1163:
4453:
3962:
45:
227:
1193:
by St DallĂĄn
Forgaill, the first identifiable author in the Irish language. This work, however, survives only in heavily annotated manuscripts from a later time, in an old-fashioned form of the Irish language bearing little similarity to formal Old Irish. The first texts which are widely accepted to
320:
in ordinary writing. Primitive Irish is known only from Ogham fragments, usually personal names, the earliest being dated by academics to the 4th century, although some estimates for the earliest inscriptions range between the 1st and 5th centuries. Scholars agree that the orthodox written tradition
1225:
and the corresponding loss of influence by the druids, the language of the Irish
Christian nobility would have supplanted the ancient Primitive Irish register of the pagan priests, eclipsing it completely in the 7th century. This would give the impression of rapid linguistic development, while
321:
is older than the surviving inscriptions. The latest inscriptions of the orthodox tradition appear to come from the 6th century. The scholastic use of Ogham continued until the early 19th century, the last inscription being found on the tomb of Mary
Dempsey at
399:. Many of the British inscriptions are bilingual in Irish and Latin; however, none show any sign of the influence of Christianity or Christian epigraphic tradition, suggesting they date from before 391, when Christianity became the official religion of the
502:, most known inscriptions of nouns in orthodox Ogham are found in the singular genitive, so it is difficult to fully describe their morphology. The German philologist Sabine Ziegler, however, drawing parallels with reconstructions of the
486:
Surviving Ogham inscriptions are written exclusively with nouns. It is possible to deduce some morphological features of
Primitive Irish nouns from these inscriptions. With the exception of a few inscriptions in the
1393:
Gradually, the grammaticalization of consonant mutations introduced a new characteristic that Irish would eventually share with all other modern Celtic languages. Old Irish phonetic conditions generated different
1450:
ending of the preceding word. The variation in the pronunciation of the word would not have caused a difference in meaning; it would be allophonic. In a later stage of the language, the
Primitive Irish word
1205:
The radical changes that characterize the transition from
Primitive Irish to Old Irish are not uncommon in the development of other languages, but appear to have occurred rapidly in the case of Irish.
656:
for the properly attested stages of the language using the names used in the scholastic tradition for each letter of the Ogham alphabet, which are recorded in the Latin alphabet in later manuscripts.
471:
The brevity of most orthodox ogham inscriptions makes it difficult to analyse the archaic Irish language in depth, but it is possible to understand the basis of its phonology and the rudiments of its
1230:
which had previously been obscured by the conservative influence of the druidic language. This new phase of the language shows influence from Latin, the latter having been introduced to
1744:
Proceedings of the 1st Joint
Workshop on Spoken Language Technologies for Under-resourced Languages (SLTU) and Collaboration and Computing for Under-Resourced Languages (CCURL)
3998:
4601:
1402:
loss of the conditions which caused the mutations, those mutations became the only way to distinguish between different grammatical forms. Thus, the mutations became
1616:
emerged by the 5th century with the advent of phonetic sĂ©imhiĂș (lenition). In turn, their non-lenited counterparts occasionally and inconsistently became geminates.
1768:
2813:
4117:
3357:
1217:
and the introduction of Latin as a literary language. The Irish language would then have derogated from the formal register of the language used by
308:
tradition of memorials, whereas the latter resulted from a tradition of scholarly restoration of the writing system as part of the development of a
1337:
in non-initial syllables, around 500 AD and the middle of the 6th century, respectively. This loss of vowels caused consonant clusters to develop.
4489:
4166:
1194:
have been written in Old Irish date from the 7th century, at the inception of a national textual tradition which was cultivated alongside that of
2683:
Schrijver, Peter (2015), "Pruners and trainers of the Celtic family tree: The rise and development of Celtic in the light of language contact",
4591:
3991:
1317:
to the third syllable of most words with four or more syllables, and also to the fifth syllable of words with six or more, in addition to the
1848:
1697:
4140:
3546:
4398:
4252:
364:. Many of the characteristics of modern (and medieval) Irish, such as initial mutations, distinct "broad" and "slender" consonants and
3947:
3477:
2728:
2710:
2692:
2423:
1214:
1350:
457:, "of the son of the tribe", is used to show tribal affiliation. Inscriptions demonstrating additional information are rare, such as
4456:
3984:
2765:
2616:
2323:
2288:
1751:
1521:
403:. Only about a dozen of the Irish inscriptions show any such sign. There is speculation about the orthodoxy of one inscription in
3306:
2961:
4262:
1390:. In each case the development of Primitive to Old Irish shows the loss of unstressed syllables and certain consonant changes.
1808:
Dubach Green, Antony (1996). "Some effects of the Weight-to-Stress
Principle and grouping harmony in the Goidelic languages".
3487:
3483:
2806:
2775:
2746:
2667:
2638:
2578:
2540:
2488:
3773:
2318:(Rev. and enl. ed. with suppl ed.). : School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. pp. 58â59.
1553:
was absent in
Primitive Irish, but a letter in scholastic ogham was created for the late introduction of this sound, called
1540:
In Old Irish, these consonants had disappeared. The stops merged with their simple velar counterparts, while /w/ became /f/.
4438:
4244:
3917:
3438:
3374:
1773:
1516:
1255:
1108:
700:. They are poorly attested, and scholars believe the distinction between them might be arbitrary, in the same way as the
4506:
4173:
4023:
3621:
3473:
3350:
2849:
1354:, is memorialised on an Ogham stone near where he died. This gives the late Primitive Irish version of his name (in the
1181:, has its earliest recorded texts possibly in the late 6th century; this is the traditional date of composition for the
3609:
3524:
4482:
4156:
4068:
3158:
2984:
1227:
4161:
4015:
3924:
3597:
3495:
1263:
805:
4325:
2799:
1341:
750:
In later stages of the language, scholastic
Oghamist traditions incorporated five new letters for vowels, called
649:
4596:
4290:
4135:
4033:
3744:
3195:
3138:
2923:
2882:
1649:). However, the two sounds had likely merged by the Old Irish period, except in their respective lenited forms.
1407:
1247:
475:
341:
130:
4202:
3886:
4127:
3965:
3531:
3343:
2470:
Language and history in early Britain: a chronological survey of the Brittonic languages 1st to 12th c. A.D.
