1269:
one Soviet historian dredged the archives he only found evidence of seven such offices with a grand total of 49 employees before 1914; reports of others, he noted, 'were sheer hallucinations'. Activists in the political underground imagined the cities to be infested with watchers and informers, and feared that their ranks were riddled with traitors. Early detractors of the
Okhrana estimated that it employed up to 40,000 spies and referred to it as the most important prop to the tsarist regime. Yet when the police archives fell into the hands of the Provisional Government in 1917 they only managed to uncover 600 informers. Recent surveys of the archives have revealed that the Department of Police never employed more than 2,000 informers at any one time and most of these were not high-level spies. The entire Okhrana budget usually accounted for less than 10 per cent of the total expenditure on police, reaching a peak of around five million rubles in 1914 .
630:, as head of the Okhrana's Foreign Agency, had long ordered Okhrana agents to infiltrate and influence revolutionary movements abroad, Zubatov brought these tactics to a new level by setting up Okhrana-controlled trade unions, the foundation of police socialism. Perhaps recognizing the same discontent among factory workers that the Bolsheviks sought to exploit to start a revolution, Zubatov hoped the unions would mollify factory workers with improvements in working conditions and thus prevent workers from joining revolutionary movements that threatened the monarchy. To this end, Zubatov set up the Moscow Mechanical Production Workers' Mutual Aid Society in May 1901. After Zubatov became head of the Special Section in 1902, he expanded his trade unions from Moscow to St. Petersburg and to Southern Russia.
78:
641:, with one high-ranking official noting that many revolutionaries and workers were joining the unions. However, Zubatov, if not police socialism, became discredited in the summer of 1903 after the Okhrana officer in charge of the Odessa union allowed a strike to get out of hand, causing a mass movement which paralyzed the region. Although the police-run unions continued to operate after Zubatov's ousting, without Okhrana funding, they proved more a liability than an asset. The Assembly of Working Men, a police-run union with about 6,000–8,000 members, formed by the alleged Okhrana agent
87:
622:, passed drafts of the publication through Okhrana censors before printing. This episode marked the beginning of the Okhrana's efforts to surreptitiously observe, but also influence and undermine, revolutionary movements. This focus on infiltrating and influencing revolutionary groups, rather than merely identifying and arresting their members, intensified with the innovations of one Okhrana bureau chief,
723:, as the new MVD Minister and Chairman of the Council of Ministers, set up a nationwide net of Security Stations. By 1908 there were 31 Stations, and more than 60 by 1911. Two more Special Sections of the Department of Police were organized in 1906. The centralized Security Section of the Department of Police was created on February 9, 1907; it was located at 16, Fontanka, St. Petersburg.
167:
805:, who found the practice dishonorable and damaging to morale. While the beginning of World War I in 1914 moved the Okhrana's attentions initially from countering revolutionaries to countering German espionage, the focus quickly shifted back as it emerged that the Germans were heavily funding Russian revolutionary groups in order to destabilize the Russian Empire.
