543:. These criminal activities are primarily used to "provide opportunities for the suspect to engage in the target crime" and to maintain or bolster their cover identity. However, these crimes must be necessary to advance the investigation otherwise they may be prosecutable like any other crime. The FBI requires that such activities must be sanctioned and necessary for the investigation; they also stipulate that agents may not instigate criminal activity (to avoid entrapment) or participate in violence except for self-defense or the defense of others. Most other legislation surrounding authorized criminality is not uniform and is a patchwork of federal and state laws.
617:, to avoid detection or identification as a law enforcement officer. However, plainclothes police officers typically carry normal police equipment and normal identification. Police detectives are assigned to wear plainclothes by not wearing the uniform typically worn by their peers. Police officers in plainclothes must identify themselves when using their police powers; however, they are not always required to identify themselves on demand and may lie about their status as a police officer in some situations (see
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from his counterparts on regular duties, whose main source of stress is the administration and the bureaucracy. As the undercover agents are removed from the bureaucracy, it may result in another problem. The lack of the usual controls of a uniform, badge, constant supervision, a fixed place of work, or (often) a set assignment could, combined with their continual contact with the
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rules. So resettling back into the normal police role requires the shedding of old habits, language and dress. After working such free lifestyles, agents may have discipline problems or exhibit neurotic responses. They may feel uncomfortable, and take a cynical, suspicious or even paranoid world view and feel continually on guard. Other risks include capture, death and
406:. The Sûreté initially had eight, then twelve, and, in 1823, twenty employees. One year later, it expanded again, to 28 secret agents. In addition, there were eight people who worked secretly for the Sûreté, but instead of a salary, they received licences for gambling halls. A major portion of Vidocq's subordinates comprised ex-criminals like himself.
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depression and anxiety. There is no data on the divorce rates of agents, but strain on relationships does occur. This can be a result of a need for secrecy and an inability to share work problems, and the unpredictable work schedule, personality and lifestyle changes and the length of separation can all result in problems for relationships.
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There can be some guilt associated with going undercover due to betraying those who have come to trust the officer. This can cause anxiety or even, in very rare cases, sympathy with those being targeted. This is especially true with the infiltration of political groups, as often the agent will share
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Undercover officers infiltrating protest groups, deceived protesters into long-term relationships and in some cases, fathered children with them on false pretences, only to vanish later without explanation. Units disbanded and unreserved apology given as part of settlement, noting that the women had
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as they suffer greater stress than other police, they are isolated, and drugs are often very accessible. Police, in general, have very high alcoholism rates compared to most occupational groups, and stress is cited as a likely factor. The environment that agents work in often involves a very liberal
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can also result from an apparent lack of direction of the investigation or not knowing when it will end. The amount of elaborate planning, risk, and expenditure can pressure an agent to succeed, which can cause considerable stress. The stress that an undercover agent faces is considerably different
554:
Living a double life in a new environment presents many problems. Undercover work is one of the most stressful jobs a special agent can undertake. The largest cause of stress identified is the separation of an agent from friends, family and his normal environment. This simple isolation can lead to
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to the 1991 Intelligence
Authorization Act. These findings are then monitored by the oversight committees in both the US Senate and House of Representatives. As a result of this framework, the CIA "receives more oversight from the Congress than any other agency in the federal government", according
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For most of the Soviet period, the undercover work of the secret police was directed at potential enemies of the state. Particularly in the
Stalinist period, a vast network of informers existed throughout the country . Although approximately one out of ten individuals were acknowledged informers,
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The lifestyle led by undercover agents is very different compared to other areas in law enforcement, and it can be quite difficult to reintegrate back into normal duties. Agents work their own hours, they are removed from direct supervisory monitoring, and they can ignore the dress and etiquette
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According to a 2018 study by
University of Chicago political scientist Austin Carson, covert operations may have the beneficial effect of preventing escalation of disputes into full-blown wars. He argues that keeping military operations secret can limit escalation dynamics, as well as insulate
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Vidocq personally trained his agents, for example, in selecting the correct disguise based on the kind of job. He himself went out hunting for criminals too. His memoirs are full of stories about how he outsmarted crooks by pretending to be a beggar or an old
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of London. From the start, the force occasionally employed plainclothes undercover detectives, but there was much public anxiety that its powers were being used for the purpose of political repression. In part due to these concerns, the 1845 official
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Government agents enticed targeted victims and incited them to commit crimes of a type and scale calculated to procure specific sentences, for which they would then be prosecuted and jailed, typically for around 15 years.
