary British control 658:Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement 648:within the new colony of 123: 56: 2824:C. Michael Hogan. 2009. 2063:(September 1893), p. 251 752:Post-Somali Independence 597:Mohammed Abdullah Hassan 572:came under intermittent 450:Richard Francis Burton's 343:Greater Somali territory 216:The origins of the term 3012:10.4324/9780429426957-4 2937:Drysdale, John (1964). 1788:Ahmed, Hussein (2001). 1669:Markakis, John (2011). 1615:Markakis, John (2011). 1553:Carment, David (2006). 1452:10.3406/ethio.1959.1310 1359:Oxford University Press 1212:Encyclopedia Britannica 911:fall of the Derg regime 819:military administration 800:Ethiopian Imperial Army 582:Mohamed Abdullah Hassan 566:Mohamed Abdullah Hassan 466:Menelik II's expansions 3238:Chittagong Hill Tracts 2870:July 26, 2011, at the 2293:Davids, Jules (1965). 2170:Martin, B. G. (2003). 1860:The History of Somalia 1708:10.4000/books.cfee.698 1063: 1019: 974:1995 general elections 943:Al-Itihaad Al-Islamiya 841: 802:division based out of 772:Somalia's independence 604: 542: 478:conquered the city of 424: 345: 115: 3427:Geography of Ethiopia 1794:. BRILL. p. 62. 1526:Billi, Paolo (2015). 1434:Leslau, Wolf (1959). 1062: 1010: 836: 758:1963 Ogaden Rebellion 594: 537: 533:Francis Barrow Pearce 415: 340: 222:clan of the same name 3422:Geography of Somalia 2846:Ayele Gebre-Mariam, 2056:Geographical Journal 1382:Paolo Billi (2015). 1176:Insurgency in Ogaden 872:Insurgency in Ogaden 855:Somali National Army 660:placed Ogaden under 638:conquest of Ethiopia 416:1873 cartography by 204:to become the major 3283:Southern Azerbaijan 3069: / 2861:CHF International, 2195:Lewis, I.M (1965). 967:Abdul Majid Hussein 730:Somali Youth League 650:Italian East Africa 646:Somalia Governorate 574:military occupation 498:, during which the 281:Abdul Majid Hussein 167:Ethiopian Highlands 3452:Proposed countries 2940:The Somali Dispute 2782:2010-08-11 at the 2660:, p. 173-174. 2625:, p. 200-201. 2595:, p. 168-169. 2564:, p. 147-148. 2388:Dalarna University 2135:, p. 157–159. 1758:B, Ulrich (2002). 1563:. pp. 75–76. 1440:Annales d'Éthiopie 1337:Ethiopianist Notes 1064: 1037:Human Rights Watch 1020: 927:self-determination 842: 812:self-determination 796:1963 Ogaden revolt 792:border war of 1964 694:self-determination 666:British Somaliland 642:Italian Somaliland 605: 425: 386:Ethiopian–Adal War 346: 198:Ganale Doria River 189:are located near. 177:. It is largely a 82: • Total 3404: 3403: 3293:Southern Mongolia 3258:Iranian Kurdistan 2929:978-0-903729-93-2 2900:978-1-906342-39-5 2529:(1): 42–45. 1981. 2475:978-1-56432-038-4 2440:978-1-85109-919-1 2337:Clarendon Press. 2181:978-0-521-53451-2 2156:978-0-86531-555-6 2052:H. G. C. Swayne, 2039:978-1-78346-380-0 1958:978-1-85521-486-6 1906:, pp. 33–34. 1870:978-0-313-37858-4 1843:978-1-85521-486-6 1820:, pp. 13–15. 1801:978-90-04-11909-3 1717:978-2-7018-0299-2 1682:978-1-84701-033-9 1648:. Red Sea Press. 1510:Leiden University 1395:978-94-017-8026-1 1368:978-1-84904-261-1 921:(TPLF) dominated 266:Arabian Peninsula 101: 100: 16:(Redirected from 3459: 3318:West Balochistan 3248:Gilgit Baltistan 3210: 3188:Western Togoland 3178:Rehoboth Basters 3111: 3104: 3097: 3088: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3080: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3067: 3066: 3065: 3062: 3046: 3025: 2996: 2963: 2933: 2922:. Ithaca Press. 2912: 2875: 2859: 2853: 2844: 2838: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2792: 2786: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2764: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2739: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2717: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2678: 2672: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2611: 2605: 2596: 2590: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2551:(1): 8–19. 1981. 2537: 2531: 2530: 2515: 2506: 2505: 2489: 2480: 2479: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2426: 2417: 2416: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2385: 2376: 2370: 2369:, p. 70-71. 2364: 2355: 2354: 2352: 2351: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2318: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2290: 2284: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2231: 2230: 2214: 2201: 2200: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2098: 2090: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2005: 2004: 1988: 1975: 1974:, p. 35–36. 1969: 1963: 1962: 1942: 1931: 1930:, p. 26-27. 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1827: 1821: 1815: 1806: 1805: 1785: 1776: 1775: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1550: 1544: 1543: 1523: 1514: 1513: 1507: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1469: 1463: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1406: 1400: 1399: 1379: 1373: 1372: 1348: 1342: 1341: 1332: 1326: 1325: 1317: 1311: 1310: 1308: 1307: 1298:. Archived from 1288: 1282: 1281: 1270: 1264: 1263: 1254: 1248: 1247: 1231: 1222: 1221: 1219: 1218: 1204: 1145:The Ogaden is a 1132:African wild dog 1011:Street scene in 823:economic warfare 788:Ethiopian Empire 776:Haile Selassie's 746:Ethiopian Empire 652:. Following the 626:Wal Wal incident 578:Dervish Movement 513:Dervish movement 500:Ethiopian Empire 418:John Bartholomew 398:Ajuran Sultanate 149: 146: 143: 140: 137: 132:Soomaali Galbeed 125: 61: 42: 21: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3457: 3456: 3407: 3406: 3405: 3400: 3379: 3363: 3322: 3211: 3202: 3121: 3117:Members of the 3115: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3043: 3035:. R. Collings. 