1399:
1271:
1251:
1231:
645:
201:
120:
4351:
272:
alphabet in Ireland and western Great Britain between the 4th and the 6th century AD, before the advent of
4475:
4102:
3592:
3311:
1817:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1626:
1613:
1550:
1511:
1474:
1441:
1427:
1167:
1101:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1012:
953:
933:
919:
912:
890:
886:
872:
867:
862:
857:
850:
845:
840:
822:
817:
732:
728:
689:
685:
681:
337:
268:
This phase of the language is known only from fragments, mostly personal names, inscribed on stone in the
4209:
1313:
This last phenomenon, especially marked in the genesis of Old Irish proper, began with an application of
4192:
4028:
3288:
2837:
2414:
Eska, Joseph (2009) , "The Emergence of the Celtic Languages", in Martin J. Ball; Nicole MĂŒller (eds.),
755:
609:
605:
589:
576:
569:
544:
503:
4424:
4346:
3782:
4414:
4228:
3854:
2889:
1318:
1822:
4514:
4356:
3879:
3814:
3382:
3300:
3190:
3183:
3166:
2932:
2896:
1330:
879:
3800:
4549:
4223:
4063:
4038:
3602:
3458:
3417:
3253:
3089:
3047:
1790:
1494:
1174:
790:
785:
488:
289:
262:
135:
4216:
4282:
3791:
3692:
3572:
3541:
2905:
2873:
2859:
2771:
2742:
2724:
2706:
2688:
2663:
2634:
2612:
2596:
2574:
2558:
2536:
2513:
2484:
2457:
2437:
2419:
2379:
2329:
2319:
2294:
2284:
1958:
1844:
1747:
1693:
1423:
1403:
1283:
1266:("slender") consonants (such consonant alterations may have existed, but they would have been
1116:
926:
795:
712:
365:
333:
301:
297:
277:
4406:
4107:
4092:
4087:
3895:
3807:
3536:
3259:
3171:
3146:
3114:
3095:
3056:
3032:
2974:
2950:
2822:
2403:
1782:
1720:
1322:
1314:
1279:
396:
349:
326:
125:
1372:
known from Old Irish sources, are memorialised on a number of stones in their territory as
1286:. Old Irish does carry with these distinctive features, as well as the loss of grammatical
280:, although scholastic use of the script continued residually until the early 19th century.
4112:
4007:
3551:
3214:
3108:
2969:
1714:
1199:
1020:
980:
946:
812:
800:
506:'s morphology (whose nouns are classified according to the vowels that characterize their
499:
313:
112:
4316:
2685:
Proceedings of the XIV International Congress of Celtic Studies, Maynooth University 2011
1298:
and proper names, the simplification of the inflectional system, the alteration of some
4529:
4524:
3463:
3448:
3397:
3392:
3366:
3326:
3282:
3235:
3206:
3062:
2999:
2912:
2432:
Fanning, T.; Ă CorrĂĄin, D. (1977), "An Ogham stone and cross-slab from Ratass church",
1506:
1210:
1178:
1162:
1104:
in an early stage of Primitive Irish, disappearing before the transition to Old Irish.
835:
771:
463:, " of the priest RonĂĄn son of ComgĂĄn". Some inscriptions appear to be border markers.
357:
317:
250:
158:
2448:
Harvey, Anthony (1987), "The Ogam Inscriptions and Their Geminate Consonant Symbols",
1135:
A loss of /n/ before /t/ and /k/, resulting in the gemination of the following sound:
758:
of the orthodox spelling, but these no longer corresponded to Primitive Irish sounds.
217:
4585:
4554:
4498:
4097:
4058:
3735:
3587:
3514:
3453:
3265:
3103:
1794:
1463:, losing the final vowel which caused the lenition. However, in the Old Irish phrase
1355:
1303:
1235:
1097:
1011:(questions) due to the obsolescence of their original pronunciations: the first two,
495:
415:
380:
194:
91:
77:
50:
1837:
Stifter, David (2009). "4. Early Irish". In Ball, Martin J.; MĂŒller, Nicole (eds.).
4570:
4544:
4519:
4419:
4053:
3556:
3468:
3422:
3412:
3387:
3082:
3012:
2506:"The Conversion of Ireland and the Emergence of the Old Irish Language, AD 367â637"
2264:"The Conversion of Ireland and the Emergence of the Old Irish Language, AD 367â637"
1679:
1369:
1365:
1334:
1299:
1259:
1206:
1128:
425:
400:
372:
2655:
2626:
2478:
1683:
4372:
3863:
3836:
3665:
3582:
2701:
Stifter, David (2009) , "Early Irish", in Martin J. Ball; Nicole MĂŒller (eds.),
903:
491:
384:
376:
73:
2549:
McManus, Damian (1983), "A chronology of the Latin loan-words in Early Irish",
3942:
3728:
3656:
1493:. What was originally a phonological feature of the language therefore became
1275:
507:
345:
309:
2600:
2562:
2517:
2461:
2441:
2383:
1569:
with a consonant value, although often used as an equivalent to the digraphs
4539:
4048:
3872:
3407:
3294:
3247:
3075:
3005:
2333:
2298:
1490:
1395:
1267:
1112:
767:
404:
273:
210:
178:
102:
22:
3845:
3721:
3503:
1965:, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1946, pp. 9â11; DĂĄibhĂ Ă CrĂłinĂn,
1645:(it was relatively rare and corresponded to Indo-European words containing
1739:
1221:
in their ceremonies and teachings. Koch believed that with the decline of
185:
4309:
3241:
2313:
2278:
1689:
1437:
1295:
1222:
1044:
543:, is found in words equivalent to the so-called Proto-Celtic category of
411:
392:
361:
371:
More than 300 ogham inscriptions are known in Ireland, including 121 in
44:
4363:
4277:
3683:
3178:
3151:
2993:
2866:
1637:, the latter probably representing a previously distinct sound such as
1326:
1307:
1190:
692:
respectively, there is some difficulty in reconstructing the values of
653:
407:
and two in Scotland, but there is no academic consensus on the matter.
87:
69:
1786:
510:), limited the archaic Irish endings of the singular genitive case to
226:
3647:
3638:
3219:
2737:
Stokes, Whitley (2002) , "Celtic Declension", in Daniel Davis (ed.),
1724:
1345:
1287:
1254:, however it did not display the most distinctive characteristics of
1068:
322:
3674:
2407:
1838:
1477:. The lenition was 'reinterpreted' as being caused by the fact that
391:, where Irish colonists settled in the 3rd century, and about 30 in
2791:
2687:, Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, pp. 191â219,
2505:
2263:
1096:, also presented particular difficulties due to apparently being a
3976:
3577:
1218:
1202:
in Ireland, and which supplanted the archaic literary traditions.
