Olga of Kiev - Knowledge (XXG)

1554: 1174: 1182: 1791:"The reigning Emperor was named Constantine, son of Leo. Olga came before him, and when he saw that she was very fair of countenance and wise as well, the Emperor wondered at her intellect. He conversed with her and remarked that she was worthy to reign with him in his city. When Olga heard his words, she replied that she was still a pagan, and that if he desired to baptize her, he should perform this function himself; otherwise, she was unwilling to accept baptism. The Emperor, with the assistance of the Patriarch, accordingly baptized her. When Olga was enlightened, she rejoiced in soul and body. The Patriarch, who instructed her in the faith, said to her, "Blessed art thou among the women of Rus', for thou hast loved the light, and quit the darkness. The sons of Rus' shall bless thee to the last generation of thy descendants." He taught her the doctrine of the church, and instructed her in prayer and fasting, in almsgiving, and in the maintenance of chastity. She bowed her head, and like a sponge absorbing water, she eagerly drank in his teachings. The Princess bowed before the Patriarch, saying, "Through thy prayers, Holy Father, may I be preserved from the crafts and assaults of the devil!" At her baptism she was christened Helena, after the ancient Empress, mother of Constantine the Great. The Patriarch then blessed her and dismissed her. 1585: 1527: 955:, since that is the centre of my realm, where all riches are concentrated; gold, silks, wine, and various fruits from Greece, silver and horses from Hungary and Bohemia, and from Rus' furs, wax, honey, and slaves." But Olga made reply, "You behold me in my weakness. Why do you desire to depart from me?" For she was already in precarious health. She thus remonstrated with him and begged him first to bury her and then to go wheresoever he would. Three days later Olga died. Her son wept for her with great mourning, as did likewise her grandsons and all the people. They thus carried her out, and buried her in her tomb. Olga had given command not to hold a funeral feast for her, for she had a priest who performed the last rites over the sainted Princess. 1539: 1620: 986: 858:

in darkness and do not see the glory of God. Their hearts are hardened, and they can neither hear with their ears nor see with their eyes. For Solomon has said, "The deeds of the unrighteous are far from wisdom. Inasmuch as I have called you, and ye heard me not, I sharpened my words, and ye understood not. But ye have set at nought all my counsel, and would have none of my reproach. For they have hated knowledge, and the fear of Jehovah they have not chosen. They would none of my counsel, but despised all my reproof."

1573: 541: 46: 487: 475: 594:), the city where her husband had been slain, and laid siege to the city. The siege lasted for a year without success when Olga thought of a plan to trick the Drevlians. She sent them a message: "Why do you persist in holding out? All your cities have surrendered to me and submitted to tribute, so that the inhabitants now cultivate their fields and their lands in peace. But you had rather die of hunger, without submitting to tribute." (line 6454). 1800:"After her baptism, the Emperor summoned Olga and made known to her that he wished her to become his wife. But she replied, "How can you marry me, after yourself baptizing me and calling me your daughter? For among Christians that is unlawful, as you yourself must know." Then the Emperor said, "Olga, you have outwitted me." He gave her many gifts of gold, silver, silks, and various vases, and dismissed her, still calling her his daughter." 5590: 1553: 5602: 3395: 1584: 1173: 1181: 610:

tells it: "There was not a house that was not consumed, and it was impossible to extinguish the flames, because all the houses caught fire at once." As the people fled the burning city, Olga ordered her soldiers to catch them, killing some of them and giving the others as slaves to her followers. She

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Olga sent another message to the Drevlians, this time ordering them to "prepare great quantities of mead in the city where you killed my husband, that I may weep over his grave and hold a funeral feast for him." When Olga and a small group of attendants arrived at Igor's tomb, she did indeed weep and

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Olga then sent a message to the Drevlians that they should send "their distinguished men to her in Kiev, so that she might go to their Prince with due honor." The Drevlians, unaware of the fate of the first diplomatic party, gathered another party of men to send "the best men who governed the land of

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pointed out the importance of a 2-year gap between invitation and arrival of bishops: "The failure of Olga's Byzantine trip has inflicted a severe blow to her party. The Grand Knyaginya made a second attempt to find a Christian patron, now in the West. But it seems, in the period between the sending

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The Drevlians responded that they would submit to tribute, but that they were afraid she was still intent on avenging her husband. Olga answered that the murder of the messengers sent to Kiev, as well as the events of the feast night, had been enough for her. She then asked them for a small request:

574:. The people brought them into the court where they were dropped into a trench that had been dug the day before under Olga's orders where the ambassadors were buried alive. It is written that Olga bent down to watch them as they were buried and "inquired whether they found the honor to their taste." 857:

