319:, which has not yet been explored for oil shale. Oil shale resources can be concentrated in a large confined deposit such as the Green River formations, which were formed by a large inland lake. These can be many meters thick but limited by the size of the original lake. They may also resemble the deposits found along the eastern American seaboard, which were the product of a shallow sea, in that they may be quite thin but laterally expansive, covering thousands of square kilometers.
242:
these estimates do not consider the amount of kerogen that may be extracted from identified and assayed oil shale rock using available technology and under given economic conditions. By most definitions, "reserves" refers only to the amount of resource which is technically exploitable and economically feasible under current economic conditions. The term "resources", on the other hand, may refer to all deposits containing kerogen. Thirdly,
1333:
1184:
39:, oil shale deposits are found in all world oil provinces, although most of them are too deep to be exploited economically. There are more than 600 known oil shale deposits around the world. Although resources of oil shale occur in many countries, only 33 countries possess known deposits of possible economic value.
249:
There are a wide variety of extraction methods, which yield significantly different quantities of useful oil. As a result, the estimated amounts of resources and reserves display wide variance. The kerogen content of oil shale formations differs widely, and the economic feasibility of its extraction
241:
Estimating shale oil reserves is complicated by several factors. Firstly, the amount of kerogen contained in oil shale deposits varies considerably. Secondly, some nations report as reserves the total amount of kerogen in place, including all kerogen regardless of technical or economic constraints;
26:
resources that are economically recoverable under current economic conditions and technological abilities. Oil shale deposits range from small presently economically unrecoverable to large potentially recoverable resources. Defining oil shale reserves is difficult, as the chemical composition of
1388:
10 cubic metres) in-place shale oil resources. In 2010, it was estimated by the World Energy
Council that the United States resource could be equal to 3.7 trillion barrels (590 billion cubic metres) of shale oil. In 2016, their estimation was that the resource may even consist of up to 6
278:
The size of the oil shale resources is highly dependent on which grade cut-off is used. A 2008 estimate set the total world resources of oil shale at 689 gigatones—equivalent to yield of 4.8 trillion barrels (760 billion cubic metres) of shale oil, with the largest reserves in the
1063:
Major oil shale deposits are located in China, which has an estimated total of 32 billion metric tons, of which 4.4 billion metric tons are technically exploitable and economically feasible. In 2008, the amount of potential shale oil was estimated at 354 billion barrels
684:
The table below reports reserves by estimated amount of shale oil. Shale oil refers to synthetic oil obtained by heating organic material (kerogen) contained in oil shale to a temperature which will separate it into oil, combustible gas, and the residual carbon that remains in the
31:
content and extraction technologies, vary significantly. The economic feasibility of oil shale extraction is highly dependent on the price of conventional oil; if the price of crude oil per barrel is less than the production price per barrel of oil shale, it is uneconomic.
250:
is highly dependent on international and local costs of oil. Several methods are used to determine the quantity and quality of the products extracted from shale oil. At their best, these methods give an approximate value to its energy potential. One standard method is the
314:
There is no comprehensive overview of oil shale geographical allocation around the world. Around 600 known oil shale deposits are diversely spread throughout the earth, and are found on every continent with the possible exception of
1035:. Although reserves in Tarfaya and Timahdit are well explored, the commercial exploitation has not started yet and only a limited program of laboratory and pilot-plant research has been undertaken. There are also oil shale reserves in
1027:(12.3 billion metric tons or 8.16 billion metric tons of shale oil). Deposits in Congo are not properly explored yet. In Morocco, oil shale deposits have been identified at ten localities with the largest deposits in
1420:
10 cubic metres) of shale oil, of which about 24 billion barrels (3.8 billion cubic metres) is recoverable. The deposits are located in the eastern and southern states with the biggest potential in the eastern
1367:
estimate that the resource in the United States may be bigger than previously estimated. According to these studies, three largest oil-shale deposits — all are part of the Green River
Formation — are the
93:
A 2016 conservative estimate set the total world resources of oil shale equivalent to yield of 6.05 trillion barrels (962 billion cubic metres) of shale oil, with the largest resource deposits in the
262:. It does not, however, indicate how much oil could be extracted from the sample. Some processing methods yield considerably more useful product than the Fischer Assay would indicate. The
1340:
At 301 billion metric tons, as estimated in 2005, the oil shale deposits in the United States are the largest in the world. There are two major deposits: the eastern US deposits, in
1208:(equal to 35.47 billion metric tons of shale oil). Major deposits are located in the Volga-Petchyorsk province and in the Baltic Oil Shale Basin. Other major oil shale deposits in
2421:
1560:"A study on the EU oil shale industry viewed in the light of the Estonian experience. A report by EASAC to the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy of the European Parliament"
258:, that is, a measure of caloric output. This is generally considered a good overall measure of usefulness. The Fischer Assay has been modified, standardized, and adapted by the
1108:
estimates that Upper
Permian lacustrine oil shale deposits of northwest China, absent from previous global oil shale assessments, are comparable to the Green River Formation.