1195:
1186:
1161:
1007:, respectively, were known by the ancient scholastic Oghamists as
727:, respectively, and probably had the respective pronunciations of
701:
665:
388:
353:
305:
293:
269:
232:
165:
3335:
2587:
McManus, Damian (1988), "Irish letter-names and their kennings",
556:, with an inscription possibly in the nominative case also using
4467:
3752:
1131:
as being attested in the earliest Primitive Irish inscriptions:
1107:
Consonant lenition and palatalisation, which feature heavily in
472:
4471:
3980:
3339:
2795:
16:
Pre-6th century Goidelic Celtic language of Ireland and Britain
3712:
1333:
of stressless (internal) syllables, and the shortening of all
296:
alphabet, the usage of which can be divided into two phases,
1226:
actually representing a shift in literature to a vernacular
550:. This category was also recorded in the dative case using
2434:
Journal of the Kerry Archaeological and Historical Society
2370:
Carney, James (1975), "The Invention of the Ogom Cipher",
1581:
in Latin spelling. In early loanwords, the Latin letter
1484:
1478:
1464:
1458:
1379:
1031:. However, evidence of the original distinction between
265:, and the ancestor of all languages within this family.
2723:, Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, p. 30,
1716:
The Prosodic Structure of Irish, Scots Gaelic, and Manx
604:
Furthermore, according to Damian McManus, Proto-Celtic
1410:
functions. For example, in the Primitive Irish phrase
4427:
4404:
4370:
4361:
4327:
4314:
4214:
4200:
1344:, whose name is recorded in Old Irish king-lists and
1321:, which fell on the first syllable, as is typical of
1843:(2nd ed.). London; New York: 2009. p. 55.
1629:
in scholastic ogham was represented by two letters:
1039:
was still present into the Old Irish period, as the
451:, " of Dalagnos son of Dalos". Sometimes the phrase
379:, and more than 75 found outside Ireland in western
4563:
4505:
4391:
4339:
4302:
4270:
4261:
4237:
4191:
4182:
4149:
4126:
4080:
4014:
3935:
3910:
3827:
3764:
3703:
3629:
3620:
3565:
3513:
3431:
3373:
3275:
3228:
3205:
3130:
3046:
3024:
2983:
2960:
2942:
2931:
2922:
2847:
2829:
1234:, which influence became more pronounced following
288:Primitive Irish is the oldest recorded form of the
208:
192:
176:
171:
155:
109:
97:
83:
65:
30:
1810:Working Papers of the Cornell Phonetics Laboratory
1310:which resulted in distinctive consonant clusters.
1127:McManus describes the following sound shifts from
680:are recognized by modern scholars as representing
1969:, Longman, 1995, pp. 33â36, 43; James MacKillop,
1213:, theorized that these changes coincide with the
735:. There were also two diphthongs, transcribed as
2739:The development of Celtic linguistics, 1850-1900
1473:is still lenited, so the pronunciation would be
414:, consisting of the name of the deceased in the
2759:, Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
2705:, London/New York: Routledge, pp. 55â116,
1769:"Interarticulatory Timing and Celtic Mutations"
1740:"Neural Models for Predicting Celtic Mutations"
1489:, a rule of morphosyntax (grammar) rather than
2418:, London/New York: Routledge, pp. 22â27,
1153:Unrounding of *o in final unstressed syllables
664:There is a certain amount of obscurity in the
329:, which is written in both Irish and English.
4483:
3992:
3351:
3162:? (possibly independent or pre-Indo-European)
2807:
8:
2767:Die Sprache der altirischen Ogam-Inschriften
2662:, no. 1, London: Gill & MacMillan,
1973:, Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 309â310
3922:
3893:
3884:
3870:
3861:
3852:
3843:
3834:
3812:
3798:
3789:
3780:
3771:
3733:
3719:
3710:
3690:
3681:
3672:
3663:
3654:
3645:
3636:
3607:
3522:
3493:
3440:
2569:McManus, Damian (1991), "A Guide to Ogam",
440:
428:
4490:
4476:
4468:
4267:
4188:
3999:
3985:
3977:
3626:
3358:
3344:
3336:
2939:
2928:
2814:
2800:
2792:
2656:"Medieval Ireland: The Enduring Tradition"
225:
43:
27:
2770:, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht,
2609:The Archaeology of Early Medieval Ireland
2480:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
1821:
1727:– via rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu.
1685:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
568:, in turn, is equivalent to Proto-Celtic
2595:, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy: 127â168,
1215:conversion of the island to Christianity
1059:) for lexemes originally represented by
776:
445:) and the name of his grandfather, e.g.
340:, show Primitive Irish to be similar in
276:. These inscriptions are referred to as
4602:Languages attested from the 4th century
2472:, Edimburgo: Edinburgh University Press
1671:
1533:
770:of Primitive Irish is reconstructed by
612:also correspond to the Primitive Irish
410:The majority of ogham inscriptions are
2557:, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy: 21â71,
2456:, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy: 45â71,
2378:, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy: 53â65,
1023:in Old Irish, and the third, probably
668:of Primitive Irish: while the letters
2392:Celtic initial consonant mutations â
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2148:
2146:
2055:
2053:
2051:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1384:, "poet (gen.)", appears in ogham as
778:Consonants of Primitive Irish in IPA
316:art, in parallel with the use of the
304:. The former represents the original
7:
4141:Dependent and independent verb forms
2741:, vol. 5, New York: Routledge,
1713:Green, Antony Dubach (15 May 1997).
1170:contrasting Ogham and Latin scripts.
618:genitive, attested in names such as
439:, " of the grandson", (Modern Irish
4253:Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005
3244:(Chubut Province, Argentina; Welsh)
2721:Sengoidelc: Old Irish For Beginners
2573:, no. 4, Maynooth: An Sagart,
2535:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2512:(13), Navan Research Group: 39â50,
60:(" name of SĂlĂĄn son of FĂĄithloga")
1767:Eska, Joseph F. (1 January 2020).