Now Olga dwelt with her son Sviatoslav, and she urged him to be baptized, but he would not listen to her suggestion, though when any man wished to be baptized, he was not hindered, but only mocked. For to the infidels, the Christian faith is foolishness. They do not comprehend it, because they walk

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It seems likely that she was baptized in Kiev around 955 and, following a second christening in Constantinople, took the Christian name Helen. Olga was not the first person from Rus' to convert from her pagan ways—there were Christians in Igor's court who had taken oaths at the St. Elias Church in

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When the Drevlians returned the next day, they waited outside Olga's court to receive the honor she had promised. When they repeated the words she had told them to say, the people of Kiev rose up, carrying the Drevlians in their boat. The ambassadors believed this was a great honor as if they were

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Sviatoslav declares that his followers would "laugh" if he were to accept Christianity. While Olga tried to convince her son that his followers would follow his example if he converted, her efforts were in vain. However, her son agreed not to persecute those in his kingdom who did convert, which

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recounts that Olga asked the emperor to baptize her knowing that his baptismal sponsorship, by the rules of spiritual kinship, would make marriage between them a kind of spiritual incest. Though her desire to become Christian may have been genuine, this request was also a way for her to maintain

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is concerned with etiquette at the Byzantine imperial court, describing all the formalities during ceremonies such as embassies, receptions and dinners, and uses various practical examples to illustrate established protocol. Olga's visit is used as an example of how to receive a Rus' prince(ss),

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recounts how Olga "passed through the land of Dereva, accompanied by her son and her retinue, establishing laws and tribute. Her trading posts and hunting-reserves are there still." As queen, Olga established trading-posts and collected tribute along the Msta and the Luga rivers. She established

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Your proposal is pleasing to me, indeed, my husband cannot rise again from the dead. But I desire to honor you tomorrow in the presence of my people. Return now to your boat, and remain there with an aspect of arrogance. I shall send for you on the morrow, and you shall say, "We will not ride on

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summoned the bishops to a council, and was recorded the next year visiting "all the Russian land (i.e. Suzdalia, northeast Russia), teaching, instructing and administering," and spreading news about their canonization, including in Novgorod and Pskov. A northern Russian manuscript from the 15th

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Olga was the precursor of the Christian land, even as the day-spring precedes the sun and as the dawn precedes the day. For she shone like the moon by night, and she was radiant among the infidels like a pearl in the mire, since the people were soiled, and not yet purified of their sin by holy

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Although he disapproved of his mother's Christian tradition, Sviatoslav heeded Olga's request that her priest, Gregory, conduct a Christian funeral without the ritual pagan burial feast. Her tomb remained in Kiev for over two centuries, but was destroyed by the Mongolian-Tatar armies of

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Olga then instructed her army to attach a piece of sulphur bound with small pieces of cloth to each bird. At nightfall, Olga told her soldiers to set the pieces aflame and release the birds. They returned to their nests within the city, which subsequently set the city ablaze. As the

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Francis Butler argues that the story of the proposal was a literary embellishment, describing an event that is highly unlikely to have ever actually occurred. In fact, at the time of her baptism, Constantine already had an empress. In addition to uncertainty over the truth of the

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After Igor's death at the hands of the Drevlians, Olga assumed the throne because her three-year-old son Sviatoslav was too young to rule. The Drevlians, emboldened by their success in ambushing and killing the king, sent a messenger to Olga proposing that she marry his murderer,

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telling of events in Constantinople, there is controversy over the details of her conversion to Christianity. According to Church Slavonic sources, she was baptized in Constantinople in 957. Byzantine sources, however, indicate that she was a Christian prior to her 957 visit.

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Dereva." When they arrived, Olga commanded her people to draw them a bath and invited the men to appear before her after they had bathed. When the Drevlians entered the bathhouse, Olga had it set on fire from the doors, so that all the Drevlians within burned to death.

439:, to force the tribe to pay tribute to Kievan Rus'. Confronted by Igor's larger army, the Drevlians backed down and paid him. As Igor and his army rode home, however, he decided the payment was not enough and returned, with only a small escort, seeking more tribute. 919:

of the embassy to Emperor Otto in 959 and the arrival of Adalbert in Kiev in 961, a bloodless coup took place. Pagan party prevailed, the young Sviatoslav pushed his mother into the background, and that's why the German bishops had to return empty-handed."