670:
Fighting
Organization (SRFO), epitomized the Okhrana's inscrutable practice of revolutionary-group infiltration. While the Okhrana managed to imbed many of its agents in revolutionary organizations, the police preferred to slowly gather intelligence and to attempt to interfere with revolutionary work
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The high level of secrecy meant that revolutionaries could only guess at the size and nature of the
Okhrana. Consequently the opposition seem to have over-estimated the omniscience of the secret police. Most thought that there was a Black Cabinet in every city and even many towns of the empire. When
605:
The
Okhrana used many seemingly unorthodox methods in the pursuit of its mission to defend the Tsarist monarchy; indeed, some of the Okhrana's activities even contributed to the wave of domestic unrest and revolutionary terror that they were intended to quell. Perhaps most paradoxical of all was the
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employees, in May 1905, but backed down three months later. In
October of that year, Trepov again attempted a violent repression of the revolution, only to call off the effort for lack of manpower. Since these attempts at repression never reached fruition, they only served to aggravate the already
683:
For over twenty years, the
Okhrana had focused on interfering with the activities of relatively small, and distinct, revolutionary groups. The Revolution of 1905, characterized by seemingly spontaneous marches and strikes, exposed the Okhrana's inefficacy at controlling mass popular movements. Not
800:
Malinovsky won the seat and led the
Bolshevik delegation in the Fourth Duma until 1914, but even with the information Malinovsky and other informants provided to the Okhrana, the police were unprepared for the rise of Bolshevism in 1917. Although the secret police had agents within the Bolshevik
770:
Just as the
Okhrana had once sponsored trade unions to divert activist energy from political causes, so too did the secret police attempt to promote the Bolshevik party, as the Bolsheviks seemed a relatively harmless alternative to more violent revolutionary groups. Indeed, to the Okhrana,
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surreptitiously rather than to arrest known revolutionaries immediately. This policy led to numerous dubious acts on the part of police spies, who needed to participate in revolutionary activities to avoid suspicion, as when Yevno Azef, as head of the SRFO, ordered the assassination of
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in St. Petersburg and were fired upon by
Imperial soldiers. The Okhrana complemented police socialism and other projects to prevent the conditions in which revolutionary movements could take hold by pursuing initiatives to curtail the activities of existing organizations.
688:, the Assistant Minister of the Interior in charge of police affairs, and P. I. Rachkovsky, now in charge of all domestic political-police operations, attempted to mount an aggressive offensive against those they believed to be responsible for the unrest, namely
596:
gradually relieved the
Directorates of Gendarmes of their investigation power in favor of Security and Investigation Stations (Охранно-розыскное отделение) under respective Mayors and Governors (who as a matter of fact were subordinate to the MVD Minister).
258:
1824:
1764:
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The rise of the socialist movements led to the integration of security forces. From 1898 the Special Section (Особый отдел) of the Department of Police succeeded the Gendarmes in the role of gaining information from domestic and foreign agents and
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to the new body. The position of Chief of Gendarmes was merged with that of the Minister, and Commander of the Corps was assigned as a Deputy of the Minister. Still, these measures did not prevent the assassination of Alexander II in March 1881.
424:
The Okhrana was perpetually underfunded and understaffed; before 1914 it had just 49 employees split between seven offices and never had more than 2,000 informants at any one time. It never received more than 10% of the total police budget.
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in late-October ushered in a period of even more vicious repression of the revolutionaries. Indicative of this new period is the head of the St. Petersburg Special Section, A.V. Gerasimov's, strike on the St. Petersburg Soviet. To Emperor
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of 1917 took the secret police, and the country, by surprise. Indeed, the Okhrana's persistent focus on revolutionary groups may have resulted in the secret police not fully appreciating the deep-seated popular unrest brewing in Russia.
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activity, the Okhrana operated offices throughout the Russian Empire, as well as satellite agencies in a number of foreign countries. It concentrated on monitoring the activities of Russian revolutionaries abroad, including in
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then disbanded the whole organization and released most of the political prisoners held by the Tsarist regime. Revelations of the Okhrana's earlier abuses heightened public hostility towards the secret police after the 1917
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Directorates. The Emperor also established the Special Conference under the MVD (1881), which had the right to declare a State of Emergency Security in various parts of the Empire (which was actively used in the time of
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organization, other factors contributed to the Okhrana's inefficacy at averting the events of 1917. Among these factors was the ban on police spies within the military promulgated by the Deputy Minister of the Interior
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In the White Army there were men of the Black Hundreds, former members of the Okhrana (Tsarist secret police), gendarmes, hangmen. They occupied important posts in the administration, the counterintelligence and the
1821:
1858:
482:
1282:
8 ноября 1774 г. последовало секретное Высочайшее повеление о том, чтобы присутственные места ни под каким видом не допускали при допросах телесных истязаний «для познания о действиях истины».
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541:
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only did the Okhrana lack the capacity to prevent the mass movements of 1905, or even to contain them once they began, the Okhrana's misguided attempts may even have worsened the unrest.
