408:
203:), a strong base, in small amounts, as it is an effective neutralizer used in refining petroleum. Additives that perform a similar function in a motor oil include magnesium and calcium sulphonates, salicylates, and phenates. These are the detergent additives mentioned previously. To measure the alkalinity potential of a formulated oil, it is tested to obtain the equivalent amount of KOH to arrive at the oil's
188:
289:
241:
the engine . As oils degrade from use, their viscosity will decrease, eventually requiring their replacement.
883:"In the types of bearing surface contact we have looked at, we have seen no benefit. In some cases we have seen detrimental effect. The solids in the oil tend to accumulate at inlets and act as a dam, which simply blocks the oil from entering. Instead of helping, it is actually depriving parts of lubricant."
542:
and U.S. universities. However, if the PTFE particles are smaller than those apparently used in the 1980s and 1990s, then PTFE can be an effective lubricant in suspension. The size of the particle and many other interrelated components of a lubricant make it difficult to make blanket statements about
583:
of their oil additives. These unsubstantiated claims have caused consumers to be lured into adding a bottle of chemicals to their engines which do not lower emissions, improve wear resistance, lower temperatures, improve efficiency, or extend engine life more than the (much cheaper) oil would have.
578:
investigated many mass-marketed engine oil additives in the late 1990s. Although there is no reason to say that all oil additives used in packaged engine oil are good and all aftermarket oil additives are bad, there has been a tendency in the aftermarket industry to make unfounded claims regarding
240:
modifiers. Some synthetic oils are engineered to meet multi-grade specifications without them. Viscosity modifiers are often plastic polymers. Virtually all oils require a specific range of viscosity as a working fluid, so viscosity is the primary factor that determines if an oil is acceptable for
182:
may include carbocyclic acids, ketones, esters and nitration and sulfation byproducts. Organic and inorganic bases and detergents are included in most formulated oils, as discussed in the following paragraph, so some (but not all) of these contaminants will be neutralized. Gear oil degradation and
530:
additives. A glaring inconsistency of mass-marketed aftermarket oil additives is that they often use additives which are foreign to motor oil. On the other hand, commercial additives are also sold that are designed for extended drain intervals (to replace depleted additives in used oil) or for
207:(TBN) with units of mg of KOH per gram of oil. As the additive package degrades, TBN will decrease until the motor oil needs to be replaced. Further use of the oil will permit sludge, varnish, and metal corrosion. An important measurement of a
117:, contaminant control, for the control of chemical breakdown, and for seal conditioning. Some additives permit lubricants to perform better under severe conditions, such as extreme pressures and temperatures and high levels of contamination.
228:(VI). This combats the tendency of the oil to become thin at high temperature. The advantage of using less viscous oil with a VI improver is that it will have improved low temperature fluidity as well as being viscous enough to lubricate at
173:
may be used to combat chemical decomposition of the base stock oil in the presence of acids. When oil is subjected to shear wear and oxidation by air and combustion gases, it will have a tendency to collect acids and increase its
367:-like structures with moderate tribological properties, IF-WS2 particles have tens of caged concentric layers, making these particles excel under extreme pressure or load. The IF-LWS2 particles are available in dry
34:(or oil "base stock"). The manufacturer of many oils can use the same base stock for each formulation and can choose different additives for each use. Additives comprise up to 5% by weight of some oils.
538:
Although PTFE, a solid, was used in some aftermarket oil additives, some users said that the PTFE clumped together, clogging filters. Certain people in the 1990s reported that this was corroborated by
584:
Many consumers are convinced that aftermarket oil additives work, but many consumers are convinced that they do not work and are in fact detrimental to the engine. The topic is hotly debated on the
995:
535:(to make a custom motor oil from base stock). Commercial additives are identical to the additives found in off-the-shelf motor oil, while mass-marketed additives have some of each.
790:
199:
additives are used to neutralize the acids mentioned previously, and also help prevent the formation of sulfates in a working oil. A formulated oil will often have KOH (
411:
TEM image of a group of scientific-grade nanoparticles manufactured by
Nanotech Industrial Solutions. Note the near-spherical shape and presence of a hollow core.
707:
336:
and the foundation of TriboTEX product. The ability of this technology to reduce and even repair wear was described in NASA Spinoff
Magazine.
333:
819:
Chang, Qiuying; Rudenko, Pavlo; Miller, Dean J.; Wen, Jianguo; Berman, Diana; Zhang, Yuepeng; Arey, Bruce; Zhu, Zihua; Erdemir, Ali (2017).