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portraying her in a positive manner. Olga's entourage consisted of various representatives of other Rus' princes, as wel as 43 merchants, and one priest named Gregory. There is no mention of baptism, nor of her taking on the Christian name 'Helena', in the

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hold a funeral feast. The Drevlians sat down to join them and began to drink heavily. When the Drevlians were drunk, she ordered her followers to kill them, "and went about herself egging on her retinue to the massacre of the Drevlians." According to the

1526: 450:, Igor's death was caused by a gruesome act of torture in which he was "captured by them, tied to tree trunks, and torn in two." D. Sullivan has suggested that Leo may have invented this sensationalist version of Igor's death, taking inspiration from 801:), Jonathan Shepard argues that Olga's baptismal name comes from the contemporary emperor's wife, Helena. The observation that Olga was "worthy to reign with him in his city" suggests that the emperor was interested in marrying her. While the 946:

siege of the city. When Sviatoslav announced plans to move his throne to the Danube region, the ailing Olga convinced him to stay with her during her final days. Only three days later, she died and her family and larger parts of Kievan Rus'

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The initial conflict between the armies of the two nations went very well for the forces of Kievan Rus', who won the battle handily and drove the survivors back into their cities. Olga then led her army to Iskorosten (what is today

556:. Twenty Drevlian negotiators boated to Kiev to pass along their king's message and to ensure Olga's compliance. They arrived in her court and told the queen why they were in Kiev: "to report that they had slain her husband 1462:

argues though she certainly reconquered the Drevlians, only her killing of their first envoy is plausible, since Iskorosten was just two days' ride from Kiev, making it difficult to conceal the first public murder.

408:, who had consolidated power in the region, conquering neighboring tribes and establishing a capital in Kiev. This loose tribal federation became known as Kievan Rus', a territory covering what are now parts of 1003:

At the time of her death, it seemed that Olga's attempt to make Kievan Rus' a Christian territory had been a failure. Nonetheless, Olga's Christianizing mission would be brought to fruition by her grandson,

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Scholarship has traditionally focused on Olga's role in the spread of Christianity to Eastern Europe and Russia as well as her role in advising her son against persecution of Christians in the Kievan Rus'.

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century mentions that "when Vladimir unearthed the body of Olga, his grandmother uncorrupted, placed it in a wooden coffin in the Church of the Tithe". In 1547, nearly 600 years after her 969 death, the

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explains Constantine's desire to take Olga as his wife as stemming from the fact that she was "fair of countenance and wise as well," marrying Olga could certainly have helped him gain power over Rus'.

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political independence. After the baptism, when Constantine repeated his marriage proposal, Olga answered that she could not marry him since church law forbade a goddaughter to marry her godfather.

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does give an account of her accession to the throne and her bloody revenge on the Drevlians for the murder of her husband as well as some insight into her role as civil leader of the Kievan people.

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mentions that the envoys requested the emperor to appoint a bishop and priests for their nation. The chronicler accuses the envoys of lies, commenting that their trick was not exposed until later.

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does not divulge Olga's motivation for her visit or conversion, it does go into great detail on the conversion process, in which she was baptized and instructed in the ways of Christianity.

5687: 1025:.... She was the first from Rus' to enter the kingdom of God, and the sons of Rus' thus praise her as their leader, for since her death she has interceded with God in their behalf. 1538: 5672: 5662: 5627: 1366: 2494: 867:

marked a crucial turning point for Christianity in the area. Despite the resistance of her people to Christianity, Olga built churches in Kiev, Pskov, and elsewhere.

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would prove important in the ethnic and cultural unification of the Rus' people, and her border posts began the establishment of national boundaries for the kingdom.

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were a neighboring tribe with which the growing Kievan Rus' empire had a complex relationship. The Drevlians had joined Kievan Rus' in military campaigns against the

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reports that Olga received the Patriarch's blessing for her journey home, and that once she arrived, she unsuccessfully attempted to convert her son to Christianity:

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to Igor's predecessors. They stopped paying tribute upon Oleg's death and instead gave money to a local warlord. In 945, Igor set out to the Drevlian capital,

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hunting grounds, boundary posts, towns, and trading-posts across the empire. Olga's work helped to centralize state rule with these trade centers, called

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highlights Olga's holiness in contrast to the pagans around her during her life as well as the significance of her decision to convert to Christianity:

3526: 3479: 1883: 1847: 1126: 760:: Olga 'came to Constantinople after her husband died. She was baptized and she demonstrated fervent devotion, then she went back home.' Unlike the 1205: 972:

conducted by architect Nikolai Efimov was attributed as being Olga's and moved first to the Historical Museum and then to St. Sophia Cathedral.