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Zubatovite trade unions achieved moderate success at channeling workers' political agitations away from revolutionary movements and toward labor improvements, especially in the cities of
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The opening in 1883 of the Okhrana's Foreign Bureau, centred in Paris, was prompted by the shift of Russian revolutionary activity from the Russian Empire to Western and Central Europe.
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504:
493:
282:
1188:
1863:
1385:– Section XVIII: "The cost of an execution" – "After 1905, the Okhrana had torture chambers in Warsaw, Riga, Odessa and apparently in most of the great urban centres."
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789:
According to the transcribed recollections of Nikolay Vladimirovich Veselago, a former Okhrana officer and relative of the director of the Russian police department
35:
833:'s insistence on the dissolution of the regular Tsarist police force, as well as of the political police, meant that the Okhrana quickly and quietly disappeared.
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on December 3, 1905. Along with this repression and the end of the Revolution of 1905 came a shift in the political police's mentality; gone were the days of
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911:
1000:
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528:, 16, was publicly known in the Russian Empire. After another failed assassination attempt, on August 6, 1880, the Emperor, acting on proposals made by
151:
1853:
567:; they became the basis of the later Okhrana. The Imperial Gendarmerie still operated as security police in the rest of the country through their
750:-provocateur. In Autumn 1913, all of the Security Stations except the original Moscow, St Petersburg and Warsaw ones were dismissed. The start of
329:—the reading of private correspondence. The Okhrana's Foreign Agency also monitored revolutionary activity. The Okhrana became notorious for its
30:
This article is about the secret police of the Russian Empire. For the Slavophone militias in German occupied Macedonia during World War II, see
1343:
After 1881, the Russian czar Alexander III created a secret police, the Okhrana, to fight terrorism, and the use of torture increased even more.
471:
782:(a police spy who had managed to rise within the Bolshevik hierarchy and gain Lenin's trust) in his bid to become a Bolshevik delegate to the
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Okhrana's collaboration with revolutionary organizations. Early Okhrana agents to work alongside revolutionaries included Lieutenant-Colonel
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1717:
1627:
1600:
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1024:
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was never truly abolished. Possibly, the formation of the Okhrana led to increasing use of torture, due to the Okhrana using methods such as
418:
1243:
Lauchlan, Iain (3 September 2005). "The Okhrana: security policing in late imperial Russia". In McKean, Robert B.; Thatcher, Ian D. (eds.).
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77:
559:) immediately set up two more Security and Investigation (охранно-розыскные) secret-police stations, supervised by Gendarme officers, in
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event of January 1905, when Tsarist troops killed hundreds of unarmed protesters who were marching during a demonstration organized by
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seemed to actively hinder the revolutionary movement by denouncing other revolutionary groups and refusing to cooperate with them.
758:; however, the efforts of the department were poorly synchronised with counter-intelligence units of the General Staff and of the
783:
1215:
Research by a leading Russian historian, Mikhail Lepekhine, in recently opened archives has found the forgery to be the work of
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1617:
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438:
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put the agency's methods under great suspicion; the organisation was further compromised by the discovery of many similar
667:
1394:
Fredric S. Zuckerman, "Political Police and Revolution: The Impact of the 1905 Revolution on the Tsarist Secret Police",
716:: post-1905 the political police feared that the Russian people were as eager to destroy them as to depose the Emperor.
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in 1912. To this end, the Okhrana sequestered Malinovsky's criminal record and arrested other candidates for the seat.
1202:
976:
915:
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reported on Lenin as well as on each other although Stalin was unaware that Malinovosky was also a penetration agent.
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1805:
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The first special security department was the Department on Protecting the Order and Public Peace under the Head of
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577:
537:
286:
790:
685:
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1365:
943:
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1249:. Manchester University Press Series. Manchester: Manchester University Press (published 2005). p. 50.
