1948:
inaccurate age assignment started with a new figure for
Rotoehu Ash of 64,000 ± 1650 cal.yr.(Wilson et al 1992) which was initially widely accepted. The youngest age assigned is 44,300 years ago (Shane et al 2003). The problems with some older techniques were possibly not resolved with new techniques that could explain the discrepancy and that resulted in 47,400 ± 1500 years ago (Flude et al 2016), while one recent peer reviewed work gave 61,000 ± 1400 cal.yr (Villamor et al 2022). Other, mainly recent chronology studies have a younger date of 45,200 ± 1650 cal.yr. (Danišík et al 2020 and 2012), 45,100 ± 3300 years ago (Peti et al 2020), 47,400 ± 1500 years ago (Gilgour et al 2008), and before these 65,000 years ago (Spinks 2005). A recent review of 27 determinations gave the consensus range as between about 45 and about 55 cal ka (Hopkins et al. 2021). For more on this age issue see notes to
790:
exception already mentioned, these are rhyolitic. The melt-mush pockets are mainly between 5 and 8 km (3.1 and 5.0 mi) in depth but one has been characterised at 3 km (1.9 mi) depth. The pockets have erupted compositionally distinct magmas in single eruptions. The composition is related to heat and volatiles transferred between the parent basalts and such rhyolites over the time the sub pocket has been maturing. Basaltic-rhyolitic magma interaction definitely happens from local and world wide studies, and will also be a factor in the many different eruption styles that have occurred. Sometimes basalt appears to lead the eruption, at other times it has been postulated that tectonic earthquakes are the final enabler of an eruption.
381:
177:
142:
135:
47:
170:
917:, and again like with the case of the Puripuri basin, the magma erupted from a lateral reservoir is associated with subsidence back to the eastern Rotoiti caldera margin. The Ōkareka Embayment to the west is also associated with caldera rim subsidence, this time the western shared rims of the Utu, Matahina and Rotoiti calderas.
880:
buried/destroyed) by various events including at least eight smaller eruptions between 70,000 and 24,000 years ago. For example the dacite
Puripuri basin/embayment is a subsidence related feature. This subsidence is related to the lateral movement of the underlying magma towards the eastern caldera margins.
883:
The paired eruptions approximately 50,000 years ago of
Rotoiti and at Earthquake Flat at far northern and southern ends of the caldera respectively had eruptive volumes of 120 cubic kilometres (29 cu mi) and 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi). The resulting Rotoiti sub caldera is to
446:
contained within it has sometimes been described in almost interchangeable terms with the Ōkataina
Caldera or volcanic complex or centre and by other authors as a separate complex defined by gravitational and magnetic features.. Since 2010 other terms such as the Haroharo vent alignment, Utu Caldera,
1915:
came from this source. The term
Haroharo Caldera was increasingly used in academic papers in the 1970's and 1980's but changed as the detailed geology became better understood. The difficulty was that by then the term Haroharo Caldera was established. The term is still used, and currently is defined
684:
vent alignment in the south. These two vent alignments are associated with current subsidence in the last 20 years of about 1.5 cm/year (0.59 in/year) which is assumed to be because of mainly cooling and contraction of previous magma melt. Other volcanoes connected with the caldera include
1876:
have multiple ruptures associated in time with volcanism including immediately prior to the Mamaku and Rotoma rhyolite eruptions in the case of the Paeroa Fault and of the
Ngapouri-Rotomahana Fault immediately prior to the Kaharoa eruption. At least 30% of major Taupō Volcanic Zone eruptions have
1851:
is just to the south. The two recently active main vent alignments in the Ōkataina
Caldera, the Horahora and Tarawera vents, are parallel with these identifiable faults outside the caldera, although the faults are not on the exact vent line. In the last 9,500 years, four of the seven major ruptures
749:
type at Ōkataina is rhyolite. The warning time before eruptions is currently suspected to be potentially hours as volcanic unrest signals are very non specific, historic composition analysis is consistent with this speed from magma reservoir to surface and this was all the warning given by the only
901:
deposits occurred but it is unknown where the eruptions were centered. One of these events can be assigned to the
Kawerau ignimbrite eruption of 33,000 years ago, with its location within the central part of the Matahina Caldera at level of the Puhipuhi Basin. An area of low gravity on gravimetric
565:
Map centered to show selected surface volcanic deposits including all the present surface Ōkataina
Caldera ignimbrites. The present surface ignimbrites are various light violet shades which are identical for any single source, but other eruptions breakup the ignimbrite sheets. This map shows less
879:
which covers over 2,000 km (770 sq mi) of the central North Island. The second major phase
Matahina sub caldera is to the south east and its basement is also about 5 km (3.1 mi) below present ground level. The original shape of the Matahina caldera has been modified (and
1947:
Ages assigned to the Rotoiti/Rotoehu eruptives currently appear to vary depending upon methodology by about 15,000 years in the literature. This is problematic as many ages of volcanics in the Northern North Island would be more definite if a single agreed value existed. The issue of previous
789:
intrusion or can ascend to then erupt as rhyolite, dacite, or andesite. Sometimes such eruptions are believed to be primed by a basaltic melt predecessor. In the case of the Ōkataina Caldera the sub-surface architecture is known to be made up of discrete melt-mush pockets, and with one dacite
1692:
Recharging basalt found on top igmibrite layer. The latest age (not literature peer reviewed) is claimed at 322,000 ± 7,000 which appears to be a reversion to the initial uncorrected timing. Also previously timed 230,000. - large as caldera collapse
2838:
716:
While most currently active New Zealand volcanoes produce small eruptions relatively frequently, Ōkataina's volcanoes tend to erupt very violently after intervals of centuries. As such, they pose significant potential threats to the
802:Ōkataina deposits in the years after the Rotoiti eruption with darker shading of violet for more recent. Clicking on the map enlarges it, and enables panning and mouseover of name/wikilink and ages before present. Key for the
931:. This ejected some 17 km (4.1 cu mi) of magma. During the last 21,000 years the Ōkataina volcano has contributed a total magma eruptive volume of about 80 km (19 cu mi) in all its eruptions.