602:... and three sparrows from each house." The Drevlians rejoiced at the prospect of the siege ending for so small a price, and did as she asked. 5667: 5466: 396:, a specialist in the history of ancient Russia, Olga was no more than 15 years old at the time of her marriage. Igor was the son and heir of 3399: 2885: 2477: 2451: 2381: 2299: 2260: 2187: 2160: 2133: 2068: 2033: 2001: 1973: 5682: 3674: 1068:

The honorific title "Equal to the Apostles" was first given to her on the initiative of Archimandrite Innokenty (Prosvirnin) in the 1980s.

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Historical Dictionary of Ukraine. By Z. Kohut, B.Nebesio, M. Yurkevich. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland. Toronto. Oxford. 2005.

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by an unknown Rus' monk). All three sources disagree on why Olga went to Constantinople, when, what happened there, and how it happened.

5657: 836: 5692: 4379: 3497: 1667: 892: 3318: 3122: 2782: 2504: 2212: 2088: 1238: 993: 627:) in the first legal reform recorded in Eastern Europe. She continued to evade proposals of marriage, defended the city during the 392:. Little is known about her life before her marriage to Prince Igor I of Kiev and the birth of their son, Sviatoslav. According to 5338: 4509: 3204:"Historic Sites of Manitoba: Sts. Vladimir and Olga Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral and Parish Hall (115 McGregor Street, Winnipeg)" 2730: 5677: 1084: 1058: 1054: 1030: 586:, five thousand Drevlians were killed on this night, but Olga returned to Kiev to prepare an army to finish off the survivors. 5569: 4101: 2925: 1858:

The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text. Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor

1447:. Detailing her story, a 2018 article claimed she showed her countrymen how "a woman could rule with strength and decision." 20: 3013: 5431: 4619: 3574: 3472: 2373: 2012: 1061:

call Olga by the honorific Isapóstolos, "Equal to the Apostles". Olga's feast day is July 11, the date of her death. The

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Sviatoslav announced to his mother and his boyars, "I do not care to remain in Kiev, but should prefer to live in

4589: 4399: 4359: 2545:Князья до Владимира (Игорь, Святослав, Ярополк), как утверждает археолог Сергей Белецкий, пользовались двузубцами 2252:

A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649

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celebrates her memory on 24 July. In keeping with her own biography, she is the patron of widows and converts.

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ruler of Kievan Rus' with the support of the army and her people. She changed the system of tribute gathering (

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Monument to Princess Olga, Saint Apostle Andrew the First-Called and enlighteners Cyril and Methodius, Kyiv

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Monument to Princess Olga, Saint Apostle Andrew the First-Called and enlighteners Cyril and Methodius, Kyiv

672:. There are three primary sources about this event: a prescriptive account of formalities and etiquette in 45: 5594: 4459: 4404: 4106: 3747: 3712: 3689: 3597: 1648: 373:

While Olga's birthdate is unknown, it could be as early as 890 AD and as late as 925 AD. According to the

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Saints Behaving Badly: The Cutthroats, Crooks, Trollops, Con Men, and Devil-Worshippers Who Became Saints

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During her son's prolonged military campaigns, she remained in charge of Kiev, residing in the castle of

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Imperial icon created in 1895 of Saint Olga. Silver, gold, color enamel, tempera. Collection V.Logvinenko

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Modern publications, on the other hand, reflect a broader interest in Olga beyond her role in expanding

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This passage highlights the hostility towards Christianity in Kievan Rus' in the tenth century. In the

764:, Olga is said to have been baptised in Constantinople and being devout, but not doing anything else. 5441: 5416: 5396: 5386: 5381: 4662: 4384: 4311: 4306: 4286: 4221: 4191: 4013: 3968: 3943: 3898: 3860: 3825: 3762: 3722: 3622: 3449: 3435: 3227: 1673: 1339: 1316: 1244: 1071:

Olga is venerated as saint in East Slavic-speaking countries where churches uses the Byzantine Rite:

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Once in Constantinople, Olga converted to Christianity with the assistance of the Emperor and the

645:, which served as administrative centers in addition to their mercantile roles. Olga's network of 553: 486: 5532: 5527: 5476: 5401: 4756: 4604: 4494: 4449: 4439: 4369: 4354: 4251: 4236: 4231: 4166: 4131: 4126: 4023: 3973: 3948: 3913: 3878: 3757: 3647: 3637: 3582: 3549: 3369:. Часопис Національної музичної академії України імені П. І. Чайковського. 2016. № 3 (32). с. 52. 3203: 2028:. Vol. XVI: Slavic Culture in the Middle Ages. University of California Press. p. 394. 1738: 1346: 1231: 1005: 923: 521: 459: 362: 346:

who adopted Christianity and made it the state religion, she was the first ruler to be baptized.

