3068:' by the Egyptians, who spread out around Europe in the 2nd millennium BC, taking their religious beliefs with them. He posits that at some early stage these teachings were encoded in alphabet form by poets to pass on their worship of the goddess (as the muse and inspiration of all poets) in a secret fashion, understandable only to initiates. Eventually, via the druids of Gaul, this knowledge was passed on to the poets of early Ireland and Wales. Graves, therefore, looked at the Tree Alphabet tradition surrounding ogham and explored the tree folklore of each of the letter names, proposing that the order of the letters formed an ancient "seasonal calendar of tree magic". Although his theories have been discredited and discarded by modern scholars (including Macalister himself, with whom Graves corresponded), they were taken up with enthusiasm by some adherents of the neopagan movement. In addition, Graves followed the BLNFS order of ogham letters put forward by Macalister (see above), with the result taken up by many New Age and Neopagan writers as the 'correct' order of the letters, despite its rejection by scholars.
1011:
of thought, it is asserted that "the alphabet was created by Irish scholars or druids for political, military or religious reasons to provide a secret means of communication in opposition to the authorities of Roman
Britain." The serious threat of invasion by the Roman Empire, which then ruled over neighbouring southern Britain, may have spurred the creation of the alphabet. Alternatively, in later centuries when the threat of invasion had receded and the Irish were themselves invading western Britain, the desire to keep communications secret from Romans or Romanised Britons would still have provided an incentive. With bilingual ogham and Latin inscriptions in Wales, however, one would suppose that the ogham could easily be decoded by at least an educated few in the post-Roman world.
331:
1193:
1045:, and was inspired by a form of the Greek alphabet current in Northern Italy at the time. According to this theory, the alphabet was transmitted in oral form or on wood only, until it was finally put into a written form on stone inscriptions in early Christian Ireland. Later scholars are largely united in rejecting this theory, however, primarily because a detailed study of the letters shows that they were created specifically for the Primitive Irish of the early centuries AD. The supposed links with the form of the Greek alphabet that Macalister proposed can also be disproved.
65:
115:
2622:) of the stone, which formed the stemline against which individual characters are cut. The text of these "Orthodox Ogham" inscriptions is read beginning from the bottom left-hand side of a stone, continuing upward along the edge, across the top and down the right-hand side (in the case of long inscriptions). Roughly 380 inscriptions are known in total (a number, incidentally, very close to the number of known inscriptions in the contemporary
25:
993:
5586:
4945:
1230:). The order of the first five letters, BLFSN, led the scholar Macalister to propose that a link between a form of the Greek alphabet used in Northern Italy in the 6th and 5th centuries BC. However, there is no evidence for Macalister's theory, and it has been discounted by later scholars. There are in fact other explanations for the name
3343:
Forsyth, K.; "Abstract: The Three
Writing Systems of the Picts." in Black et al. Celtic Connections: Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of Celtic Studies, Vol. 1. East Linton: Tuckwell Press (1999), p. 508; Richard A. V. Cox, The Language of the Ogam Inscriptions of Scotland, Dept. of Celtic, Aberdeen University
980:, the language of the earliest sources in the Latin alphabet, takes place in about the 6th century. Since ogham inscriptions consist almost exclusively of personal names and marks possibly indicating land ownership, linguistic information that may be gleaned from the Primitive Irish period is mostly restricted to
1014:
The second main school of thought, put forward by scholars such as McManus, is that ogham was invented by the first
Christian communities in early Ireland, out of a desire for a unique alphabet to write short messages and inscriptions in Irish. The sounds of Primitive Irish may have been difficult to
2705:
In later centuries when ogham ceased to be used as a practical alphabet, it retained its place in the learning of Gaelic scholars and poets as the basis of grammar and the rules of poetry. Indeed, until modern times the Latin alphabet in Gaelic continued to be taught using letter names borrowed from
3681:
McManus 1988, pp. 36, 167, 1991; B. Ă CuĂv, "Irish words for
Alphabet", Eriu 31, p. 101. it would be impossible to change the order of letters in ogham, given that it is a numbered series of strokes. In other words, to change N from the third to the fifth letter would also mean changing its symbol
1010:
There are two main schools of thought among scholars as to the motivation for the creation of ogham. Scholars such as Carney and MacNeill have suggested that ogham was first created as a cryptic alphabet, designed by the Irish to hide their meaning from writers of the Latin alphabet. In this school
2645:", and are post 6th century in date. The term 'scholastic' derives from the fact that the inscriptions are believed to have been inspired by the manuscript sources, instead of being continuations of the original monument tradition. Unlike orthodox ogham, some medieval inscriptions feature all five
2691:
As well as its use for monumental inscriptions, the evidence from early Irish sagas and legends indicate that ogham was used for short messages on wood or metal, either to relay messages or to denote ownership of the object inscribed. Some of these messages seem to have been cryptic in nature and
3342:
McManus (1991) is aware of a total of 382 orthodox inscriptions. The later scholastic inscriptions have no definite endpoint and continue into the Middle Irish and even Modern Irish periods, and record also names in other languages, such as Old Norse, (Old) Welsh, Latin and possibly
Pictish. See
1894:, that traditionally accompanied each letter name, and a further gloss explaining their meanings and identifying the tree or plant linked to each letter. Only five of the twenty primary letters have tree names that the Auraicept considers comprehensible without further glosses, namely
2649:. Scholastic inscriptions are written on stemlines cut into the face of the stone, instead of along its edge. Ogham was also occasionally used for notes in manuscripts down to the 16th century. A modern ogham inscription is found on a gravestone dating to 1802 in Ahenny,
918:
which were clearly part of the system, but which were no longer spoken by the 5th century and never appear in inscriptions, suggesting an extended period of ogham writing on wood or other perishable material prior to the preserved monumental inscriptions. They are:
3063:
times, concerning the ceremonies surrounding the worship of the Moon goddess in her various forms. Graves' argument is extremely complex, but in essence, he argues that the
Hebrews, Greeks and Celts were all influenced by a people originating in the Aegean, called
3101:, and interpreting the patterns. The meanings assigned in these modern methods are usually based on the tree ogham, with each letter associated with a tree or plant, and meanings derived from these associations. While some use folklore for the meanings,
3059:. In this work, Graves took his inspiration from the theories of the ogham scholar R. A. S. Macalister (see above) and elaborated on them much further. Graves proposed that the ogham alphabet encoded a set of beliefs originating in the Middle East in
3764:, in the "King and Hermit" poem the hermit Marban says "caine ailmi ardom-peitet" â "beautiful are the pines that make music for me". This is a reference to the idea that pine makes a pleasing, soothing sound as the wind passes through its needles.
1015:
transcribe into the Latin alphabet, motivating the invention of a separate alphabet. A possible such origin, as suggested by McManus (1991:41), is the early Irish
Christian community known from around AD 400 at atest, attested by the mission of
3682:
from three strokes to five strokes. The letters F and S would also have to be changed. This would obviously lead to great confusion, and would only be done if there was some compelling reason for the change. Macalister provides no such reason.
3097:. However, as the tale doesn't explain how the sticks are handled or interpreted, this theory is open to interpretation. A divination method invented by neopagans involves casting sticks upon a cloth marked out with a pattern, such as
956:
have their supporters. Runic origin would elegantly explain the presence of "H" and "Z" letters unused in Irish, as well as the presence of vocalic and consonantal variants "U" vs. "W", unknown to Latin writing and lost in Greek (cf.
2702:, that ogham may have been used to keep records or lists, such as genealogies and numerical tallies of property and business transactions. There is also evidence that ogham may have been used as a system of finger or hand signals.
2536:
3671:
VendryĂšs 'L'Ă©criture ogamique et ses origines' Ătudes
Celtiques, 4, pp. 110â113, 1941; Thurneysen, 'Zum ogam' BeitrĂ€ge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur, pp. 196â197, 1937. Cf. McManus 1988, p. 11,
1964:
may possibly mean "pine tree," as it appears to be used to mean that in an 8th-century poem. Thus out of twenty letter names, only eight at most are the names of trees. The other names have a variety of meanings.
1048:
Macalister's theory of hand or finger signals as a source reflects that the alphabet consists of four groups of five letters, with a sequence of strokes from one to five. Another theory, proposed by the scholars
1125:). Finding that they had already been dispersed, Fenius sent his scholars to study them, staying at the tower, coordinating the effort. After ten years, the investigations were complete, and Fenius created
1921:
period (say, 10th century), but it postdates the
Primitive Irish period, or at least the time when the letters were originally named. Its origin is probably due to the letters themselves being called
1041:
was influential at one time, but finds little favor with scholars today. Macalister believed that ogham was first invented in
Cisalpine Gaul around 600 BC by Gaulish druids as a secret system of
3902:
1168:
with the script's invention. Ogma was skilled in speech and poetry, and created the system for the learned, to confound rustics and fools. The first message written in ogam was seven
910:
believed its origin is rather within the 1st century BC. Although the use of "classical" ogham in stone inscriptions seems to have flourished in the 5th and 6th centuries around the
961:). The Latin alphabet is the primary contender mainly because its influence at the required period (4th century) is most easily established, being widely used in neighbouring Roman
3547:
2086:". The original etymology of the name, and the letter's value, are however unclear. McManus (1986) suggested a value . Peter Schrijver (see McManus 1991:37) suggested that if
1933:
because of that. Some of the other letter names had fallen out of use as independent words, and were thus free to be claimed as "Old Gaelic" tree names, while others (such as
1375:, have at most only one certain 'orthodox' (see below) inscription each. Due to their limited practical use, later ogamists turned the supplementary letters into a series of
1030:
after contact and intermarriage with Romanised Britons with knowledge of the Latin alphabet. In fact, several ogham stones in Wales are bilingual, containing both Irish and
283:, 6th to 9th centuries). There are roughly 400 surviving orthodox inscriptions on stone monuments throughout Ireland and western Britain, the bulk of which are in southern
1184:
goes on to tell the tradition that all letters were named after trees, a claim also referred to by the Auraicept as an alternative to the naming after Fenius' disciples.
940:
It appears that the Ogham alphabet was modelled on another script, and some even consider it a mere cipher of its template script (DĂŒwel 1968: points out similarity with
5622:
2656:
In Scotland, a number of inscriptions using the ogham writing system are known, but their language is still the subject of debate. It has been argued by Richard Cox in
4341:
3803:
1882:(1685), who took them at face value. The Auraicept itself is aware that not all names are known tree names: "Now all these are wood names such as are found in the
3602:
p. 19: "The reader has only to jot down a few sentences in this alphabet to convince himself that it can never have been used for any extended literary purpose."
8264:
1948:
McManus (1991, §3.15) discusses possible etymologies of all the letter names, and as well as the five mentioned above, he adds one other definite tree name:
3773:
5697:
8296:
4981:
1929:"forking branches" due to their shape. Since a few of the letters were, in fact, named after trees, the interpretation arose that they were called
3203:
914:, from the phonological evidence it is clear that the alphabet predates the 5th century. Indeed, the alphabet has letters representing "archaic"
4391:
2676:
9366:
5615:
4203:
4118:
3906:
2595:), is the only ogham stone inscription that bears the name of an identifiable individual. The language of the inscriptions is predominantly
5170:
4895:
2664:
in origin. However, due to the lack of knowledge about the Picts, the inscriptions remain undeciphered, their language possibly being non-
4281:
7372:
5684:
2668:. The Pictish inscriptions are scholastic, and are believed to have been inspired by the manuscript tradition brought into Scotland by
5571:
5101:
9134:
9090:
1176:, meaning: "your wife will be carried away seven times to the otherworld unless the birch protects her". For this reason, the letter
9483:
9120:
8229:
4225:
4173:
4093:
4035:
3813:
3557:
3470:
3445:
3348:
221:
7466:
3598:
pages 9â10: "... In Britain ... most of these inscriptions are bilingual, with a Latin version accompanying the Ogam". Macalister,
1879:
330:
9352:
8069:
5608:
747:
7792:
7053:
4313:
3093:
Dalan takes four wands of yew, and writes ogham letters upon them. Then he uses the tools for what some interpret as a form of
2660:(1999) that the language of these is Old Norse, but others remain unconvinced by this analysis, and regard the stones as being
1886:
and are not derived from men", admitting that "some of these trees are not known today". The Auraicept gives a short phrase or
2832:
The spelling of the names given is a standardisation dating to 1997, used in Unicode Standard and in Irish Standard 434:1999.