720:
Roger F. Sebenik et al. "Molybdenum and
Molybdenum Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 2005; Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
500:
to separate wax from oil. This type of additive has applications in the refining and transport of oil, but not for lubricant formulation.
421:
Metal particles released by wear are unintentional and undesirable oil additives. Most large metal particles and impurities are removed
798:
129:
additives, dating back to the early 1930s, are used to clean and neutralize oil impurities which would normally cause deposits (
93:. Without many of these, the oil would become contaminated, break down, leak out, or not properly protect engine parts at all
943:
1023:
360:
635:
Thorsten
Bartels et al. "Lubricants and Lubrication" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Weinheim.
50:
975:
329:
311:
284:
was used historically. In it's shown how use of anti-friction additives can increase the power efficiency of a motor.
269:
736:
90:
292:
Nanoparticle flakes from the oil additive TriboTEX. Image taken with electron microscope showing the nano scale.
821:"Operando formation of an ultra-low friction boundary film from synthetic magnesium silicon hydroxide additive"
575:
527:
221:
751:"Determining the effect of anti-friction additive on the power of mechanical losses in a rotary piston engine"
355:, anti-friction and high impact resistance (up to 35 GPa). The IF-WS2 particles were discovered by Professor
885:
The source of this quote is unknown, but the quote itself appears in the magazine article referenced below.
1018:
446:
372:
102:
567:
229:
94:
689:
191:
Chemical structure of a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate, a typical antiwear agent found in many motor oils.
510:
315:
265:
106:
53:(API) Service SA motor oils have no additives, and they are therefore incapable of protecting modern
672:
668:
388:
200:
136:
921:, a PTFE that is small enough for suspension in lubricants and used commercially for that purpose.
517:
and seals to swell to reduce oil leakage. These are generally found in "high mileage" engine oils.
1028:
456:
384:
842:
772:
749:
Mytrofanov, Oleksandr; Proskurin, Arkadii; Poznanskyi, Andrii; Zivenko, Oleksii (2023-08-31).
602:
563:
307:
261:
204:
175:
164:
23:
832:
762:
721:
636:
480:
170:
930:
979:
225:
167:
create a film on metal surfaces to prevent the metal from causing the oil to be oxidized.
1002:
325:
74:
62:
904:) article from August 1992 by Fred Rau, which has been reprinted extensively, and see
407:
1012:
750:
597:
340:
324:
that build diamond-like carbon coatings, which improve embeddability and can achieve
58:
42:
918:
905:
837:
820:
767:
610: – Laboratory analysis of an oil based lubricant's properties and contaminants
607:
356:
321:
66:
947:
860:
652:
464:
450:
297:
248:
146:
86:
548:
497:
438:
432:
244:
130:
972:
960:
846:
776:
725:
640:
613:
571:
472:
380:
352:
348:
281:
277:
237:
233:
208:
150:
126:
114:
110:
46:
38:
27:
895:
585:
580:
364:
301:
273:
196:
179:
70:
708:"Potassium Hydroxide in the Oil and Gas Industry - Continental Chemical"
69:(API Service CJ-4) has different additives than the oil used in a small
532:
487:
468:
423:
400:
392:
376:
300:
agents bond to metal surfaces, keeping them from touching even at high
288:
224:
make an oil's viscosity higher at elevated temperatures, improving its
98:
57:. The choice of additives is determined by the use, e.g. the oil for a
526:
Motor oil is manufactured with numerous additives, and there are also
310:
cause a film to surround metal parts, helping to keep them separated.
559:
514:
428:
368:
344:
158:
143:
inhibiting additives retard the oxidation of metals inside an engine.
133:) on vital engine parts. Typical detergents are magnesium sulfonates.
54:
16:
Chemical compounds that improve the lubricant performance of base oil
187:
554:
Some mass-market engine oil additives, notably the ones containing
543:
whether PTFE is useful or harmful. Although PTFE has been called "
406:
396:
287:
186:
154:
878:
555:
539:
496:
crystal modifiers are dewaxing aids that improve the ability of
460:
442:
140:
881:
research report is purported to say about PTFE oil additives,
493:
476:
211:'s degradation and longevity is its TBN relative to a new oil.
109:. Some of the most important additives include those used for
31:
379:. These dispersions are used in the formulation of various
459:(defoamants) inhibit the production of air bubbles and
247:
depressants improve the oil's ability to flow at lower
97:. Just as important are additives for oils used inside
178:(TAN). For example, the breakdown acids found in used
490:
of the oil. Typical antimisting agents are silicones.
339:
Inorganic
Fullerene-like Tungsten Disulfide (IF-WS2)
149:
additives retard the degradation of the oil stock by
982:
by paying US$ 2 million in consumer redress in 2000.