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leaders from domestic pressures while simultaneously allowing them communicating their interest to the adversary in keeping a war contained. He finds that covert operations are frequently detected by other major powers.
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in 1984. This order defined covert action as "special activities", both political and military, that the US Government could legally deny. The CIA was also designated as the sole authority under the 1991
360:) for the purposes of gaining the trust of an individual or organization in order to learn or confirm confidential information, or to gain the trust of targeted individuals to gather information or
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established the
Italian Squad in 1906 to combat rampant crime and intimidation in the poor Italian neighborhoods. Various federal agencies began their own undercover programs shortly afterwards –
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There are two principal problems that can affect agents working in undercover roles. The first is the maintenance of identity and the second is the reintegration back into normal duty.
289:(CIA) must lead covert operations unless the president finds that another agency should do so and informs Congress. The CIA's authority to conduct covert action comes from the
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Statutory
Procedures Under Which Congress Is To Be Informed of U.S. Intelligence Activities, Including Covert Actions by Alfred Cumming, 18 January 2006 (HTML)
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similar characteristics with those they are infiltrating like class, age, ethnicity or religion. This could even result in the conversion of some agents.
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Documentary featuring the work of ex-cop Mike
Russell, whose undercover work for the New Jersey State Police led to the arrests of over 41 members of the
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327:, responsible for Covert Action and "Special Activities". These special activities include covert political influence and paramilitary operations.
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Girodo, M. (1991). Personality, job stress, and mental health in undercover agents. Journal of Social
Behaviour and Personality, 6 (7), 375–390.
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This stress may be instrumental in the development of drug or alcohol abuse in some agents. They are more prone to the development of an
1656:"Big Brother is Watching You Part 1 – 902 MI Group TALON Project Summary, Spreadsheet, Rep. Wexler response, and News Coverage collection
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as it had its remit gradually expanded to incorporate a general role in counter terrorism, combating foreign subversion and infiltrating
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Transcript, House Judiciary Democratic Membership Briefing "Constitution in Crisis: Domestic Surveillance and Executive Power"
384:(1775–1857) developed the first organized (though informal) undercover program in France in the early 19th century, from the late
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Section 413(e). The CIA must have a "Presidential
Finding" issued by the President in order to conduct these activities under the
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Girodo, M. (1991). Drug corruptions in undercover agents: Measuring the risks. Behavioural
Science and the Law, 9, 361–370.
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exposure to the consumption of alcohol, which in conjunction with the stress and isolation could result in alcoholism.
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to describe this phenomenon, which she restricts primarily to undercover law enforcement officers, excluding
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Law enforcement has carried out undercover work in a variety of ways throughout the course of history, but
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All Necessary Means: Employing CIA operatives in a Warfighting Role Alongside Special Operations Forces
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Marx, G. (1988). Undercover: Police Surveillance in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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been deceived. Legal action continues as of 2016, and a public inquiry examining officer conduct, the
1460:"Unmarked Police Cars Responding Compilation: Sirens NYPD Police Taxi, Federal Law Enforcement, FDNY"
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Brown, Jennifer; Campbell, Elizabeth (October 1990). "Sources of occupational stress in the police".
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Marx, G. (1988). Undercover: Police Surveillance in America. Berkeley: University of California Press
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most of the population was compromised in some way through their cooperation with the secret police.
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had begun a few years earlier. This pioneering branch became the first to receive training in
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period of 1814 to 1830. At the end of 1811 Vidocq set up an informal plainclothes unit, the
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The Attorney General’S Guidelines on Federal Bureau of Investigation Undercover Operations
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Sometimes, police might drive an unmarked vehicle or a vehicle which looks like a taxi.
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1285:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers (published 1995). p. 166.
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required all undercover operations to be specifically authorized by the
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Jeans, Chris (Director and Producer); Russell, Mike (Narrator) (1988).
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Marx, G. (1988). Undercover: Police Surveillance in America. Berkeley:
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Military Assistance Command, Vietnam – Studies and Observations Group
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in London in 1883, initially to combat the bombing campaign that the
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372:; those in such roles are commonly referred to as undercover agents.