343: 304: 157: 4018: 1996:. Vol. XVI: Slavic Culture in the Middle Ages. University of California Press. p. 81. 895:, before being promoted to this high rank, was sent by Emperor Otto to the country of the Rus' ( 5652: 5557: 5542: 5511: 5506: 5451: 5426: 5391: 5218: 4980: 4810: 4780: 4672: 4629: 4614: 4574: 4499: 4464: 4424: 4291: 4201: 4136: 3998: 3993: 3978: 3953: 3928: 3893: 3850: 3742: 3727: 3554: 3314: 2881: 2778: 2500: 2473: 2447: 2377: 2295: 2256: 2208: 2183: 2156: 2129: 2084: 2064: 2029: 1997: 1969: 1940: 1824: 1502: 1389: 1335: 1328: 1267: 1105: 880: 708: 540: 455: 375: 358: 246: 125: 121: 3307:

History of the Russian state. Book 1. From the origins to the Mongol invasion. Part of Europe

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History of the Russian state. Book 1. From the origins to the Mongol invasion. Part of Europe

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in 945—but she was the most powerful Rus' individual to undergo baptism during her life.

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Ol'ga zakrepila za soboy lovishcha (okhotnich'i ugod'ya) i stanovishcha (mesta stoyanok)

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descent also received attention for its possible contribution to her "warrior spirit".

1152: 753: 703: 691: 665: 560:... and that Olga should come and marry their Prince Mal." (line 6453). Olga responded: 502: 494: 447: 323: 93: 2698:

Francis Butler, "Ol'Ga's Conversion and the Construction of Chronicle Narrative," 234.

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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, "St. Olga," Encyclopædia Britannica, 2019,

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Neudacha vizantiyskoy poyezdki Ol'gi dolzhna byla nanesti sil'nyy udar po yeyo partii

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horses nor go on foot, carry us in our boat." And you shall be carried in your boat.

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Upon his arrival in their territory, the Drevlians murdered Igor. According to the

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Francis Butler, "Ol'Ga's Conversion and the Construction of Chronicle Narrative,"

3300: 2875: 2764: 2441: 2289: 2250: 2177: 2150: 2023: 1991: 1963: 1431:. The sword is commonly included in Olga's modern iconography linking her to the 5446: 5293: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5060: 5010: 5005: 4995: 4970: 4905: 4795: 4594: 4584: 4564: 4434: 4409: 3938: 3845: 3632: 3457: 3021: 2801:Неудача византийской поездки Ольги должна была нанести сильный удар по её партии 2443:

The History of Leo the Deacon: Byzantine Military Expansion in the Tenth Century

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Christianity and the Eastern Slavs, Volume I: Slavic Cultures in the Middle Ages

1444: 1221: 1113: 904: 5589: 2673:, vol. 1, ed. Maureen Perrie (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 58. 5456: 5130: 5015: 4990: 4840: 4677: 3958: 3337:Ольга закрепила за собой ловища (охотничьи угодья) и становища (места стоянок) 3074: 1424: 1217: 927: 908: 381: 1495:

there is Knyagini Olga Street. There is Olhynska Street in the city of Kyiv.

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Synaxis of Saints of Pskov – movable holiday on the 3rd Sunday of Pentecost,

961: 943: 776: 653: 571: 517: 424: 335: 2988: 2499:(3rd ed.). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 17. 3394: 3045: 2926:"Сьогодні вшановують пам'ять святої рівноапостольної княгині Ольги – РІСУ" 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 1864:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mediaeval Academy of America. p. 325. 5421: 5258: 5238: 4296: 4246: 4048: 3777: 3587: 1873: 1837: 1658: 1545: 1383: 1250: 1211: 1186: 624: 591: 436: 3125:[Pskov airport to be renamed after Princess Olga] (in Russian). 793:

notes that Olga was christened with the name "Helena" after the ancient

5313: 5288: 5233: 4750: 4715: 4156: 4111: 3873: 3810: 3665: 3251: 3177: 3070: 2854: 2852: 2653: 2651: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 1652: 1492: 1452: 1432: 1428: 1382:

Saints Vladimir and Olga Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral and Parish Hall,

1370: 1156: 1117: 1033:

argued that this was most likely in 1284, together with Vladimir, when

544: 463: 432: 417: 413: 385: 256: 2833:[Test by faith: myths about the baptism of Rus] (in Russian). 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 5318: 5253: 5243: 5228: 5203: 4256: 3883: 3148: 1506: 1308: 640: 620: 525: 409: 319: 144: 2830: 1844:

The Chronicle according to the Laurentian Codex (1926–1928 edition)

930:

the Rus' people more enthusiastically, by introducing competition.