9359:
7925:
7564:
5111:
5107:
4126:
5397:
1222:
after the letter names of the first letters (in the same way that the modern word "alphabet" derives from the Greek letters
1192:
3321:
page 9: "Older as a rule even than the above archaic material are the sepulchral inscriptions in a special alphabet called
8034:
7935:
7559:
6617:
5541:
5062:
4998:
4770:
1016:
593:
3959:
9345:
9324:
6612:
6387:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5679:
5245:
5097:
4974:
4366:
4218:
The Celtic Inscriptions of Britain: Phonology and Chronology, c. 400â1200. (Publications of the Philological Society 37)
3230:
431:
5998:
5233:
5148:
9225:
9204:
7884:
7879:
7574:
7476:
5689:
1387:. This meant that the alphabet was once again without a letter for the 'P' sound, forcing the invention of the letter
3929:
9292:
7889:
7456:
5548:
5221:
5119:
4841:
4811:
4669:
4506:
4502:
2583:
in England. They were mainly employed as territorial markers and memorials (grave stones). The stone commemorating
1344:
1026:
A variation is that the alphabet was first invented, for whatever reason, in 4th-century Irish settlements in west
7542:
7264:
6817:
6404:
6063:
3257:
817:
38:
2543:
in the centre. Text reads BIVAIDONAS MAQI MUCOI CUNAVA, or in English, "Of Bivaidonas, son of the tribe Cunava".
1061:
counting system of the time, based around the numbers five and twenty, which was then adapted into an alphabet.
9042:
9028:
8333:
6916:
6719:
5368:
4571:
4047:
3410:
3154:
2764:
1038:
42:
8647:
6832:
5510:
4876:
4836:
4468:
2276:. The value of the letter in Primitive Irish, then, was a voiced labiovelar, . The arboreal tradition glosses
1071:
64:
9331:
8359:
6972:
6852:
6335:
6239:
5716:
5674:
5631:
5589:
5155:
4967:
4401:
4386:
3262:
3236:
2665:
355:
6421:
2298:
means "sulphur". The Primitive Irish letter value is uncertain, it may have been a sibilant different from
8049:
7486:
6988:
6978:
6911:
5854:
5216:
4792:
4664:
4498:
4411:
4351:
3792:
A History of St. Maryâs Church. Text by Imelda Kehoe. Published by the Gowran Development Association 1992
3120:
3098:
2572:
2311:
2307:
1868:
1846:
1779:
1555:
1354:), a phoneme lost in Old Irish. The base alphabet is, therefore, as it were, designed for Proto-Q-Celtic.
1077:
1002:
907:
4821:
9433:
9338:
9127:
9076:
8536:
8458:
8222:
8161:
7715:
7594:
7296:
7028:
6704:
5888:
5876:
5849:
5834:
4541:
4479:
3207:
2842:
2820:
2798:
890:
335:
242:
5406:
4861:
4546:
4276:
3081:
906:
It is generally thought that the earliest inscriptions in Ogham date to about the 4th century AD, but
9197:
8948:
8625:
8121:
8024:
7776:
7740:
7145:
7068:
6649:
6478:
6461:
6138:
5777:
5478:
4925:
4846:
4657:
4652:
4406:
4381:
4346:
1917:
According to the leading modern ogham scholar, Damian McManus, the "Tree Alphabet" idea dates to the
1367:, regularly appears in inscriptions, but mostly with the value K (McManus, § 5.3, 1991), in the word
1114:
685:
366:
6568:
6558:
6133:
7920:
7642:
7165:
6548:
6538:
6187:
6128:
6123:
6118:
5871:
5503:
5438:
5006:
4684:
4566:
4536:
4489:
4421:
4376:
4306:
4257:
3297:
1952:"ash" (the Auraicept wrongly has "furze"). McManus (1988, p. 164) also believes that the name
698:
611:
500:
450:
114:
6197:
6098:
5424:
1306:
Five additional letters were later introduced (mainly in the manuscript tradition), the so-called
9478:
9183:
9160:
8794:
8683:
8673:
8565:
8508:
8494:
8451:
8156:
8039:
7874:
7766:
7725:
7679:
7674:
7569:
7551:
7219:
7150:
7115:
7063:
6896:
6876:
6869:
6864:
6622:
6553:
6275:
5653:
5226:
5082:
5041:
4920:
4831:
4581:
3735:
3168:
3086:
1090:
966:
753:
729:
639:
394:
272:
8416:
4152:
9306:
9299:
9271:
9035:
9021:
8933:
8822:
8732:
8711:
8690:
8618:
8550:
8409:
8367:
8319:
8054:
8044:
7689:
7684:
7589:
7584:
7491:
7446:
7346:
7269:
7249:
7239:
7229:
7224:
7160:
7155:
7083:
7018:
7003:
6953:
6948:
6891:
6827:
6785:
6627:
6513:
6436:
5952:
5947:
5824:
5415:
5316:
5196:
5165:
4891:
4531:
4494:
4221:
4206:
4199:
4194:
4176:
4169:
4155:
4148:
4132:
4122:
4096:
4089:
4075:
4061:
4038:
4031:
4017:
4009:
4000:
3809:
3553:
3530:
3512:
3466:
3441:
3351:
3344:
3159:
3139:
3125:
3107:
3055:
2719:
2530:
1945:) were more or less forcefully reinterpreted as epithets of trees by the medieval glossators.
1866:
The letter names are interpreted as names of trees or shrubs in manuscript tradition, both in
1050:
1034:, testifying to the international contacts that led to the existence of some of these stones.
997:
811:
679:
425:
303:, the letters are named after various trees. For this reason, Ogham is sometimes known as the
3270:
9440:
9378:
9278:
9232:
9218:
9176:
9051:
8997:
8978:
8912:
8904:
8890:
8883:
8808:
8604:
8579:
8515:
8487:
8473:
8402:
8388:
8305:
8278:
8215:
8126:
8029:
7851:
7694:
7321:
7301:
7291:
7286:
7170:
6926:
6859:
6847:
6812:
6807:
6790:
6729:
6694:
6654:
6456:
6451:
6399:
6350:
6234:
6168:
6108:
6058:
6003:
5920:
5898:
5883:
5829:
5819:
5753:
5519:
5431:
5160:
4871:
4816:
4611:
4436:
4371:
2650:
2642:
2626:), of which the highest concentration by far is found in the southwestern Irish province of
2604:
2600:
1328:
1042:
1027:
1020:
830:
741:
715:
703:
673:
645:
631:
520:
512:
280:
201:
8099:
4906:
4234:, BeitrĂ€ge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur, 61 (1937), pp. 188â208.
9264:
8956:
8897:
8843:
8836:
8815:
8801:
8785:
8763:
8718:
8611:
8586:
8558:
8543:
8466:
8444:
8437:
8395:
8355:
8326:
8014:
7984:
7807:
7730:
7496:
7426:
7336:
7331:
7316:
7279:
7259:
7195:
7185:
7175:
7140:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7008:
6993:
6963:
6958:
6842:
6837:
6684:
6674:
6664:
6528:
6493:
6488:
6468:
6362:
6320:
6260:
6143:
6113:
6023:
5983:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5859:
5839:
5787:
5770:
5758:
5175:
5026:
4866:
4674:
4627:
4590:
4510:
4462:
4457:
4361:
3144:
2680:
2596:
2083:
1129:"the selected language", taking the best of each of the confused tongues, which he called
1054:
973:
805:
799:
793:
765:
667:
651:
622:
605:
403:
343:
268:
126:
7461:
6644:
4737:
4708:
3079:
is for the purpose of divination. Divination with ogham symbols is possibly mentioned in
2692:
some were also for magical purposes. In addition, there is evidence from sources such as
1861:
437:
299:
7611:
4072:
Ogam: Archaizing, Orthography and the Authenticity of the Manuscript Key to the Alphabet
3426:
DĂŒwel, Klaus. "Runenkunde" (runic studies). Stuttgart/Weimar: Metzler, 1968. OCLC 183700
2098:
might have survived into Primitive Irish, but there is no independent evidence for this.
1157:
for his languages. The names he gave to the letters were those of his 25 best scholars.
9473:
9401:
9285:
9169:
9149:
9058:
8926:
8857:
8756:
8704:
8697:
8529:
8522:
8501:
8480:
8381:
8374:
8136:
8064:
8059:
7910:
7894:
7869:
7812:
7802:
7797:
7637:
7511:
7471:
7441:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7351:
7326:
7274:
7214:
7180:
7130:
7078:
7043:
6998:
6968:
6921:
6881:
6780:
6734:
6689:
6607:
6543:
6498:
6483:
6446:
6426:
6394:
6382:
6330:
6325:
6315:
6305:
6300:
6217:
6202:
6192:
6158:
6148:
6093:
6078:
6043:
5893:
5797:
5745:
5635:
5087:
5072:
5021:
5016:
4990:
4948:
4910:
4826:
4756:
4741:
4696:
4617:
4556:
4521:
4474:
4426:
4416:
4336:
4299:
2694:
2611:
1874:
1710:
1435:
1401:
1262:
1161:
1154:
1122:
1086:
1082:
992:
953:
945:
735:
723:
657:
573:
547:
540:
416:
261:
237:
231:
4261:
4213:, several re-editions, but rarely available. Editions available in German and English.
9467:
9408:
9257:
9190:
9113:
9083:
8941:
8919:
8850:
8746:
8725:
8572:
8430:
8348:
8341:
8312:
8271:
8186:
8176:
8171:
8146:
8141:
8074:
7958:
7652:
7311:
7254:
6906:
6679:
6563:
6518:
6473:
6441:
6290:
6227:
6207:
6180:
6153:
6083:
6068:
6053:
6008:
5765:
5359:
5211:
5138:
5077:
4930:
4787:
4724:
4622:
4484:
4185:
3133:
3102:
3050:
2623:
2435:
2399:
2281:
1727:
1564:
1508:
1491:
1452:
1418:
1261:
The ogham alphabet originally consisted of twenty letters, divided into four groups (
1118:
1031:
962:
949:
868:
759:
288:
181:
70:
4266:
4117:. Vol. 1. Kelleher, John V. (intro. in the reprints of 1976 and 2005). Dublin:
8864:
8829:
8770:
8257:
8019:
7915:
7828:
7720:
7621:
7431:
7244:
7209:
7190:
7125:
7120:
7013:
6901:
6775:
6699:
6639:
6508:
6503:
6414:
6409:
6345:
6285:
6265:
6222:
6212:
6163:
6048:
6028:
6018:
5866:
5844:
5802:
5180:
5092:
5046:
5036:
5011:
4914:
4856:
4604:
4551:
3072:
2635:
2631:
2065:
1324:
1098:
941:
937:(velar nasal "NG" in the manuscript tradition, but etymologically probably "GW").
771:
565:
559:
506:
489:
78:
7073:
4764:
4733:
4700:
4356:
2669:
972:
In Ireland and Wales, the language of the monumental stone inscriptions is termed
579:
3836:
3251:
9447:
9211:
9142:
8423:
8114:
7974:
7735:
7579:
7436:
7341:
7110:
7038:
7023:
6931:
6724:
6634:
6533:
6523:
6377:
6340:
6295:
6280:
6255:
6175:
6103:
6088:
5792:
5487:
5460:
5289:
5206:
4714:
4704:
4644:
4516:
3783:
The Welsh Academy Encyclopedia of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press 2008
3293:
Dictionary of the Irish Language, Based Mainly on Old and Middle Irish Materials
3076:
3065:
2802:
2768:
2584:
2560:
2488:
1200:) of the 20 original letters and the five most important supplementary letters (
1058:
553:
2847:
2675:
A rare example of a Christianised (cross-inscribed) Ogham stone can be seen in
187:
8104:
8079:
7647:
7090:
6580:
6575:
6431:
6372:
6013:
5566:
5352:
5280:
4396:
3963:
3094:
2592:
2576:
2510:
2337:
2319:
1525:
858:
841:
587:
3189:
9415:
9394:
9387:
8181:
8166:
8003:
7750:
7699:
7666:
7501:
7392:
6941:
6669:
6585:
6310:
5496:
5031:
4851:
4760:
4692:
4597:
4431:
4287:
Ogham in 3D project, a collection of 3D models and meta-data of Ogham stones
4251:
4136:
3129:
3060:
2710:, along with the Medieval association of each letter with a different tree.