785:(also known as a pluton) at depth or are associated with the generation of more evolved magmas with higher silicate content that separate. They may then as evolved intrusions, cool further without erupting to form a
566:
detail of recent eruptions of the Ōkataina Caldera than the other map on the page. Clicking on the map enlarges it, and enables panning and mouseover of volcano name/wikilink and ages before present. Key for the
543:. The caldera is now thought to contain the Utu Caldera, the major event Matahina Caldera, the Rotoiti Caldera, and the Kawerau Caldera with three associated geologically collapse structure embayments. These are
1868:. These are the Whakatane eruption of about 5500 years ago, the Mamaku eruption of about 8000 years ago and at least two fault ruptures in before or during the Rotoma eruption of 9500 years ago. Similarly the
912:
More recently volcanoes within the caldera are known to have erupted eleven times in the last 21,000 years, with all but two of those eruptions being rhyolite. The Rotoma eruptions occurred in a north eastern
555:. The oldest parts of the caldera basement are now over 5 km (3.1 mi) deep and the younger Rotoiti and Kawerau calderas are still 2.5 km (1.6 mi) deep and largely infilled by eruptives.
2532:
Villamor, Pilar; Litchfield, Nicola J.; Gómez-Ortiz, David; Martin-González, Fidel; Alloway, Brent V.; Berryman, Kelvin R.; Clark, Kate J.; Ries, William F.; Howell, Andrew; Ansell, India A. (2022).
872:
The oldest eruptive sub caldera is called the Utu caldera and is located in the south central portion. The basement of this sub caldera is about 5 km (3.1 mi) below present ground level.
3106:
3206:
Peti, Leonie; Fitzsimmons, Kathryn E.; Hopkins, Jenni L.; Nilsson, Andreas; Fujioka, Toshiyuki; Fink, David; Mifsud, Charles; Christl, Marcus; Muscheler, Raimund; Augustinus, Paul C. (2020).
875:
The most significant collapse event, with an eruptive volume of 150 cubic kilometres (36 cu mi) was 280,000 years ago. This collapse was associated with eruption of the Matahina
2263:
2908:"Pyroclastic stratigraphy and eruption dynamics of the 21.9 ka Okareka and 17.6 ka Rerewhakaaitu eruption episodes from Tarawera Volcano, Okataina Volcanic Centre, New Zealand"
869:
It is likely that the volcanic history of the area began some 625,000 years ago. The caldera was formed by at least five huge eruptions between 400,000 and 50,000 years ago.
3107:"Sub-millennial eruptive recurrence in the silicic Mangaone Subgroup tephra sequence, New Zealand, from Bayesian modelling of zircon double-dating and radiocarbon ages"
2368:
Benson, Thomas W.; Illsley-Kemp, Finnigan; Elms, Hannah C.; Hamling, Ian J.; Savage, Martha K.; Wilson, Colin J. N.; Mestel, Eleanor R. H.; Barker, Simon J. (2021).
2840:
Geochemistry, Magmatic Processes and Timescales of Recent Rhyolitic Eruptives of the Ōkataina Volcanic Centre, Taupō Volcanic Zone, Aotearoa/New Zealand: PhD thesis
2483:
Okataina Volcanic Centre, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: A review of volcanism and synchronous pluton development in an active, dominantly silicic caldera system
3305:
2534:"Fault ruptures triggered by large rhyolitic eruptions at the boundary between tectonic and magmatic rift segments: The Manawahe Fault, Taupō Rift, New Zealand"
2280:
Bertrand, E.A.; Kannberg, P.; Caldwell, T.G.; Heise, W.; Constable, S.; Scott, B.; Bannister, S.; Kilgour, G.; Bennie, S.L.; Hart, R.; Palmer, N. (2022).
902:
studies is consistent with the fourth phase Kawerau Caldera being here and its basement being about 2 km (1.2 mi) below present ground level.
2769:"A review of late Quaternary silicic and some other tephra formations from New Zealand: Their stratigraphy, nomenclature, distribution, volume, and age"
2636:"Geochemistry and magmatic properties of eruption episodes from Haroharo linear vent zone, Okataina Volcanic Centre, New Zealand during the last 10 kyr"
2215:"Estimating the distribution of melt beneath the Okataina Caldera, New Zealand: An integrated approach using geodesy, seismology and magnetotellurics"
3252:
Landscape Evolution in Ignimbrite Terrain: a study of the Mamaku Plateau, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand - Masters thesis, University of Canterbury
1904:
2168:"Imaging sub-caldera structure with local seismicity, Okataina Volcanic Centre, Taupo Volcanic Zone, using double-difference seismic tomography"
2880:
134:
2282:"Inferring the magmatic roots of volcano-geothermal systems in the Rotorua Caldera and Okataina Volcanic Centre from magnetotelluric models"
2166:
Bannister, Stephen; Bertrand, Edward A.; Heimann, Sebastian; Bourguignon, Sandra; Asher, Cameron; Shanks, Jackson; Harvison, Adrian (2022).
2149:
2810:
Beanland, Sarah; Berryman, Kelvin R.; Blick, Graeme H. (1989). "Geological investigations of the 1987 Edgecumbe earthquake, New Zealand".
