38:
124:
287:
763:
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flow together as a single gas phase. Beyond this point and below this pressure, the gas phase flows out more rapidly than the oil because of its lowered viscosity. More free gas is produced, and eventually the energy source is depleted. In some cases depending on the geology the gas may migrate to the top of the oil and form a secondary gas cap. Some energy may be supplied by water, gas in water, or compressed rock. These are usually minor contributions with respect to hydrocarbon expansion.
684:
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622:
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140:
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pressure depletion is not as steep as in the case of solution-based gas drive. In this case, the oil rate will not decline as steeply but will depend also on the placement of the well with respect to the gas cap. As with other drive mechanisms, water or gas injection can be used to maintain reservoir pressure. When a gas cap is coupled with water influx, the recovery mechanism can be highly efficient.
999:
956:). This water gradually replaces the volume of oil and gas that is produced out of the well, given that the production rate is equivalent to the aquifer activity. That is, the aquifer is being replenished from some natural water influx. If the water begins to be produced along with the oil, the recovery rate may become uneconomical owing to the higher lifting and water disposal costs.
834:. As a result of studying factors such as the permeability of the rock (how easily fluids can flow through the rock) and possible drive mechanisms, it is possible to estimate the recovery factor, or what proportion of oil in place can be reasonably expected to be produced. The recovery factor is commonly 30–35%, giving a value for the recoverable resources.
542:. The trapping mechanisms for many petroleum reservoirs have characteristics from several categories and can be known as a combination trap. Traps are described as structural traps (in deformed strata such as folds and faults) or stratigraphic traps (in areas where rock types change, such as unconformities, pinch-outs and reefs).
874:. Factors that affect the quantity of recoverable hydrocarbons in a reservoir include the fluid distribution in the reservoir, initial volumes of fluids in place, reservoir pressure, fluid and rock properties, reservoir geometry, well type, well count, well placement, development concept, and operating philosophy.
940:
Water (usually salty) may be present below the hydrocarbons. Water, as with all liquids, is compressible to a small degree. As the hydrocarbons are depleted, the reduction in pressure in the reservoir allows the water to expand slightly. Although this unit expansion is minute, if the aquifer is large
928:
reservoir. The gas will often migrate to the crest of the structure. It is compressed on top of the oil reserve, as the oil is produced the cap helps to push the oil out. Over time the gas cap moves down and infiltrates the oil, and the well will produce more and more gas until it produces only gas.
918:
By properly managing the production rates, greater benefits can be had from solution-gas drives. Secondary recovery involves the injection of gas or water to maintain reservoir pressure. The gas/oil ratio and the oil production rate are stable until the reservoir pressure drops below the bubble point
914:
This occurs when the natural gas is in a cap below the oil. When the well is drilled the lowered pressure above means that the oil expands. As the pressure is reduced it reaches bubble point, and subsequently the gas bubbles drive the oil to the surface. The bubbles then reach critical saturation and
897:
A virgin reservoir may be under sufficient pressure to push hydrocarbons to the surface. As the fluids are produced, the pressure will often decline, and production will falter. The reservoir may respond to the withdrawal of fluid in a way that tends to maintain the pressure. Artificial drive methods
774:
are tightly bound to the rock fabric by strong capillary forces, requiring specialised measures for evaluation and extraction. Unconventional reservoirs form in completely different ways to conventional reservoirs, the main difference being that they do not have "traps". This type of reservoir can be
735:
across the pore throats is greater than or equal to the buoyancy pressure of the migrating hydrocarbons. They do not allow fluids to migrate across them until their integrity is disrupted, causing them to leak. There are two types of capillary seal whose classifications are based on the preferential
986:
These occur if the reservoir conditions allow the hydrocarbons to exist as a gas. Retrieval is a matter of gas expansion. Recovery from a closed reservoir (i.e., no water drive) is very good, especially if bottom hole pressure is reduced to a minimum (usually done with compressors at the wellhead).
786:
Unconventional reservoirs and their associated unconventional oil encompass a broad spectrum of petroleum extraction and refinement techniques, as well as many different sources. Since the oil is contained within the source rock, unconventional reservoirs require that the extracting entity function
157:
underground in multiple (potentially linked) reservoirs, trapped as it rises to impermeable rock formations. In industrial terms, an oil field implies that there is an economic benefit worthy of commercial attention. Oil fields may extend up to several hundred kilometers across the surface, meaning
818:
After the discovery of a reservoir, a petroleum engineer will seek to build a better picture of the accumulation. In a simple textbook example of a uniform reservoir, the first stage is to conduct a seismic survey to determine the possible size of the trap. Appraisal wells can be used to determine
944:
With a water-drive reservoir, the decline in reservoir pressure is very slight; in some cases, the reservoir pressure may remain unchanged. The gas/oil ratio also remains stable. The oil rate will remain fairly stable until the water reaches the well. In time, the water cut will increase, and the
931:
It is best to manage the gas cap effectively, that is, placing the oil wells such that the gas cap will not reach them until the maximum amount of oil is produced. Also a high production rate may cause the gas to migrate downward into the production interval. In this case, over time the reservoir
822:
The next step is to use information from appraisal wells to estimate the porosity of the rock. The porosity of an oil field, or the percentage of the total volume that contains fluids rather than solid rock, is 20–35% or less. It can give information on the actual capacity. Laboratory testing can
429:
Plankton and algae, proteins and the life that's floating in the sea, as it dies, falls to the bottom, and these organisms are going to be the source of our oil and gas. When they're buried with the accumulating sediment and reach an adequate temperature, something above 50 to 70 °C they start to
739:
A membrane seal will leak whenever the pressure differential across the seal exceeds the threshold displacement pressure, allowing fluids to migrate through the pore spaces in the seal. It will leak just enough to bring the pressure differential below that of the displacement pressure and will
927:
In reservoirs already having a gas cap (the virgin pressure is already below bubble point), the gas cap expands with the depletion of the reservoir, pushing down on the liquid sections applying extra pressure. This is present in the reservoir if there is more gas than can be dissolved in the
478:
Although the process is generally the same, various environmental factors lead to the creation of a wide variety of reservoirs. Reservoirs exist anywhere from the land surface to 30,000 ft (9,000 m) below the surface and are a variety of shapes, sizes, and ages. In recent years,
165:
Oil fields can occur anywhere that the geology of the underlying rock allows, meaning that certain fields can be far away from civilization, including at sea. Creating an operation at an oil field can be a logistically complex undertaking, as it involves the equipment associated with
853:
Reserves are only the part of those recoverable resources that will be developed through identified and approved development projects. Because the evaluation of reserves has a direct impact on the company or the asset value, it usually follows a strict set of rules or guidelines.