547:", it would hardly do any good if it remains in the
931:
Presenting PTFE: A Potent Resin, A Well-Kept Secret
755:
Eastern-European
Journal of Enterprise Technologies
276:between moving parts. Friction modifiers alter the
574:), caused a major backlash by consumers; the U.S.
961:Quaker State settles FTC charges against Slick 50
739:Turbo hydra-matic 350 By Ron Sessions], page 20.
363:. Unlike standard lubricant additives that have
616:, the science of friction, lubrication and wear
861:"Nanotechnology Repairs Engine Damage in Cars"
8:
522:Additives in the aftermarket and controversy
944:"Edwards Engines - Product Specifications"
836:
766:
684:
682:
680:
631:
629:
89:and prolonged use of motor oil in modern
41:contain additives, whether the oils are
625:
85:Oil additives are vital for the proper
933:by Owen Heatwole, April 1981, for QMI.
463:in the oil which can cause a loss of
334:Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
308:Antiwear or wear-inhibiting additives
183:longevity can be measured by its TAN.
7:
690:"TAN & TBN - Spectro Scientific"
1005:link to oil additive manufacturers.
998:link to oil additive manufacturers.
791:"ZDDP Engine Oil - Mustang Monthly"
545:the slickest substance known to man
351:-like) morphology, provide extreme
328:. The technology is developed with
946:. 24 February 2010. Archived from
14:
994:The American Chemistry Council's
449:in the oil to prevent them from
153:. Typical additives are organic
77:on a boat (2-cycle engine oil).
486:Antimisting agents prevent the
908:for a contemporary discussion.
838:10.1016/j.triboint.2017.02.003
768:10.15587/1729-4061.2023.284500
653:"API's Engine Oil Guide, 2006"
121:Controlling chemical breakdown
1:
973:Dura Lube settles FTC charges
361:Weizmann Institute of Science
49:based. Essentially, only the
51:American Petroleum Institute
963:for US$ 10 million in 1997.
330:Argonne National Laboratory
312:Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate
264:or friction reducers, like
91:internal combustion engines
1045:
268:, are used for increasing
996:Petroleum Additives Panel
902:Motorcycle Consumer News
726:10.1002/14356007.a16_655
641:10.1002/14356007.a15_423
576:Federal Trade Commission
441:keep contaminants (e.g.
825:Tribology International
483:contact metal surfaces.
416:For contaminant control
103:automatic transmissions
412:
293:
192:
95:operating temperatures
37:Nearly all commercial
568:chlorinated paraffins
410:
316:zinc dithiophosphates
291:
230:operating temperature
190:
1024:Corrosion inhibitors
950:on 24 February 2010.
266:molybdenum disulfide
30:performance of base
1001:How Additives Work
897:Road Rider Magazine
389:metalworking fluids
375:in oil, water, and
318:are typically used.
270:engine fuel economy
222:Viscosity modifiers
201:potassium hydroxide
978:2013-01-15 at the
761:(1 (124)): 28–34.
694:www.spectrosci.com
413:
371:form as well as a
294:
262:Friction modifiers
193:
165:Metal deactivators
81:Types of additives
24:chemical compounds
603:Gasoline additive
531:formulating oils
511:Seal conditioners
505:For other reasons
280:of the base oil.