2042:"Storage, evolution, and mixing in basaltic eruptions from around the Okataina Volcanic Centre, Taupō Volcanic Zone, Aotearoa New Zealand"
2947:"Multiple rhyolite magmas and basalt injection in the 17.7 ka Rerewhakaaitu eruption episode from Tarawera volcanic complex, New Zealand"
2329:"Tracking Magma-Crust-Fluid Interactions at High Temporal Resolution: Oxygen Isotopes in Young Silicic Magmas of the Taupō Volcanic Zone"
3250:
380:
69:
1256:
33,000 years ago Kawerau (previously called Kaingaroa and miss-assigned to be 200,000 years older) now corrected to 25,171 years ago
3280:
927:). The most explosive of the eruptions in the last 21,000 years is likely to have been on the Haroharo vent alignment at about 5500
169:
3275:
2591:"Stratigraphy, dynamics, and eruption impacts of the dual magma Rotorua eruptive episode, Okataina Volcanic Centre, New Zealand"
2412:
Berryman, Kelvin; Villamor, Pilar; Nairn, Ian; Begg, John; Alloway, Brent V.; Rowland, Julie; Lee, Julie; Capote, Ramon (2022).
3285:
969:
770:. These basaltic melts often never reach the surface due to a relatively high density of the magma compared to the surrounding
353:
1031:
694:
3295:
3208:"Development of a multi-method chronology spanning the Last Glacial Interval from Orakei maar lake, Auckland, New Zealand"
480:
372:
357:
1856:
have been associated in time with a volcanic eruption of the Okataina volcanic centre. This fault is just to the east of
905:
Although the latest caldera models include the Haroharo vent alignment they do not allow for the separate existence of a
2854:
Beanland, S.; Houghton, B. (1991). "Rotokawau tephra: basaltic maars in Okataina volcanic centre, Taupo Volcanic Zone".
2414:"Volcano-tectonic interactions at the southern margin of the Okataina Volcanic Centre, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand"
669:
508:
468:
62:
3027:"Magma reservoir evolution during the build up to and recovery from caldera-forming eruptions – A generalizable model?"
347:
793:
Any basaltic magmas that do reach the surface will have traversed this complicated crustal region and may erupt as a
3300:
586:
389:
2748:"Pre-conference tephra data workshop – Hands-on session II: tephra excursion, Okareka Loop Road (29 January 2023)"
938:
Significant Eruptions Ōkataina Caldera (bold if caldera forming, dates corrected for multiple source uncertainty)
1869:
1848:
1014:
1897:
HaroHaro pile ... are rhyolite lavas of the Okataina Volcanic Centre, extruded on the floor of Haroharo Caldera
3290:
3105:
Danišík, Martin; Lowe, David J.; Schmitt, Axel K.; Friedrichs, Bjarne; Hogg, Alan G.; Evans, Noreen J. (2020).
2102:"The geology and geophysics of Lake Tarawera, New Zealand: Implications for sublacustrine geothermal activity"
426:. It has several actual or postulated sub calderas. The Ōkataina Caldera is just east of the smaller separate
2066:
3310:
2327:
Rooyakkers, S.M.; Faure, K.; Chambefort, I.; Barker, S.J.; Elms, H.C.; Wilson, C.J.; Charlier, B.L. (2023).
2482:
1877:
now been associated with significant local fault ruptures within 30 km (19 mi) of the eruption.
415:
340:
325:
2144:
2590:
1686:
1539:
1250:
1212:
1188:
1161:
1134:
1107:
1083:
1059:
1008:
980:
2041:
3026:
2533:
2281:
2167:
46:
2691:
718:
597:
548:
476:
2907:
2213:
Hamling, Ian J.; Kilgour, Geoff; Hreinsdóttir, Sigrun; Bertrand, Edward; Bannister, Stephen (2022).
1925:
Sources based on Darragh et al. 2006 give timings about 2000 years earlier for the Okareka eruption.
1861:
228:
3145:
3064:
2927:
2707:
2655:
2613:
2571:
2453:
2350:
2309:
2195:
2079:
1949:
1578:
552:
459:
The caldera covers an area of about 450 square kilometres (170 sq mi), stretching from
451:
and a postulated Kawerau Caldera are often used, rather than a Haroharo Caldera classification.
3137:
3056:
2876:
2563:
2445:
2391:
2301:
2236:
2187:
2123:
2071:
782:
721:
but are also the most significant volcanic risk in New Zealand. During the last 20,000 years,
544:
431:
2679:
3229:
3219:
3186:
3176:
3129:
3121:
3046:
3038:
2958:
2919:
2819:
2790:
2780:
2699:
2647:
2605:
2553:
2545:
2435:
2425:
2381:
2340:
2293:
2226:
2179:
2113:
2061:
2053:
1678:
1530:
1241:
1155:
1101:
1077:
1053:
906:
898:
891:
887:
Between this eruption and 21,000 years ago over 81 km (19 cu mi) of Mangaone
775:
771:
722:
677:
496:
443:
920:
Two of these eruptions, both at Tarawera, occurred within the last 2000 years (in 1886 and
1935:
1526:
1237:
512:
464:
448:
427:
1779:
492:
2695:
2370:"Earthquake Analysis Suggests Dyke Intrusion in 2019 Near Tarawera Volcano, New Zealand"
1853:
1206:
1182:
1128:
1002:
974:
794:
701:
681:
504:
488:
484:
472:
385:
51:
Okataina Volcanic Centre relationships to other nearby volcanic and tectonic structures
2946:
3269:
3149:
3068:
2962:
2870:
2747:
2711:
2659:
2635:
2617:
2575:
2549:
2457:
2430:
2413:
2354:
2313:
2297:
2231:
2214:
2199:
2183:
2118:
2101:
2083:
2057:
1865:
767:
759:
520:
516:
434:
which is usually regarded as an associated volcano. It shows high rates of explosive
278:
216:
3125:
3042:
2931:
2040:
Hughes, Ery C.; Law, Sally; Kilgour, Geoff; Blundy, Jon D.; Mader, Heidy M. (2023).