1398:mutations over time, and with the
1092:), although not counted among the
754:(supplementary), corresponding to
433:), and the name of his father, or
261:, is the oldest known form of the
14:
2627:"Early Medieval Ireland 400â1200"
1522:Phonological history of Old Irish
1290:, the introduction of the letter
1111:, may already have existed in an
4452:
4451:
3961:
3960:
3307:Scottish Gaelic-medium education
2280:Early medieval Ireland, 400-1200
1100:. It was probably pronounced as
395:, although some of these are in
231:Map of locations where Orthodox
3547:Dependent and independent forms
2283:. London: Longman. p. 44.
1967:Early Medieval Ireland 400â1200
3256:(Nova Scotia; Scottish Gaelic)
2533:Dictionary of Celtic Mythology
1971:Dictionary of Celtic Mythology
1593:, for example Primitive Irish
715:, but they are transcribed as
255:Gaeilge Ărsa, Gaeilge Chianach
1:
4592:History of the Irish language
4245:Education (Scotland) Act 1872
3327:extinct or ancestor languages
1774:Journal of Celtic Linguistics
1517:Goidelic substrate hypothesis
1483:follows the definite article
1340:As an example, a 5th-century
235:inscriptions have been found.
1738:Scannell, Kevin (May 2020).
1444:due to the influence of the
1361:MAQI CAIRATINI AVI INEQAGLAS
1351:Mac CaĂrthinn UĂ Enechglaiss
1256:other phases of the language
1109:later stages of the language
944:
924:
901:
877:
833:
810:
387:, including more than 40 in
53:, 6th century AD. It reads:
2755:Thurneysen, Rudolf (1946),
2660:New Gill History of Ireland
2312:Thurneysen, Rudolf (1993).
2277:Ă CrĂłinĂn, DĂĄibhĂ. (1995).
2234:Schrijver 2015, pp. 196-197
1797:– via IngentaConnect.
1147:Monophthongization of *ou:
774:Damian McManus as follows:
4618:
3925:Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge
2631:Longman History of Ireland
2625:Ă CrĂłinĂn, DĂĄibhĂ (1995),
2402:, Boston: Boston College,
1756:– via ACL Anthology.
1115:form, i.e., they were not
1071:originally represented by
460:QRIMTIR RONNN MAQ COMOGANN
336:, which lack a letter for
20:
4447:
3956:
3943:Personal and family names
3894:
3885:
3871:
3862:
3853:
3844:
3835:
3799:
3790:
3781:
3772:
3720:
3711:
3320:
3142:? (possibly hypothetical)
2764:Ziegler, Sabine (1994) ,
2654:Richter, Michael (2005),
2531:MacKillop, James (1998),
2468:Jackson, Kenneth (1953),
2243:Jackson 1954, pp. 142-143
1426:), originally pronounced
1141:Loss of intervocalic *s:
961:
959:
957:
952:
950:
941:
939:
937:
932:
930:
918:
916:
911:
909:
907:
898:
896:
894:
885:
883:
854:
839:
830:
828:
826:
821:
816:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
648:with other languages, to
224:
56:NM SILLANN MAQ VATTILLOGG
42:
35:
4291:West Highland Free Press
3774:RTĂ RaidiĂł na Gaeltachta
2179:McManus 1991, pp. 37, 40
1117:phonemically contrastive
1019:, had merged with plain
644:It is possible, through
595:. The exact function of
498:and one in the singular
368:, are not yet apparent.
292:. It was written in the
105:about the 6th century AD
21:Not to be confused with
4399:Gaelic-medium education
3150:? (possibly related to
2719:Stifter, David (2006),
2611:, Abingdon: Routledge,
2607:Nancy, Edwards (2006),
2483:, Bloomsbury Academic,
2068:McManus 1991 pp.141-146
2045:McManus 1988 pp.163-165
1935:McManus 1991, pp. 44-45
1917:Ziegler 1994, pp. 93-96
1485:
1479:
1465:
1459:
1404:differentiated phonemes
1380:
1252:Indo-European languages
1158:Transition to Old Irish
610:dental, and velar stems
4428:
4405:
4371:
4362:
4328:
4315:
4215:
4201:
4103:East Sutherland Gaelic
3948:List of personal names
3923:
3813:
3734:
3691:
3682:
3673:
3664:
3655:
3646:
3637:
3610:An CaighdeĂĄn OifigiĂșil
3608:
3525:An CaighdeĂĄn OifigiĂșil
3523:
3494:
3441:
3312:Welsh-medium education
2962:Southwestern Brittonic
2757:A Grammar of Old Irish
2390:Conroy, Kevin (2008),
2315:A grammar of Old Irish
2170:Koch 2006, pp. 986-988
2140:Richter 2005, p. 54-55
2122:McManus 1991, pp. 84-5
1982:Ziegler 1994, p. 53-92
1963:A Grammar of Old Irish
1512:Early Irish literature
1329:of (final) syllables,
1246:Primitive Irish has a
1171:
1055:(< Primitive Irish
441:
429:
254:
4203:An Comunn GĂ idhealach
3289:Skol Veythrin Karenza
3229:Celtic-speaking areas
3154:or pre-Indo-European)
2113:McManus 1991 pp.36-37
2095:Ziegler 1994 pp.11-12
2077:McManus 1991 pp.36-39
2036:McManus 1991 pp.36-38
1692:. pp. 986â1390.
1658:Lost in later stages.