1918:
1376:
981:
977:
911:
526:
276:
147:
131:
8109:
5600:
5469:
5345:
5127:
4526:
3873:
Graves, R 'The White Goddess', pp. 61, 123, Faber & Faber, London, 1961
3549:
Border States in the Work of Tom Mac Intyre: A Paleo-Postmodern Perspective
3933:
3638:
3534:
2394:, based on the kennings, means "earth, clay, soil". The Auraicept glosses
8151:
8131:
8094:
8089:
7969:
7930:
7771:
7530:
7415:
7306:
7048:
6936:
6886:
6757:
6270:
6073:
6033:
5814:
5807:
5658:
4718:
4561:
4210:
4180:
4100:
4079:
4065:
4042:
4021:
3046:
2580:
2568:
2564:
2556:
2373:
1134:
1094:
933:
880:
874:
847:
382:
322:'point-seam', referring to the seam made by the point of a sharp weapon.
264:
256:
90:
4168:, Maynooth: Dept. of Old and Middle Irish, St. Patrick's College, 1997.
4159:
3739:
3723:
3049:
approaches to ogham largely derive from the now-discredited theories of
8238:
7745:
7616:
7506:
7481:
7367:
7204:
7058:
7033:
6802:
6709:
6357:
5971:
5782:
5307:
4004:
3042:
2826:
2806:
2646:
2627:
2444:
2127:
1887:
1818:
1762:
1654:
1637:
1359:
1320:
1308:
1202:
1106:
1102:
958:
921:
915:
284:
163:
135:
3621:
9239:
6983:
6795:
6714:
6659:
6367:
6038:
5271:
5262:
4747:
4729:
4109:, 'Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy' 39, pp. 33â53, Dublin
3164:
2043:
1542:
1110:
927:
532:
478:
472:
74:
5298:
2535:
4271:
4147:, Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 99, 1969.
931:("Z" in the manuscript tradition, but probably "F" from "SW"), and
7606:
7601:
7451:
7234:
6822:
5733:
4901:
4752:
4322:
3149:
3090:
2588:
2552:
2548:
2534:
2417:
2381:
2153:
2139:
2131:
2025:
2011:
1977:
1744:
1620:
1332:
1191:
991:
965:, while runes in the 4th century were not very widespread even in
779:
329:
4959:
2350:
is of uncertain meaning, possibly "pine-tree". The Auraicept has
1914:"hazel". All the other names have to be glossed or "translated".
1878:('The Ogam Tract'). They were first discussed in modern times by
294:
The vast majority of the inscriptions consist of personal names.
8084:
7979:
5376:
3111:
continues to be a major influence on these methods and beliefs.
2661:
2359:
2285:
2229:
1693:
1676:
1586:
1469:
1173:
1165:
8211:
8001:
7956:
7849:
7528:
7413:
6755:
5969:
5731:
5714:
5604:
4963:
4295:
4016:, PhD Dissertation, Harvard University (Ann Arbor: UMI, 1996).
2264:
from the kennings has a meaning of "killing", maybe cognate to
1960:"yew", as the kennings support that meaning, and concedes that
334:
Carving of Ogham letters into a stone pillar â illustration by
5336:
3805:
Witch School Second Degree: Lessons in the Correllian Traditio
2551:, with a few additional specimens found in southwest England (
2438:", which is the meaning given to it in the arboreal tradition.
2355:
2251:
2109:
1603:
3525:
MacNeill, Eoin (1931) "Archaisms in the Ogham Inscriptions",
3501:. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1980, etc. pp. 8â11.
2786:
2752:
250:
213:
4286:
3992:'Ăriu' 22, 1975, pp. 62â63, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy
2829:
Standard in September 1999 with the release of version 3.0.
2164:"fair-wood" ("hazel") by the arboreal interpretation. Latin
1269:) according the stroke angle and direction. The groups were
2212:: the kennings connect this name to three different words,
1057:, is that the forms of the letters derive from a numerical
3283:
2060:
means either "fork" or "loft". The arboreal tradition has
1137:, after GoĂdel mac EthĂ©oir. He also created extensions of
207:
2998:
210:
4291:
3864:, The Overlook Press, Peter Mayer Publishers, Inc., 2010
2469:, "gold" (from Latin aurum); the arboreal tradition has
2198:"rag", reflected in the kennings. The Auraicept glosses
4060:. First edition. Dublin: Stationery Office, 1945â1949.
2547:
Monumental ogham inscriptions are found in Ireland and
318:
remains unclear. One possible origin is from the Irish
2989:
1085:, ogham was first invented soon after the fall of the
1037:
A third theory put forward by the noted ogham scholar
3510:
Carney, J (1975) "The Invention of the Ogam Cipher",
2776:
2742:
1105:
together with GoĂdel mac EthĂ©oir, Ăar mac Nema and a
222:
4074:, Ăriu 37, 1988, 1â31. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy.
4014:
The Ogham Inscriptions of Scotland: An Edited Corpus
3291:
2270:
1101:. According to the Auraicept, Fenius journeyed from
9425:
9376:
9316:
9249:
9159:
9105:
9068:
9008:
8989:
8970:
8875:
8781:
8742:
8669:
8596:
8295:
8288:
8249:
7903:
7862:
7821:
7785:
7759:
7708:
7665:
7630:
7550:
7541:
7360:
6768:
6600:
6248:
5991:
5982:
5667:
5646:
5559:
5534:
5451:
5388:
5327:
5253:
5244:
5189:
5137:
5055:
4997:
4884:
4803:
4683:
4643:
4636:
4580:
4445:
4329:
2983:
2430:is of uncertain meaning, but is probably a form of
1988:
is considered a borrowing from the Gaulish cognate.
1391:(soft 'B'), which appears in the manuscripts only.
204:
179:
169:
162:
146:
141:
122:
107:
97:
85:
52:
4053:, pp. 27â36, Cambridge University Press, 1937
3999:(runic studies). Stuttgart/Weimar: Metzler, 1968.
3368:Early Ireland, an Introduction to Irish Prehistory
3250:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2948:
1343:, Patrick). Conversely, there is a letter for the
4026:Gippert, Jost; HlavĂĄÄek, Ivan; Homolka, JaromĂr.
2951:
2634:alone, most densely in the former kingdom of the
3401:'Ăriu', 1975, p. 57, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy
2995:
2992:
2939:
2933:
2918:
2912:
2795:"Legescad, son of Corrbrias, son of Ammllogitt"
2599:; the few inscriptions in Scotland, such as the
2032:, so that the original value of the letter was .
1254:is a contraction of the first five letters, ie,
4342:Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups
3128:â A similar runic alphabet based on the Celtic
2986:
2962:
2954:
2945:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2915:
1331:, and no sign was needed before loanwords from
2965:
2910:
2835:The Unicode block for ogham is U+1680âU+169F.
2658:The Language of Ogham Inscriptions in Scotland
8223:
5616:
4975:
4307:
4166:Ogam Stones and the Earliest Irish Christians
3953:
3951:
3653:, pp. 27â36, Cambridge University Press, 1937
2980:
2968:
2778:áááááááááááááááá áááááááááááááááááááááááááááá
2614:, where the script was carved into the edge (
2539:Ogham stone from the Isle of Man showing the
944:). The largest number of scholars favour the
8:
4241:Ătudes Celtiques, 4 (1941), pp. 83â116.
3635:The New Companion to the Literature of Wales
3355:The New Companion to the Literature of Wales
3028:Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
2082:"horror, fear"; the arboreal tradition has "
287:. The largest number outside Ireland are in
5546:
5517:
5508:
5494:
5485:
5476:
5467:
5458:
5436:
5422:
5413:
5404:
5395:
5357:
5343:
5334:
5314:
5305:
5296:
5287:
5278:
5269:
5260:
5231:
5146:
5117:
5064:
4252:Description and history of the ogham script
4145:A Late Ogham Inscription from Co. Tipperary
4028:Ogam. Eine frĂŒhe keltische Schrifterfindung
3417:reprinted by Craobh Rua Books, Armagh 1997.
2630:. Over one-third of the total are found in
2603:, record fragments of what is probably the
2224:"love, esteem". The arboreal tradition has
1302:, notches or perpendicular crossing strokes
1297:
1289:
1281:
1273:
8593:
8292:
8230:
8216:
8208:
7998:
7953:
7859:
7846:
7547:
7538:
7525:
7410:
6765:
6752:
5988:
5979:
5966:
5728:
5724:
5711:
5643:
5623:
5609:
5601:
5250:
4982:
4968:
4960:
4680:
4640:
4314:
4300:
4292:
4220:Oxford : Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
3370:, p. 251, Cambridge University Press, 1989
3204:"BabelStone: The Ogham Stones of Scotland"
2837:
2761:" of Bivaidonas, son of the tribe Cunava"
2412:of unknown meaning. The Auraicept glosses
1393:
1363:or supplementary letters, only the first,
1149:, after Ăar mac Nema, and others, and the
1109:of 72 scholars. They came to the plain of
349:
275:, 4th to 6th centuries AD), and later the
113:
4058:Corpus inscriptionum insularum celticarum
3962:. The British Druid Order. Archived from
3860:Carr-Gomm, Philip & Richard Heygate,
2788:LEGGSDLEGESCAD MAQ CORRBRI MAQ AMMLLOGITT
1196:Mug with Ogham letters: the four series (
1180:is said to be named after the birch, and
3901:The Order of Bards Ovates & Druids.
3808:. Woodbury, MN: Llewellyn. p. 135.
3290:Quin, E. G.; et al., eds. (2007) .
2723:
3639:http://ogham.lyberty.com/mackillop.html
3181:
1242:, was used to mean letters in general.
43:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
4392:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652
3752:The rationale for the artificial form
3722:Graves, Charles; Limerick, C. (1876).
3527:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy
3461:Dillon, Myles; Chadwick, Nora (1973).
3071:The main use of ogham by adherents of
2848:Official Unicode Consortium code chart
459:
340:Myths & Legends of the Celtic Race
255:
49:
9367:American Printing House for the Blind
9143:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
8795:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
4190:Die Weisse Göttin: Sprache des Mythos
2448:, four are glossed by the Auraicept:
2332:means "red" or "redness", glossed as
1379:, changing completely the values for
1371:(ááá "here"). The others, except for
346:(1857 â 1920), published 1911, p. 288
236:
7:
3271:participating institution membership
3171:where letters are based on numerals.
2483:"elbow"; the arboreal tradition has
1250:letters. Another suggestion is that
4239:L'Ă©criture ogamique et ses origines
4107:Archaisms in the Ogham Inscriptions
4030:, Praha: Charles University, 1992.
2677:St. Mary's Collegiate Church Gowran
2006:"herb". The arboreal tradition has
1319:is conspicuously absent, since the
1234:. One explanation is that the word
1172:s on a birch, sent as a warning to
2376:", although the Auraicept glosses
2194:). It was confused with Old Irish
1956:is probably an artificial form of
111:Bottom-to-top, left-to-right
14:
4113:O'Brien, Michael A., ed. (1962).
3465:. London: Cardinal. p. 258.
3440:. London: Carousel. p. 168.
2641:Later inscriptions are known as "
2314:. The arboreal tradition glosses
5585:
5584:
4944:
4943:
3990:The Invention of the Ogam Cipher
3756:would be to make a pairing with
3438:Everyday Life of the Pagan Celts
3399:The Invention of the Ogam Cipher
2216:"neck, upper part of the back",
1980:-tree", cognate to Middle Welsh
1327:, and the gap was not filled in
200:
69:An inscription found in 1975 in
63:
23:
16:Early Middle Ages Irish alphabet
5171:Dependent and independent forms
4051:The Secret Languages of Ireland
3802:Lewis-Highcorrell, Don (2003).
3651:The Secret Languages of Ireland
3600:The Secret Languages of Ireland
3486:The Secret Languages of Ireland
3415:The Secret Languages of Ireland
2777:
2743:
1218:, while the alphabet is called
948:as this template, although the
373:
297:According to the High Medieval
45: instead of Ogham letters.