1005:, William J. Daugherty, University of Kentucky Press, 2004, page 25.
1275:(12 October 1995). "Soviet Undercover Work". In Fijnaut, Cyrille;
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1658:(includes Shane Harris's "TIA Lives On") via thewall.civiblog.org
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Girodo, M. (1991). Symptomatic reactions to undercover work. The
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The Decoy Man: The Extraordinary Adventures of an Undercover Cop
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The First Detective: The Life and Revolutionary Times of Vidocq
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
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forces in the Eastern Bloc also used undercover operatives.
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The third option: covert action and American foreign policy
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founded the Bureau of Investigation, the forerunner of the
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from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.
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Undercover: Police Surveillance in Comparative Perspective
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Undercover Cop: How I Brought Down the Real-Life Sopranos
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In the United States, a similar route was taken when the
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Russell, Mike; Picciarelli, Patrick W. (6 August 2013).
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1347:, {{{volume}}} {{{journal}}} {{{page}}}, 12 (2002).
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Secret Wars: Covert Conflict in International Politics
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Secret Wars: Covert Conflict in International Politics
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established a formal plainclothes detective division.
364:. Undercover operations are traditionally employed by
1576:, and of corrupt prison officials and a state senator
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Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency
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Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency
171:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
277:to conceal the identity of the party responsible.
1646:, 20 January 2006 (HTML) via thewall.civiblog.org
414:. At one point, he even simulated his own death.
1549:"Mark Kennedy: Confessions of an undercover cop"
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1652:20 January 2006 (HTML) via thewall.civiblog.org
438:. It was only in 1869 that Police commissioner
601:Undercover agents should not be confused with
269:is a military or police operation involving a
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452:detectives on an undercover operation at the
91:The examples and perspective in this article
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1138:Mitchel P. Roth, James Stuart Olson (2001).
973:. Princeton University Press. pp. 5–6.
671:UK undercover policing relationships scandal
1533:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1476:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1144:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 271.
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
566:, increase the likelihood for corruption.
249:Learn how and when to remove this message
231:Learn how and when to remove this message
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
1141:Historical Dictionary of Law Enforcement
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499:elsewhere established similar Branches.
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1617:. Playboy Press/Simon & Schuster.
1595:(First ed.). Thomas Dunne Books.
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1664:– Covert Communication Support System
1371:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
1244:. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 33–.
1021:, University of Kentucky Press, 2004.
839:Covert policing in the United Kingdom
421:force was established in 1829 by Sir
303:United States Intelligence Activities
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1547:Hattenstone, Simon (25 March 2011).
1241:Italian Americans in Law Enforcement
1202:Italian Americans in Law Enforcement
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531:Participation in criminal activities
169:adding citations to reliable sources
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1238:Anne T. Romano (11 November 2010).
1205:. Xlibris Corporation. p. 33.
1564:"Confessions of an Undercover Cop"
829:Counterintelligence Field Activity
312:Title 50 of the United States Code
273:or troops acting under an assumed
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470:Criminal Investigation Department
323:(SAD) is a division of the CIA's
52:This article has multiple issues.
1678:Military intelligence collection
1662:Steath Network Operations Centre
1585:(Oxford University Press, 2022).
1520:Confessions of an Undercover Cop
1497:– Congressional Research Service
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1683:Intelligence operations by type
867:Federal Bureau of Investigation
519:Federal Bureau of Investigation
504:New York City Police Department
156:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
1227:University of California Press
1103:. London: Selwyn & Blount.
1072:. Princeton University Press.
834:Cover (intelligence gathering)
654:ATF fictional sting operations
356:one's own identity (or use an
308:Intelligence Authorization Act
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775:Raven Forward Air Controllers
468:, formed as a section of the
417:In England, the first modern
291:National Security Act of 1947
1341:{{{first}}} Op. Atty' Gen.,
1099:Hodgetts, Edward A. (1928).
590:Plainclothes law enforcement
478:Irish Republican Brotherhood
1703:Law enforcement terminology
913:, undercover police officer
814:Central Intelligence Agency
810:, undercover police officer
684:Undercover Policing Inquiry
321:Special Activities Division
287:Central Intelligence Agency
105:, discuss the issue on the
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1178:. Routledge. p. 262.