1614:/f,v,Ξ,Ă°,x,ÉŁ,h,andÎČÌ/
1306:, and, most notably,
1232:pre-Christian Ireland
1165:
504:Proto-Celtic language
2703:The Celtic Languages
2436:(10), Tralee: 14â8,
2416:The Celtic Languages
2027:McManus 1991 p.38-39
1991:Ziegler 1994 p.53-92
1908:Koch 1995, pp. 45-46
1881:Koch 1995, pp. 44-45
1872:McManus 1991, p. 128
1840:The Celtic Languages
1587:was incorporated as
1469:("of the son"), the
1422:being a form of the
1276:inflectional endings
1137:*nt, *nk > tË, kË
713:Anglo-Saxon alphabet
494:, two in the plural
4515:Proto-Indo-European
4024:Proto-Indo-European
3880:Irish Texts Society
3383:Proto-Indo-European
3301:Bunscoill Ghaelgagh
3276:Immersive education
2633:, Harlow: Longman,
2571:Maynooth Monographs
2504:Koch, John (1995),
2477:Koch, John (2006),
2252:McManus 1991, p. 88
2200:McManus 1991, p. 84
2188:McManus 1983, p. 48
2152:Koch 1995, p. 39-40
2059:Stifter 2010, p. 58
1949:Stifter 2010, p. 56
1899:Ziegler 1994, p. 25
1863:McManus 1991, p. 44
1168:Auraicept na n-Ăces
1086:(transliterated as
779:
768:consonant inventory
76:, western coast of
4550:Early Modern Irish
4224:The Gaelic College
4193:Gaelic development
4167:Bible translations
4064:Early Modern Irish
3918:Leaving Cert Irish
3887:Såirséal agus Dill
3459:Newfoundland Irish
3418:Early Modern Irish
3254:Cape Breton Island
3090:Early Modern Irish
2850:Continental Celtic
2086:McManus 1991 p.182
2018:McManus 1991 p.116
2009:McManus 1991 p.108
2000:McManus 1991 p.102
1926:Nancy 2006, p. 103
1890:Carney 1975, p. 57
1284:consonant clusters
1191:St Columba of Iona
1183:Amra Coluim Chille
1172:
1143:/s/ > Ă / V _ V
777:
654:phonemic inventory
537:The first ending,
366:consonant clusters
334:Ogham inscriptions
290:Goidelic languages
263:Goidelic languages
4579:
4578:
4465:
4464:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4322:
4295:
4287:
4283:Stornoway Gazette
4249:
4229:Sabhal MĂČr Ostaig
4118:Dialect phonology
4073:
3974:
3973:
3906:
3905:
3855:ClĂł Iar-Chonnacht
3820:
3757:
3749:
3741:
3598:Modern literature
3532:Initial mutations
3333:
3332:
3126:
3125:
3042:
3041:
2985:Western Brittonic
2874:Cisalpine Gaulish
2355:Conroy 2008, p. 6
2346:Conroy 2008, p. 3
2225:Koch 2006, p. 986
2161:Koch 2006, p. 989
2104:Stifler 2006 p.30
1959:Rudolf Thurneysen
1850:978-0-415-42279-6
1787:10.16922/jcl.21.7
1699:978-1-85109-440-0
1457:became Old Irish
1364:. Similarly, the
1272:initial mutations
1250:similar to other
1177:, written in the
965:
964:
601:remains unclear.
448:DALAGNI MAQI DALI
424:, " of the son" (
240:
239:
49:Ogham stone from
4609:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4469:
4455:
4454:
4431:
4410:
4376:
4367:
4331:
4320:
4312:
4293:
4285:
4268:
4247:
4220:
4210:BĂČrd na GĂ idhlig
4206:
4189:
4108:Galwegian Gaelic
4093:Hebridean Gaelic
4088:Mid-Minch Gaelic
4071:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3978:
3964:
3963:
3928:
3899:
3898:
3890:
3889:
3876:
3875:
3867:
3866:
3858:
3857:
3849:
3848:
3840:
3839:
3818:
3810:
3808:BBC Radio Ulster
3804:
3803:
3795:
3794:
3786:
3785:
3777:
3776:
3755:
3747:
3739:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3716:
3715:
3696:
3687:
3678:
3669:
3660:
3651:
3642:
3627:
3613:
3593:Early literature
3528:
3499:
3478:Northern Ireland
3444:
3432:Sociolinguistics
3360:
3353:
3346:
3337:
3115:Galwegian Gaelic
3096:Classical Gaelic
3057:Classical Gaelic
2951:Common Brittonic
2940:
2929:
2823:Celtic languages
2816:
2809:
2802:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2760:
2751:
2733:
2715:
2697:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2621:
2603:
2583:
2565:
2545:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2473:
2464:
2444:
2428:
2410:
2386:
2356:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2217:
2216:Koch 1995, p. 42
2214:
2201:
2198:
2189:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2131:Koch 1995, p. 41
2129:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1725:10.7282/T38W3C3K
1710:
1704:
1703:
1676:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1424:definite article
1421:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1363:
1362:
1342:king of Leinster
1323:Celtic languages
1315:secondary stress
1123:Internal history
1103:
1091:
1090:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1005:
1000:
999:
994:
993:
988:
987:
955:
935:
921:
914:
892:
888:
874:
869:
864:
859:
852:
847:
842:
824:
819:
780:
746:
745:
740:
739:
734:
730:
726:
725:
720:
719:
691:
687:
683:
635:
634:
629:
628:
623:
622:
617:
616:
600:
599:
587:
586:
567:
566:
561:
560:
555:
554:
542:
541:
533:
532:
527:
526:
521:
520:
515:
514:
462:
461:
456:
455:
450:
449:
444:
438:
437:
432:
423:
422:
339:
327:County Tipperary
302:Scholastic Ogham
229:
220:
204:
188:
181:
161:
115:
58:
57:
47:
28:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4597:Ancient Ireland
4582:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4559:
4535:Primitive Irish
4501:
4496:
4466:
4461:
4443:
4379:
4335:
4298:
4257:
4233:
4184:
4178:
4145:
4122:
4113:Canadian Gaelic
4076:
4044:Primitive Irish
4010:
4008:Scottish Gaelic
4005:
3975:
3970:
3952:
3931:
3902:
3823:
3760:
3699:
3616:
3561:
3509:
3488:in Newfoundland
3484:Outside Ireland
3427:
3403:Primitive Irish
3369:
3364:
3334:
3329:
3316:
3271:
3224:
3215:Beurla Reagaird
3201:
3139:Ancient Belgian
3122:
3109:Scottish Gaelic
3069:Primitive Irish
3038:
3020:
2979:
2956:
2935:
2918:
2843:
2825:
2820:
2790:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2763:
2754:
2749:
2736:
2731:
2718:
2713:
2700:
2695:
2682:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2653:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2624:
2619:
2606:
2586:
2581:
2568:
2548:
2543:
2530:
2522:
2520:
2503:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2476:
2467:
2447:
2431:
2426:
2413:
2389:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2326:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2291:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2204:
2199:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1823:10.1.1.387.8008
1807:
1806:
1802:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1624:
1620:
1612:The fricatives
1611:
1607:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1503:
1495:grammaticalized
1453:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1432:
1431:
1418:
1417:
1416:("of the son",
1412:
1411:
1408:morphosyntactic
1406:with their own
1386:
1385:
1374:
1373:
1360:
1359:
1274:, some loss of
1244:
1200:Catholic Church
1160:
1125:
1088:
1087:
1003:
1002:
997:
996:
991:
990:
985:
984:
764:
743:
742:
737:
736:
723:
722:
717:
716:
666:vowel inventory
662:
642:
632:
631:
626:
625:
620:
619:
614:
613:
597:
596:
588:corresponds to
584:
583:
564:
563:
558:
557:
552:
551:
539:
538:
530:
529:
524:
523:
518:
517:
512:
511:
500:nominative case
484:
469:
459:
458:
453:
452:
447:
446:
435:
434:
420:
419:
286:
284:Written records
257:), also called
243:Primitive Irish
236:
216:
200:
197:
184:
177:
162:
157:
151:
141:Primitive Irish
116:
113:Language family
111:
61:
59:
55:
54:
37:
31:Primitive Irish
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4615:
4613:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4584:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4530:Proto-Goidelic
4527:
4525:Insular Celtic
4522:
4517:
4511:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4472:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4417:
4412:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4368:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4323:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4288:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4212:
4207:
4197:
4195:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4034:Insular Celtic
4031:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3981:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3920:
3914:
3912:
3911:Qualifications
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3891:
3882:
3877:
3868:
3859:
3850:
3841:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3805:
3796:
3792:RaidiĂł Na Life
3787:
3778:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3750:
3742:
3726:
3717:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3688:
3679:
3670:
3661:
3652:
3643:
3633:
3631:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3519:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3500:
3491:
3481:
3471:
3466:
3464:Leinster Irish
3461:
3456:
3451:
3449:Connacht Irish
3446:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3398:Proto-Goidelic
3395:
3393:Insular Celtic
3390:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3367:Irish language
3365:
3363:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3340:
3331:
3330:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3236:Lower Brittany
3232:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3196:Paleo-Hispanic
3187:
3175:
3163:
3155:
3143:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3060:
3052:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3009:
2997:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2946:
2944:
2937:
2926:
2924:Insular Celtic
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2893:
2883:Hispano-Celtic
2879:
2878:
2877:
2863:
2855:
2853:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2796:
2789:
2788:
2776:
2761:
2752:
2747:
2734:
2730:978-0815630722
2729:
2716:
2712:978-0415422796
2711:
2698:
2694:978-1855002296
2693:
2680:
2668:
2651:
2639:
2622:
2617:
2604:
2584:
2579:
2566:
2546:
2541:
2528:
2501:
2489:
2474:
2465:
2445:
2429:
2425:978-0415422796
2424:
2411:
2387:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2324:
2304:
2289:
2269:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2202:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2070:
2061:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1951:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1849:
1829:
1800:
1781:(1): 235â255.
1759:
1752:
1730:
1705:
1698:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1651:
1618:
1605:
1542:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1507:Irish language
1502:
1499:
1430:, the initial
1428:ËsÉȘndiËËmakÊ·iË
1368:, a people of
1325:. This caused
1319:primary stress
1308:vowel elisions
1262:("broad") and
1243:
1240:
1209:, an American
1179:Latin alphabet
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1149:/ou/ > /oË/
1145:
1139:
1124:
1121:
1027:, merged with
981:transliterated
963:
962:
960:
958:
956:
951:
949:
943:
942:
940:
938:
936:
931:
929:
923:
922:
917:
915:
910:
908:
906:
900:
899:
897:
895:
893:
884:
882:
876:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
853:
848:
843:
838:
832:
831:
829:
827:
825:
820:
815:
809:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
763:
760:
661:
658:
641:
638:
483:
480:
468:
465:
418:, followed by
318:Latin alphabet
298:Orthodox Ogham
285:
282:
278:Orthodox Ogham
259:Proto-Goidelic
238:
237:
230:
222:
221:
214:
206:
205:
198:
193:
190:
189:
182:
174:
173:
172:Language codes
169:
168:
163:
159:Writing system
156:
153:
152:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
131:Insular Celtic
119:
117:
110:
107:
106:
99:
95:
94:
85:
81:
80:
67:
66:Native to
63:
62:
48:
40:
39:
38:Proto-Goidelic
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4614:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4555:Manx language
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4499:Manx language
4493:
4488:
4486:
4481:
4479:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4458:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4407:GĂ idhealtachd
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4324:
4319:
4318:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4292:
4289:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4098:Argyll Gaelic
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4059:Gaelicisation
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3997:
3995:
3990:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3967:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3897:
3896:GlĂłr na nGael
3892:
3888:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3817:
3816:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3801:RaidiĂł FĂĄilte
3797:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3754:
3751:
3746:
3743:
3738:
3737:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3454:Munster Irish
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3356:
3354:
3349:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3266:Y Fro Gymraeg
3264:
3261:
3260:GĂ idhealtachd
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:Reconstructed
2941:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:Reconstructed
2828:
2824:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2779:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2750:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2732:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2714:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2696:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2671:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2618:9780415220002
2614:
2610:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2325:1-85500-161-6
2321:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2290:0-582-01566-9
2286:
2282:
2281:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2258:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1753:9791095546351
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1680:Koch, John T.
1675:
1672:
1665:
1655:
1652:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1619:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1481:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1439:
1425:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1382:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1356:genitive case
1353:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1304:vowel harmony
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1278:, but not of
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1239:
1238:'s ministry.