2823:
2785:
2768:
1873:
1844:
803:
705:
567:
500:
460:
423:
154:
3181:
3164:
2923:
1995:
1857:
1807:
419:
253:
235:
206:
17:
3234:
1997:
Rift Architecture and Caldera Volcanism in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
1585:
48,000+ ie is definitely before Rotoiti but age depends on actual Rotoiti age.
668:
The caldera has seen six eruptions in the past 10,000 years, most recently the
3224:
3207:
2680:"Caldera volcanism and rift structure in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand"
2651:
2609:
2386:
2369:
2100:
Caratori Tontini, F; de Ronde, CEJ; Black, J; Stucker, VK; Walker, SL (2023).
1912:
876:
835:
651:
298:
263:
239:
3141:
3060:
2634:
Smith, Victoria; Shane, Phil; Nairn, I.A.; Williams, Catherine (2006-07-01).
2567:
2449:
2395:
2305:
2240:
2191:
2127:
2075:
84:
71:
2843:(Thesis). Te Herenga Waka—Victoria University of Wellington. pp. 1–316.
914:
778:. Usually, these intrusions cool in the crust and then either solidify to a
673:
303:
246:
797:. This is believed to have happened with the 1886 Mount Tarawera eruption.
2345:
2328:
831:
738:
734:
686:
647:
630:
532:
435:
293:
288:
273:
268:
258:
3051:
3191:
3133:
888:
411:
408:
330:
308:
283:
2558:
2440:
672:
in the caldera's southeastern corner. The caldera contains two major
2795:
1519:
1177:
1150:
1123:
997:
894:
822:
813:
786:
779:
763:
742:
730:
698:
620:
576:
540:
536:
439:
2703:
491:. The caldera also contains several lakes, including part or all of
40:Ōkataina Volcanic Centre, Okataina Caldera, Okataina Volcanic Centre
2945:
Shane, Phil; Martin, S.B.; Smith, Victoria C.; Beggs, K.R. (2007).
1843:
Faults are not defined under this very active caldera. The active
746:
379:
726:
690:
1545:
Basalt was emplaced on the floor of the rhyolitic reservoir.
928:
392:, is the most recent major eruption from the Ōkataina Caldera.
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
3025:
Bouvet de Maisonneuve, C.; Forni, F.; Bachmann, O. (2021).
2906:
Darragh, Miles; Cole, Jim; Nairn, Ian; Shane, Phil (2006).
1013:
This eruption was immediately preceded by a rupture on the
596: undifferentiated basalts of the Tangihua Complex in
858: postulated sub calderas of Cole et al. 2009 onwards
2875:. GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. pp. 1–102.
729:
eruptions have occurred of several types; low-silicate
475:. The south west corner is defined by the domes of the
2095:
2093:
934:
In summary the more significant eruptions have been:
3163:Hopkins, JL; Lowe, DJ; Horrocks, JL (3 July 2021).
368:
363:
346:
336:
324:
227:
222:
212:
202:
121:
113:
105:
100:
61:
56:
34:
2869:Leonard, G.S.; Begg, J.G.; Wilson, C.J.N. (2010).
852: Ōkataina Volcanic Centre with its embayments
2872:Geology of Rotorua area. 1:25000 Geological map 5
2067:20.500.11820/9f5c151c-1f2e-47ed-a264-7649eacdf669
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
3100:
3098:
2598:New Zealand Journal of Geology & Geophysics
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2407:
2405:
2161:
2159:
1894:
388:, as depicted in this contemporary painting by
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
2951:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2901:
2899:
2538:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2418:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2286:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2219:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2172:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2106:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2046:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1847:terminates at the caldera edge and the active
467:in the south. The north east boundary bisects
3169:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
2912:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
2812:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
2773:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
1989:
909:as many had historically postulated existed.
663:. White shading is selected caldera features.
8:
2741:
2629:
2627:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
483:while the south east aspect is dominated by
2739:
2737:
2735:
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2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
697:which is most likely to have formed from a
3165:"Tephrochronology in Aotearoa New Zealand"
1864:and the magmatic Ōkataina segments of the
1482:0.44 km (0.11 cu mi) Tephra
1349:0.1 km (0.024 cu mi) Tephra
1311:0.77 km (0.18 cu mi) Tephra
936:
551:as another, now in-filled caldera and the
547:, historically regarded as a caldera, the
31:
3233:
3223:
3190:
3180:
3050:
2794:
2784:
2557:
2439:
2429:
2385:
2344:
2230:
2117:
2065:
1934:This eruption is assigned by some to the
1444:0.7 km (0.17 cu mi) Tephra
1406:0.9 km (0.22 cu mi) Tephra
1387:15.2 km (3.6 cu mi) Tephra
1368:2.5 km (0.60 cu mi) Tephra
1330:19.1 km (4.6 cu mi) Tephra
1292:16.2 km (3.9 cu mi) Tephra
438:volcanism although its last eruption was
2493:, 1–17. Abstract retrieved 11 June 2022.
1463:4.6 km (1.1 cu mi) Tephra
1273:8.1 km (1.9 cu mi) Tephra
414:and its associated volcanoes located in
176:
141:
2690:(1). London: Geological Society: 9–29.
2139:
2137:
1965:
1911:with the author presuming that certain
1886:
1425:11 km (2.6 cu mi) Tephra
762:is driven initially by large inputs of
531:The overwhelming volcanic deposits are
750:rhyolitic eruption of the modern era.