906:
This mechanism (also known as depletion drive) depends on the associated gas of the oil. The virgin reservoir may be entirely semi-liquid but will be expected to have gaseous hydrocarbons in solution due to the pressure. As the reservoir depletes, the pressure falls below the
823:
determine the characteristics of the reservoir fluids, particularly the expansion factor of the oil, or how much the oil expands when brought from the high pressure and high temperature of the reservoir to a "stock tank" at the surface.
53:
between the blue and green contour lines and the purple, red, and yellow lines. The thin red circular line in the middle indicates the top of the oil reservoir. Because gas rises above oil, this latter line marks the gas-and-oil contact
170:
and transportation, as well as infrastructure such as roads and housing for workers. This infrastructure has to be designed with the lifespan of the oil field in mind, as production can last many years. Several companies, such as
743:
A hydraulic seal occurs in rocks that have a significantly higher displacement pressure such that the pressure required for tension fracturing is actually lower than the pressure required for fluid displacement—for example, in
799:
like a conventional reservoir. This has tradeoffs, with higher post-production costs associated with complete and clean extraction of oil being a factor of consideration for a company interested in pursuing a reservoir.
837:
The difficulty is that reservoirs are not uniform. They have variable porosities and permeabilities and may be compartmentalized, with fractures and faults breaking them up and complicating fluid flow. For this reason,
329:
to petroleum. As a consequence, oil and natural gas are often found together. In common usage, deposits rich in oil are known as oil fields, and deposits rich in natural gas are called natural gas fields.
2635:
748:
or very tight shales. The rock will fracture when the pore pressure is greater than both its minimum stress and its tensile strength then reseal when the pressure reduces and the fractures close.
723:
Hydrodynamic traps are a far less common type of trap. They are caused by the differences in water pressure, that are associated with water flow, creating a tilt of the hydrocarbon-water contact.
804:
are also left behind, increasing cleanup costs. Despite these tradeoffs, unconventional oil is being pursued at a higher rate because of the scarcity of conventional reservoirs around the world.
775:
driven in a unique way as well, as buoyancy might not be the driving force for oil and gas accumulation in such reservoirs. This is analogous to saying that the oil which can be extracted forms
337:
to 150 °C) generate oil, while sediments buried deeper and at higher temperatures generate natural gas. The deeper the source, the "drier" the gas (that is, the smaller the proportion of
1037:
919:
when critical gas saturation is reached. When the gas is exhausted, the gas/oil ratio and the oil rate drops, the reservoir pressure has been reduced, and the reservoir energy is exhausted.
37:
158:
that extraction efforts can be large and spread out across the area. In addition to extraction equipment, there may be exploratory wells probing the edges to find more reservoir area,
987:
Any produced liquids are light-colored to colorless, with a gravity higher than 45 API. Gas cycling is the process where dry gas is injected and produced along with condensed liquid.
819:
the location of oil-water contact and with it the height of the oil bearing sands. Often coupled with seismic data, it is possible to estimate the volume of an oil-bearing reservoir.
570:
trap. They are more easily delineated and more prospective than their stratigraphic counterparts, with the majority of the world's petroleum reserves being found in structural traps.
418:
from the remains of once-living things. Evidence indicates that millions of years of heat and pressure changed the remains of microscopic plants and animals into oil and natural gas.
2531:
862:
To obtain the contents of the oil reservoir, it is usually necessary to drill into the Earth's crust, although surface oil seeps exist in some parts of the world, such as the
1274:
970:
If the natural drives are insufficient, as they very often are, then the pressure can be artificially maintained by injecting water into the aquifer or gas into the gas cap.
3376:
683:
731:
The seal (also referred to as a cap rock) is a fundamental part of the trap that prevents hydrocarbons from further upward migration. A capillary seal is formed when the
813:
2756:
2054:
267:
31:
538:
broadly classify traps into three categories that are based on their geological characteristics: the structural trap, the stratigraphic trap, and the far less common
978:
The force of gravity will cause the oil to move downward of the gas and upward of the water. If vertical permeability exists then recovery rates may be even better.
107:, while in unconventional reservoirs the rocks have high porosity and low permeability, which keeps the hydrocarbons trapped in place, therefore not requiring a
398:
Rising gas prices in the early 21st century encouraged drillers to revisit fields that previously were not considered economically viable. For example, in 2008
621:
2044:
1918:
402:
passed a drilling depth of over 32,000 feet (9754 m) (the deepest test well in the history of gas production) at the
Blackbeard site in the Gulf of Mexico.