5696:Languages by writing system /
4115:Corpus Genealogiarum Hiberniae
3611:MacManus 1988, pp. 7, 41, 1991
3005:
3003:
3001:
2744:ááááááááá
áááááááááááá áááá
áááá
2610:The more ancient examples are
2246:). The arboreal tradition has
2134:". The arboreal tradition has
1069:According to the 11th-century
1:
9135:GardnerâSalinas braille codes
9091:GardnerâSalinas braille codes
3712:MacManus 1988, §7.13â14, 1991
3662:McManus 1988, pp. 22â23, 1991
3529:, Vol. 39, pp. 33â53, Dublin
3206:. 8 June 2013. Archived from
2090:"fear" is cognate with Latin
1872:('The Scholars' Primer') and
1278:, right side/downward strokes
850:
833:
820:
688:
481:
440:
9346:National Braille Association
9325:Braille Institute of America
9043:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
4267:Every Ogham Thing on the Web
3983:General and cited references
3637:, by Meic Stephens, p. 540;
2787:
2754:BIVAIDONAS MAQI MUCOI CUNAVA
2753:
2521:which means 'twin of hazel'
1890:for each letter, known as a
1246:could therefore mean simply
1210:Strictly speaking, the word
1188:Alphabet: the Beith-luis-nin
267:used primarily to write the
9226:Refreshable braille display
9205:Optical braille recognition
8802:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
8334:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
7477:New Epoch Notation Painting
3960:"A Little History of Ogham"
3357:, by Meic Stephens, p. 540.
3167:â Script used to write the
2156:-tree", cognate with Welsh
1880:RuaidhrĂ Ă Flaithbheartaigh
1153:(the ogham) as a perfected
1006:explaining the ogham script
457:
9500:
9293:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
5549:Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge
4282:Pictish Ogham Inscriptions
3020:As of Unicode version 16.0
3009:
2840:
2818:
2717:
2528:
2271:
2242:means "field" (cognate to
1859:
1294:, oblique crossing strokes
1286:, left side/upward strokes
310:The etymology of the word
9029:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
8207:
8010:
7997:
7965:
7952:
7858:
7845:
7543:Chinese family of scripts
7537:
7524:
7422:
7409:
6764:
6751:
6613:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
5978:
5965:
5740:
5727:
5723:
5710:
5698:by first written accounts
5642:
5580:
5567:Personal and family names
5518:
5509:
5495:
5486:
5477:
5468:
5459:
5423:
5414:
5405:
5396:
5344:
5335:
4939:
4056:Macalister, Robert A. S.
3862:The Book of English Magic
3703:in Macalister CIIC, Vol I
3411:Macalister, R. A. Stewart
3258:Oxford English Dictionary
3229:Padel, Oliver J. (1972).
2126:from the evidence of the
2046:-tree", cognate to Latin
942:ciphers of Germanic runes
62:
9484:Obsolete writing systems
9016:Chinese semi-syllabaries
8279:Unicode braille patterns
8265:International uniformity
6720:Thomas Natural Shorthand
5398:RTĂ RaidiĂł na Gaeltachta
4572:Gaelic Christian mission
4216:Sims-Williams, Patrick.
4186:Ranke-Graves, Robert von
4048:Macalister, Robert A. S.
3891:Graves 1961, pp. 116â117
3691:See inscription 235 for
3232:Inscriptions of Pictland
3155:Scottish Gaelic alphabet
2765:Ballaqueeney Ogham Stone
2587:, a 6th-century king of
2028:-tree", Primitive Irish
9353:Blindness organizations
9332:Braille Without Borders
9121:Canadian currency marks
8743:Egyptian lineage family
7926:Southwest Paleohispanic
4842:Yn Ăheshaght Ghailckagh
4402:Jacobite rising of 1745
3546:Ryan, Catriona (2012).
3263:Oxford University Press
3237:University of Edinburgh
3136:for the Welsh language.
2825:Ogham was added to the
2591:(originally located in
2473:, "spindle tree or ivy"
2352:crand giuis .i. ochtach
2160:, correctly glossed as
356:History of the alphabet
273:"orthodox" inscriptions
251:
246:
8670:Russian lineage family
8070:Great Lakes Algonquian
6979:Greco-Iberian alphabet
6912:Gabelsberger shorthand
5855:Inscriptional Parthian
5572:List of personal names
5547:
5437:
5358:
5315:
5306:
5297:
5288:
5279:
5270:
5261:
5234:An CaighdeĂĄn OifigiĂșil
5232:
5149:An CaighdeĂĄn OifigiĂșil
5147:
5118:
5065:
3699:, and 327 and 231 for
3596:A Grammar of Old Irish
3552:. Cambridge Scholars.
3499:A Grammar of Old Irish
3319:A Grammar of Old Irish
3085:, a tale in the Irish
2544:
2182:is cognate with Welsh
1298:
1290:
1282:
1274:
1266:
1207:
1007:
748:Great Lakes Algonquian
347:
31:This article contains
9434:Accessible publishing
9360:Schools for the blind
9339:Japan Braille Library
9128:Computer Braille Code
8782:Indian lineage family
8162:Old Persian cuneiform
7029:Carolingian minuscule
5835:Ancient North Arabian
4877:An Coimisinéir Teanga
4837:An Comunn GĂ idhealach
4542:Oireachtas na Gaeilge
3649:Macalister, R. A. S.
3366:O'Kelly, Michael J.,
3066:the people of the sea
2821:Ogham (Unicode block)
2799:Breastagh Ogham Stone
2718:Further information:
2538:
2414:crand fir no crithach
2130:means "bar of metal,
1998:is either related to
1195:
1081:, and other Medieval
995:
432:Ancient South Arabian
333:
103:c. 4thâ10th centuries
9198:Mountbatten Brailler
8553:(largely reassigned)
8336:(largely reassigned)
7885:Southeastern Iberian
7880:Northeastern Iberian
5778:Egyptian hieroglyphs
4926:Kingdom of the Isles
4847:Seachtain na Gaeilge
4812:ĂdarĂĄs na Gaeltachta
4567:Insular Christianity
4382:Plantation of Ulster
4347:High King of Ireland
4230:Thurneysen, Rudolf.
3936:on 30 September 2007
3909:on 30 September 2007
3724:"The Ogham Alphabet"
3516:, Vol. 22, pp. 62â63
3388:O'Kelly 1989, p. 250
2733:English translation
2517:The fifth letter is
2306:, maybe a reflex of
2302:, which is taken by
1884:Ogham Book of Woods,
976:. The transition to
367:Egyptian hieroglyphs
305:Celtic tree alphabet
269:early Irish language
158:, Ogham
9150:Nemeth braille code
8936:(reassigned vowels)
8461:(extended to 8-dot)
8035:Canadian Aboriginal
7921:Khitan small script
7643:Khitan large script
6833:CoorgiâCox alphabet
5504:Irish Texts Society
5007:Proto-Indo-European
4422:Highland Clearances
4377:Flight of the Earls
3958:Philip Shallcrass.
3903:"What Is an Ovate?"
3882:Graves 1961, p. 165
3584:. pp. 204â205.
3497:Thurneysen, Rudolf
3436:Ross, Anne (1972).
3261:(Online ed.).
3132:system invented by
3121:Auraicept na n-Ăces
3075:and other forms of
2687:Non-monumental uses
1869:Auraicept na n-Ăces
1339:appeared in Irish (
1160:Alternatively, the
1093:, by the legendary
1078:Auraicept na n-Ăces
1075:, the 14th-century
1039:R. A. S. Macalister
1003:Auraicept na n-Ăces
594:Canadian Aboriginal
338:(1873 â 1948), in:
9184:Braille translator
9161:Braille technology
9137:(science; GS8/GS6)
9106:Symbols in braille
9036:Taiwanese Mandarin
8551:Taiwanese Mandarin
8157:Nwagu Aneke script
7709:Other logosyllabic
7631:Chinese-influenced
7570:Oracle bone script
7552:Chinese characters
7487:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
6877:Eclectic shorthand
6865:Duployan shorthand
6818:Caucasian Albanian
6618:Canadian syllabics
5654:History of writing
5542:Leaving Cert Irish
5511:Såirséal agus Dill
5083:Newfoundland Irish
5042:Early Modern Irish
4921:Kingdom of Munster
4862:Comunn na GĂ idhlig
4832:Conradh na Gaeilge
4469:Lebor GabĂĄla Ărenn
4272:Irish Ogham Stones
4237:VendryĂšs, Joseph.
4010:Forsyth, Katherine
3169:Maldivian language
3087:Mythological Cycle
2545:
2268:"slays", from PIE
2220:"wile, ruse", and
1208:
1115:confused languages
1072:Lebor GabĂĄla Ărenn
1065:Legendary accounts
1008:
988:Theories of origin
967:continental Europe
818:Caucasian Albanian
348:
238:[ËoË(É)mË ]
9461:
9460:
9457:
9456:
9379:tactile alphabets
9307:William Bell Wait
9300:Sabriye Tenberken
9101:
9100:
8966:
8965:
8951:(Japanese vowels)
8749:-mediated scripts
8676:-mediated scripts
8203:
8202:
8199:
8198:
8195:
8194:
8055:Ditema tsa Dinoko
7993:
7992:
7948:
7947:
7944:
7943:
7841:
7840:
7837:
7836:
7661:
7660:
7520:
7519:
7405:
7404:
7401:
7400:
6747:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6596:
6595:
5961:
5960:
5948:Teeline Shorthand
5706:
5705:
5598:
5597:
5530:
5529:
5479:ClĂł Iar-Chonnacht
5444:
5381:
5373:
5365:
5222:Modern literature
5156:Initial mutations
4957:
4956:
4892:Haplogroup R-M269
4783:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4532:Gaelic folk music
4495:Gaelic literature
4204:978-3-499-55416-2
4195:The White Goddess
4088:, Maynooth 1991.
4084:McManus, Damian.
4070:McManus, Damian.
3928:Somerset Pagans.
3760:. With regard to
3463:The Celtic Realms
3333:in Modern Irish."
3329:in Middle Irish,
3269:(Subscription or
3160:Star Carr Pendant
3140:Ogham inscription
3126:Coelbren y Beirdd
3108:The White Goddess
3056:The White Goddess
3034:
3033:
2812:
2811:
2720:Ogham inscription
2579:and another from
2531:Ogham inscription
2094:, a trace of PIE
1853:
1852:
1145:, after himself,
1089:, along with the
1051:Rudolf Thurneysen
998:Book of Ballymote
996:Fol. 170r of the
904:
903:
444: 5th c. BCE
235:
193:
192:
39:rendering support
9491:
9450:
9443:
9441:Braille literacy
9436:
9418:
9411:
9404:
9397:
9390:
9369:
9362:
9355:
9348:
9341:
9334:
9327:
9309:
9302:
9295:
9288:
9281:
9274:
9267:
9260:
9242:
9235:
9233:Slate and stylus
9228:
9221:
9219:Perkins Brailler
9214:
9207:
9200:
9193:
9186:
9179:
9177:Braille embosser
9172:
9152:
9145:
9138:
9130:
9123:
9116:
9094:
9086:
9079:
9061:
9054:
9045:
9038:
9031:
9024:
9017:
9001:
8998:American Braille
8982:
8979:Algerian Braille
8959:
8952:
8944:
8937:
8929:
8922:
8915:
8908:
8900:
8893:
8886:
8868:
8860:
8853:
8846:
8839:
8832:
8825:
8818:
8811:
8804:
8797:
8774:
8766:
8759:
8735:
8728:
8721:
8714:
8707:
8700:
8693:
8686:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8621:
8614:
8607:
8594:
8589:
8582:
8575:
8568:
8561:
8554:
8546:
8539:
8532:
8525:
8518:
8511:
8504:
8497:
8490:
8483:
8476:
8469:
8462:
8454:
8447:
8440:
8433:
8426:
8419:
8412:
8405:
8398:
8391:
8384:
8377:
8370:
8363:
8351:
8344:
8337:
8329:
8322:
8315:
8308:
8293:
8281:
8274:
8267:
8260:
8243:
8232:
8225:
8218:
8209:
7999:
7954:
7860:
7852:Semi-syllabaries
7847:
7548:
7539:
7526:
7411:
6766:
6753:
6655:Japanese Braille
6240:Zanabazar square
6109:Nepalese scripts
5999:BengaliâAssamese
5989:
5980:
5967:
5884:Pitman shorthand
5729:
5725:
5712:
5644:
5625:
5618:
5611:
5602:
5588:
5587:
5552:
5523:
5522:
5514:
5513:
5500:
5499:
5491:
5490:
5482:
5481:
5473:
5472:
5464:
5463:
5442:
5434:
5432:BBC Radio Ulster
5428:
5427:
5419:
5418:
5410:
5409:
5401:
5400:
5379:
5371:
5363:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5340:
5339:
5320:
5311:
5302:
5293:
5284:
5275:
5266:
5251:
5237:
5217:Early literature
5152:
5123:
5102:Northern Ireland
5068:
5056:Sociolinguistics
4984:
4977:
4970:
4961:
4947:
4946:
4885:Related subjects
4872:Clans of Ireland
4822:BĂČrd na GĂ idhlig
4817:Foras na Gaeilge
4681:
4665:Medical families
4641:
4612:Classical Gaelic
4537:Sean-nĂłs singing
4480:Gaelic astrology
4463:Gaelic mythology
4372:Statutes of Iona
4316:
4309:
4302:
4293:
4258:The Ogham Script
4143:Raftery, Barry.