2275:
Assessment of In-Place Oil Shale
Resources of the Green River Formation, Greater Green River Basin in Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2011–3063
1300:
10 cubic metres) of shale oil). In 2008, these resources were estimated 4 billion barrels (640,000,000 cubic metres) of shale oil and 34.172 billion barrels (5.4329
302:
set the total world resources of oil shale equivalent to yield of 6.05 trillion barrels (962 billion cubic metres). For comparison, at the same time the world's proven
228:
116:
Oil shale formation takes place in a number of depositional settings and has considerable compositional variation. Oil shales can be classified by their composition (
42:
Many deposits need more exploration to determine their potential as reserves. Well-explored deposits, which could ultimately be classified as reserves, include the
219:
of
Wyoming and Utah, USA. Oil-shale deposits formed in the shallow seas of continental shelves generally are much thinner than large lake basin deposits.
2368:
2249:
Assessment of In-Place Oil Shale
Resources of the Green River Formation, Piceance Basin, Western Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009–3012
2301:
Assessment of In-Place Oil Shale
Resources of the Green River Formation, Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2011–3010
2456:
2429:
2385:
1996:
1916:
1308:
content is high. The best-explored deposits are El Lajjun, Sultani, and the Juref ed
Darawish are located in west-central Jordan, while the
283:, which is thought to have 3.7 trillion barrels (590 billion cubic metres), though only a part of it is recoverable. According to the
211:
times through burial by sedimentary loading on top of the algal swamp deposits, resulting in conversion of the organic matter to kerogen by
2439:
137:
1105:
698:
Shale oil: resources and production at end-2008 by regions and countries with resources over 10 billion barrels of in-place shale oil
1304:
10 cubic metres) of shale oil correspondingly. Jordan oil shales are high quality, comparable to western US oil shale, although their
2345:
86:. It is expected that these deposits would yield at least 40 liters (0.25 bbl) of shale oil per metric ton of shale, using the
2192:
1500:
1364:
416:
2092:
1119:(227 billion metric tons, of which 9.1 billion metric tons are technically exploitable and economically feasible),
2136:
1416:'s oil shale resource was estimated at 4.531 billion metric tons of oil shale equal to 31.7 billion barrels (5.04
1336:
Oil shale from the
Mahogany Zone of the Green River Formation, Colorado. Weathered surface on right; fresh surface on left.
1963:
1449:. In 2008, the total oil shale resource was 11.734 billion metric tonnes, equal to 80–82 billion barrels (1.27
1152:
1020:
259:
2409:
1155:
but also at Baysun, Jam, Urtabulak, Aktau, Uchkyr and
Kulbeshkak. Smaller oil shale reserves have also been found in
288:
291:, the world oil shale resources may be equivalent of more than 5 trillion barrels (790 billion cubic metres) of
1341:
1032:
624:
2166:
98:
accounting for more than 80% of the world total resource. For comparison, at the same time the world's proven
1606:"Global oil shale issues and perspectives. Synthesis of the Symposium on Oil Shale. 18–19 November, Tallinn"
2246:
Johnson, Ronald C.; Mercier, Tracey J.; Brownfield, Michael E.; Pantea, M.P.; Self, Jesse G. (2009-04-02).
2107:
544:
2481:
1829:
1577:
1345:
603:
349:
216:
43:
295:
of which more than 1 trillion barrels (160 billion cubic metres) may be technically recoverable.