737:eruptions, and the rarer intermediate
3306:Volcanoes of the Bay of Plenty Region
2767:Froggatt, P. C.; Lowe, D. J. (1990).
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2153:, 1 May 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
1860:at the boundary between the tectonic
7:
2333:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
2150:Te Ara - Encyclopedia of New Zealand
1916:by gravity and magnetic differences.
2678:Cole, J. W.; Spinks, K. D. (2009).
2589:Gilgour, G.N.; Smith, R.T. (2008).
2145:Okataina caldera and its neighbours
1786:Lost volume with Matahini eruption
471:and the north east includes all of
1438:Unit C (Pupuwharau then Pongakawa)
430:and southwest of the much smaller
25:
1685:150 km (36 cu mi)
1564:Basaltic immediately pre-Rotoiti
1538:130 km (31 cu mi)
1249:13 km (3.1 cu mi)
1160:4 km (0.96 cu mi)
1133:10 km (2.4 cu mi)
1082:17 km (4.1 cu mi)
1058:13 km (3.1 cu mi)
979:1 km (0.24 cu mi)
487:and the volcanic badlands of the
2963:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.04.003
2550:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107478
2431:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107552
2298:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107645
2264:Okataina Volcanic Centre Geology
2232:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107549
2184:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107653
2119:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107731
2058:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107715
1938:. See discussion in that article
1211:8 km (1.9 cu mi)
1187:5 km (1.2 cu mi)
1106:8 km (1.9 cu mi)
1007:5 km (1.2 cu mi)
884:the north of the Utu Caldera.
680:vent alignment in the north and
570:that are shown with panning is:
175:
168:
140:
133:
45:
3126:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106517
3043:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103684
1905:Geology of the Rotoroa District
1559:Suspected to be Rotoiti Caldera
952:Vent / Vent alignment / Caldera
189:Ōkataina Caldera (North Island)
27:Volcanic caldera in New Zealand
2856:Records N.Z. Geological Survey
2824:10.1080/00288306.1989.10421390
2786:10.1080/00288306.1990.10427576
2746:Lowe, David; Ilanko, Tehnuka.
1:
3249:Kidd, Maia Josephine (2021).
3182:10.1080/00288306.2021.1908368
2924:10.1080/00288306.2006.9515170
2837:Elms, Hannah Corinne (2022).
921:
654:is lighter shades of violet),
481:Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley
373:State Highway 5 (New Zealand)
358:Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley
2477:Cole, J.W., Deer ing, C.D.,
670:1886 Mount Tarawera eruption
745:eruptions. The most common
704:associated with the common
689:(Mount Edgecumbe) and the
3327:
3114:Quaternary Science Reviews
2374:Frontiers in Earth Science
580:(shades of brown/orange),
3225:10.5194/gchron-2-367-2020
2652:10.1007/s00445-006-0056-7
2610:10.1080/00288300809509871
2387:10.3389/feart.2020.606992
2270:. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
1870:Ngapouri-Rotomahana Fault
1849:Ngapouri-Rotomahana Fault
733:eruptions, high-silicate
126:
44:
39:
3281:Okataina Volcanic Centre
1994:Spinks, Karl D. (2005).
766:melt from the subducted
401:Ōkataina Volcanic Centre
192:Show map of North Island
117:15 km (9.3 mi)
3276:Calderas of New Zealand
2640:Bulletin of Volcanology
774:crust, but may trigger
639: basaltic andesite
356:, 1973 Hydrothermal in
159:Show map of New Zealand
109:28 km (17 mi)
1910:
1893:Possibly started from
1608:188,000 approx. cal.yr
612: arc ring basalts
393:
3031:Earth-Science Reviews
2487:Earth-science reviews
1722:Murupara pyroclastics
1632:Pokopoko pyroclastics
1614:Tutaeheke/Hap-Kapenga
1590:96,000 approx. cal.yr
1489:49,000 approx. cal.yr
1470:40,000 approx. cal.yr
1451:39,000 approx. cal.yr
1432:38,000 approx. cal.yr
1197:23,525–370+230 cal.yr
384:The 1886 eruption of
383:
3296:Pleistocene calderas
2684:Special Publications
2346:10.1029/2022GC010694
845: Definite vents
719:Bay of Plenty Region
598:Northland Allochthon
337:Volcanic region
3286:Taupō Volcanic Zone
3235:20.500.11850/553903
2696:2009GSLSP.327....9C
1780:Whakapoungakau Dome
1761:Maunawhakamana Dome
1508:about 50,000 cal.yr
1222:25,171 ± 964 cal.yr
1170:17,496 ± 462 cal.yr
1143:15,635 ± 412 cal.yr
1116:14,009 ± 155 cal.yr
943:Year before present
939:
416:Taupō Volcanic Zone
341:Taupō Volcanic Zone
81: /
2424:(107552): 107552.
2292:(107645): 107645.
2052:(107715): 107715.
1950:Puhipuhi Embayment
1650:Onuku pyroclastics
1579:Puhipuhi Embayment
1068:7940 ± 257 cal.yr
1039:Basaltic eruption
985:Basaltic eruption
937:
754:Eruption mechanism
606: arc basalts,
553:Puhipuhi Embayment
447:Matahina Caldera,
394:
245:0.625–0.0001
85:38.167°S 176.500°E
57:Highest point
3301:Holocene calderas
2882:978-0-478-19778-5
1836:
1835:
1092:9423 ± 120 cal.yr
1044:5526 ± 145 cal.yr
783:igneous intrusion
776:earthquake swarms
634:(shades of red),
549:Ōkareka Embayment
545:Rotomā Embayment
477:Ōkareka Embayment
442:. The postulated
390:Charles Blomfield
378:
377:
16:(Redirected from
3318:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3227:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3184:
3175:(2–3): 153–200.