4140:
4105:MacNeill, Eoin.
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3955:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3932:. Archived from
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3905:. Archived from
3898:
3892:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3865:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3704:
3689:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3654:
3647:
3641:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3603:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3543:
3537:
3523:
3517:
3508:
3502:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3418:
3408:
3402:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3380:
3379:(MacManus, §8.6)
3377:
3371:
3364:
3358:
3340:
3334:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3266:
3254:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3190:"Ogham alphabet"
3186:
3027:
3019:
2838:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2730:Transliteration
2724:
2651:County Tipperary
2605:Pictish language
2601:Lunnasting stone
2573:a single example
2313:
2309:
2274:
2273:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1827:
1826:
1810:
1809:
1795:
1794:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1753:
1752:
1736:
1735:
1719:
1718:
1702:
1701:
1685:
1684:
1663:
1662:
1646:
1645:
1629:
1628:
1612:
1611:
1595:
1594:
1573:
1572:
1559:
1551:
1550:
1534:
1533:
1517:
1516:
1500:
1499:
1478:
1477:
1461:
1460:
1444:
1443:
1427:
1426:
1410:
1409:
1394:
1301:
1293:
1285:
1277:
1151:Beithe-luis-nuin
1127:in BĂ©rla tĂłbaide
1021:Pope Celestine I
855:
852:
838:
835:
825:
822:
693:
690:
627:
626:
486:
483:
462:
445:
442:
421:
420:
399:
398:
387:
386:
375:
371:
370:
350:
281:scholastic ogham
259:
257:[ËÉÉŁÉmË ]
254:
240:
230:
225:
220:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
157:
154:
118:
117:
67:
50:
27:
26:
9499:
9498:
9494:
9493:
9492:
9490:
9489:
9488:
9464:
9463:
9462:
9453:
9446:
9439:
9432:
9421:
9414:
9407:
9400:
9393:
9386:
9372:
9365:
9358:
9351:
9344:
9337:
9330:
9323:
9312:
9305:
9298:
9291:
9284:
9277:
9270:
9265:Charles Barbier
9263:
9256:
9245:
9238:
9231:
9224:
9217:
9210:
9203:
9196:
9189:
9182:
9175:
9168:
9155:
9148:
9141:
9133:
9126:
9119:
9112:
9097:
9089:
9082:
9075:
9064:
9057:
9050:
9041:
9034:
9027:
9020:
9015:
9004:
8996:
8990:Frequency-based
8985:
8977:
8962:
8955:
8947:
8940:
8932:
8925:
8918:
8911:
8903:
8896:
8889:
8882:
8871:
8863:
8856:
8849:
8842:
8835:
8828:
8821:
8814:
8807:
8800:
8793:
8786:Bharati Braille
8783:
8777:
8769:
8762:
8755:
8744:
8738:
8731:
8724:
8717:
8710:
8703:
8696:
8689:
8682:
8671:
8665:
8658:
8653:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8624:
8617:
8610:
8603:
8592:
8585:
8578:
8571:
8564:
8557:
8549:
8542:
8535:
8528:
8521:
8514:
8507:
8500:
8493:
8486:
8479:
8472:
8465:
8457:
8450:
8443:
8436:
8429:
8422:
8415:
8408:
8401:
8394:
8387:
8380:
8373:
8366:
8360:Unified English
8354:
8347:
8340:
8332:
8325:
8318:
8311:
8304:
8289:Braille scripts
8284:
8277:
8270:
8263:
8256:
8245:
8241:
8236:
8191:
8006:
7989:
7985:Stokoe notation
7961:
7940:
7899:
7854:
7833:
7817:
7781:
7760:Logoconsonantal
7755:
7704:
7657:
7626:
7533:
7516:
7497:Siglas poveiras
7418:
7397:
7356:
7260:Younger Futhark
6964:Gregg shorthand
6760:
6739:
6592:
6244:
5974:
5957:
5736:
5719:
5702:
5675:Writing systems
5663:
5638:
5636:writing systems
5629:
5599:
5594:
5576:
5555:
5526:
5447:
5384:
5323:
5240:
5185:
5133:
5112:in Newfoundland
5108:Outside Ireland
5051:
5027:Primitive Irish
4993:
4988:
4958:
4953:
4935:
4880:
4867:Columba Project
4805:
4799:
4775:
4679:
4632:
4628:Scottish Gaelic
4591:Primitive Irish
4576:
4507:Scottish Gaelic
4441:
4367:Nine Years' War
4330:General history
4325:
4320:
4277:The Ogham Stone
4248:
4129:
4112:
4086:A Guide to Ogam
3988:Carney, James.
3985:
3980:
3979:
3969:
3967:
3966:on 4 April 2005
3957:
3956:
3949:
3939:
3937:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3912:
3910:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3859:
3855:
3845:
3843:
3837:"Unicode 3.0.0"
3835:
3834:
3830:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3768:
3751:
3747:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3648:
3644:
3633:
3629:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3594:Thurneysen, R.
3593:
3589:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3524:
3520:
3509:
3505:
3496:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3409:
3405:
3397:Carney, James.
3396:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3365:
3361:
3341:
3337:
3317:Thurneysen, R.
3316:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3289:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3211:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3145:Primitive Irish
3117:
3082:Tochmarc ĂtaĂne
3039:
3024:
3016:
2846:
2823:
2817:
2785:
2784:
2775:
2751:
2750:
2741:
2722:
2716:
2689:
2681:County Kilkenny
2670:Gaelic settlers
2612:standing stones
2597:Primitive Irish
2533:
2527:
2507:spinan no ispin
2471:feorus no edind
1864:
1858:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1190:
1091:Gaelic language
1067:
1055:Joseph Vendryes
990:
974:Primitive Irish
900:
899:
898:
853:
836:
823:
691:
620:
619:
496:
495:
484:
443:
414:
413:
392:
391:
380:
379:
364:
363:
358:
344:T. W. Rolleston
328:
223:
203:
199:
184:
172:
155:
152:
130:
127:Primitive Irish
112:
100:
93:
81:
58:
54:
48:
47:
46:
37:Without proper
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9497:
9495:
9487:
9486:
9481:
9476:
9466:
9465:
9459:
9458:
9455:
9454:
9452:
9451:
9444:
9437:
9429:
9427:
9426:Related topics
9423:
9422:
9420:
9419:
9412:
9405:
9402:New York Point
9398:
9391:
9383:
9381:
9374:
9373:
9371:
9370:
9363:
9356:
9349:
9342:
9335:
9328:
9320:
9318:
9314:
9313:
9311:
9310:
9303:
9296:
9289:
9286:Harris Mowbray
9282:
9275:
9268:
9261:
9253:
9251:
9247:
9246:
9244:
9243:
9236:
9229:
9222:
9215:
9208:
9201:
9194:
9187:
9180:
9173:
9170:Braille e-book
9165:
9163:
9157:
9156:
9154:
9153:
9146:
9139:
9131:
9124:
9117:
9109:
9107:
9103:
9102:
9099:
9098:
9096:
9095:
9087:
9080:
9072:
9070:
9066:
9065:
9063:
9062:
9055:
9048:
9047:
9046:
9039:
9032:
9025:
9012:
9010:
9006:
9005:
9003:
9002:
8993:
8991:
8987:
8986:
8984:
8983:
8974:
8972:
8968:
8967:
8964:
8963:
8961:
8960:
8953:
8945:
8938:
8930:
8923:
8916:
8909:
8901:
8894:
8887:
8879:
8877:
8873:
8872:
8870:
8869:
8861:
8854:
8847:
8840:
8833:
8826:
8819:
8812:
8805:
8798:
8790:
8788:
8779:
8778:
8776:
8775:
8767:
8760:
8752:
8750:
8740:
8739:
8737:
8736:
8729:
8722:
8715:
8708:
8701:
8694:
8687:
8679:
8677:
8667:
8666:
8664:
8663:
8662:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8622:
8615:
8608:
8600:
8598:
8591:
8590:
8583:
8576:
8569:
8562:
8555:
8547:
8540:
8533:
8526:
8519:
8512:
8505:
8498:
8491:
8484:
8477:
8470:
8463:
8455:
8448:
8441:
8434:
8427:
8420:
8413:
8406:
8399:
8392:
8385:
8378:
8371:
8364:
8352:
8345:
8338:
8330:
8323:
8316:
8309:
8301:
8299:
8297:French-ordered
8290:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8282:
8275:
8268:
8261:
8253:
8251:
8247:
8246:
8237:
8235:
8234:
8227:
8220:
8212:
8205:
8204:
8201:
8200:
8197:
8196:
8193:
8192:
8190:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8137:Linear Elamite
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8118:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8011:
8008:
8007:
8002:
7995:
7994:
7991:
7990:
7988:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7966:
7963:
7962:
7959:Sign languages
7957:
7950:
7949:
7946:
7945:
7942:
7941:
7939:
7938:
7936:Quá»c Ăm TĂąn Tá»±
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7911:Espanca script
7907:
7905:
7901:
7900:
7898:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7870:Linear Elamite
7866:
7864:
7856:
7855:
7850:
7843:
7842:
7839:
7838:
7835:
7834:
7832:
7831:
7825:
7823:
7819:
7818:
7816:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7789:
7787:
7783:
7782:
7780:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7763:
7761:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7753:
7751:Yi (Classical)
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7712:
7710:
7706:
7705:
7703:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7671:
7669:
7663:
7662:
7659:
7658:
7656:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7634:
7632:
7628:
7627:
7625:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7598:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7577:
7575:Bronze scripts
7572:
7567:
7562:
7556:
7554:
7545:
7535:
7534:
7529:
7522:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7423:
7420:
7419:
7414:
7407:
7406:
7403:
7402:
7399:
7398:
7396:
7395:
7390:
7388:Flag semaphore
7385:
7383:New York Point
7380:
7378:Telegraph code
7375:
7373:Maritime flags
7370:
7364:
7362:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7327:Visible Speech
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7297:Sorang Sompeng
7294:
7289:
7284:
7283:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7181:Galik alphabet
7178:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7087:
7086:
7081:
7079:Tironian notes
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6945:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6924:
6922:Garay alphabet
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6873:
6872:
6862:
6857:
6856:
6855:
6850:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6799:
6798:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6772:
6770:
6762:
6761:
6756:
6749:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6705:Sorang Sompeng
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6628:Déné syllabics
6625:
6615:
6610:
6604:
6602:
6598:
6597:
6594:
6593:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6573:
6572:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6418:
6417:
6412:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6391:
6390:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6252:
6250:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6231:
6230:
6225:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5995:
5993:
5986:
5976:
5975:
5970:
5963:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5923:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5911:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5889:Proto-Sinaitic
5886:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5869:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5750:
5749:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5732:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5708:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5656:
5650:
5648:
5640:
5639:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5620:
5613:
5605:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5544:
5538:
5536:
5535:Qualifications
5532:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5515:
5506:
5501:
5492:
5483:
5474:
5465:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5429:
5420:
5416:RaidiĂł Na Life
5411:
5402:
5392:
5390:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5374:
5366:
5350:
5341:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5312:
5303:
5294:
5285:
5276:
5267:
5257:
5255:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5193:
5191:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5143:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5124:
5115:
5105:
5095:
5090:
5088:Leinster Irish
5085:
5080:
5075:
5073:Connacht Irish
5070:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5022:Proto-Goidelic
5019:
5017:Insular Celtic
5014:
5009:
5003:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4991:Irish language
4989:
4987:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4964:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4904:
4899:
4896:human genetics
4888:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4827:Culture Vannin
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4750:
4745:
4727:
4722:
4712:
4689:
4687:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4653:Royal families
4649:
4647:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4586:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4557:Highland games
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4522:Insular script
4519:
4514:
4492:
4487:
4485:Gaelic kinship
4482:
4477:
4475:Gaelic warfare
4472:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4449:
4447:
4446:Gaelic culture
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4427:Gaelic Revival
4424:
4419:
4417:Irish diaspora
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4387:1641 Rebellion
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4352:Irish kingdoms
4349:
4344:
4339:
4337:Gaelic Ireland
4333:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4260:& Project
4254:
4247:
4246:External links
4244:
4243:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4214:
4183:
4162:
4141:
4127:
4110:
4103:
4082:
4068:
4054:
4045:
4024:
4007:
3995:DĂŒwel, Klaus.