2448:
2391:
2377:
1438:
370:
299:
284:
243:
232:
215:
processes. The largest deposits are found in the remains of large lakes such as the deposits of the
1812:"Geology and resources of some world oil-shale deposits. Scientific Investigations Report 2005–5294"
1559:
1613:
1495:
236:
1931:
1292:
Significant oil shale deposits are located in Israel (equal to about 250 billion barrels (4.0
2476:
1759:
1700:
1638:
1490:
1729:"Oil Shales in the world and Turkey; reserves, current situation and future prospects: a review"
1446:
246:
technologies are still developing, so the amount of recoverable kerogen can only be estimated.
2452:
2425:
2381:
2341:
2197:
1992:
1892:
1751:
1692:
1630:
1442:
117:
111:
2298:
Johnson, Ronald C.; Mercier, Tracey J.; Brownfield, Michael E.; Self, Jesse G. (2010-05-07).
1984:
1956:
2145:
1884:
1743:
1684:
1622:
1140:
1052:
263:
1296:
10 cubic metres) of shale oil) and in Jordan (equal to about 102 billion barrels (1.62
1842:
1811:
1590:
1123:(several deposits; major deposit at Kenderlyk Field with 4 billion metric tons), and
465:
1558:
Francu, Juraj; Harvie, Barbra; Laenen, Ben; Siirde, Andres; Veiderma, Mihkel (May 2007).
1669:
1605:
1376:
10 cubic metres), the Greater Green River Basin with 1.444992 trillion barrels (2.297354
2299:
2273:
2247:
1369:
1241:
1089:
267:
153:
1728:
2470:
1888:
1704:
1642:
1401:
1309:
505:
280:
255:
251:
133:
95:
87:
36:
2013:
1763:
1160:
1132:
1097:
303:
292:
99:
2367:
Dyni, John R. (2010). "Oil Shale". In Clarke, Alan W.; Trinnaman, Judy A. (eds.).
2111:
1332:
1316:. Most of Israel's deposits are located in the Rotem Basin region of the northern
1244:(500 million metric tons of shale oil). There are oil shale reserves also in
1072:
10 cubic metres). The principal Chinese oil shale deposits and production lie in
1426:
1397:
1381:
686:
306:
are estimated to be 1.6976 trillion barrels (269.90 billion cubic metres).
165:
161:
102:
are estimated to be 1.6976 trillion barrels (269.90 billion cubic metres).
1344:, cover 250,000 square miles (650,000 km); the western US deposits of the
1151:
has major oil shale deposits of 47 billion metric tons, mainly located at
1727:
Altun, N. E.; Hiçyilmaz, C.; Hwang, J.-Y.; Suat Bağci, A.; Kök, M. V. (2006).
1422:
1249:
1191:
1183:
1148:
1120:
1040:
690:
651:
632:
611:
590:
552:
513:
324:
316:
212:
196:
169:
47:
2272:
Johnson, Ronald C.; Mercier, Tracey J.; Brownfield, Michael E. (2011-06-27).
1896:
1755:
1696:
1634:
1478:
1458:
1413:
1194:
1136:
1085:
357:
208:
51:
23:
1688:
1747:
1626:
1880:
1466:
1396:
19 deposits have been identified. The best-examined deposits are in
1349:
1321:
1257:
1172:
1144:
1116:
1112:
1101:
1077:
670:
571:
435:
397:
204:
200:
192:
173:
125:
1127:(2.2 billion metric tons). Thailand's oil shale deposits are near
1474:
1353:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1261:
1245:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1198:
1187:
1168:
1164:
1128:
1081:
1044:
1028:
1024:
475:
378:
185:
157:
121:
71:
59:
28:
1324:. Israeli oil shale is relatively low in heating value and oil yield.
1393:
1305:
1269:
1265:
1233:
1225:
1209:
1205:
1124:
1073:
1048:
470:
181:
148:/small lake settings). Much of the organic matter in oil shale is of
145:
129:
83:
75:
67:
63:
55:
2138:
Upper Permian Oil Shale Deposits of Northwest China:World's Largest?
1991:. Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc. p. 92.
1930:(2). Lithuanian Academy of Sciences Publishers: 8–18. Archived from
2417:
2338:
Oil shales of the world, their origin, occurrence and exploitation
1871:
Hutton, A.C. (1987). "Petrographic classification of oil shales".