3160:
3154:
3153:
3111:
3102:
3073:
3072:
3054:
3022:
2967:
2966:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2788:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2743:
2716:
2715:
2675:
2664:
2663:
2631:
2622:
2621:
2595:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2561:
2529:
2494:
2475:
2462:
2461:
2443:
2433:
2409:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2277:
2271:
2260:
2245:
2244:
2234:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2163:
2154:
2141:
2132:
2131:
2121:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2069:
2037:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1953:
1945:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1908:
1891:
1862:Whakatāne Graben
1770:280,000 + cal.yr
1752:280,000 + cal.yr
1734:280,000 + cal.yr
1716:280,000 + cal.yr
1698:280,000 + cal.yr
1679:Matahina Caldera
1644:240,000 + cal.yr
1626:240,000 + cal.yr
1518:Rotoiti/Rotoehu
1022:3710 ± 10 cal.yr
940:
926:
923:
907:Haroharo caldera
899:pyroclastic flow
857:
851:
846:
844:
843:
838:
829:
825:
820:
816:
811:
772:Australian Plate
662:
660:
645:
640:
638:
633:
628:
618:
613:
611:
607:
605:
595:
590:
584:
579:
574:
539:and one area of
463:in the north to
444:Haroharo Caldera
432:Rotomā Embayment
397:Ōkataina Caldera
320:
249:
243:
193:
183:Ōkataina Caldera
179:
178:
172:
160:
148:Ōkataina Caldera
144:
143:
137:
96:
95:
93:
92:
91:
90:-38.167; 176.500
86:
82:
79:
78:
77:
74:
49:
35:Ōkataina Caldera
32:
21:
18:Okataina Caldera
3326:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3291:VEI-7 volcanoes
3266:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3255:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3076:
3024:
3023:
2970:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2905:
2904:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2719:
2704:10.1144/SP327.2
2677:
2676:
2667:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2531:
2530:
2497:
2476:
2465:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2261:
2248:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2165:
2164:
2157:
2143:McKinnon, M., "
2142:
2135:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2039:
2038:
2005:
1993:
1992:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1942:
1936:Kapenga Caldera
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1909:
1902:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1841:
1707:Matawhaura Dome
1575:Puhipuhi Dacite
1550:50,000 + cal.yr
1527:Rotoiti Caldera
1498:Earthquake Flat
1495:Earthquake Flat
1238:Kawerau Caldera
1173:15546 ± 462 BCE
1119:12059 ± 155 BCE
1015:Edgecumbe fault
990:710 ± 12 cal.yr
966:10 June 1886 CE
924:
867:
862:
861:
860:
859:
855:
853:
849:
841:
840:
839:
827:
826:
818:
817:
809:
808:
807:
758:The underlying
756:
714:
676:complexes, the
666:
665:
664:
658:
657:
655:
643:
636:
635:
626:
625:
624:
616:
609:
608:
603:
602:
601:
593:
582:
581:
572:
571:
561:
529:
513:Lake Rotomahana
465:Lake Rotomahana
457:
449:Rotoiti Caldera
428:Rotorua Caldera
403:, also spelled
319:
318:
317:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
244:
234:
233:
198:
197:
196:
195:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
185:
184:
180:
163:
162:
161:
158:
157:
152:
151:
150:
149:
145:
89:
87:
83:
80:
75:
72:
70:
68:
67:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3324:
3322:
3314:
3313:
3311:Rift volcanoes
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3241:
3218:(2): 367–410.
3198:
3155:
3074:
2968:
2937:
2918:(3): 309–328.
2895:
2881:
2861:
2846:
2829:
2802:
2759:
2717:
2665:
2623:
2604:(4): 367–378.
2581:
2495:
2463:
2401:
2360:
2319:
2272:
2246:
2205:
2155:
2133:
2089:
2003:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1940:
1927:
1918:
1900:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1854:Manawahe Fault
1840:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1819:625,000 cal.yr
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1792:557,000 cal.yr
1788:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1777:
1776:Whakapoungakau
1774:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:Maunawhakamana
1756:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1663:280,000 cal.yr
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1617:Tutaeheke Dome
1615:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1535:
1523:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1246:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1185:
1180:
1176:Rerewhakaaitu
1174:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1158:
1153:
1147:
1146:13685 ±412 BCE
1144:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1095:7473 ± 120 BCE
1093:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1071:5990 ± 257 BCE
1069:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1047:3576 ± 145 BCE
1045:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1005:
1000:
994:
991:
987:
986:
983:
977:
972:
967:
964:
960:
959:
956:
955:Volume erupted
953:
950:
947:
944:
866:
863:
854:
848:
801:
800:
799:
755:
752:
713:
710:
702:dike extrusion
695:Lake Rotokawau
661: plutonic
642:
615:
592:
564:
563:
562:
560:
557:
528:
525:
489:Puhipuhi Basin
485:Mount Tarawera
456:
453:
386:Mount Tarawera
376:
375:
370:
366:
365:
361:
360:
350:
344:
343:
338:
334:
333:
328:
322:
321:
314:
313:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
251:
231:
225:
224:
220:
219:
214:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
188:
182:
181:
174:
173:
167:
166:
165:
164:
153:
147:
146:
139:
138:
132:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
124:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
98:
97:
65:
59:
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3323:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3254:
3253:
3245:
3242:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3212:Geochronology
3209:
3202:
3199:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2957:(1–2): 1–26.
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2884:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2865:
2862:
2857:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2803:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2779:(1): 89–109.