3993:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3947:
3920:
3893:
3884:
3875:
3866:
3853:
3828:
3814:
3794:
3785:
3776:
3766:
3745:
3734:(4): 443â472.
3714:
3705:
3684:
3674:
3664:
3655:
3642:
3627:
3613:
3604:
3587:
3572:
3558:
3538:
3518:
3503:
3490:
3478:
3471:
3453:
3446:
3428:
3419:
3403:
3390:
3381:
3372:
3359:
3335:
3310:
3276:
3242:
3221:
3210:on 2 June 2019
3195:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3150:Runic alphabet
3147:
3142:
3137:
3123:
3116:
3113:
3089:, wherein the
3038:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3021:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2819:Main article:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2796:
2793:
2782:
2772:
2771:
2762:
2759:
2748:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2715:
2712:
2708:Beith-Luis-Nin
2695:In Lebor Ogaim
2688:
2685:
2529:Main article:
2526:
2523:
2515:
2514:
2492:
2474:
2464:
2440:
2439:
2421:
2416:"test-tree or
2403:
2385:
2363:
2341:
2323:
2289:
2255:
2233:
2203:
2186:"bush", Latin
2173:
2143:
2117:
2099:
2069:
2051:
2033:
2015:
1989:
1875:In Lebor Ogaim
1860:Main article:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1777:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1553:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1287:
1279:
1252:beith-luis-nin
1244:Beith-luis-nin
1238:, which means
1232:Beith-luis-nin
1220:beith-luis-nin
1189:
1186:
1182:In Lebor Ogaim
1155:writing system
1123:Tower of Babel
1121:'s tower (the
1087:Tower of Babel
1083:Irish folklore
1066:
1063:
989:
986:
984:developments.
954:Greek alphabet
946:Latin alphabet
902:
901:
897:
896:
895:
894:
888:
887:
886:
885:
884:
866:
865:
864:
863:
862:
845:
839:
828:
827:
826:
809:
803:
797:
791:
790:
789:
783:
777:
776:
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
721:
720:
719:
713:
712:
711:
710:
709:
708:
707:
696:
695:
694:
665:
664:
663:
662:
661:
643:
637:
636:
635:
617:
616:
615:
612:Square Aramaic
603:
602:
601:
600:
599:
598:
597:
585:
584:
583:
571:
570:
569:
563:
557:
530:
518:
517:
516:
497:
494:
493:
487:
476:
470:
469:
468:
467:
466:
465:
464:
448:
447:
446:
429:
417:Proto-Sinaitic
411:
410:
409:
408:
407:
360:
359:
354:
353:
327:
324:
262:Early Medieval
191:
190:
185:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
160:
159:
150:
144:
143:
139:
138:
124:
120:
119:
109:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
89:
87:
83:
82:
68:
60:
59:
41:, you may see
29:
22:
21:
20:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9496:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9471:
9469:
9449:
9445:
9442:
9438:
9435:
9431:
9430:
9428:
9424:
9417:
9413:
9410:
9409:Night writing
9406:
9403:
9399:
9396:
9392:
9389:
9385:
9384:
9382:
9380:
9375:
9368:
9364:
9361:
9357:
9354:
9350:
9347:
9343:
9340:
9336:
9333:
9329:
9326:
9322:
9321:
9319:
9317:Organisations
9315:
9308:
9304:
9301:
9297:
9294:
9290:
9287:
9283:
9280:
9279:Valentin HaĂŒy
9276:
9273:
9269:
9266:
9262:
9259:
9258:Louis Braille
9255:
9254:
9252:
9248:
9241:
9237:
9234:
9230:
9227:
9223:
9220:
9216:
9213:
9209:
9206:
9202:
9199:
9195:
9192:
9191:Braille watch
9188:
9185:
9181:
9178:
9174:
9171:
9167:
9166:
9164:
9162:
9158:
9151:
9147:
9144:
9140:
9136:
9132:
9129:
9125:
9122:
9118:
9115:
9114:Braille music
9111:
9110:
9108:
9104:
9092:
9088:
9085:
9081:
9078:
9077:Luxembourgish
9074:
9073:
9071:
9067:
9060:
9056:
9053:
9049:
9044:
9040:
9037:
9033:
9030:
9026:
9023:
9019:
9018:
9014:
9013:
9011:
9007:
8999:
8995:
8994:
8992:
8988:
8980:
8976:
8975:
8973:
8969:
8958:
8954:
8950:
8946:
8943:
8939:
8935:
8931:
8928:
8924:
8921:
8917:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8899:
8895:
8892:
8888:
8885:
8881:
8880:
8878:
8876:Other scripts
8874:
8866:
8862:
8859:
8855:
8852:
8848:
8845:
8841:
8838:
8834:
8831:
8827:
8824:
8820:
8817:
8813:
8810:
8806:
8803:
8799:
8796:
8792:
8791:
8789:
8787:
8780:
8772:
8768:
8765:
8761:
8758:
8754:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8741:
8734:
8730:
8727:
8723:
8720:
8716:
8713:
8709:
8706:
8702:
8699:
8695:
8692:
8688:
8685:
8681:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8668:
8657:
8652:
8649:
8648:Northern SĂĄmi
8645:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8629:
8627:
8623:
8620:
8616:
8613:
8609:
8606:
8602:
8601:
8599:
8597:Nordic family
8595:
8588:
8584:
8581:
8577:
8574:
8570:
8567:
8563:
8560:
8556:
8552:
8548:
8545:
8541:
8538:
8537:South African
8534:
8531:
8527:
8524:
8520:
8517:
8513:
8510:
8506:
8503:
8499:
8496:
8492:
8489:
8485:
8482:
8478:
8475:
8471:
8468:
8464:
8460:
8459:Luxembourgish
8456:
8453:
8449:
8446:
8442:
8439:
8435:
8432:
8428:
8425:
8421:
8418:
8414:
8411:
8407:
8404:
8400:
8397:
8393:
8390:
8386:
8383:
8379:
8376:
8372:
8369:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8350:
8346:
8343:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8328:
8324:
8321:
8317:
8314:
8310:
8307:
8303:
8302:
8300:
8298:
8294:
8291:
8287:
8280:
8276:
8273:
8272:ASCII braille
8269:
8266:
8262:
8259:
8255:
8254:
8252:
8248:
8240:
8233:
8228:
8226:
8221:
8219:
8214:
8213:
8210:
8206:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8087:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8012:
8009:
8005:
8000:
7996:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7967:
7964:
7960:
7955:
7951:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7902:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7867:
7865:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7848:
7844:
7830:
7827:
7826:
7824:
7820:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7803:Attic (Greek)
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7790:
7788:
7784:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7764:
7762:
7758:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7741:Proto-Elamite
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7713:
7711:
7707:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7670:
7668:
7664:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7629:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7553:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7527:
7523:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7424:
7421:
7417:
7412:
7408:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7359:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7255:Elder Futhark
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7237:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7172:
7169:
7168:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7146:Old Hungarian
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7016:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6974:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6929:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6871:
6868:
6867:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6754:
6750:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6680:Masaram Gondi
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6650:Gunjala Gondi
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6599:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6577:
6574:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6536:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6463:
6462:Old Sundanese
6460:
6459:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6405:Old Maldivian
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6389:
6388:Bilang-bilang
6386:
6385:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6247:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6208:Sylheti Nagri
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6009:Brahmi script
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5968:
5964:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5904:South Arabian
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5850:Inscriptional
5848:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5767:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5713:
5709:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5666:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5626:
5621:
5619:
5614:
5612:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5591:
5583:
5582:
5579:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5551:
5550:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5521:
5520:GlĂłr na nGael
5516:
5512:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5498:
5493:
5489:
5484:
5480:
5475:
5471:
5466:
5462:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5441:
5440:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5425:RaidiĂł FĂĄilte
5421:
5417:
5412:
5408:
5403:
5399:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5378:
5375:
5370:
5367:
5362:
5361:
5354:
5351:
5347:
5342:
5338:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5078:Munster Irish
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4985:
4980:
4978:
4973:
4971:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4950:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4932:
4931:Gaelicisation
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4806:organisations
4802:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4490:Bardic poetry
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4437:GĂ idhealtachd
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4312:
4310:
4305:
4303:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4227:
4226:1-4051-0903-3
4223:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4174:0-901519-98-7
4171:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4094:1-870684-17-6
4091:
4087:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4036:80-901489-3-X
4033:
4029:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3921:
3908:
3904:
3897:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3817:
3815:9780738718217
3811:
3807:
3806:
3798:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3678:
3675:
3668:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3628:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3583:
3582:Border States
3576:
3573:
3561:
3559:9781443836715
3555:
3551:
3550:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3479:
3474:
3472:0-351-15808-1
3468:
3464:
3457:
3454:
3449:
3447:0-552-54021-8
3443:
3439:
3432:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3350:
3349:0-9523911-3-9
3346:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3287:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3272:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3253:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3225:
3222:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3134:Iolo Morganwg
3131:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3103:Robert Graves
3100:
3099:Finn's Window
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3051:Robert Graves
3048:
3044:
3036:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2959:
2958:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2822:
2814:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2666:Indo-European
2663:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2624:Elder Futhark
2621:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1863:
1855:
1833:
1820:
1816:
1801:
1786:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1746:
1742:
1729:
1725:
1712:
1708:
1695:
1691:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1656:
1652:
1639:
1635:
1622:
1618:
1605:
1601:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1566:
1562:
1544:
1540:
1527:
1523:
1510:
1506:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1471:
1467:
1454:
1450:
1437:
1433:
1420:
1416:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1315:A letter for
1313:
1311:
1310:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1256:beith-LVS-nin
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:forked branch
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:to study the