1462:
1331:
1317:
1313:
1253:
1213:
1182:
1156:
1093:
1036:
149:
79:
1457:
10 cubic metres) of shale oil. Small resources are also found in
1470:
1357:
177:
141:
46:
deposits in the western United States, the Tertiary deposits in
1917:"Estonian oil shale properties and utilization in power plants"
1389:
trillion barrels (950 billion cubic metres) of shale oil.
1217:
1143:. Deposits in Turkey are found mainly in middle and western
1068:
10 cubic metres) and in 2016 at 330 billion barrels (5.2
172:. Some oil-shale deposits also contain metals which include
1023:(equal to 14.31 billion metric tons of shale oil) and
2110:, Center for Applied Energy Research: 1–2. Archived from
1817:. U.S. Department of the Interior. U.S. Geological Survey
1360:, are among the richest oil shale deposits in the world.
1204:
The biggest oil shale reserves in Europe are located in
2219:
Hamarneh, Yousef; Alali, Jamal; Sawaged, Suzan (1998).
2165:
Suwannathong, Apiradee; Khummongkol, Damrong (2007).
1962:. Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering.
16:
Oil shale resources that are economically recoverable
2340:(First ed.). Pergamon Press. pp. 162–224.
2174:. 27th Oil Shale Symposium. Colorado School of Mines
2093:"Possibilities for Oil Shale Development in Morocco"
1312:
deposit, close to its northern border, extends into
1111:
In addition to China, major deposits are located in
344:In-place oil shale resources (million metric tons)
1565:. European Academies Science Advisory Council: 1–2
711:In-place oil shale resources (million metric tons)
191:Most oil shale deposits were formed during Middle
1983:Elayer, R.W.; Dorling, I.P.; McKie, P.W. (1990).
714:Production in 2008 (thousand metric tons (oil))
229:Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification
2223:. Amman: Natural Resources Authority of Jordan.
2193:"Uzbekistan postpones shale plant construction"
1957:"Energy conversion. ES 832a. Lecture 4 - Fuels"
1437:Brazil has at least nine oil shale deposits in
1240:(600 million metric tons of shale oil) and the
708:In-place shale oil resources (million barrels)
341:In-place shale oil resources (million barrels)
2168:Oil Shale Resource in Mae Sot Basin, Thailand
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
1517:
1515:
1236:(875 million metric tons of shale oil),
8:
1854:
1852:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1425:deposits. Oil shale has also been found in
1047:. The main deposits of Egypt are located in
1019:Major oil shale deposits are located in the
1742:(3). Estonian Academy Publishers: 211–227.
1683:(3). Estonian Academy Publishers: 356–359.
1228:(1 billion metric tons of shale oil),
689:. All figures are presented in barrels and
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
1910:
1908:
1906:
321:
2221:Oil Shale Resources Development In Jordan
1736:Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal
1677:Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal
1621:(1). Estonian Academy Publishers: 81–92.
1614:Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal
1224:(2.49 billion metric tons of shale oil),
1216:(10.45 billion metric tons of shale
1722:
1720:
1384:with 1.318964 trillion barrels (2.096985
1372:with 1.525157 trillion barrels (2.424806
695:
152:origin, but may also include remains of
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1511:
270:yields between 300% and 400% more oil.
27:different oil shales, as well as their
1838:
1827:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1586:
1575:
1232:(1 billion metric tons of shale oil),
156:. Three major type of organic matter (
35:As source rocks for most conventional
2014:"Shale Oil – The Elusive Energy"
1873:International Journal of Coal Geology
7:
1553:
1551:
1549:
298:A 2016 conservative estimate by the
1985:"Oil Shale Exploration and Geology"
1668:Qian, J.; Wang, J.; Li, S. (2003).
266:yields over 100% more oil, and the
1147:. According to some reports, also
14:
1115:(18.7 billion metric tons),
733:Democratic Republic of the Congo
323:Largest oil shale deposits (over
2441:World energy resources. Oil 2016
1670:"Oil Shale Development in China"
1104:. Professor Alan R. Carroll of
2370:2010 Survey of Energy Resources
2135:Carroll, Alan R. (2007-10-17).
1501:Countries by shale oil reserves
1365:United States Geological Survey
1106:University of Wisconsin–Madison
1:
2023:(4). Colorado School of Mines
1964:University of Western Ontario
1342:Devonian-Mississippian shales
451:Democratic Republic of Congo
2144:. 27th Oil Shale Symposium.