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2521:
2506:
2501:
2049:
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349:
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Lawal, Kazeem A.; Yadua, Asekhame U.; Ovuru, Mathilda I.; Okoh, Oluchukwu M.; Eyitayo, Stella I.; Matemilola, Saka; Olamigoke, Olugbenga (2020-03-01).
703:
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of a sealing medium. The timing of trap formation relative to that of petroleum generation and migration is crucial to ensuring a reservoir can form.
2095:
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2059:
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cook. This transformation, this change, changes them into the liquid hydrocarbons that move and migrate, will become our oil and gas reservoir.
2712:
2536:
91:
1346:
1313:
2120:
1676:
1596:
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1376:
1194:
475:, on the other hand, endured millions of years of sea level changes that successfully resulted in the formation of more than 150 oil fields.
2843:
2511:
2085:
590:
1562:
2090:
911:, and the gas comes out of solution to form a gas cap at the top. This gas cap pushes down on the liquid helping to maintain pressure.
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2903:
2619:
1052:
123:
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2675:
2428:
1644:
1288:
1252:
766:
Schematic unconventional reservoir classification expressed as fluid energy vs flow potential based on initials without stimulation
668:
605:
3260:
2913:
2408:
2105:
2100:
1911:
965:
2918:
2476:
2361:
391:. The technology to extract and transport offshore natural gas is different from land-based fields. It uses a few, very large
286:
3386:
3157:
2823:
2376:
2294:
2221:
1513:
Basin
Analysis: Principles and Applications. Allen, P.A. & Allen, J.R. (2005). Second Edition. Publ. Blackwell Publishing
878:
341:
in the gas). Because both oil and natural gas are lighter than water, they tend to rise from their sources until they either
149:
visible from space (green and infrared wavelengths), in the arc between "1" and "2", amid cities in southeast Texas in 2012.
2594:
2491:
2481:
2403:
1613:
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enough this will translate into a large increase in volume, which will push up on the hydrocarbons, maintaining pressure.
525:
314:
is shown in the foreground, illustrating part of the complex logistics of offshore oil and gas exploration and production.
104:
1129:
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2883:
2332:
1125:
1092:
882:
3413:
3381:
1904:
644:
Stratigraphic traps are formed as a result of lateral and vertical variations in the thickness, texture, porosity, or
345:
to the surface or are trapped by a non-permeable stratigraphic trap. They can be extracted from the trap by drilling.
762:
3434:
2968:
2569:
2554:
2516:
2277:
2154:
1733:
1042:
1611:
Watts, N.L., 1987, Theoretical aspects of cap-rock and fault seals for single- and two-phase hydrocarbon columns,
1406:
310:
is shown in the background, at work during exploratory phase of a new offshore field. The
Offshore Support Vessel
3340:
2873:
2614:
2418:
184:
132:
219:
550:
Structural traps are formed as a result of changes in the structure of the subsurface from processes such as
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3265:
2322:
2314:
2265:
2216:
2136:
2021:
2016:
886:
648:
of the reservoir rock. Examples of this type of trap are an unconformity trap, a lens trap and a reef trap.
215:
167:
112:
300:
2868:
2609:
2299:
2149:
1986:
1961:
1548:
338:
1527:
1438:"Pore Distribution Characteristics of the Igneous Reservoirs in the Eastern Sag of the Liaohe Depression"
3245:
2687:
2670:
2604:
2366:
2233:
2186:
2159:
2001:
1953:
843:
628:
539:
306:
278:
2287:
406:'s drill rig there had reached 30,000 feet by 2006, without finding gas, before it abandoned the site.
78:(ancient plant matter) is created in surrounding rock by the presence of high heat and pressure in the
243:
More than 65,000 oil fields are scattered around the globe, on land and offshore. The largest are the
3142:
2812:
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2456:
2282:
2255:
2238:
2164:
1996:
1490:
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1219:
1082:
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847:
322:
128:
3290:
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3162:
3051:
2863:
2781:
2461:
2327:
1694:"Breakthrough and significance of unconventional oil and gas to classical petroleum geology theory"
1354:
1321:
1280:
1384:
1155:
1117:
API Executive
Committee on Standardization of Oilfield Equipment and Materials (January 1, 1988).
3137:
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2069:
1927:
1839:
1762:
1047:
839:
732:
492:
207:
172:
95:
reservoirs. In conventional reservoirs, the naturally occurring hydrocarbons, such as crude oil (
139:
3285:
2413:
2388:
2191:
2176:
1858:
1815:
1715:
1672:
1640:
1592:
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1494:
1467:
1284:
1200:
1190:
535:
443:
435:
392:
365:
361:
240:
of crude oil to products, marketing of refined products, and transportation to oil stations).