1118:(in German), Ebury Press,
858:, undercover federal agent
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1427:10.1080/02678379008256993
1101:Vidocq. A Master of Crime
1051:Daugherty, 2004, page 29.
1042:Daugherty, 2004, page 28.
325:Directorate of Operations
1541:Mark Kennedy (policeman)
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603:law enforcement officers
594:Not to be confused with
515:Charles Joseph Bonaparte
497:Law enforcement agencies
487:Its name was changed to
366:law enforcement agencies
348:" (that is, to go on an
1501:Joh, Elizabeth (2009).
1199:Anne T. Romano (2010).
1066:Carson, Austin (2018).
967:Carson, Austin (2018).
613:, instead of wearing a
541:confidential informants
1175:Dictionary of Policing
1114:Morton, James (2004),
1017:William J. Daugherty,
885:operational techniques
760:Operation Wrath of God
710:Creation of Bangladesh
537:authorized criminality
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382:Eugène François Vidocq
1574:Genovese crime family
901:Military intelligence
872:Filibuster (military)
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370:private investigators
316:Hughes-Ryan amendment
299:Executive Order 12333
1688:Covert organizations
1373:, 179 (10), 626–630.
740:Operation Anthropoid
466:Special Irish Branch
404:Prefecture of Police
388:through most of the
350:undercover operation
267:undercover operation
165:improve this article
111:create a new article
103:improve this article
1713:Passing (sociology)
1510:Stanford Law Review
1078:10.2307/j.ctv346p45
979:10.2307/j.ctv346p45
824:Counterintelligence
799:, television series
782:'s clandestine army
755:Operation Storm-333
508:police commissioner
427:Metropolitan Police
390:Bourbon Restoration
319:to one author. The
1638:RAW and Bangladesh
1568:America Undercover
1539:Documentary about
1517:Channel 4 (2011).
891:Manhunt (military)
796:America Undercover
725:Iran–Contra affair
609:—that is, to wear
464:of police was the
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285:Under US law, the
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27:Military operation
1698:Covert operations
1602:978-1-250-00587-8
1581:Johnson, Loch K.
1415:Work & Stress
1251:978-1-4535-5882-9
1212:978-1-4535-5882-9
1185:978-1-134-01155-1
1151:978-0-313-30560-3
1125:978-0-09-190337-4
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119:December 2009
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293:. President
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271:covert agent
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221:January 2012
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163:Please help
158:verification
155:
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54:Please help
51:
32:covert agent
1166:Tim Newburn
1086:j.ctv346p45
987:j.ctv346p45
932:Spy fiction
881:clandestine
808:Bob Lambert
720:Huston Plan
661:2011 – 2014
645:time period
643:Approximate
637:information
596:Plain dress
521:, in 1908.
423:Robert Peel
1672:Categories
1623:B0006CA0QG
1298:3 December
954:References
765:Palace Dog
715:False flag
705:COINTELPRO
460:The first
346:undercover
191:newspapers
57:improve it
1529:cite book
1257:30 August
862:Espionage
851:Detective
605:who wear
571:addiction
107:talk page
63:talk page
1613:(1973).
1472:cite web
1464:Archived
1358:Joh 2009
1329:Joh 2009
1317:Joh 2009
1279:(eds.).
1172:(2013).
937:Spy film
788:See also
780:Vang Pao
693:Examples
678:? – 2010
648:Details
362:evidence
354:disguise
101:You may
1693:Secrecy
640:Country
635:Further
615:uniform
584:torture
472:of the
425:as the
412:cuckold
395:Brigade
376:History
344:To go "
310:and in
301:titled
297:issued
205:scholar
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1570:. HBO.
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877:HUMINT
559:Stress
506:under
456:, 1911
419:police
399:Sûreté
397:de la
331:Impact
281:US law
207:
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186:
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1506:(PDF)
1082:JSTOR
983:JSTOR
547:Risks
275:cover
212:JSTOR
198:books
109:, or
1619:ASIN
1597:ISBN
1535:link
1478:link
1300:2020
1287:ISBN
1259:2013
1246:ISBN
1207:ISBN
1180:ISBN
1146:ISBN
1120:ISBN
947:Vice
922:SO10
368:and
184:news
1423:doi
1074:doi
975:doi
896:MI5
658:USA
621:).
474:MPS
265:or
167:by
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261:A
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