2778:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2760:
2749:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1906:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1887:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1599:Moerangi Dome
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:Matahi Scoria
1555:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1413:36,800 cal.yr
1412:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1394:36,700 cal.yr
1393:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1375:36,100 cal.yr
1374:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1356:35,000 cal.yr
1355:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1337:34,500 cal.yr
1336:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1318:33,000 cal.yr
1317:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1299:32,800 cal.yr
1298:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1280:32,500 cal.yr
1279:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1261:31,500 cal.yr
1260:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1025:1760 ± 10 BCE
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
995:
992:
989:
988:
984:
982:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
965:
962:
961:
957:
954:
951:
949:Eruptive name
948:
946:Calendar date
945:
942:
941:
935:
932:
930:
925: 1314AD
918:
916:
910:
908:
903:
900:
896:
893:
890:
885:
881:
878:
873:
870:
864:
837:
833:
824:
815:
805:
798:
796:
791:
788:
784:
781:
777:
773:
769:
768:Pacific Plate
765:
761:
760:arc volcanism
753:
751:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
711:
709:
707:
703:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
679:
675:
671:
653:
649:
632:
622:
599:
588:
578:
569:
558:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
526:
524:
522:
521:Lake Tikitapu
518:
517:Lake Tarawera
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:Lake Ōkataina
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
454:
452:
450:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:
406:
402:
398:
391:
387:
382:
374:
371:
367:
362:
359:
355:
351:
349:
348:Last eruption
345:
342:
339:
335:
332:
329:
327:
326:Mountain type
323:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
248:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
221:
218:
217:Bay of Plenty
215:
211:
208:
205:
201:
171:
156:
136:
125:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
99:
94:
66:
64:
60:
55:
48:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3251:
3244:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3117:
3113:
3052:10356/161241
3034:
3030:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2915:
2911:
2886:. Retrieved
2871:
2864:
2858:(43): 37–43.
2855:
2849:
2839:
2832:
2818:(1): 73–91.
2815:
2811:
2805:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2751:. Retrieved
2687:
2683:
2646:(1): 57–88.
2643:
2639:
2601:
2597:
2584:
2541:
2537:
2490:
2486:
2478:
2421:
2417:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2267:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2175:
2171:
2148:
2109:
2105:
2049:
2045:
1996:
1943:
1930:
1921:
1907:1962, p54-55
1896:
1895:
1889:
1874:Paeroa Fault
1845:Paeroa Fault
1842:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1684:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1569:about 51,000
1537:
1525:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1248:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
993:1314 ± 12 CE
933:
919:
911:
904:
886:
882:
874:
871:
868:
792:
757:
715:
667:
535:, with some
530:
509:Lake Rotoiti
501:Lake Rotoehu
493:Lake Ōkareka
469:Lake Rotoiti
461:Lake Rotoehu
458:
424:North Island
404:
400:
396:
395:
155:North Island
29:
3192:10289/14349
3134:10289/13801
2268:GNS science
1913:ignimbrites
1858:Lake Rotoma
1808:Utu Caldera
1743:Wairua Dome
723:pyroclastic
587:monogenetic
505:Lake Rotomā
473:Lake Rotomā
420:New Zealand
236:Pleistocene
229:Age of rock
207:New Zealand
88: /
63:Coordinates
3270:Categories
3120:: 106517.
3037:: 103684.
2753:2023-03-21
2559:2292/59828
2544:: 107478.
2441:2292/59681
2225:(107549).
2178:(107653).
1960:References
1903:J. Healy,
1866:Taupō Rift
1822:623000 BCE
1797:555000 BCE
1773:280000 BCE
1755:280000 BCE
1737:280000 BCE
1719:280000 BCE
1704:Matawhaura
1701:280000 BCE
1668:278000 BCE
1647:238050 BCE
1629:238050 BCE
1611:186050 BCE
1513:48050 BCE
1032:Rotokawau
963:138 cal.yr
877:Ignimbrite
836:ignimbrite
706:magma mush
693:crater of
652:ignimbrite
240:Meghalayan
101:Dimensions
3258:(Thesis).
3150:224864954
3142:0277-3791
3069:236237501
3061:0012-8252
2796:10289/176
2712:131562598
2660:129365367
2618:128976717
2576:246258923
2568:0377-0273
2458:248111450
2450:0377-0273
2396:2296-6463
2355:254807245
2314:251526385
2306:0377-0273
2241:0377-0273
2200:251914262
2192:0377-0273
2128:0377-0273
2084:253783414
2076:0377-0273
2000:(Thesis).
1839:Tectonics
1593:94050 BCE
1572:49050 BCE
1553:48050 BCE
1492:47050 BCE
1473:38050 BCE
1454:37050 BCE
1435:36050 BCE
1416:34850 BCE
1397:34750 BCE
1378:34150 BCE
1359:33050 BCE
1340:32550 BCE
1321:31050 BCE
1302:30850 BCE
1283:30550 BCE
1264:29550 BCE
1227:23221 BCE
1200:21575 BCE
1050:Whakatane
1028:Rotokawau
915:embayment
804:volcanics
674:lava dome
568:volcanics
559:Eruptions
455:Geography
436:rhyolitic
122:Geography
2932:59137127
2888:16 March
2481:(2014) "
1901:—
1852:of the
1828:Ōkataina
1825:Ōkataina
1673:Matahina
1596:Moerangi
1531:Haroharo
1400:Te Mahoe
1324:Mangaone
1286:Omataroa
1242:Haroharo
1207:Tarawera
1183:Tarawera
1156:Haroharo
1149:Rotorua
1129:Tarawera
1122:Waiohau
1102:Haroharo
1078:Haroharo
1054:Haroharo
1003:Tarawera
996:Kaharoa
975:Tarawera
970:Tarawera
832:rhyolite
780:gabbroic
764:basaltic
739:andesite
735:rhyolite
699:basaltic
687:Putauaki
682:Tarawera
678:Haroharo
648:rhyolite
631:andesite
533:rhyolite
479:and the
440:basaltic
409:volcanic
405:Okataina
364:Climbing
354:Tarawera
76:176°30′E
2692:Bibcode
1725:Unknown
1653:Unknown
1635:Unknown
1479:Unknown
1460:Unknown
1457:Ngamotu
1441:Unknown
1422:Unknown
1403:Unknown
1384:Unknown
1381:Hauparu
1365:Unknown
1346:Unknown
1327:Unknown
1308:Unknown
1305:Awakeri
1289:Unknown
1270:Unknown
1232:Te Rere
1203:Okareka
895:tephras
892:plinian
889:silicic
865:History
842:█
708:body.