491:
formations. These two types of reservoirs differ in oil content and physical properties like
333:
In general, organic sediments buried in depths of 1,000 m to 6,000 m (at temperatures of 60 °
3112:
2833:
2436:
2354:
2272:
2110:
1991:
1848:
1805:
1774:
1705:
1457:
1097:
863:
529:
415:
399:
380:
143:
79:
46:
3345:
3335:
3077:
2828:
2717:
2643:
2446:
2441:
2371:
2339:
2250:
1966:
1186:
612:
555:
50:
1453:
1248:
3182:
3102:
3092:
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2998:
2707:
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2466:
2451:
2260:
2198:
1943:
1077:
1018:
842:
of economically viable reservoirs is often carried out. Geologists, geophysicists, and
771:
559:
551:
513:
342:
200:
1710:
1693:
566:, and folds. Examples of this kind of trap are an anticline trap, a fault trap, and a
3428:
3250:
3207:
3172:
2801:
2682:
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1981:
1057:
1004:
953:
827:
376:
260:
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3132:
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3117:
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3097:
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2181:
2115:
1027:
1012:
908:
831:
792:
675:
521:
480:
422:
388:
375:
Like oil, natural gas is often found underwater in offshore gas fields such as the
252:
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244:
237:
192:
188:
42:
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1877:
1778:
1628:
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3152:
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2584:
2564:
2243:
2226:
2144:
2006:
1976:
1971:
1436:
Zongli, Liu; Zhuwen, Wang; Dapeng, Zhou; Shuqin, Zhao; Min, Xiang (2017-05-31).
850:
in the reservoir, leading to an improved estimate of the recoverable resources.
661:
653:
583:
575:
483:
reservoirs have become an important new field of oil exploration, especially in
468:
318:
290:
196:
100:
67:
1810:
1793:
3330:
3197:
3187:
2953:
2791:
2697:
1118:
994:
867:
770:
Unconventional (oil & gas) reservoirs are accumulations where oil and gas
690:
464:
403:
229:
210:. However, it is more accurate to divide the oil industry into three sectors:
1862:
1819:
1719:
1471:
1204:
266:
estimated in each. In the modern age, the location of oil fields with proven
17:
3325:
3056:
3003:
2948:
2938:
2848:
2796:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2702:
2383:
2011:
1938:
1303:
A Famed Dry Hole Gets a Second Shot, Wall Street
Journal, 21 July 2008, p.B1
1032:
998:
780:
745:
710:
694:
645:
632:
597:
567:
563:
472:
439:
224:
199:, have organizations that specialize in the large-scale construction of the
154:
146:
96:
1462:
1437:
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3300:
3295:
3275:
3270:
3046:
3036:
2958:
2893:
2665:
2393:
2349:
2344:
2208:
871:
801:
796:
517:
496:
484:
438:, which is usually a sea but might also be a river, lake, coral reef, or
395:
rigs, due to the cost and logistical difficulties in working over water.
159:
71:
1737:
826:
With such information, it is possible to estimate how many "stock tank"
45:
software for an 8,500-ft-deep gas and oil reservoir in the Erath Field,
2988:
2978:
2858:
2853:
2768:
1414:
949:
657:
579:
384:
334:
326:
294:
176:
108:
75:
1853:
1834:
1794:"Rapid screening of oil-rim reservoirs for development and management"
206:
The term "oilfield" can be used as a shorthand to refer to the entire
3305:
3192:
3177:
3167:
3127:
3041:
1896:
1180:
1087:
788:
779:
the source rock itself, as opposed to accumulating under a cap rock.
488:
369:
256:
463:
Timing is also an important consideration; it is suggested that the
3087:
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3031:
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2933:
2928:
2923:
1067:
761:
357:
299:
285:
277:
138:
122:
36:
3315:
3255:
3008:
2486:
1072:
736:
mechanism of leaking: the hydraulic seal and the membrane seal.
353:
180:
1900:
3147:
3013:
2786:
425:
oil field services company, described the process as follows:
1671:(1.01 ed.). Society of Petroleum Engineers. p. 52.
471:
at one time, but that it escaped due to a lack of traps. The
830:
of oil are located in the reservoir. Such oil is called the
2776:
456:
Hydrocarbon migration from the source to the reservoir rock
442:, the formation of an oil or gas reservoir also requires a
270:
is a key underlying factor in many geopolitical conflicts.
1798:
Journal of
Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology
1038:
List of acronyms in oil and gas exploration and production
1669:
Petroleum
Resource Management System (revised June 2018)
162:
to transport the oil elsewhere, and support facilities.
74:
or fractured rock formations. Such reservoirs form when
1407:"What is a Reservoir? - What are some characteristics?"
414:
Crude oil is found in all oil reservoirs formed in the
103:, are trapped by overlying rock formations with lower
1249:"Foreign Policy: The List: Taking Oil Fields Offline"
3377:
1833:
Alvarado, Vladimir; Manrique, Eduardo (2010-08-27).
3354:
3220:
3070:
3022:
2810:
2767:
2752:
2743:
2628:
2545:
2427:
2313:
2207:
2135:
2078:
2037:
2030:
1952:
1276:
The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power
783:are an example of an unconventional oil reservoir.
1411:Schlumberger Excellence in Educational Development
1381:Schlumberger Excellence in Educational Development
1351:Schlumberger Excellence in Educational Development
1318:Schlumberger Excellence in Educational Development
814:Oil & gas reserves and resource quantification
49:. The left-to-right gap near the top indicates a
41:A structure map, looking downward, generated by
127:An oil field with dozens of wells. This is the
360:. The second largest natural gas field is the
153:An oil field is an area of accumulated liquid
1912:
1763:"Development of mature oil fields — A review"
1119:"Glossary of Oilfield Production Terminology"
8:
1767:Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering
1156:"oil field - Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary"
846:work together to build a model that allows
2764:
2749:
2034:
1919:
1905:
1897:
495:connectivity, pore connectivity, and rock
1852:
1835:"Enhanced Oil Recovery: An Update Review"
1809:
1709:
1461:
1314:"The Making of Oil: Birth of a Reservoir"
467:Valley could have had as much oil as the
421:Roy Nurmi, an interpretation adviser for
1341:
1339:
758:Unconventional (oil & gas) reservoir
2839:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
1109:
650:
572:
520:forces driving the upward migration of
2713:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
2472:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
1756:
1754:
1698:Petroleum Exploration and Development
1591:. Blackwell Publishing. p. 148.