2047:
1889:10.1016/0166-5162(87)90032-2
1858:
1540:
1521:
1021:Democratic Republic of Congo
260:American Petroleum Institute
2012:Youngquist, Walter (1998).
1363:More recent studies by the
1007:
1004:
1001:
993:
990:
987:
979:
976:
973:
965:
962:
959:
951:
948:
945:
937:
934:
931:
923:
920:
917:
909:
906:
903:
895:
892:
889:
881:
878:
875:
867:
864:
861:
853:
850:
847:
839:
836:
833:
825:
822:
819:
811:
808:
805:
797:
794:
791:
783:
780:
777:
769:
766:
763:
755:
752:
749:
741:
738:
735:
727:
724:
721:
677:
674:
658:
655:
639:
636:
618:
615:
597:
594:
578:
575:
559:
556:
537:
534:
520:
517:
499:
496:
482:
479:
459:
456:
442:
439:
423:
420:
404:
401:
385:
382:
364:
361:
289:International Energy Agency
62:, the El-Lajjun deposit in
2498:
1987:. In Kennedy, B.A. (ed.).
1380:10 cubic metres), and the
226:
109:
2414:World Energy Outlook 2010
2336:Russell, Paul L. (1990).
2021:Hubbert Center Newsletter
327:metric tons) (Dyni 2006)
285:2010 World Energy Outlook
2323:
2233:
2078:
1915:Ots, Arvo (2007-02-12).
1080:; others are located in
138:depositional environment
1055:and Abu Tartour areas.
310:Geographical allocation
2108:University of Kentucky
1837:Cite journal requires
1810:Dyni, John R. (2006).
1689:10.3176/oil.2003.3S.08
1585:Cite journal requires
1337:
1201:
545:Baltic Oil Shale Basin
223:Definition of reserves
144:, shallow marine, and
1748:10.3176/oil.2006.3.02
1627:10.3176/oil.2003.1.09
1346:Green River Formation
1335:
1186:
604:Graptolitic argillite
350:Green River Formation
217:Green River Formation
2449:World Energy Council
2378:World Energy Council
2091:Bekri, Omar (1992).
1604:Brendow, K. (2003).
1197:oil shale, northern
371:Phosphoria Formation
300:World Energy Council
274:Size of the resource
244:shale oil extraction
233:Shale oil extraction
154:vascular land plants
1496:Oil shale economics
701:
543:Leningrad deposit,
417:Early Carboniferous
328:
237:Oil shale economics
195:, Early and Middle
160:) in oil shale are
1491:Oil shale industry
1338:
1202:
696:
645:Collingwood Shale
322:
118:carbonate minerals
66:, and deposits in
20:Oil shale reserves
2458:978-0-946121-62-5
2431:978-92-64-08624-1
2387:978-0-946121-02-1
2198:Trend News Agency
1998:978-0-87335-102-7
1439:São Mateus do Sul
1012:
1011:
682:
681:
565:Vychegodsk Basin
391:Eastern Devonian
254:, which yields a
128:minerals such as
112:Oil shale geology
106:Oil shale geology
2489:
2462:
2446:
2435:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2396:
2390:. Archived from
2375:
2352:
2351:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2146:Golden, Colorado
2143:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2097:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2051:
2045:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2018:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1936:
1921:
1912:
1901:
1900:
1879:(3). Amsterdam:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1807:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1733:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1674:
1665:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1610:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1555:
1544:
1538:
1525:
1519:
1456:
1452:
1419:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1141:Lamphun Province
1071:
1067:
1039:, South Africa,
702:
410:Heath Formation
329:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2459:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2408:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2376:(22 ed.).
2373:
2366:
2360:
2355:
2348:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2204:
2202:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2150:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2054:
2046:
2035:
2026:
2024:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1968:
1966:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1904:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1850:
1836:
1826:
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1818:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1777:
1768:
1766:
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1709:
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1672:
1667:
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1598:
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1574:
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1562:
1557:
1556:
1547:
1539:
1528:
1520:
1513:
1509:
1487:
1454:
1450:
1447:Vale do Paraíba
1435:
1417:
1410:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1330:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1212:are located in
1181:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1017:
466:Irati Formation
312:
276:
264:Tosco II method
239:
225:
114:
108:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2495:
2493:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2469:
2468:
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2238:
2226:
2211:
2184:
2157:
2127:
2083:
2052:
2033:
2004:
1997:
1989:Surface Mining
1975:
1955:Savory, Eric.