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549:
408:
226:
204:
1723:
477:
1873:
1709:
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enraged Russian populace and to deepen their distrust of the Imperial government. Trepov's replacement by
521:
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literature with Okhrana funds. Sudeykin and his colleague, a revolutionary-turned-police-informant named
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Special Section, who, in 1882, set up an illegal printing operation to publish the revolutionary
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298:
1412:
The Russian Secret Police: Muscovite, Imperial Russian, and Soviet Political Security Operations
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580:) and subordinated all of the imperial police forces to the Commander of the Gendarmes (1882).
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replaced the Okhrana with a Soviet security organisation – the much larger and more efficient
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817:
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398:
334:
330:
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314:(1853–1910) was based 1884–1902 before he returned to service in Saint Petersburg 1905–1906.
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779:
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517:
383:
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in 1914 marked a shift from anti-revolutionary activities of the Department of Police to
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1407:
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772:
739:
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441:, detention and torture to gain information. Claims persisted the Okhrana had operated
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342:
274:
172:
96:
92:
1811:
1784:
1780:
1423:
Richard J. Johnson, "Zagranichnaia Agentura: The Tsarist Political Police in Europe",
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326:
1837:
927:
794:
735:
696:
654:
465:
Forerunners of the Okhrana as a Russian security service included the Secret Prikaz (
390:
354:
270:
820:, and its headquarters were sacked and burned on 27 February 1917. The newly formed
86:
1381:
846:
747:
743:
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379:
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and made it very dangerous to be a political policeman. That fact, along with the
778:
To aid the Bolsheviks at the expense of other revolutionaries, the Okhrana helped
1673:
1244:
1101:
1679:
751:
701:
365:
588:". Following the Socialist-Revolutionary Party's assassination of MVD Minister
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907:
727:
659:
346:
302:
1788:
1224:
568:
338:
182:
719:
Following the outbreak of the 1905 Revolution and assassination of Plehve,
407:(1903). The organization also fabricated documentation connected with the
1710:
Autocracy under Siege: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 1866–1905
1455:
Autocracy Under Siege: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 1866–1905
816:
The revolutionaries identified the Okhrana as one of the main symbols of
766:
The 1917 Russian Revolution (February Revolution and October Revolution)
17:
1724:
The Watchful State: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 1906–1917
690:
434:
1220:
910:(military intelligence) from October–November 1918. The Cheka and its
1738:
The Cultural Gradient: the transmission of ideas in Europe, 1789–1991
638:
564:
560:
454:
446:
31:
1223:
of an aristocratic but rebellious family who drifted into a life of
285:(MVD) in the late 19th century and early 20th century, aided by the
1770:
historical review program (Approved for release 22 September 1993)
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970:
903:
895:
634:
572:
307:
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In an attempt to implement preventive security measures, Emperor
520:, set up in 1866 after a failed assassination attempt on Emperor
1536:
Zuckerman, “Political Police and Revolution,” 285, 287, 289–290.
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988:
982:
919:
450:
211:
Otdelenie po okhraneniyu obshchestvennoy bezopadnosti i poryadka
34:. For the security company of the National Guard of Russia, see
1051:. Hachette UK; Hodder Education; Dynamic Learning. p. 44.
433:
Despite the reforms in the early 19th century, the practice of
1795:
1767:
1006:
935:
923:
401:, a writer and Okhrana agent, fabricated the first edition of
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Some Okhrana functionaries continued their activities in the
1822:
Okhrana: The Paris Operations of the Russian Imperial Police
1103:
Okhrana: The Paris Operations of the Russian Imperial Police
236:) and commonly abbreviated in modern English sources as the
1048:
AQA A-level History Tsarist and Communist Russia: 1855–1964
1726:(DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press, 2004).
1712:(DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press, 1998).
730:(who had organized many assassinations, including that of
200:Отделение по охранению общественной безопасности и порядка
69:Отделение по охранению общественной безопасности и порядка
524:, with a staff of 12 investigators. Its street address,
1457:(DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1998), 138.