1135:from the original on 29 December 2010
85:Reservoirs are broadly classified as
7:
2844:China National Petroleum Corporation
689:Stratigraphic trap in a fossilized
627:Structural-stratigraphic trap in a
352:gas field, which is shared between
259:, with more than 66 to 104 billion
203:to support oil field exploitation.
2904:National Iranian South Oil Company
2620:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
1053:List of oilfield service companies
321:originates by the same geological
282:Location of the gas fields of Iran
25:
3372:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
3261:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
2914:Oil & Gas Development Company
1182:World atlas of oil and gas basins
982:Gas and gas condensate reservoirs
952:(but rarely one replenished with
832:stock tank oil initially in place
656:, yellow: reservoir rock, green:
578:, yellow: reservoir rock, green:
348:The largest natural gas field is
3409:
3408:
1587:Gluyas, J; Swarbrick, R (2004).
1485:Gluyas, J; Swarbrick, R (2004).
1377:"Rise and Fall of the North Sea"
1011:
997:
966:Water injection (oil production)
848:simulation of the flow of fluids
702:
682:
667:
620:
604:
589:
446:that passes through four steps:
66:is a subsurface accumulation of
2919:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
1549:"Schlumberger – Search Results"
1255:from the original on 2006-08-20
1230:from the original on 2016-05-29
948:The water may be present in an
364:, and the third largest is the
27:Subsurface pool of hydrocarbons
3387:Society of Petroleum Engineers
3158:Port Harcourt Refining Company
2824:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
1876:Schlumberger Energy Glossary.
1629:"Basin compartments and seals"
1614:Marine & Petroleum Geology
1218:Staniford, Stuart (May 2007).
558:, leading to the formation of
450:Deep burial under sand and mud
1:
2333:Production sharing agreements
1711:10.1016/s1876-3804(17)30002-2
1160:www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com
709:Stratigraphic trap around an
111:. Reservoirs are found using
3367:Canadian petroleum companies
3362:American Petroleum Institute
2899:National Iranian Oil Company
2884:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
1779:10.1016/j.petrol.2006.10.006
1736:. 2016-04-05. Archived from
1220:"Depletion Levels in Ghawar"
1126:American Petroleum Institute
1093:Underground hydrogen storage
674:Stratigraphic trap under an
652:Stratigraphic traps | blue:
459:Trapping by impermeable rock
232:transport of crude oil) and
220:separation of water from oil
3382:International Energy Agency
2367:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
877:Modern production includes
3456:
2969:PTT Public Company Limited
2570:East Midlands Oil Province
2555:List of natural gas fields
2155:Integrated asset modelling
1811:10.1007/s13202-019-00810-6
1761:Babadagli, Tayfun (2007).
1627:Peter J. Ortoleva (1994).
1043:List of natural gas fields
963:
945:well will be watered out.
885:, and chemical methods of
811:
755:
596:Structural trap within an
29:
3440:Reservoir rock formations
3404:
3341:Weatherford International
2874:Iraq National Oil Company
1934:
889:to enhance oil recovery.
752:Unconventional reservoirs
574:Structural traps | blue:
528:rock cannot overcome the
185:Weatherford International
133:Santa Barbara, California
611:Structural trap along a
30:Not to be confused with
3392:World Petroleum Council
3266:China Oilfield Services
2323:Petroleum fiscal regime
2022:Western Canadian Select
2017:West Texas Intermediate
1273:Yergin, Daniel (1991).
960:Water and gas injection
113:hydrocarbon exploration
2869:Indian Oil Corporation
2355:Submersible pump (ESP)
2300:Underbalanced drilling
2121:of gasoline and diesel
1692:JIA, Chengzao (2017).
1347:"What is a Reservoir?"
870:and numerous seeps in
767:
432:
325:process that converts
315:
297:
283:
150:
136:
55:
3246:Cameron International
2688:Petrodollar recycling
2671:fossil fuel phase-out
2234:Differential sticking
2187:Reflection seismology
2160:Petroleum engineering
2002:OPEC Reference Basket
1463:10.1515/geo-2017-0014
936:Aquifer (water) drive
765:
427:
307:Discoverer Enterprise
303:
289:
281:
142:
126:
64:oil and gas reservoir
40:
3143:Occidental Petroleum
2457:1990 oil price shock
2283:Shale oil extraction
2256:Drilling engineering
2239:Directional drilling
2165:Reservoir simulation
1589:Petroleum Geoscience
1491:Blackwell Publishing
1487:Petroleum Geoscience
1387:on November 22, 2005
1324:on November 20, 2005
1281:Simon & Schuster
1083:Stranded gas reserve
1063:Oilfield terminology
536:Petroleum geologists
350:South Pars/Asalouyeh
293:Gas Field facility,
216:crude oil production
129:Summerland Oil Field
3291:Naftiran Intertrade
3236:Amec Foster Wheeler
3163:Reliance Industries
3052:Naftiran Intertrade
2864:Hindustan Petroleum
2462:2000s energy crisis
1454:2017OGeo....9...14Z
844:reservoir engineers
808:Estimating reserves
693:(yellow) sealed by
640:Stratigraphic traps
434:In addition to the
400:McMoran Exploration
60:petroleum reservoir
3138:Marathon Petroleum
2560:List of oil fields
2170:Reservoir modeling
1928:Petroleum industry
1524:"Structural traps"
1417:on August 16, 2011
1179:Li, Guoyu (2011).