756:

recorded only a very brief passage in chapter 11, section 6 of his

5308: 5303: 5278: 5248: 5223: 4740: 4725: 4720: 3830: 3518: 1418: 1271: 1180: 1172: 989: 984: 875:

Seven Latin sources document Olga's embassy to Holy Roman Emperor

539: 485: 473: 397: 389: 350: 182: 78: 32: 2152:Полное собрание русских летописей. Том 1. Лаврентьевская летопись 1501:

has Saint Olga Ave. There is also St. Olga Street in the city of

1021:

baptism. But she herself was cleansed by this sacred purification

4767: 4745: 4705: 3923: 3275:"Saint Olga of Kiev is the Best Warrior Princess You Never Knew" 2834: 2469:

A History of Women in Russia: From Earliest Times to the Present

2446:, Washington: Dumbarton Oaks, pp. 156, 157 (esp. note 99), 1480: 997: 3461: 404:. After his father's death, Igor was under the guardianship of 2346:, ed. Robert E. Bjork (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010). 330:

from 945 until 957. Following her baptism, Olga took the name

1855:

Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (1953) .

1850:(PSRL). Volume 2. 2nd Edition. Leningrad: Nauka. p. 579. 1777: 1880:

The Chronicle according to the Hypatian Codex (1908 edition)

1839:Лђтопись По Лаврентьевскому Списку (видання 1926—1928 років) 3407: 2395: 2393: 2669:

Jonathan Shepard, "The Origins of Rus' (c. 900–1015)," in

992:

church of Saints Vladimir and Olga, modern replica at the

1352:

St. Olga Equal-to-apostles Russian Orthodox Cathedral in

1345:

St. Olga Equal-to-apostles Russian Orthodox Cathedral in

899:) as a simple bishop but was expelled by pagan allies of 454:' account of a similar killing method used by the robber 2338: 2336: 1712: 668:, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, to visit Emperor 2531:[What did the Rurikids' symbols really mean?]. 1752: 631:

in 968, and saved the power of the throne for her son.

3378: 2912: 2900: 2858: 2707:

Omeljan Pritsak, "When and Where Was Ol'ga Baptized?"

2681: 2679: 2657: 2642: 2623: 2590: 2571: 2440:

Talbot, Alice-Mary; Sullivan, Dennis F., eds. (2005),

2275: 2236: 2111: 2083:. Vol. II: Kievan Russia. Yale University Press. 1293:

in Pskov (since 2019, through a win in a poll against

3350: 2877:

Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500–1300) (2 vols)

2814: 2411:

Thomas Noonan, "European Russia, c. 500–c. 1050," in

1732: 1544:

Fourth revenge of Olga: Burning of Derevlian capital

634:

After her dramatic subjugation of the Drevlians, the

2061:

The Ruling Families of Rus: Clan, Family and Kingdom

1908:

950s), written or commissioned by Byzantine emperor

1394:

Saints Vladimir and Olga Ukrainian Catholic Church,

1388:

Saints Vladimir and Olga Ukrainian Catholic Church,

19:"Princess Olga" redirects here. For other uses, see 5520: 5352: 5194: 4766: 4696: 4628: 4325: 4090: 4057: 3859: 3801: 3688: 3656: 3573: 3525: 2735:

Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia

1875:Лѣтопись По Ипатьевскому Списку (видання 1908 року) 686:950s, written or commissioned by Byzantine emperor 267: 255: 245: 235: 231: 221: 211: 203: 196: 176: 166: 156: 141: 131: 117: 107: 99: 69: 64: 30: 3123:"Псковский аэропорт назовут в честь княгини Ольги" 1866:(The first 50 pages are a scholarly introduction). 3418:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 80. 1367:Sts. Volodymyr and Olha Ukrainian Catholic Church 942:, Olga died from illness in 969, soon after the 2976:https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Olga 2022:Gasparov, Boris; Raevsky-Hughes, Olga (2021) . 2011:Gasparov, Boris; Raevsky-Hughes, Olga (2018) . 706:in Greek), and a long adventurous story in the 3097:"The monument to Saint Olga Equal-to-apostles" 2529:"Что на самом деле означали знаки Рюриковичей" 2017:. University of California Press. p. 374. 1990:Gasparov, Boris; Raevsky-Hughes, Olga (1993). 1199:Cathedral of St. Olha, Kyiv (inaugurated 2010) 5688:Converts to Christianity from pagan religions 3473: 3252:"Princess Olga. Spiritual Mother of All Rus'" 903:. The same data is repeated in the annals of 8: 1216:Church of Sts. Volodymyr and Olha, Podusiv, 1143:10 October – Synaxis of Saints of Volhynia ( 1049:Because of her proselytizing influence, the 2288:Franklin, Simon; Shepard, Jonathan (2014). 1029:It is unclear when Olga was canonized, but 516:According to archeologist Sergei Beletsky, 491:Princess Olga meets the body of her husband 5673:Christian female saints of the Middle Ages 3480: 3466: 3458: 3422: 3073:[From Olga to Olga] (in Russian). 2747: 2602: 2424: 2399: 2182:. Princeton University Press. p. 50. 2049:The Gates of Europe. A History of Ukraine. 334:. She is known for her subjugation of the 44: 27: 3046:"Римско-католический приход святой Ольги" 2355: 1884:Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles 1848:Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles 1185:Monument to Princess Olga in the city of 1136:15 July – Synaxis of All Saints of Kiev ( 5628:Princesses consort of Kiev (before 1019) 3367:Театральні університети Володимира Рожка 3048:[St. Olga Roman Catholic Parish] 3040: 3038: 2869: 2867: 2344:The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages 1125:25 May – Synaxis of Saints of Volhynia ( 2831:"Испытание верой: мифы о крещении Руси" 2472:. Indiana University Press. p. 7. 2104: 2063:. London: Reaktion Books. p. 309. 1968:. Doubleday (imprint of Random House). 1691: 1565: 1516: 1206:Church of Sts. Olha and Elizabeth, Lviv 520:Olga, like all the other rulers before 65:Equal to the Apostles, Blessed Princess 3273:Sheldon, Natasha (February 11, 2018). 2435: 2433: 2205:Генеалогія Рюриковичів і Гедиміновичів 2155:(in Russian). Litres. pp. 55–60. 1532:Olga's revenge for her husband's death 914:In 2018, Russian historian and writer 501:After Igor's death in 945, Olga ruled 338:, a tribe that had killed her husband 5663:10th-century princes from Kievan Rus' 2930:Релігійно-інформаційна служба України 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2203:Войтович, Леонтій Вікторович (1992). 1327:St. Olga Roman Catholic Cathedral in 1243:Church of Saints Volodymyr and Olha, 1237:Church of Saints Volodymyr and Olha, 994:Shevchenkivskyi Grove open-air museum 871:Relations with the Holy Roman Emperor 7: 2249:Feldbrugge, Ferdinand J. M. (2017). 1560:Reception of Olga by Constantine VII 968:found in 1826 during excavations of 482:of Rurik, Igor, Olga and Svyatoslav. 5698:Burials at the Church of the Tithes 843:Efforts to Christianize Kievan Rus' 4380:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 3498:Dicastery for the Causes of Saints 3379:Raffensperger & Ostrowski 2023 2913:Gasparov & Raevsky-Hughes 1993 2901:Gasparov & Raevsky-Hughes 2021 2859:Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953 2658:Raffensperger & Ostrowski 2023 2643:Raffensperger & Ostrowski 2023 2624:Raffensperger & Ostrowski 2023 2591:Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953 2572:Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953 2496:The Art and Architecture of Russia 2413:The New Cambridge Medieval History 2276:Gasparov & Raevsky-Hughes 2021 2237:Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953 2112:Gasparov & Raevsky-Hughes 2018 1407:Saints Volodymyr and Olha Church, 342:. Even though it was her grandson 14: 1423:Image of Saint Olga on a seal of 1239:Birky, Yavoriv Raion, Lviv Oblast 1226:Saint Volodymyr and Olha church, 611:left the remnant to pay tribute. 