192:
Department for the Protection of Public Safety and Order
49:
Department for the Protection of Public Safety and Order
704:'s delight, Gerasimov arrested delegates of the Soviet
511:
Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery
1859:
Branches of the secret services of the Russian Empire
875:
231:
209:
1754:; McGill-Queen's University Press (paperback, 2002)
417:
Suspects captured by the Okhrana were passed to the
374:. The Communists blamed the Okhrana in part for the
532:, established the Department of State Police under
178:
160:
144:
126:
108:
103:
1294:
926:(1954–1991) after the death of the Soviet leader
317:The Okhrana deployed multiple methods, including
1106:. DIANE Publishing (published 1999). p. 6.
1619:The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life
1355:Russia and the Soviet Union 1917–1941: Glossary
36:Federal State Unitary Enterprise Guard (Russia)
1280:Russia disallowed the use of torture in 1774:
1785:photographs of activities and suspects online
1544:
1542:
653:when union members marched peacefully on the
241:
219:
67:
61:
55:
8:
1678:. Vol. 2. Translated by Bostock, Anna;
1246:Late Imperial Russia: Problems and Prospects
1045:Corrin, Chris; Feihn, Terry (31 July 2015).
43:
960:Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies
965:Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee
397:historian Mikhail Lepekhine maintain that
76:
1849:1881 establishments in the Russian Empire
1682:. London: MacGibbon & Kee. p. 93
542:Third Section of the Imperial Chancellery
297:Formed to combat political terrorism and
27:Secret police force of the Russian Empire
1864:Government agencies established in 1881
1037:
906:in December 1917, supplemented by the
42:
1752:Fontanka 16: The Tsars' Secret Police
1750:Charles A. Ruud, Sergei A. Stepanov;
1589:Hyde, H. Montgomery (21 March 1982).
1475:Hingley, Russian Secret Police, 94–5.
1293:Malcolm D. Evans, Rod Morgan (1999).
419:judicial system of the Russian Empire
250:
7:
1869:Organizations disestablished in 1917
1616:Brackman, Roman (23 November 2004).
1187:Bishop, Patrick (19 November 1999).
649:of January 1905, a milestone in the
389:Many historians, such as the German
360:The Okhrana tried to compromise the
1736:Catherine Evtuhov, Stephen Kotkin;
1466:Hingley, Russian Secret Police, 89.
1301:. Oxford University Press. p.
1141:. Da Capo Press. pp. 122–123.
808:Despite the renewed attention, the
592:on April 2, 1902, the new Minister
404:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
1189:"'Protocols of Zion' forger named"
1070:In 1881 a new secret police – the
25:
1740:; Rowman & Littlefield, 2003
866:ОСВАГ – ОСВедомительное АГентство
382:.) and with the participation of
1854:1917 disestablishments in Russia
877:OSVAG – OSVedomitel'noe AGentsvo
165:
85:
1512:Political Police and Revolution
1499:Political Police and Revolution
1425:Journal of Contemporary History
1414:(New York: Dorset, 1970), 75–6.
1396:Journal of Contemporary History
1137:Salisbury, Harrison E. (1981).
932:dissolution of the Soviet Union
887:'Information Agency').
554:
457:and most of the urban centres.
1595:. Da Capo Press. p. 618.
1568:. Lexington Books. p. 8.
1565:Chekisty: A History of the KGB
1161:Evans, Charles T. Father Gapon
534:Ministry of the Interior (MVD)
1:
1781:Guide to the Okhrana Records
1670:Ehrenburg, Ilya Grigoryevich
942:(later reorganized into the
536:and transferred part of the
283:Ministry of Internal Affairs
132:; 107 years ago
114:; 143 years ago
91:Okhrana group photograph in
1789:Hoover Institution Archives
876:
666:who became the head of the
232:
210:
1890:
1622:. Routledge. p. 369.