1154:Gillis, Gretchen.
1048:List of oil fields
902:Solution-gas drive
898:may be necessary.
768:
733:capillary pressure
719:Hydrodynamic traps
316:
298:
284:
208:petroleum industry
173:Hill International
151:
137:
56:
3435:Petroleum geology
3422:
3421:
3400:
3399:
3286:Nabors Industries
3216:
3215:
2414:Well intervention
2389:Petroleum product
2288:Ljungström method
2192:Seismic inversion
2177:Petroleum geology
2131:
2130:
1854:10.3390/en3091529
1678:978-1-61399-660-7
1598:978-0-632-03767-4
1500:978-0-632-03767-4
1357:on April 27, 2006
1224:www.321energy.com
1196:978-1-4443-9005-6
840:computer modeling
713:(pink) salt dome
540:hydrodynamic trap
444:sedimentary basin
436:aquatic ecosystem
393:offshore drilling
366:Yamburg gas field
362:Urengoy gas field
32:Petroleum reserve
16:(Redirected from
3447:
3412:
3411:
3113:Hess Corporation
2834:Bharat Petroleum
2765:
2750:
2437:1967 Oil Embargo
2273:Lost circulation
2111:Posted oil price
2035:
1992:Isthmus-34 Light
1921:
1914:
1907:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1882:glossary.slb.com
1873:
1867:
1866:
1856:
1847:(9): 1529–1575.
1830:
1824:
1823:
1813:
1804:(3): 1155–1168.
1789:
1783:
1782:
1773:(3–4): 221–246.
1758:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1624:
1618:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1565:. Archived from
1559:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1526:. Archived from
1520:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1465:
1442:Open Geosciences
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1413:. Archived from
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1383:. Archived from
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1353:. Archived from
1343:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1320:. Archived from
1310:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1134:
1123:
1114:
1098:Well stimulation
1021:
1016:
1015:
1007:
1002:
1001:
974:Gravity drainage
893:Drive mechanisms
864:La Brea Tar Pits
789:mining operation
706:
686:
671:
624:
608:
593:
546:Structural traps
530:capillary forces
453:Pressure cooking
381:Corrib Gas Field
323:thermal cracking
265:
144:Eagle Ford Shale
47:Erath, Louisiana
21:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3396:
3350:
3346:John Wood Group
3336:Valaris Limited
3229:
3226:
3223:
3212:
3078:APA Corporation
3066:
3018:
2817:
2814:
2806:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2745:
2739:
2640:Classification
2624:
2547:
2541:
2477:Nationalization
2447:1979 oil crisis
2442:1973 oil crisis
2423:
2409:Water injection
2377:Steam injection
2372:Gas reinjection
2340:Artificial lift
2309:
2251:Drill stem test
2203:
2127:
2074:
2026:
1948:
1930:
1925:
1895:
1886:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1743:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1572:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1533:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1258:
1256:
1251:. August 2006.
1247:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1231:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1197:
1187:Wiley-Blackwell
1178:
1177:
1173:
1164:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1017:
1010:
1003:
996:
993:
984:
976:
968:
962:
938:
925:
904:
895:
860:
816:
810:
760:
754:
729:
727:Seal / cap rock
721:
714:
707:
698:
687:
678:
672:
642:
635:
625:
616:
609:
600:
594:
548:
516:forms when the
510:
505:
412:
276:
263:
218:from wells and
121:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3453:
3451:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3427:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3183:Surgutneftegas
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3103:Eneos Holdings
3100:
3095:
3093:ConocoPhillips
3090:
3085:
3083:Cenovus Energy
3080:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3024:Energy trading
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2762:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2710:
2708:Swing producer
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2580:Gulf of Mexico
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2467:2010s oil glut
2464:
2459:
2454:
2452:1980s oil glut
2449:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2364:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2261:Drilling fluid
2258:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2199:Seismic source
2196:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1997:Japan Cocktail
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1944:Primary energy
1941:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1894:
1893:
1868:
1825:
1784:
1750:
1725:
1684:
1677:
1659:
1645:
1619:
1604:
1597:
1579:
1563:"The Oil Trap"
1554:
1540:
1515:
1506:
1499:
1477:
1448:(1): 161–173.
1428:
1398:
1368:
1335:
1305:
1296:
1289:
1265:
1240:
1210:
1195:
1171:
1146:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1078:Petroleum play
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1019:Geology portal
1008:
992:
989:
983:
980:
975:
972:
964:Main article:
961:
958:
937:
934:
924:
921:
903:
900:
894:
891:
859:
856:
812:Main article:
809:
806:
756:Main article:
753:
750:
728:
725:
720:
717:
716:
715:
708:
701:
699:
688:
681:
679:
673:
666:
664:
641:
638:
637:
636:
626:
619:
617:
610:
603:
601:
595:
588:
586:
547:
544:
509:
506:
504:
501:
461:
460:
457:
454:
451:
411:
408:
304:The drillship
275:
272:
228:(pipeline and
201:infrastructure
120:
117:
92:unconventional
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3452:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3415:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3219:
3209:
3208:Valero Energy
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3173:Suncor Energy
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2809:
2803:
2802:TotalEnergies
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2751:
2748:
2746:organisations
2744:Companies and
2742:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2683:Petrocurrency
2681:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:Oil shale gas
2654:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2636:Abbreviations
2634:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:Permian Basin
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:United States
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2492:Seven Sisters
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
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2161:
2158:
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2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2145:Core sampling
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
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2036:
2033:
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2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:Indian Basket
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1829:
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1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1740:on 2016-04-05
1739:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:
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1663:
1660:
1648:
1646:9780891813408
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1620:
1617:, 4, 274-307.