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1032:British Latin
1029:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
987:
985:
983:
979:
975:
970:
968:
964:
960:
955:
952:and even the
951:
950:Elder Futhark
947:
943:
938:
936:
935:
930:
929:
924:
923:
917:
913:
909:
892:
891:Paleohispanic
889:
882:
879:
878:
876:
873:
872:
870:
869:Libyco-Berber
867:
860:
857:
856:
849:
846:
843:
840:
832:
829:
819:
816:
815:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
787:
784:
781:
778:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
739:
737:
734:
733:
731:
728:
727:
725:
722:
717:
714:
705:
702:
701:
700:
697:
687:
686:Old Hungarian
684:
683:
681:
678:
677:
675:
672:
671:
669:
666:
659:
656:
655:
653:
650:
649:
647:
644:
641:
638:
633:
630:
629:
625:
624:
618:
613:
610:
609:
607:
604:
595:
592:
591:
590:10th century
589:
586:
581:
578:
577:
575:
572:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
551:
549:
546:
545:
543:
542:
537:
536:
534:
531:
528:
525:
524:
522:
519:
514:
511:
510:
508:
505:
504:
502:
499:
498:
491:
488:
480:
477:
474:
471:
461:
455:
454:
452:
449:
439:
436:
435:
433:
430:
427:
424:
423:
419:
418:
412:
405:
402:
401:
397:
396:
390:
389:
385:
384:
378:
377:
369:
368:
362:
361:
357:
352:
351:
345:
341:
337:
332:
325:
323:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
301:
295:
292:
290:
289:Pembrokeshire
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
263:
258:
253:
248:
244:
239:
233:
228:
227:
218:
197:
189:
188:U+1680âU+169F
186:
183:
182:Unicode range
178:
174:
171:Unicode alias
168:
165:
161:
151:
149:
145:
140:
137:
133:
128:
125:
121:
116:
110:
106:
102:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:Ratass Church
66:
61:
57:
51:
44:
40:
36:
34:
19:
8949:Thai and Lao
8626:Scandinavian
8258:1829 braille
8250:Braille cell
8050:Cypro-Minoan
7916:Pahawh Hmong
7829:Sitelen Pona
7793:Hindu-Arabic
7135:
7126:Mundari Bani
6700:Pahawh Hmong
6509:Tamil-Brahmi
6415:Eveyla Akuru
6410:Dhives Akuru
5877:Paleo-Hebrew
5744:
5680:undeciphered
5407:RaidiĂł RĂ-RĂĄ
5227:Lexicography
5201:
5126:
5093:Ulster Irish
5047:Modern Irish
5037:Middle Irish
5012:Proto-Celtic
4915:Clan MacLeod
4857:ULTACH Trust
4738:Corcu LoĂgde
4610:
4605:Middle Irish
4603:
4596:
4589:
4552:Gaelic games
4503:Modern Irish
4467:
4452:
4412:Great Hunger
4238:
4231:
4217:
4193:
4189:
4165:
4144:
4114:
4106:
4085:
4071:
4057:
4050:
4027:
4013:
3996:
3989:
3968:. Retrieved
3964:the original
3938:. Retrieved
3934:the original
3923:
3911:. Retrieved
3907:the original
3896:
3887:
3878:
3869:
3861:
3856:
3844:. Retrieved
3840:
3831:
3819:. Retrieved
3804:
3797:
3788:
3779:
3769:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3731:
3727:
3717:
3708:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3677:
3667:
3658:
3650:
3645:
3634:
3630:
3616:
3607:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3581:
3575:
3563:. Retrieved
3548:
3541:
3526:
3521:
3511:
3506:
3498:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3462:
3456:
3437:
3431:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3393:
3384:
3375:
3367:
3362:
3354:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3301:. Retrieved
3292:
3284:
3279:
3256:
3245:
3231:
3224:
3214:12 September
3212:. Retrieved
3208:the original
3198:
3184:
3106:
3080:
3073:Neo-druidism
3070:
3054:
3053:in his book
3040:
3025:
3017:
3010:
2841:
2834:
2831:
2824:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2674:
2657:
2655:
2640:
2636:Corcu Duibne
2632:County Kerry
2619:
2615:
2609:
2567:, including
2546:
2540:
2518:
2516:
2506:
2502:
2501:, Old Irish
2498:
2494:
2484:
2480:
2479:, Old Irish
2476:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2456:
2455:, Old Irish
2452:
2443:
2441:
2431:
2427:
2426:, Old Irish
2423:
2413:
2409:
2408:, Old Irish
2405:
2395:
2391:
2390:, Old Irish
2387:
2377:
2369:
2368:, Old Irish
2365:
2351:
2347:
2346:, Old Irish
2343:
2333:
2329:
2328:, Old Irish
2325:
2315:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2294:, Old Irish
2291:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:, Old Irish
2257:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2238:, Old Irish
2235:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2208:, Old Irish
2205:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2178:, Old Irish
2175:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2148:, Old Irish
2145:
2135:
2123:
2122:, Old Irish
2119:
2113:
2105:
2104:, Old Irish
2101:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2074:, Old Irish
2071:
2061:
2057:
2056:, Old Irish
2053:
2047:
2039:
2038:, Old Irish
2035:
2029:
2021:
2020:, Old Irish
2017:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1994:, Old Irish
1991:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1972:, Old Irish
1969:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:"trees", or
1922:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1892:BrĂatharogam
1891:
1883:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1862:BrĂatharogam
1856:Letter names
1388:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1357:Of the five
1356:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1336:
1325:Proto-Celtic
1323:was lost in
1316:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1283:Aicme hĂatha
1275:Aicme beithe
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1159:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1099:Fenius Farsa
1076:
1070:
1068:
1047:
1043:hand signals
1036:
1025:
1013:
1009:
1001:
1000:(1390), the
982:phonological
971:
939:
932:
926:
920:
908:James Carney
905:
881:Neo-Tifinagh
877:4th century
871:10th c. BCE
785:
750:19th century
682:6th century
654:4th century
621:
576:7th century
560:Dhives Akuru
550:4th century
539:
509:10th c. BCE
507:Paleo-Hebrew
503:12th c. BCE
453:12th c. BCE
422:19th c. BCE
415:
393:
388:32nd c. BCE
381:
365:
339:
336:Stephen Reid
319:
315:
311:
309:
304:
300:BrĂatharogam
298:
296:
293:
243:Middle Irish
232:Modern Irish
195:
194:
79:County Kerry
55:
32:
30:
18:
9448:RoboBraille
9272:RĂłĆŒa Czacka
9212:Perforation
9009:Independent
8907:(Bhutanese)
8642:Greenlandic
8313:Azerbaijani
8115:Jindai moji
8004:Syllabaries
7975:SignWriting
7875:Celtiberian
7777:Hieroglyphs
7580:Seal script
7565:Traditional
7437:Blissymbols
7342:Warang Citi
7317:Tolong Siki
7270:Marcomannic
7250:Dalecarlian
7240:Anglo-Saxon
7220:Pau Cin Hau
7111:Medefaidrin
7064:Merovingian
7024:Blackletter
6932:Asomtavruli
6725:Warang Citi
6534:Ulu scripts
6479:New Tai Lue
6422:MonâBurmese
6276:Bhattiprolu
6104:Nandinagari
5931:ÊŸEsáčrangÄlÄ
5690:constructed
5461:Tuairisc.ie
5290:Tuairisc.ie
5207:Gaelic type
5197:Orthography
5166:Conjugation
5066:GaeilgeoirĂ
4907:NorseâGaels
4757:DĂĄl nAraidi
4742:DĂĄl Fiatach
4715:Dalcassians
4705:Clan Donald
4517:Gaelic type
4499:Early Irish
3841:unicode.org
3353:; See also
3077:Neopaganism
3037:Neopaganism
2803:County Mayo
2769:Isle of Man
2700:Ogham Tract
2585:Vortiporius
2561:Isle of Man
2489:honeysuckle
2358:-tree" or "
2190:"oak" (PIE
2172:is cognate.
2084:white-thorn
2002:"blaze" or
1835:eamhancholl
1335:containing
1299:Aicme ailme
1291:Aicme muine
1023:in AD 431.
808:3rd century
802:3rd century
788:4th century
782:2nd century
738:7th c. BCE
732:8th c. BCE
726:8th c. BCE
718:2nd century
676:2nd c. BCE
670:2nd c. BCE
648:2nd c. BCE
634:4th century
628:3rd c. BCE
608:3rd c. BCE
562:6th century
556:4th century
535:3rd c. BCE
523:8th c. BCE
485: 1601
434:9th c. BCE
428:15th c. BCE
400:7th c. BCE
99:Time period
86:Script type
9468:Categories
9000:(obsolete)
8981:(obsolete)
8773:(Pakistan)
8684:Belarusian
8566:Vietnamese
8509:Portuguese
8495:Philippine
8452:Lithuanian
8105:Hentaigana
8100:Man'yĆgana
7560:Simplified
7447:Ersu Shaba
7361:Non-linear
7166:Old Uyghur
7156:Old Permic
7151:Old Italic
7084:Visigothic
7019:Beneventan
6954:Glagolitic
6917:Gadabuursi
6581:Kolezhuthu
6576:Vatteluttu
6514:Tanchangya
6437:Saurashtra
6014:Devanagari
5872:Phoenician
5825:Manichaean
5452:Publishers
5380:(sporadic)
5372:(sporadic)
5369:BBC Two NI
5360:Nuacht RTĂ
5328:Television
5281:An tUltach
5161:Declension
5120:BĂ©arlachas
4725:EĂłganachta
4701:Clan Colla
4458:Brehon law
4407:Penal Laws
4397:Jacobitism
4164:Swift, C.
4128:0901282316
3997:Runenkunde
3940:19 January
3913:19 January
3846:27 October
3821:16 January
3728:Hermathena
3695:, 240 for
3565:16 January
3303:3 December
3296:. Dublin:
3285:ogum, ogom
3273:required.)
3235:(M.Litt).
3095:divination
2643:scholastic
2593:Clynderwen
2577:Silchester
2513:or thorn".
2511:gooseberry
2320:blackthorn
2008:caertheand
1910:"oak" and
1906:"willow",
1377:diphthongs
1345:labiovelar
1248:beith-luis
1162:Ogam Tract
1143:BĂ©rla FĂ©ne
1059:tally-mark
925:("H") and
893:7th c. BCE
859:Old Permic
854: 940
842:Glagolitic
837: 430
824: 420
796:5th c. BCE
699:Old Uyghur
692: 650
680:Old Turkic
642:2nd c. BCE
588:Devanagari
529:3rd c. BCE
515:6th c. BCE
501:Phoenician
451:Phoenician
406:3rd c. BCE
279:language (
247:ogum, ogom
33:Ogham text
9479:Alphabets
9416:Vibratese
9395:Moon type
9388:Decapoint
9069:Eight-dot
9022:Cantonese
8971:Reordered
8934:Inuktitut
8823:Malayalam
8733:Ukrainian
8712:Mongolian
8691:Bulgarian
8654:Norwegian
8619:Icelandic
8410:Hungarian
8368:Esperanto
8320:Cantonese
7904:Redundant
7716:Anatolian
7667:Cuneiform
7595:bird-worm
7531:Logograms
7502:Testerian
7416:Ideograms
7393:Moon type
7280:Staveless
7171:Mongolian
7116:Molodtsov
7074:SĂŒtterlin
6942:Mkhedruli
6808:Bassa Vah
6758:Alphabets
6730:Mwangwego
6695:Mwangwego
6670:Kharosthi
6623:Blackfoot
6586:Malayanma
6457:Sundanese
6452:Sukhothai
6400:Malayalam
6351:Khom Thai
6311:Goykanadi
6235:Tocharian
6188:ÊŒPhags-pa
6059:Khudabadi
6004:Bhaiksuki
5899:Samaritan
5830:Nabataean
5685:inventors
5497:Gael Linn
5317:Seachtain
5176:Phonology
5032:Old Irish
4852:Gael Linn
4765:CĂarraige
4761:Conmaicne
4734:DĂĄl Riata
4709:UĂ MhĂĄine
4693:Connachta
4675:Genealogy
4598:Old Irish
4432:Gaeltacht
4357:DĂĄl Riata
4153:0035-9106
3535:246466439
3488:as above.
3176:Citations
3130:vigesimal
3061:Stone Age
2698:, or the
2519:emancholl
2226:finemhain
1919:Old Irish
1902:"alder",
1898:"birch",
1385:emancholl
1373:emancholl
1147:Ăarmberla
1141:, called
1017:Palladius
978:Old Irish
963:Britannia
912:Irish Sea
754:Blackfoot
704:Mongolian
646:Nabataean
640:Palmyrene
580:ÊŒPhags-pa
527:Kharosthi
513:Samaritan
291:, Wales.
277:Old Irish
148:ISO 15924
142:ISO 15924
132:Old Irish
123:Languages
108:Direction
9052:Japanese
8913:Georgian
8905:Dzongkha
8891:Armenian
8809:Gujarati
8674:Cyrillic
8605:Estonian
8580:Yugoslav
8516:Romanian
8488:Nigerian
8403:Hawaiian
8389:Ghanaian
8306:Albanian
8167:Sumerian
8132:Linear B
8095:Katakana
8090:Hiragana
8040:Cherokee
7970:ASLwrite
7931:Bopomofo
7786:Numerals
7772:Hieratic
7731:Isthmian
7700:Sumerian
7680:Assyrian
7675:Akkadian
7332:Vithkuqi
7307:Tifinagh
7275:Medieval
7230:Pisidian
7225:Phrygian
7196:Vagindra
7141:Ol Chiki
7049:Interlac
7004:Kayah Li
6994:Jenticha
6949:Veso Bey
6937:Nuskhuri
6927:Georgian
6897:Formosan
6892:Etruscan
6887:Enochian
6843:Cyrillic
6828:Coelbren
6786:Armenian
6685:Meroitic
6675:Mandombe
6665:Jenticha
6529:Tigalari
6494:Tai Viet
6489:Tai Tham
6469:Tagbanwa
6321:Javanese
6271:Baybayin
6261:Balinese
6249:Southern
6144:Pracalit
6139:Pachumol
6114:Bhujimol
6074:Mahajani
6034:Gurmukhi
6024:Gujarati
5992:Northern
5972:Abugidas
5953:Ugaritic
5941:Maážnáž„ÄyÄ
5815:Tifinagh
5808:Solitreo
5746:Numerals
5659:Grapheme
5647:Overview
5590:Category
5488:Coiscéim
5254:Journals
5063:List of
4949:Category
4911:UĂ Ămair
4788:Scottish
4697:UĂ NĂ©ill
4670:Nobility
4582:Language
4232:Zum Ogam
4211:52100148
4181:37398935
4137:56540733
4101:24181838
4080:56088345
4066:71392234
4043:39570484
4022:48938210
3970:28 April
3740:23036451
3115:See also
3047:Neopagan
2581:Coventry
2569:Shetland
2565:Scotland
2557:Cornwall
2497:, later
2481:Uilleand
2477:Uilleann
2463:"aspen";
2461:crithach
2374:ash-tree
2360:pinetree
2316:draighin
2202:"apple".