538:Special Corps of Gendarmes
287:Special Corps of Gendarmes
29:
1427:7 (1972): 226. Hingley,
930:in March 1953. After the
865:
791:Stepan Petrovich Beletsky
364:by setting up police-run
242:
220:
199:
84:
75:
68:
62:
56:
54:
1794:Official history of the
1366:Charles Sturt University
1173:by Charles Paul Freund.
1100:Fischer, Ben B. (1997).
922:) eventually became the
894:, the government of the
662:, the notorious Okhrana
1765:Paris Okhrana 1885–1905
1562:Dziak, John J. (1988).
967:(October–December 1917)
912:successor organizations
845:(1917–1923) within the
837:Successor organisations
668:Socialist Revolutionary
341:and close associate of
1139:Black Night White Snow
822:Provisional Government
793:, both Malinovsky and
679:The Revolution of 1905
647:Bloody Sunday massacre
368:, a practice known as
337:(born 1880, a leading
310:, where Okhrana agent
214:), usually called the
1816:Spartacus Educational
1657:Russian Secret Police
1644:Russian Secret Police
1550:Russian Secret Police
1525:Autocracy Under Siege
1486:Russian Secret Police
1442:Russian Secret Police
1429:Russian Secret Police
1327:"Patterns of Torture"
934:in December 1991 the
831:St. Petersburg Soviet
594:Vyacheslav von Plehve
509:(1762–1801), and the
478:Preobrazhensky Prikaz
279:the police department
803:Vladimir Dzhunkovsky
756:counter-intelligence
742:in 1911) as Okhrana
233:Okhrannoye otdelenie
1378:The Russian Okhrana
1194:The Daily Telegraph
1171:"Forging Protocols"
827:February Revolution
643:Father Georgy Gapon
530:Count Loris-Melikov
476:) (1654–1676), the
331:agents provocateurs
269:'The Guard') was a
51:
1827:2012-12-20 at the
1453:Jonathan W. Daly,
1360:2008-08-03 at the
1333:on 14 January 2009
1297:Preventing Torture
1217:Mathieu Golovinski
1074:– was established.
892:October Revolution
818:Tsarist repression
810:Russian Revolution
738:(who assassinated
675:on July 15, 1904.
651:Revolution of 1905
489:Secret Chancellery
299:left-wing politics
221:Охранное отделение
145:Superseding agency
63:Охранное отделение
1844:Okhrana personnel
1732:978-0-87580-331-9
1718:978-0-87580-243-5
1675:Men, Years – life
1629:978-1-135-75840-0
1602:978-0-306-80167-9
1575:978-0-669-10258-1
1197:. No. 1638.
1089:Britannica Online
946:in 1995) and the
886:
874:
849:, notably in the
500:Secret Expedition
498:(1731–1762), the
487:(1686–1726), the
399:Matvei Golovinski
335:Jacob Zhitomirsky
323:undercover agents
319:covert operations
268:
252:[ɐˈxranə]
230:
208:
188:
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50:
16:(Redirected from
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1329:. Archived from
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1278:
1272:
1271:
1265:
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1240:
1234:
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1219:, opportunistic
1212:
1210:
1201:. Archived from
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1178:
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1159:
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1128:
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1120:
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1067:
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1042:
881:
879:
869:
867:
859:
843:civil-war period
780:Roman Malinovsky
726:The exposure of
712:'s white-gloved
558:
557: 1881–1894
556:
508:
497:
486:
475:
443:torture chambers
439:arbitrary arrest
353:(1876–1918) and
351:Roman Malinovsky
312:Pyotr Rachkovsky
264:
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216:Guard Department
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890:After the 1917
853:
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681:
628:P.I. Rachkovsky
608:Georgy Sudeykin
603:
590:Dmitry Sipyagin
578:1905 Revolution
553:
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469:
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445:in places like
431:
384:Pyotr Rutenberg
362:labour movement
327:"perlustration"
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624:Sergey Zubatov
620:Sergey Degayev
612:St. Petersburg
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429:Use of torture
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371:zubatovshchina
343:Vladimir Lenin
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273:force of the
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357:(1887–1911).