1616:
1615:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1580:
1569:on 2013-01-23
1568:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1530:on 2015-02-14
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1478:
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1447:
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1432:
1429:
1416:
1412:
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1399:
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1369:
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1348:
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1336:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1290:0-671-50248-4
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1266:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1184:
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1127:
1120:
1113:
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1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1058:North Sea Oil
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1005:Energy portal
1000:
995:
990:
988:
981:
979:
973:
971:
967:
959:
957:
955:
954:surface water
951:
946:
942:
935:
933:
929:
923:Gas cap drive
922:
920:
916:
912:
910:
901:
899:
892:
890:
888:
884:
883:gas injection
880:
875:
873:
869:
865:
857:
855:
851:
849:
845:
841:
835:
833:
829:
824:
820:
815:
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803:
798:
794:
790:
784:
782:
778:
773:
764:
759:
751:
749:
747:
741:
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734:
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724:
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712:
705:
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623:
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458:
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449:
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431:
426:
424:
419:
417:
416:Earth's crust
409:
407:
405:
401:
396:
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378:
373:
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367:
363:
359:
355:
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328:
324:
320:
313:
312:Toisa Perseus
309:
308:
302:
296:
292:
288:
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273:
271:
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262:
258:
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246:
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217:
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202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
163:
161:
156:
148:
145:
141:
135:, before 1906
134:
130:
125:
118:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:
88:
83:
81:
80:Earth's crust
77:
73:
70:contained in
69:
65:
61:
52:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
18:Oil reservoir
3311:Schlumberger
3241:Baker Hughes
3133:Marathon Oil
3123:Imperial Oil
3118:Husky Energy
3108:Galp Energia
3098:Devon Energy
2984:Saudi Aramco
2964:Petrovietnam
2909:NNPC Limited
2813:National oil
2693:Petrofiction
2661:Orphan wells
2629:Other topics
2600:Persian Gulf
2527:Saudi Arabia
2497:Standard Oil
2305:Well logging
2182:Petrophysics
1885:. Retrieved
1881:
1878:"waterdrive"
1871:
1844:
1838:
1828:
1801:
1797:
1787:
1770:
1766:
1742:. Retrieved
1738:the original
1728:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1668:
1667:SPE (2018).
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1639:. AAPG: 34.
1636:
1632:
1622:
1612:
1607:
1588:
1582:
1571:. Retrieved
1567:the original
1557:
1543:
1532:. Retrieved
1528:the original
1518:
1509:
1486:
1480:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1415:the original
1410:
1401:
1389:. Retrieved
1385:the original
1380:
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1355:the original
1350:
1326:. Retrieved
1322:the original
1317:
1308:
1299:
1279:. New York:
1275:
1268:
1257:. Retrieved
1243:
1232:. Retrieved
1223:
1213:
1181:
1174:
1163:. Retrieved
1159:
1149:
1137:. Retrieved
1112:
1028:Drilling rig
985:
977:
969:
947:
943:
939:
930:
926:
917:
913:
909:bubble point
905:
896:
876:
861:
852:
836:
825:
821:
817:
791:rather than
785:
776:
769:
742:
738:
730:
722:
676:unconformity
662:hydrocarbons
643:
629:tilted block
584:hydrocarbons
549:
534:
522:hydrocarbons
511:
477:
462:
433:
428:
423:Schlumberger
420:
413:
397:
389:Sable Island
374:
347:
332:
317:
311:
305:
268:oil reserves
253:Burgan Field
249:Saudi Arabia
245:Ghawar Field
242:
233:
223:
211:
205:
193:Baker Hughes
189:Schlumberger
164:
152:
105:permeability
90:
87:conventional
86:
84:
68:hydrocarbons
63:
59:
57:
3281:Halliburton
3153:Phillips 66
2974:QatarEnergy
2944:Petrobangla
2879:KazMunayGas
2769:Supermajors
2718:heavy crude
2605:Prudhoe Bay
2585:Niger Delta
2565:Caspian Sea
2328:Concessions
2278:Measurement
2244:Geosteering
2227:Squeeze job
2137:Exploration
2086:Consumption
2045:Consumption
2038:Natural gas
1967:Bonny Light
1704:(1): 1–10.