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1098:silent letter
1095:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1022:
1010:
982:
978:
974:
970:
948:
945:
928:
925:
905:
902:
881:
878:
871:
866:
861:
856:
849:
844:
837:
834:
814:
811:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
781:
775:
773:
769:
761:
759:
757:
753:
748:
714:
710:
706:
703:
699:
695:
679:
675:
671:
667:
659:
657:
655:
651:
647:
639:
637:
611:
607:
602:
594:
592:
581:
579:
574:
572:
549:
547:
535:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:genitive case
493:
490:
481:
479:
477:
474:
466:
464:
443:
431:
427:
417:
416:genitive case
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
335:
330:
328:
324:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
283:
281:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:Archaic Irish
244:
234:
228:
223:
219:
215:
213:
212:
207:
203:
199:
196:
195:Linguist List
191:
187:
183:
180:
175:
170:
167:
164:
160:
154:
142:
139:
138:
137:
134:
133:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
123:
122:
121:Indo-European
118:
114:
108:
104:
101:Evolved into
100:
96:
93:
89:
86:
82:
79:
75:
71:
68:
64:
52:
51:Ratass Church
46:
41:
36:Archaic Irish
34:
29:
24:
19:
4571:Manx grammar
4545:Middle Irish
4534:
4520:Proto-Celtic
4426:
4403:
4329:nan GĂ idheal
4317:BBC GĂ idhlig
4303:Broadcasting
4217:ClĂŹ GĂ idhlig
4174:Dictionaries
4054:Middle Irish
4043:
4029:Proto-Celtic
3783:RaidiĂł RĂ-RĂĄ
3603:Lexicography
3502:
3469:Ulster Irish
3423:Modern Irish
3413:Middle Irish
3402:
3388:Proto-Celtic
3322:
3194:? (possibly
3189:
3182:? (possibly
3177:
3170:? (possibly
3165:
3157:
3145:
3137:
3113:
3094:
3088:
3083:Middle Irish
3081:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3055:
3031:
3013:Middle Welsh
3011:
3004:
2992:
2949:
2911:
2904:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2848:
2838:Proto-Celtic
2836:
2781:, retrieved
2766:
2756:
2738:
2720:
2702:
2684:
2673:, retrieved
2659:
2644:, retrieved
2630:
2608:
2592:
2588:
2570:
2554:
2550:
2532:
2521:, retrieved
2509:
2494:, retrieved
2479:
2469:
2453:
2449:
2433:
2415:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2375:
2371:
2363:Bibliography
2351:
2342:
2314:
2307:
2279:
2272:
2262:Koch, John.
2257:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2221:
2184:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2100:
2091:
2082:
2073:
2064:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1839:
1832:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1778:
1772:
1762:
1743:
1733:
1715:
1708:
1684:
1674:
1654:
1634:
1630:
1621:
1608:
1600:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1470:
1413:SINDHI MAQQI
1392:
1378:. Old Irish
1370:County Kerry
1366:Corcu Duibne
1349:
1339:
1312:
1300:short vowels
1291:
1280:case marking
1245:
1207:John T. Koch
1204:
1182:
1173:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1129:Proto-Celtic
1126:
1106:
1093:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1060:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1008:
976:
972:
968:
967:The letters
966:
765:
751:
749:
708:
704:
697:
693:
677:
673:
669:
663:
643:
603:
590:
577:
570:
545:
536:
485:
470:
426:Modern Irish
409:
401:Roman Empire
373:County Kerry
370:
356:, Classical
332:Transcribed
331:
310:Celtic style
287:
267:
258:
246:
242:
241:
209:
140:
18:
4238:Legislation
4157:Orthography
4069:Renaissance
3837:Tuairisc.ie
3666:Tuairisc.ie
3583:Gaelic type
3573:Orthography
3542:Conjugation
3442:GaeilgeoirĂ
2936:(Brythonic)
2890:Celtiberian
2783:16 February
2675:20 February
2646:15 February
2523:15 February
2496:14 February
1816:: 117â155.
1599:from Latin
1565:, the only
1436:would have
1335:long vowels
1264:palatalized
1185:, a poetic
1078:The letter
904:Approximant
650:reconstruct
646:comparisons
627:CATTUBUTTAS
548:-stem nouns
492:dative case
454:MAQQI MUCOI
421:MAQI, MAQQI
385:Isle of Man
377:County Cork
346:inflections
74:Isle of Man
4586:Categories
4439:Road signs
4340:Publishers
4326:BBC Radio
4294:(sporadic)
4286:(sporadic)
4271:Newspapers
4162:Literature
3828:Publishers
3756:(sporadic)
3748:(sporadic)
3745:BBC Two NI
3736:Nuacht RTĂ
3704:Television
3657:An tUltach
3537:Declension
3496:BĂ©arlachas
3262:(Scotland)
3238:(Brittany)
3191:Tartessian
3167:Lusitanian
2897:Gallaecian
2777:3525262256
2748:0415226996
2669:0717132935
2640:0582015650
2580:1870684176
2542:0198691572
2490:1851094407
1666:References
1625:The sound
1549:The sound
1400:diachronic
1396:allophonic
1268:allophonic
1258:including
1248:morphology
1236:St Patrick
1113:allophonic
1094:foilceasta
1009:foilceasta
806:Labiovelar
762:Consonants
633:LUGUDECCAS
621:GLASICONAS
482:Morphology
476:morphology
375:and 81 in
342:morphology
4540:Old Irish
4352:Akerbeltz
4183:Official
4072:(present)
4049:Old Irish
3873:Gael Linn
3693:Seachtain
3552:Phonology
3408:Old Irish
3325:indicate
3295:Gaelscoil
3291:(Cornish)
3250:(Ireland)
3248:Gaeltacht
3184:Tyrsenian
3076:Old Irish
3006:Old Welsh
2933:Brittonic
2601:0332-0758
2563:0332-0758
2518:0951-1822
2462:0332-0758
2442:0085-2503
2384:0332-0758
1818:CiteSeerX
1795:213769085
1601:presbyter
1491:phonology
1296:loanwords
1260:velarized
1211:Celticist
1175:Old Irish
1166:Folio of
1051:produced
880:Fricative
772:Celticist
640:Phonology
436:AVI, AVVI
412:memorials
405:Hampshire
274:Old Irish
211:Glottolog
179:ISO 639-3
103:Old Irish
23:Old Irish
4457:Category
4373:Ăr-sgeul
4310:BBC Alba
4136:Alphabet
4081:Dialects
4039:Goidelic
3966:Category
3864:Coiscéim
3630:Journals
3439:List of
3285:(Breton)
3242:Y Wladfa
3159:Ligurian
3048:Goidelic
2906:Lepontic
2860:Galatian
2408:2345/530
2334:31459157
2299:31608471
1690:ABC-CLIO
1682:(2006).