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355:Dmitry Bogrov
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1818:encyclopedia
1808:(in Russian)
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1684:. Retrieved
1680:Kapp, Yvonne
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1342:
1335:. Retrieved
1331:the original
1321:
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1267:
1260:. Retrieved
1245:
1238:
1214:
1207:. Retrieved
1203:the original
1192:
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1132:
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1117:. Retrieved
1102:
1095:
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1069:
1062:. Retrieved
1047:
1040:
889:
847:White Armies
840:
815:
807:
799:
788:
777:
769:
725:
718:
714:moral police
705:
697:P.N. Durnovo
689:
686:D. F. Trepov
682:
673:V. K. Plehve
632:
604:
582:
547:
522:Alexander II
515:
464:
432:
423:
416:
412:Beilis trial
402:
388:
380:Father Gapon
370:
366:trade unions
359:
333:, including
316:
296:
277:and part of
237:
215:
191:
189:
179:Headquarters
161:Jurisdiction
40:
1798:of Russia:
1510:Zuckerman,
1497:Zuckerman,
1015:(1991–1995)
1009:(1954–1991)
1003:(1946–1954)
997:(1943–1946)
991:(1934–1943)
985:(1923–1934)
979:(1922–1923)
973:(1917–1922)
854: [
752:World War I
702:Nicholas II
664:provocateur
503: [
492: [
481: [
470: [
409:antisemitic
1838:Categories
1703:References
1686:21 January
1229:propaganda
1209:8 November
1064:8 November
728:Yevno Azef
710:Nicholas I
660:Yevno Azef
347:Yevno Azef
1812:"Okhrana"
1806:1905–1916
1803:1880–1904
1800:1857–1879
1672:(1962) .
1655:Hingley,
1642:Hingley,
1548:Hingley,
1514:, 282, 5.
1484:Hingley,
1440:Hingley,
1225:espionage
871:romanized
569:Gubernial
414:of 1913.
339:Bolshevik
227:romanized
205:romanized
183:Petrograd
127:Dissolved
1825:Archived
1444:, 88–89.
1358:Archived
1337:24 April
954:See also
918:and the
740:Stolypin
706:en masse
626:. While
601:Pre-1905
540:and the
526:Fontanka
393:and the
293:Overview
18:Okhranka
1787:at the
1646:, 106–9
1086:Okhrana
1072:Okhrana
885:
873::
862:Russian
691:zemstvo
610:of the
461:History
435:torture
395:Russian
281:of the
238:Okhrana
207::
196:Russian
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117: (
99:in 1905
44:Okhrana
1758:
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1693:Osvag.
1659:, 111.
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1592:Stalin
1572:
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1523:Daly,
1501:, 281.
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1262:10 May
1253:
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1119:10 May
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732:Plehve
639:Odessa
565:Warsaw
561:Moscow
455:Odessa
447:Warsaw
325:, and
243:Охрана
170:
109:Formed
57:Охрана
32:Ohrana
1552:, 105
1488:, 92.
1431:, 87.
1231:work.
1221:scion
1199:Paris
1032:Notes
971:Cheka
904:Cheka
896:RSFSR
858:]
851:OSVAG
773:Lenin
635:Minsk
573:Uyezd
507:]
496:]
485:]
474:]
308:Paris
1783:and
1756:ISBN
1742:ISBN
1728:ISBN
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1688:2022
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1339:2008
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1264:2019
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1227:and
1211:2015
1143:ISBN
1121:2019
1108:ISBN
1066:2015
1053:ISBN
995:NKGB
989:NKVD
983:OGPU
920:OGPU
883:lit.
784:Duma
760:Army
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571:and
563:and
451:Riga
301:and
266:lit.
248:IPA:
190:The
152:PVRK
137:1917
130:1917
119:1881
112:1881
1814:in
1796:MVD
1768:CIA
1025:SVR
1019:FSB
1013:FSK
1007:KGB
1001:MGB
977:GPU
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940:FSK
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916:GPU
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