205:Total Base Number
176:Total Acid Number
26:that improve the
1036:
983:
970:
964:
958:
952:
951:
940:
934:
928:
922:
915:
909:
892:
886:
875:
869:
868:
857:
851:
850:
840:
816:
810:
809:
807:
806:
797:. Archived from
787:
781:
780:
770:
746:
740:
737:Whale oil dexron
734:
728:
718:
712:
711:
704:
698:
697:
686:
675:
673:Diesel Additives
666:
660:
659:
657:
649:
643:
633:
481:combustion gases
475:where entrained
457:Anti-foam agents
298:Extreme pressure
234:multi-grade oils
63:direct injection
1044:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1009:
1008:
991:
986:
980:Wayback Machine
971:
967:
959:
955:
942:
941:
937:
929:
925:
916:
912:
906:oilsfilters.htm
893:
889:
876:
872:
859:
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854:
818:
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804:
802:
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788:
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748:
747:
743:
735:
731:
719:
715:
706:
705:
701:
688:
687:
678:
667:
663:
655:
651:
650:
646:
634:
627:
623:
594:
524:
507:
418:
258:
226:viscosity index
218:
123:
83:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1042:
1040:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
999:
990:
989:External links
987:
985:
984:
965:
953:
935:
923:
910:
887:
870:
852:
811:
782:
741:
729:
713:
699:
676:
661:
644:
624:
622:
619:
618:
617:
611:
605:
600:
593:
590:
523:
520:
519:
518:
506:
503:
502:
501:
491:
484:
454:
436:
417:
414:
405:
404:
343:with a hollow
337:
326:superlubricity
319:
305:
286:
285:
257:
254:
253:
252:
242:
217:
214:
213:
212:
185:
184:
168:
162:
144:
134:
122:
119:
82:
79:
75:outboard motor
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1041:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1019:Oil additives
1017:
1016:
1014:
1004:
1003:Oil Additives
1000:
997:
993:
992:
988:
981:
977:
974:
969:
966:
962:
957:
954:
949:
945:
939:
936:
932:
927:
924:
920:
914:
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:
891:
888:
884:
880:
874:
871:
866:
862:
856:
853:
848:
844:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
815:
812:
801:on 2009-09-12
800:
796:
792:
786:
783:
778:
774:
769:
764:
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756:
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745:
742:
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709:
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681:
677:
674:
670:
665:
662:
654:
648:
645:
642:
638:
632:
630:
626:
620:
615:
612:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
598:Fuel additive
596:
595:
591:
589:
587:
582:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
541:
536:
534:
529:
521:
516:
512:
509:
508:
504:
499:
495:
492:
489:
485:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
455:
452:
448:
444:
440:
437:
434:
430:
427:using either
426:
425:
420:
419:
415:
409:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
341:nanoparticles
338:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:Nanoparticles
320:
317:
313:
309:
306:
303:
299:
296:
295:
290:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
260:
259:
256:For lubricity
255:
250:
246:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
220:
219:
216:For viscosity
215:
210:
206:
202:
198:
195:
194:
189:
181:
177:
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:
142:
138:
135:
132:
128:
125:
124:
120:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
80:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:diesel engine
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
35:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:Oil additives
968:
956:
948:the original
938:
926:
913:
901:
896:
890:
882:
873:
865:NASA Spinoff
864:
855:
828:
824:
814:
803:. Retrieved
799:the original
794:
785:
758:
754:
744:
732:
716:
702:
693:
664:
647:
608:Oil analysis
553:
544:
537:
525:
422:
357:Reshef Tenne
272:by reducing
249:temperatures
84:
67:pickup truck
36:
19:
18:
795:Mustang 360
528:aftermarket
498:oil filters
488:atomization
465:lubrication
451:coagulating
439:Dispersants
433:oil filters
147:Antioxidant
87:lubrication
1013:Categories
805:2010-06-27
671:Oronite's
621:References
549:oil filter
381:lubricants
373:dispersion
245:Pour point
131:oil sludge
39:motor oils
1029:Tribology
847:0301-679X
831:: 35–40.
777:1729-4061
614:Tribology
572:Dura Lube
473:corrosion
447:suspended
353:lubricity
349:Fullerene
282:Whale oil
278:lubricity
238:viscosity
209:motor oil
151:oxidation
137:Corrosion
127:Detergent
115:lubricity
111:viscosity
99:gearboxes
73:-powered
47:petroleum
43:synthetic
28:lubricant
976:Archived
919:Nanoflon
592:See also
586:Internet
581:efficacy
564:Slick 50
401:polymers
393:coatings
365:platelet
359:at the
302:pressure
274:friction
197:Alkaline
180:gear oil
107:bearings
71:gasoline
867:. 2020.
669:Chevron
533:in situ
515:gaskets
469:pitting
429:magnets
424:in situ
377:solvent
232:. Most
159:phenols
55:engines
845:
775:
570:(e.g.
566:) and
562:(e.g.
560:Teflon
513:cause
471:, and
399:, and
397:paints
385:grease
369:powder
345:sphere
155:amines
105:, and
900:(now
656:(PDF)
236:have
171:Bases
65:in a
61:with
917:See
894:See
879:NASA
843:ISSN
773:ISSN
579:the
556:PTFE
540:NASA
479:and
461:foam
443:soot
332:and
157:and
141:rust
113:and
22:are
833:doi
829:110
763:doi
722:doi
637:doi
494:Wax
477:air
431:or
314:or
139:or
45:or
32:oil
1015::
877:A
863:.
841:.
827:.
823:.
793:.
771:.
757:.
753:.
692:.
679:^
628:^
588:.
551:.
467:,
445:)
395:,
391:,
387:,
383:,
101:,
849:.
835::
808:.
779:.
765::
759:4
724::
710:.
696:.
658:.
639::
558:/
453:.
435:.
403:.
347:(
304:.
251:.
161:.
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