589:basalts
527:Geology
412:caldera
407:) is a
331:Caldera
315:↓
223:Geology
203:Country
73:38°10′S
3148:
3140:
3067:
3059:
2930:
2879:
2710:
2658:
2616:
2574:
2566:
2456:
2448:
2394:
2353:
2312:
2304:
2239:
2198:
2190:
2126:
2082:
2074:
1740:Wairua
1520:tephra
1476:Unit A
1419:Maketu
1362:Unit G
1343:Unit H
1267:Unit L
1178:tephra
1151:tephra
1124:tephra
1098:Rotoma
1074:Mamaku
998:tephra
958:Notes
856:
850:
830:
828:
823:dacite
821:
819:
814:basalt
812:
810:
787:felsic
743:dacite
731:basalt
712:Threat
659:
646:
644:
637:
629:
627:
621:dacite
619:
617:
610:
604:
594:
585:
583:
577:basalt
575:
573:
541:dacite
537:basalt
369:Access
213:Region
106:Length
3256:(PDF)
3146:S2CID
3110:(PDF)
3065:S2CID
2928:S2CID
2708:S2CID
2656:S2CID
2614:S2CID
2594:(PDF)
2572:S2CID
2479:et al
2454:S2CID
2351:S2CID
2339:(1).
2310:S2CID
2196:S2CID
2080:S2CID
1881:Notes
747:magma
352:1886
114:Width
3138:ISSN
3057:ISSN
2890:2024
2877:ISBN
2564:ISSN
2446:ISSN
2392:ISSN
2302:ISSN
2237:ISSN
2188:ISSN
2124:ISSN
2072:ISSN
1872:and
795:dyke
741:and
727:lava
725:and
691:maar
656:and
519:and
254:PreꞒ
3230:hdl
3220:doi
3187:hdl
3177:doi
3130:hdl
3122:doi
3118:246
3047:hdl
3039:doi
3035:218
2959:doi
2955:164
2920:doi
2820:doi
2791:hdl
2781:doi
2700:doi
2688:327
2648:doi
2606:doi
2554:hdl
2546:doi
2542:427
2491:128
2485:",
2436:hdl
2426:doi
2422:427
2382:doi
2341:doi
2294:doi
2290:431
2266:,"
2227:doi
2223:426
2180:doi
2176:431
2147:,"
2114:doi
2110:433
2062:hdl
2054:doi
2050:434
1802:Utu
1687:DRE
1540:DRE
1251:DRE
1213:DRE
1189:DRE
1162:DRE
1135:DRE
1108:DRE
1084:DRE
1060:DRE
1009:DRE
981:DRE
929:BCE
897:or
806:is:
650:, (
422:'s
418:of
3272::
3228:.
3214:.
3210:.
3185:.
3173:64
3171:.
3167:.
3144:.
3136:.
3128:.
3116:.
3112:.
3077:^
3063:.
3055:.
3045:.
3033:.
3029:.
2971:^
2953:.
2949:.
2926:.
2916:49
2914:.
2910:.
2898:^
2816:32
2814:.
2789:.
2777:33
2775:.
2771:.
2720:^
2706:.
2698:.
2686:.
2682:.
2668:^
2654:.
2644:69
2642:.
2638:.
2626:^
2612:.
2602:51
2600:.
2596:.
2570:.
2562:.
2552:.
2540:.
2536:.
2498:^
2489:,
2466:^
2452:.
2444:.
2434:.
2420:.
2416:.
2404:^
2390:.
2380:.
2376:.
2372:.
2349:.
2337:24
2335:.
2331:.
2308:.
2300:.
2288:.
2284:.
2249:^
2235:.
2221:.
2217:.
2194:.
2186:.
2174:.
2170:.
2158:^
2136:^
2122:.
2112:.
2108:.
2104:.
2092:^
2078:.
2070:.
2060:.
2048:.
2044:.
2006:^
1968:^
1533:)'
1017:.
922:c.
847:.
834:/
641:,
614:,
591:,
523:.
515:,
511:,
507:,
503:,
499:,
495:,
304:Pg
250:)
247:Ma
238:-
3238:.
3232::
3222::
3216:2
3195:.
3189::
3179::
3152:.
3132::
3124::
3071:.
3049::
3041::
2965:.
2961::
2934:.
2922::
2892:.
2826:.
2822::
2799:.
2793::
2783::
2756:.
2714:.
2702::
2694::
2662:.
2650::
2620:.
2608::
2578:.
2556::
2548::
2460:.
2438::
2428::
2398:.
2384::
2378:8
2357:.
2343::
2316:.
2296::
2262:"
2243:.
2229::
2202:.
2182::
2130:.
2116::
2086:.
2064::
2056::
1952:.
1529:(
1244:)
1240:(
1036:-
623:,
600:,
399:(
309:N
299:K
294:J
289:T
284:P
279:C
274:D
269:S
264:O
259:Ꞓ
242:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