1947:
1902:
1863:
1848:
1839:|journal=
1775:
1716:
1655:
1596:
1587:|journal=
1545:
1526:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1486:
1483:
1434:
1431:
1409:
1406:
1370:Piceance Basin
1329:
1326:
1289:
1286:
1242:United Kingdom
1180:
1177:
1060:
1057:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
996:
995:
992:
989:
986:
982:
981:
978:
975:
972:
971:South America
968:
967:
964:
961:
958:
954:
953:
950:
947:
944:
940:
939:
936:
933:
930:
926:
925:
922:
919:
916:
915:United States
912:
911:
908:
905:
902:
901:North America
898:
897:
894:
891:
888:
884:
883:
880:
877:
874:
870:
869:
866:
863:
860:
856:
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849:
846:
842:
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838:
835:
832:
828:
827:
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821:
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813:
810:
807:
804:
800:
799:
796:
793:
790:
786:
785:
782:
779:
776:
772:
771:
768:
765:
762:
758:
757:
754:
751:
748:
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743:
740:
737:
734:
730:
729:
726:
723:
720:
716:
715:
712:
709:
706:
680:
679:
676:
673:
668:
665:
661:
660:
657:
654:
649:
646:
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638:
635:
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621:
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449:
445:
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438:
433:
430:
429:Olenyok Basin
426:
425:
422:
419:
414:
413:United States
411:
407:
406:
403:
400:
395:
394:United States
392:
388:
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384:
381:
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375:United States
373:
367:
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363:
360:
355:
354:United States
352:
346:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
311:
308:
275:
272:
268:Hytort process
224:
221:
136:) or by their
110:Main article:
107:
104:
54:, deposits in
37:oil reservoirs
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2397:on 2014-11-08
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2347:0-08-037240-6
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2158:
2147:
2140:
2139:
2131:
2128:
2117:on 2010-06-05
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2084:
2081:, pp. 101–102
2080:
2075:
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2015:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1948:
1937:on 2013-06-05
1933:
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1476:
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1460:
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1444:
1440:
1433:South America
1432:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1415:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1402:New Brunswick
1399:
1395:
1390:
1383:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1334:
1328:North America
1327:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
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1251:
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1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1014:
998:
997:
984:
983:
970:
969:
956:
955:
942:
941:
928:
927:
914:
913:
900:
899:
886:
885:
872:
871:
858:
857:
844:
843:
830:
829:
816:
815:
802:
801:
788:
787:
774:
773:
760:
759:
746:
745:
732:
731:
718:
717:
713:
710:
707:
704:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
672:
669:
666:
663:
662:
653:
650:
647:
644:
643:
634:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
613:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
592:
589:
586:
583:
582:
573:
570:
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541:
531:
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493:
490:
487:
486:
477:
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447:
446:
437:
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427:
418:
415:
412:
409:
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396:
393:
390:
389:
380:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
359:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
330:
326:
320:
318:
309:
307:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:United States
273:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:heating value
253:
252:Fischer Assay
247:
245:
238:
234:
230:
222:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
113:
105:
103:
101:
97:
96:United States
91:
89:
88:Fischer Assay
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
40:
38:
33:
30:
25:
21:
2482:Oil reserves
2440:
2413:
2399:. Retrieved
2392:the original
2369:
2361:
2358:Bibliography
2337:
2331:
2319:
2308:. Retrieved
2300:
2293:
2282:. Retrieved
2274:
2267:
2256:. Retrieved
2248:
2241:
2229:
2220:
2214:
2203:. Retrieved
2201:. 2015-12-29
2196:
2187:
2176:. Retrieved
2167:
2160:
2149:. Retrieved
2137:
2130:
2119:. Retrieved
2112:the original
2103:
2099:
2086:
2025:. Retrieved
2020:
2007:
1988:
1978:
1967:. Retrieved
1950:
1939:. Retrieved
1932:the original
1927:
1923:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1830:cite journal
1819:. Retrieved
1767:. Retrieved
1739:
1735:
1708:. Retrieved
1680:
1676:
1646:. Retrieved
1618:
1612:
1599:
1578:cite journal
1567:. Retrieved
1436:
1411:
1391:
1362:
1339:
1318:Negev desert
1291:
1203:
1161:Turkmenistan
1133:Tak Province
1110:
1098:Heilongjiang
1062:
1018:
999:World total
873:Middle East
700:(Dyni 2010)
697:
683:
584:Wadi Maghar
526:Volga Basin
313:
304:oil reserves
297:
293:oil in place
277:
248:
240:
190:
115:
100:oil reserves
92:
41:
34:
19:
18:
2324:Dyni (2010)
2234:Dyni (2010)
2079:Dyni (2010)
1883:: 203–231.