1596:QRIMITIR
1501:See also
1475:/ÉȘnÎČÌak/
1466:in maicc
1375:DOVINIAS
1302:through
1294:through
1288:suffixes
1242:Features
1228:register
1223:paganism
1045:lenition
791:Alveolar
786:Bilabial
756:digraphs
582:, while
489:singular
393:Scotland
383:and the
362:Sanskrit
314:Catholic
218:prim1243
136:Goidelic
4564:Grammar
4507:History
4357:Birlinn
4185:support
4150:Writing
4128:Grammar
4016:History
3729:RTĂ One
3684:An Gael
3588:Braille
3566:Writing
3515:Grammar
3375:History
3323:Italics
3297:(Irish)
3268:(Wales)
3179:Rhaetic
3152:Rhaetic
3147:Camunic
3131:Unknown
3033:Pictish
3025:Pictish
2994:Cumbric
2975:Cornish
2867:Gaulish
1746:: 1â8.
1719:(PhD).
1567:forfeda
1438:lenited
1387:VELITAS
1331:syncope
1327:apocope
1198:by the
1069:lexemes
1041:sĂ©imhiĂș
927:Lateral
796:Palatal
752:forfeda
711:in the
508:endings
473:nominal
467:Grammar
397:Pictish
381:Britain
350:Gaulish
306:Druidic
92:Britain
88:Ireland
78:Britain
70:Ireland
4392:Topics
4248:(past)
3846:An GĂșm
3722:CĂșla 4
3648:Feasta
3639:Comhar
3557:Syntax
3504:FĂĄinne
3474:Status
3303:(Manx)
3220:Shelta
3172:Italic
2970:Breton
2774:
2745:
2727:
2709:
2691:
2666:
2637:
2615:
2599:
2577:
2561:
2539:
2516:
2510:Emania
2487:
2460:
2440:
2422:
2398:bhfuil
2394:nghath
2382:
2332:
2322:
2297:
2287:
1847:
1820:
1793:
1750:
1696:
1635:Straif
1454:SINDHI
1419:SINDHI
1358:), as
1346:annals
1282:, and
1219:druids
1061:Straif
1033:straif
1021:velars
1001:) and
977:Straif
733:/o(Ë)/
729:/e(Ë)/
709:cweorĂ°
690:/u(Ë)/
686:/o(Ë)/
682:/a(Ë)/
660:Vowels
630:, and
593:-stems
580:-stems
573:-stems
323:Ahenny
126:Celtic
84:Region
4420:Music
4415:Names
4347:Acair
4263:Media
3936:Names
3765:Radio
3622:Media
3578:Ogham
3283:Diwan
3207:Mixed
3063:Irish
3000:Welsh
2913:Noric
1791:S2CID
1563:IphĂn
1528:Notes
1480:maicc
1381:filed
1196:Latin
1187:elegy
1119:yet.
1084:hĂath
1047:) of
973:GĂ©tal
947:Trill
813:Nasal
801:Velar
705:peorĂ°
702:runes
606:nasal
389:Wales
358:Greek
354:Latin
294:Ogham
270:Ogham
251:Irish
233:Ogham
166:Ogham
4425:The
4364:CLĂR
4278:DĂ na
3815:Blas
3753:NVTV
3104:Manx
2785:2018
2772:ISBN
2743:ISBN
2725:ISBN
2707:ISBN
2689:ISBN
2677:2018
2664:ISBN
2648:2018
2635:ISBN
2613:ISBN
2597:ISSN
2589:Ăriu
2575:ISBN
2559:ISSN
2551:Ăriu
2537:ISBN
2525:2018
2514:ISSN
2498:2018
2485:ISBN
2458:ISSN
2450:Ăriu
2438:ISSN
2420:ISBN
2396:and
2380:ISSN
2372:Ăriu
2330:OCLC
2320:ISBN
2295:OCLC
2285:ISBN
1845:ISBN
1748:ISBN
1694:ISBN
1647:/sw/
1643:/sw/
1639:/st/
1633:and
1631:Sail
1577:and
1559:IfĂn
1442:/ÎČÌ/
1080:Ăath
1073:Sail
1067:for
1063:but
1037:sail
1035:and
1025:/st/
1017:/ÉĄÊ·/
1015:and
1013:/kÊ·/
995:(or
975:and
969:CĂ©rt
836:Stop
766:The
741:and
731:and
721:and
707:and
698:Idad
696:and
694:Edad
688:and
676:and
670:Ailm
598:-AIS
575:and
531:-AIS
528:and
360:and
344:and
300:and
90:and
4429:MĂČd
3713:TG4
3675:NĂłs
2404:hdl
1783:doi
1721:doi
1641:or
1627:/s/
1561:or
1555:PĂn
1551:/p/
1440:to
1348:as
1270:),
1189:to
1102:/j/
1082:or
1065:/h/
1057:/w/
1053:/f/
1049:/s/
1029:/s/
983:as
674:Onn
615:-AS
585:-AS
565:-OS
525:-OS
519:-AS
430:mic
348:to
338:/p/
325:in
312:of
245:or
202:pgl
186:pgl
98:Era
4588::
2658:,
2629:,
2593:39
2591:,
2555:34
2553:,
2508:,
2454:38
2452:,
2376:26
2374:,
2328:.
2293:.
2205:^
2193:^
2145:^
2050:^
1961:,
1940:^
1814:11
1812:.
1789:.
1779:21
1777:.
1771:.
1742:.
1688:.
1579:ia
1575:Ăa
1573:,
1571:io
1557:,
1497:.
1486:in
1460:in
1447:-I
1075:.
998:GG
992:NG
989:,
979:,
971:,
891:sá”
889:,
873:ÉĄÊ·
868:kÊ·
747:.
744:OI
738:AI
684:,
678:Ăr
672:,
652:a
636:.
624:,
608:,
591:*Ä
578:*u
571:*i
562:.
559:-U
553:-U
546:*o
540:-I
534:.
522:,
516:,
513:-I
478:.
442:uĂ
352:,
253::
72:,
4491:e
4484:t
4477:v
4321:)
4313:(
4000:e
3993:t
3986:v
3819:)
3811:(
3740:)
3732:(
3490:)
3486:(
3480:)
3476:(
3359:e
3352:t
3345:v
3198:)
3186:)
3174:)
3093:/
2815:e
2808:t
2801:v
2406::
2400:?
2336:.
2301:.
2266:.
1853:.
1826:.
1785::
1723::
1702:.
1603:.
1590:Q
1584:P
1471:m
1433:M
1292:p
1089:H
1043:(
1004:Z
986:Q
954:r
934:l
920:w
913:j
887:s
863:ÉĄ
858:k
851:d
846:t
841:b
823:n
818:m
724:O
718:E
249:(
25:.
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