1633:AAPG Memoir
1421:January 30,
1391:January 30,
1361:January 30,
1328:January 30,
1139:10 February
654:source rock
576:source rock
469:Middle East
387:, and near
339:condensates
319:Natural gas
197:Halliburton
101:natural gas
43:contour map
3429:Categories
3331:Transocean
3198:Tullow Oil
3188:TechnipFMC
2954:PetroChina
2792:ExxonMobil
2698:Shale band
2575:East Texas
2548:and fields
2362:Downstream
2315:Production
2222:Completion
2150:Geophysics
2091:Production
2050:Production
1987:Indonesian
1962:Argus Sour
1954:Benchmarks
1887:2023-02-12
1744:2021-11-02
1573:2012-02-02
1534:2012-02-02
1259:2021-11-23
1234:2021-11-23
1165:2020-02-11
1124:. Dallas:
1105:References
887:extraction
868:California
858:Production
746:evaporites
691:coral reef
631:draped by
564:anticlines
524:through a
465:Ohio River
404:ExxonMobil
368:, both in
264:(9.5Ă—10 m)
234:downstream
168:extraction
51:fault line
3326:TC Energy
3227:companies
3057:Trafigura
3004:Sonatrach
2949:Petrobras
2939:Pertamina
2849:Ecopetrol
2815:companies
2759:companies
2757:petroleum
2733:tight oil
2728:oil shale
2723:oil sands
2703:Shale gas
2644:sweet oil
2615:Venezuela
2590:North Sea
2546:Provinces
2537:Venezuela
2384:Midstream
2079:Petroleum
1939:Petroleum
1863:1996-1073
1820:2190-0566
1720:1876-3804
1472:2391-5447
1205:707075078
1033:Drillship
781:Oil sands
711:evaporite
695:mudstones
646:lithology
633:mudstones
598:anticline
568:salt dome
526:permeable
473:North Sea
440:algal mat
410:Formation
377:North Sea
274:Gas field
225:midstream
160:pipelines
155:petroleum
119:Oil field
115:methods.
97:petroleum
3414:Category
3321:Subsea 7
3301:Petrofac
3296:NOV Inc.
3276:GE Power
3271:Enbridge
3225:services
3047:Mercuria
3037:Glencore
2999:Sonangol
2959:Petronas
2894:Naftogaz
2666:Peak oil
2649:sour oil
2404:Upstream
2399:Refining
2394:Pipeline
2350:Pumpjack
2345:Gas lift
2266:invasion
2209:Drilling
2096:Reserves
2055:Reserves
1840:Energies
1652:15 March
1253:Archived
1228:Archived
1130:Archived
991:See also
872:Trinidad
802:Tailings
793:drilling
740:reseal.
658:cap rock
580:cap rock
556:faulting
518:buoyancy
497:porosity
493:fracture
485:trachyte
291:VuÄŤkovec
251:and the
238:refining
212:upstream
109:cap rock
2989:Sinopec
2979:Rosneft
2859:Gazprom
2854:Equinor
2782:Chevron
2429:History
2295:Tracers
2217:Blowout
2106:Exports
2101:Imports
2065:Exports
2060:Imports
1450:Bibcode
950:aquifer
879:thermal
828:barrels
797:pumping
697:(green)
660:, red:
582:, red:
552:folding
503:Geology
481:igneous
385:Ireland
327:kerogen
295:Croatia
261:barrels
177:Bechtel
131:, near
76:kerogen
3355:Others
3306:Saipem
3203:TĂĽpraĹź
3193:TNK-BP
3178:Sunoco
3168:Repsol
3128:Lukoil
3071:Others
3042:Gunvor
2676:timing
2610:Russia
2522:Norway
2507:France
2502:Canada
1861:
1818:
1718:
1675:
1643:
1595:
1497:
1470:
1287:
1203:
1193:
1088:Subsea
777:within
772:phases
489:basalt
370:Russia
257:Kuwait
230:tanker
147:flares
72:porous
3222:Major
3088:Cepsa
3062:Vitol
3032:Enron
2994:SOCAR
2934:Pemex
2929:PDVSA
2924:Orlen
2889:Lotos
2829:ANCAP
2797:Shell
2754:Major
2512:India
2116:Price
2070:Price
2012:Urals
2007:Tapis
1977:Dubai
1972:Brent
1734:"Oil"
1133:(PDF)
1122:(PDF)
1068:OAPEC
787:as a
615:plane
613:fault
560:domes
508:Traps
358:Qatar
99:) or
54:zone.
3316:Snam
3256:CH2M
3009:TPAO
2517:Iraq
2487:OPEC
2482:GECF
2031:Data
1859:ISSN
1816:ISSN
1716:ISSN
1673:ISBN
1654:2012
1641:ISBN
1593:ISBN
1495:ISBN
1468:ISSN
1423:2006
1393:2006
1363:2006
1330:2006
1285:ISBN
1201:OCLC
1191:ISBN
1141:2020
1073:OPEC
795:and
554:and
514:trap
487:and
383:off
356:and
354:Iran
343:seep
195:and
181:Esso
89:and
3251:CGG
3148:OMV
3014:YPF
2787:Eni
1849:doi
1806:doi
1775:doi
1706:doi
1458:doi
866:in
255:in
247:in
222:),
82:.
62:or
3431::
2777:BP
2419:XT
1880:.
1857:.
1843:.
1837:.
1814:.
1802:10
1800:.
1796:.
1771:57
1769:.
1765:.
1753:^
1714:.
1702:44
1700:.
1696:.
1637:61
1635:.
1631:.
1493:.
1489:.
1466:.
1456:.
1444:.
1440:.
1409:.
1379:.
1349:.
1338:^
1316:.
1283:.
1226:.
1222:.
1199:.
1189:.
1185:.
1158:.
1128:.
881:,
562:,
512:A
499:.
379:,
372:.
191:,
187:,
183:,
179:,
175:,
58:A
1920:e
1913:t
1906:v
1890:.
1865:.
1851::
1845:3
1822:.
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1781:.
1777::
1747:.
1722:.
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1681:.
1656:.
1601:.
1576:.
1551:.
1537:.
1503:.
1474:.
1460::
1452::
1446:9
1425:.
1395:.
1365:.
1332:.
1293:.
1262:.
1237:.
1207:.
1168:.
1143:.
335:C
236:(
214:(
34:.
20:)
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