1427:New Zealand
1398:Nova Scotia
1382:Uinta Basin
1288:Middle East
691:metric tons
687:spent shale
166:lamalginite
162:telalginite
44:Green River
2471:Categories
2401:2014-12-09
2310:2014-05-26
2284:2012-05-26
2258:2012-05-26
2205:2016-03-25
2178:2016-03-25
2151:2009-05-30
2121:2008-06-21
2048:WEC (2016)
2027:2007-11-08
1969:2007-10-27
1941:2011-05-06
1924:Energetika
1859:WEC (2016)
1821:2007-07-09
1769:2007-06-16
1710:2007-06-16
1569:2011-05-07
1541:WEC (2016)
1522:IEA (2010)
1507:References
1423:Queensland
1250:Luxembourg
1192:Ordovician
1153:Sangruntau
1149:Uzbekistan
1121:Kazakhstan
1041:Madagascar
1002:4,786,131
957:Australia
918:3,706,228
904:3,722,066
652:Ordovician
633:Cretaceous
612:Ordovician
591:Cretaceous
553:Ordovician
514:Cretaceous
362:1,466,000
317:Antarctica
227:See also:
213:diagenetic
197:Ordovician
170:bituminite
48:Queensland
22:refers to
2477:Oil shale
1897:0166-5162
1756:0208-189X
1705:130553387
1697:0208-189X
1643:252652047
1635:0208-189X
1479:Venezuela
1459:Argentina
1445:, and in
1414:Australia
1412:In 2008,
1320:near the
1195:kukersite
1135:, and at
1086:Guangdong
1053:Al-Qusayr
1033:Timahdite
789:Pakistan
358:Paleogene
325:1 billion
209:Paleogene
52:Australia
24:oil shale
2451:. 2016.
2412:(2010).
2326:, p. 106
2236:, p. 111
2100:Energeia
1881:Elsevier
1764:53395288
1524:, p. 165
1485:See also
1467:Paraguay
1350:Colorado
1322:Dead Sea
1258:Bulgaria
1173:Mongolia
1145:Anatolia
1117:Pakistan
1113:Thailand
1102:Shandong
1078:Liaoning
1005:689,227
943:Oceania
921:536,931
907:539,123
859:Estonia
834:247,883
820:368,156
806:167,715
778:354,430
764:613,145
747:Morocco
736:100,000
722:159,243
671:Triassic
629:Morocco
625:Timahdit
608:Estonia
572:Jurassic
510:Morocco
457:100,000
440:167,715
436:Cambrian
421:180,000
402:189,000
398:Devonian
383:250,000
365:213,000
205:Jurassic
201:Devonian
193:Cambrian
174:vanadium
158:macerals
126:detrital
120:such as
2050:, p. 17
1861:, p. 14
1648:21 July
1543:, p. 16
1475:Uruguay
1453:10–1.30
1408:Oceania
1354:Wyoming
1310:Yarmouk
1282:Romania
1278:Albania
1274:Austria
1262:Hungary
1246:Germany
1238:Ukraine
1230:Belarus
1222:Estonia
1199:Estonia
1188:Outcrop
1169:Armenia
1165:Myanmar
1129:Mae Sot
1090:Huadian
1082:Maoming
1045:Nigeria
1029:Tarfaya
1025:Morocco
991:11,734
988:82,000
985:Brazil
977:11,794
974:82,421
960:31,729
946:31,748
932:15,241
929:Canada
890:34,172
887:Jordan
876:38,172
862:16,286
851:10,446
848:73,000
837:35,470
831:Russia
823:52,845
817:Europe
809:24,000
803:Russia
795:12,236
792:91,000
781:47,600
767:83,836
750:53,381
739:14,310