2192:*perkwos
2162:cainfidh
2136:cuileand
2128:kennings
2066:ash-tree
1984:. Latin
1803:uilleann
1672:H group
1582:A group
1487:M group
1397:B group
1389:peithboc
1329:Q-Celtic
1164:credits
1135:Goidelic
1095:Scythian
916:phonemes
875:Tifinagh
848:Cyrillic
831:Georgian
812:Armenian
730:Etruscan
426:Ugaritic
404:Meroitic
383:Hieratic
271:(in the
265:alphabet
260:) is an
249:, later
91:Alphabet
8957:Tibetan
8898:Burmese
8884:Amharic
8867:(India)
8844:Sinhala
8837:Punjabi
8816:Kannada
8764:Persian
8719:Russian
8659:Swedish
8637:Finnish
8612:Faroese
8587:Zambian
8559:Turkish
8544:Spanish
8467:Maltese
8445:Latvian
8438:Italian
8417:Iñupiaq
8396:Guarani
8356:English
8327:Catalan
8244:â â â â â â â
8239:Braille
8122:Kikakui
8060:Eskayan
8045:Cypriot
7895:Dunging
7767:Demotic
7746:Tenevil
7690:Hittite
7685:Elamite
7638:Jurchen
7617:Sawndip
7612:Chữ NÎm
7512:Zapotec
7507:Yerkish
7482:Nsibidi
7467:Miêkmaw
7457:Isotype
7427:Adinkra
7368:Braille
7352:Zaghawa
7322:Vellara
7302:Sunuwar
7292:Sidetic
7287:Shavian
7215:Osmanya
7205:Ol Onal
7059:Kurrent
7044:Insular
7034:Fraktur
7009:Klingon
6999:Kaddare
6973:Archaic
6882:Elbasan
6870:Chinook
6860:Deseret
6848:Bosnian
6803:Avoiuli
6791:Avestan
6781:Ariyaka
6710:Tengwar
6608:Bharati
6569:Serawai
6559:Pasemah
6544:Lampung
6499:Lai Tay
6484:Tai Noi
6447:Sinhala
6427:Pallava
6395:Makasar
6383:Lontara
6358:Kulitan
6331:Kannada
6326:Kadamba
6316:Hanunoo
6306:Grantha
6301:Fakkham
6218:Tibetan
6203:Soyombo
6198:Siddhaáč
6193:Sharada
6169:Litumol
6159:Tirhuta
6149:Ranjana
6134:Kvemmol
6094:Multani
6079:Marchen
6044:Kalinga
5984:Brahmic
5921:Sogdian
5860:Psalter
5840:Pahlavi
5820:Mandaic
5798:Cursive
5783:Elymaic
5754:Aramaic
5353:RTĂ One
5308:An Gael
5212:Braille
5190:Writing
5139:Grammar
4999:History
4909:(incl.
4804:Related
4755:(incl.
4732:(incl.
4717:(incl.
4695:(incl.
4262:Ogamica
4256:TITUS:
4160:6906544
3930:"Ogham"
3622:"Ogham"
3252:"ogham"
3105:' book
3043:New Age
3041:Modern
2960:U+169x
2908:U+168x
2827:Unicode
2815:Unicode
2807:Ireland
2736:Source
2714:Samples
2662:Pictish
2647:Forfeda
2628:Munster
2620:faobhar
2559:), the
2485:edleand
2453:Eabhadh
2445:forfeda
2442:Of the
2424:Iodhadh
2406:Eadhadh
2372:means "
2296:Straiph
2278:cilcach
2258:nGĂ©adal
2188:quercus
2170:corylus
2166:corulus
2152:meant "
2112:" (PIE
2108:means "
2062:uinnius
2042:means "
2024:means "
1976:means "
1888:kenning
1768:Ă©abhadh
1763:Forfeda
1655:Iodhadh
1638:eadhadh
1526:nGĂ©adal
1360:forfeda
1321:phoneme
1309:forfeda
1216:letters
1203:forfeda
1139:GoĂdelc
1131:GoĂdelc
1107:retinue
1103:Scythia
959:digamma
766:Saanich
742:Deseret
716:Mandaic
674:Sogdian
632:Avestan
623:Pahlavi
574:Tibetan
548:Pallava
541:Brahmic
521:Aramaic
395:Demotic
326:Origins
320:og-Ășaim
285:Munster
164:Unicode
136:Pictish
9377:Other
9250:People
9240:Braigo
9059:Korean
8927:Hebrew
8858:Telugu
8757:Arabic
8747:Arabic
8705:Kyrgyz
8698:Kazakh
8632:Danish
8530:Slovak
8523:Samoan
8502:Polish
8481:Navajo
8382:German
8375:French
8242:
8187:Yugtun
8177:Woleai
8127:Kpelle
8110:SĆgana
8030:Byblos
7808:Muisca
7726:Cretan
7695:Luwian
7653:Tangut
7472:Mixtec
7442:Dongba
7347:Yezidi
7337:Wancho
7312:Todhri
7265:Gothic
7245:Cipher
7186:Manchu
7176:Evenki
7161:Orkhon
7106:Manchu
7101:Lydian
7096:Lycian
7039:Gaelic
6989:Hanifi
6984:Hangul
6959:Gothic
6907:Fraser
6902:Fox II
6838:Coptic
6813:Carian
6796:Pazend
6769:Linear
6715:Thaana
6660:Sarati
6601:Others
6564:Rejang
6549:Lembak
6539:Incung
6519:Telugu
6474:Tai Le
6368:Langdi
6291:Chakma
6181:Karani
6154:Tamyig
6129:Kummol
6124:Himmol
6119:Golmol
6099:Nagari
6084:Meitei
6069:Lepcha
6054:Khojki
6039:Kaithi
5926:Syriac
5914:Musnad
5793:Ashuri
5788:Hebrew
5771:Elifba
5766:Arabic
5759:Hatran
5734:Abjads
5470:An GĂșm
5346:CĂșla 4
5272:Feasta
5263:Comhar
5181:Syntax
5128:FĂĄinne
5098:Status
4771:Ulster
4763:, and
4748:Laigin
4744:, etc)
4730:Ărainn
4711:, etc)
4547:Am MĂČd
4527:FĂĄinne
4509:&
4224:
4209:
4202:
4179:
4172:
4158:
4151:
4135:
4125:
4099:
4092:
4078:
4064:
4041:
4034:
4020:
4005:183700
4003:
3812:
3738:
3697:uillen
3580:Ryan.
3556:
3533:
3469:
3444:
3347:
3165:Thaana
2855:
2850:(PDF)
2727:Ogham
2563:, and
2525:Corpus
2457:Ebhadh
2396:fraech
2292:Straif
2284:" or "
2244:garden
2158:collen
2114:*doru-
2092:pavere
2078:means
2044:willow
2030:*wernÄ
1986:betula
1974:Beithe
1958:iubhar
1904:saille
1543:straif
1214:means
1119:Nimrod
1111:Shinar
1097:king,
928:straif
806:Gothic
800:Coptic
794:Lycian
760:Fraser
668:Syriac
652:Arabic
606:Hebrew
533:Brahmi
479:Thaana
473:Hangul
75:Tralee
56:áááááá
53:Ogham
9474:Ogham
9093:(GS8)
9084:Kanji
8942:Khmer
8920:Greek
8851:Tamil
8784:i.e.
8745:i.e.
8726:Tatar
8672:i.e.
8573:Welsh
8474:MÄori
8431:Irish
8349:Dutch
8342:Czech
8152:NĂŒshu
8020:Bamum
8015:Afaka
7822:Other
7813:Roman
7798:Abjad
7721:Bagam
7622:Bowen
7607:Kanji
7602:Hanja
7590:small
7585:large
7492:Olmec
7462:KaidÄ
7452:Emoji
7432:Aztec
7235:Runic
7210:Osage
7191:Oirat
7136:Ogham
7069:Sigla
7014:Latin
6969:Greek
6853:Early
6823:Cirth
6776:Adlam
6645:GeÊœez
6640:Fox I
6504:Tamil
6363:Lanna
6346:Khmer
6336:Karen
6286:Buhid
6266:Batak
6223:Uchen
6213:Takri
6164:Limbu
6064:LaáčážÄ
6049:Khema
6029:Gupta
6019:Dogri
5936:SeráčÄ
5909:Zabur
5894:Punic
5867:Pegon
5803:Rashi
5717:Types
5668:Lists
5632:Types
5560:Names
5389:Radio
5246:Media
5202:Ogham
4902:Celts
4753:Ulaid
4719:DĂ©isi
4658:Kings
4645:Irish
4637:Clans
4618:Irish
4562:TĂșath
4453:Ogham
4323:Gaels
3736:JSTOR
3672:1991.
3331:ogham
3267:
3091:druid
3011:Notes
2843:Ogham
2616:droim
2589:Dyfed
2575:from
2553:Devon
2549:Wales
2541:droim
2505:with
2503:Iphin
2459:with
2432:ibhar
2418:aspen
2400:heath
2382:furze
2378:aiten
2338:elder
2282:broom
2272:gwen-
2266:gonid
2262:GĂ©tal
2248:edind
2200:aball
2196:ceirt
2184:perth
2176:Ceirt
2154:hazel
2140:holly
2132:ingot
2124:Tinne
2120:Tinne
2048:salix
2026:alder
2018:Fearn
2012:rowan
2000:luise
1978:birch
1970:Beith
1900:fearn
1896:beith
1845:IPA:
1830:IPA:
1813:IPA:
1798:IPA:
1778:IPA:
1756:IPA:
1745:ceirt
1739:IPA:
1722:IPA:
1711:tinne
1705:IPA:
1688:IPA:
1666:IPA:
1649:IPA:
1632:IPA:
1615:IPA:
1598:IPA:
1576:IPA:
1554:IPA:
1537:IPA:
1520:IPA:
1503:IPA:
1481:IPA:
1464:IPA:
1447:IPA:
1436:fearn
1430:IPA:
1413:IPA:
1402:beith
1352:ceirt
1333:Latin
1267:aicme
1263:Irish
1224:alpha
1212:ogham
1198:aicmi
1028:Wales
934:gétal
786:Ogham
780:Runic
772:Osage
736:Latin
724:Greek
566:Khmer
490:Adlam
460:below
438:GeÊœez
372:32nd
316:ogham
196:Ogham
175:Ogham
156:(212)
8865:Urdu
8830:Odia
8771:Urdu
8147:Loma
8142:Lisu
8085:Kana
8075:Iban
8065:Geba
8025:Bété
7980:si5s
7890:Khom
7863:Full
7736:Maya
7131:N'Ko
6690:Miao
6635:Dham
6554:Ogan
6524:Thai
6442:Shan
6378:Leke
6341:Kawi
6296:Cham
6281:Buda
6256:Ahom
6176:Odia
6089:Modi
5845:Book
5439:Blas
5377:NVTV
4913:and
4793:List
4685:List
4623:Manx
4511:Manx
4362:Alba
4222:ISBN
4207:OCLC
4200:ISBN
4177:OCLC
4170:ISBN
4156:OCLC
4149:ISSN
4133:OCLC
4123:ISBN
4119:DIAS
4097:OCLC
4090:ISBN
4076:OCLC
4062:OCLC
4039:OCLC
4032:ISBN
4018:OCLC
4001:OCLC
3972:2010
3942:2007
3915:2007
3848:2022
3823:2016
3810:ISBN
3762:ailm
3758:edad
3754:idad
3567:2019
3554:ISBN
3531:OCLC
3513:Ăriu
3467:ISBN
3442:ISBN
3345:ISBN
3327:ogum
3323:ogom
3305:2021
3216:2018
3045:and
2706:the
2571:and
2555:and
2499:IfĂn
2428:Idad
2410:Edad
2348:Ailm
2344:Ailm
2334:trom
2330:Ruis
2326:Ruis
2312:/sw/
2308:/st/
2304:sail
2286:fern
2240:Gort
2236:Gort
2230:vine
2222:muin
2218:muin
2214:muin
2210:Muin
2206:Muin
2180:Cert
2150:Coll
2146:Coll
2106:Dair
2102:Dair
2088:Ășath
2080:Ășath
2076:Ăath
2072:Uath
2054:Nion
2040:Sail
2036:Sail
2022:Fern
1996:Luis
1992:Luis
1982:bedw
1962:ailm
1954:idad
1943:gort
1939:Ășath
1935:ruis
1931:feda
1923:feda
1912:coll
1908:duir
1819:ifĂn
1728:coll
1694:dair
1677:uath
1587:ailm
1565:ruis
1509:gort
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