3028: 3022: 2999: 2985: 2970:The Evaded Duty 2966: 2936: 2930: 2915: 2901: 2886: 2883: 2878: 2872:Wayback Machine 2860: 2856: 2845: 2841: 2836:Wayback Machine 2823: 2819: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2784:Wayback Machine 2775: 2771: 2762: 2760: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2737: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2715: 2713: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2649: 2641: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2614: 2606: 2599: 2591: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2517: 2516: 2509: 2491: 2490: 2483: 2476: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2441: 2428: 2427: 2420: 2413: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2383: 2378: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2358: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2316: 2314: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2262: 2253: 2249: 2241: 2234: 2216: 2215: 2204: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2182: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2157: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2131: 2127: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2091: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2071: 2067: 2051: 2047: 2040: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2016:, pp. 2–4. 2012: 2008: 1990: 1989: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1959: 1944: 1943: 1934: 1928:FitzGibbon 1985 1926: 1922: 1916:FitzGibbon 1985 1914: 1910: 1904:FitzGibbon 1985 1902: 1898: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1871: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1844: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1816: 1809: 1802: 1787: 1786: 1779: 1772: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1745: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1718: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1683: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1656: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1629: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1602: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1571: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1540: 1525: 1524: 1517: 1505: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1456: 1454: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1421: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1396: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1369: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1305: 1303: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1272: 1271: 1267: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1233: 1232: 1225: 1216: 1214: 1206: 1205: 1198: 1194: 1167: 1124: 1057: 1005: 999: 907: 874: 866:Main articles: 864: 831: 784:Somali Republic 768: 756:Main articles: 754: 682: 674:Greater Somalia 644:, becoming the 554: 472: 464:Main articles: 462: 410: 351: 289: 214: 147: 145:Western Somalia 144: 141: 138: 64: 52: 50: 47: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3465: 3463: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3409: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3349:Crimean Tatars 3346: 3341: 3336: 3330: 3328: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3288:South Moluccas 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3243:East Turkestan 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3212: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3116: 3114: 3113: 3106: 3099: 3091: 3073:7.28°N 44.30°E 3052: 3051:External links 3049: 3048: 3047: 3041: 3026: 3020: 2997: 2983: 2964: 2934: 2928: 2913: 2899: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2876: 2854: 2839: 2817: 2802: 2787: 2769: 2744: 2722: 2697: 2673: 2662: 2647: 2627: 2612: 2597: 2578: 2576:, p. 149. 2566: 2554: 2545:Horn of Africa 2532: 2523:Horn of Africa 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200:, which joins 175:Horn of Africa 99: 98: 93: 87: 86: 83: 79: 78: 74: 73: 70: 66: 65: 62: 54: 53: 48: 45: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3464: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3437:Somali Region 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368:North America 3366: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3143:Bellah people 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3112: 3107: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3093: 3092: 3089: 3085: 3082: 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Slate. 2780:Archived 2502:54051295 2449:76864224 2122:(1): 39. 1486:41966038 1457:20 March 1165:See also 1088:Degahbur 1072:Djibouti 993:(SPDP). 915:Mengistu 901:(ONLF). 786:and the 738:colonial 715:colonial 690:Ethiopia 668:and the 601:Ethiopia 527:, began 521:Djibouti 234:Absame's 230:Ethiopia 194:Shebelle 152:Ethiopia 124:ውጋዴ/ውጋዴን 116:Ogaadeen 51:ውጋዴ/ውጋዴን 3384:Oceania 3354:Lezghin 3278:Nagalim 3273:Madhesh 3228:Assyria 3158:Kabylia 3153:Haratin 3064:44°18′E 2283:p. 180. 2281:History 2258:, p. 61 2254:Lewis, 1446:: 292. 1147:plateau 1122:Ecology 1104:Shilabo 1080:Somalia 1047:in the 987:Jigjiga 808:nomadic 780:Amharas 736:always 702:Eritrea 570:Jigjiga 562:Jigjiga 525:Massawa 482:during 349:History 328:Karanle 309:Marehan 299:of the 293:Somalis 264:to the 156:Somalia 139: 120:Amharic 3417:Ogaden 3327:Europe 3308:Taiwan 3193:Yoruba 3163:Ogaden 3148:Biafra 3126:Africa 3061:7°17′N 3039: 3018: 2991: 2981: 2960:467147 2958: 2950: 2926: 2907: 2897: 2814:: 636. 2500: 2472: 2447: 2437: 2409: 2341: 2178: 2153: 2036: 1955: 1867: 1840: 1798: 1768: 1741: 1714: 1679: 1652: 1625: 1598: 1567: 1536: 1484: 1417: 1392: 1365: 1112:Werder 1108:Kelafo 1084:Jijiga 1013:Jijiga 931:Ogaden 764:, and 742:Amhara 726:Jijiga 656:, the 622:Jijiga 614:Jijiga 448:. 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