725:23,317
719:Africa
675:10,000
656:12,300
648:Canada
637:11,236
616:12,386
595:14,009
587:Jordan
576:19,580
568:Russia
557:25,157
549:Russia
535:31,447
529:Russia
518:42,145
506:Tarfaya
497:63,000
488:Sicily
483:11,448
480:80,000
476:Permian
460:14,310
443:24,000
432:Russia
424:25,578
405:27,000
386:35,775
379:Permian
335:Country
332:Deposit
287:by the
203:, Late
199:, Late
186:uranium
140:(large
122:calcite
72:Germany
60:Estonia
29:kerogen
2455:
2428:
2384:
2344:
1995:
1895:
1762:
1754:
1703:
1695:
1641:
1633:
1477:, and
1443:Paraná
1394:Canada
1356:, and
1306:sulfur
1280:, and
1270:Serbia
1266:Poland
1234:Sweden
1226:France
1210:Europe
1206:Russia
1179:Europe
1171:, and
1125:Turkey
1100:, and
1074:Fushun
1049:Safaga
1043:, and
1015:Africa
963:4,531
949:4,534
935:2,192
893:5,242
879:5,792
865:2,494
845:Italy
775:China
753:8,167
705:Region
678:1,431
667:Italy
664:Italy
659:1,717
640:1,719
619:1,900
598:2,149
579:2,800
560:3,600
538:4,500
521:6,448
500:9,015
491:Italy
471:Brazil
448:Congo
338:Period
235:, and
207:, and
184:, and
182:copper
168:, and
146:lagoon
130:quartz
84:Russia
82:, and
76:Brazil
68:France
64:Jordan
56:Sweden
2445:(PDF)
2418:Paris
2395:(PDF)
2374:(PDF)
2305:(PDF)
2279:(PDF)
2253:(PDF)
2172:(PDF)
2142:(PDF)
2115:(PDF)
2106:(5).
2096:(PDF)
2017:(PDF)
1960:(PPT)
1935:(PDF)
1920:(PDF)
1815:(PDF)
1760:S2CID
1732:(PDF)
1701:S2CID
1673:(PDF)
1639:S2CID
1609:(PDF)
1563:(PDF)
1463:Chile
1314:Syria
1254:Spain
1214:Italy
1157:India
1094:Jilin
1064:(5.63
1037:Egypt
761:Asia
150:algal
142:lakes
134:clays
80:China
2453:ISBN
2426:ISBN
2422:OECD
2382:ISBN
2342:ISBN
1993:ISBN
1893:ISSN
1843:help
1752:ISSN
1693:ISSN
1650:2007
1631:ISSN
1591:help
1471:Peru
1400:and
1358:Utah
1076:and
1059:Asia
1031:and
1008:930
994:159
980:157
868:355
826:355
784:375
770:375
178:zinc
132:and
58:and
2410:IEA
1885:doi
1744:doi
1685:doi
1623:doi
1392:In
1348:in
1220:),
1218:oil
1190:of
1092:in
1084:in
124:or
2473::
2447:.
2424:.
2420::
2416:.
2380:.
2195:.
2102:.
2098:.
2055:^
2036:^
2019:.
1928:53
1926:.
1922:.
1905:^
1891:.
1875:.
1851:^
1834::
1832:}}
1828:{{
1778:^
1758:.
1750:.
1740:23
1738:.
1734:.
1719:^
1699:.
1691:.
1681:20
1679:.
1675:.
1658:^
1637:.
1629:.
1619:20
1617:.
1611:.
1582::
1580:}}
1576:{{
1548:^
1529:^
1514:^
1481:.
1473:,
1469:,
1465:,
1461:,
1441:,
1429:.
1404:.
1352:,
1284:.
1276:,
1272:,
1268:,
1264:,
1260:,
1256:,
1252:,
1248:,
1175:.
1167:,
1163:,
1159:,
1139:,
1137:Li
1131:,
1096:,
1088:,
966:-
952:-
938:-
924:-
910:-
896:-
882:-
854:-
840:-
812:-
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