505:as regent on behalf of their son 5600: 5588: 5467:María de las Maravillas de Jesús 5324:Seven Maccabees and their mother 4510:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 3393: 3254:. Russia Forever. August 1, 2013 2989:"ОЛЬГА РАВНОАПОСТОЛЬНАЯ – Древо" 2342:Michael S. Flier, "St Olga," in 2291:The Emergence of Russia 750–1200 1618: 1583: 1571: 1552: 1537: 1525: 2671:The Cambridge History of Russia 2493:Hamilton, George Heard (1983). 2466:Barbara Evans Clements (2012). 1677:– concept album by French band 1668:Christianization of Kievan Rus' 1449:The Russian Primary Chronicle's 1085:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church 1059:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church 1055:Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church 1042:officially named Olga a saint, 922:According to Russian historian 1962:Craughwell, Thomas J. (2006). 1937:Adalberti continuato Reginonis 1338:Russian Orthodox Cathedral in 1249:Saint Olga Orthodox church in 1210:Church of Volodymyr and Olha, 1104:11 July – main commemoration ( 664:In the 950s, Olga traveled to 21:Princess Olga (disambiguation) 1: 5668:10th-century Christian saints 5432:Faustina and Liberata of Como 4620:Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia 4565:Teresa Benedicta of the Cross 3489:Saints of the Catholic Church 3155:(in Russian). 7 December 2015 3151:[Cathedral History]. 2955:Українська православна церква 2874:Curta, Florin (8 July 2019). 2711:9, no. 1/2 (June 1985): 5–24. 1948: 1923: 1905: 1829: 818:Interpretation of the sources 746:According to John Skylitzes' 713: 702:1070s by Byzantine historian 699: 683: 312: 73: 16:Princess of Kiev (c. 890–925) 3400:Olga, Grand Princess of Kyiv 2689:67, no. 2 (April 2008): 240. 2149:Клосс, Борис (15 May 2022). 2051:New York: Basic Books, 2015. 1778: 1578:Kievan Rus ruler Olga (1869) 1475:was composed to commemorate 1349:, Moscow (inaugurated 2015). 1342:, Moscow (inaugurated 2014). 1331:, Moscow (inaugurated 2003). 879:in 959. The continuation of 5683:Roman Catholic royal saints 3351: 2815: 1753: 1733: 1713: 1644:Princess Olga Pskov Airport 1473:ballet based on Olga's life 1314:St. Olga is present on the 1287:St. Olga's chapel in Pskov. 5721: 5658:10th-century women regents 5595:Catholic Church portal 4555:Saints of the Cristero War 3365:Черкашина-Губаренко М. Р. 2957:(in Ukrainian). 2023-07-24 2294:. Routledge. p. 137. 2079:Vernadsky, George (1948). 2055:Raffensperger, Christian; 1770: 1409:Woodville, South Australia 1089:Byzantine Rite Lutheranism 1063:Orthodox Church of Ukraine 953:Peryaslavets on the Danube 694:), a brief passage in the 18: 5693:Eastern Orthodox monarchs 5583: 4590:Three Martyrs of Chimbote 4360:Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala 3535:Mother of God (Theotokos) 3495: 3446: 3433: 3425: 3336: 3014:"Notable Lutheran Saints" 2800: 2709:Harvard Ukrainian Studies 2025:California Slavic Studies 1993:California Slavic Studies 1742: 1722: 1702: 1008:, who officially adopted 388:) origin and was born in 300: 286: 272:Chalcedonian Christianity 192: 43: 4736:Joseph (father of Jesus) 4122:Athanasius of Alexandria 3904:Athanasius of Alexandria 3788:Theophanes the Confessor 3768:Paul I of Constantinople 3763:Paphnutius the Confessor 3708:Athanasius the Confessor 2176:Winroth, Anders (2016). 1603:Saint Grand Duchess Olga 1307:Monument of St. Olga in 1300:Monument of St. Olga in 1277:Monument of St. Olga by 1266:Monument of St. Olga by 4668:Gregory the Illuminator 4638:Augustine of Canterbury 4187:Dionysius of Alexandria 4102:Alexander of Alexandria 3415:Encyclopædia Britannica 1518:Illuminations from the 1451:claim that Olga was of 1077:Russian Orthodox Church 1073:Eastern Orthodox Church 1051:Eastern Orthodox Church 1040:Russian Orthodox Church 889:archbishop of Magdeburg 355:Eastern Orthodox Church 349:Olga is venerated as a 308: 137:Unknown, possibly 1284. 5678:Christian royal saints 4107:Alexander of Jerusalem 3713:Chariton the Confessor 3675:in the Catholic Church 3018:Resurrectionpeople.org 2880:. Brill. p. 519. 2372:(in Russian). Moscow: 2316:"Святая княгиня Ольга" 2255:. Brill. p. 340. 2179:The Age of the Vikings 1649:Order of Princess Olga 1477:the 1500th anniversary 1436: 1190: 1178: 1169:Churches and monuments 1027: 1000: 957: 860: 598:"Give me three pigeons 567: 548: 498: 483: 5538:Fourteen Holy Helpers 5502:Trasilla and Emiliana 4653:Evermode of Ratzeburg 4535:Perpetua and Felicity 4505:Martyrs of Sandomierz 4375:Dismas the Good Thief 4302:Theophilus of Antioch 4272:Maximus the Confessor 4207:Epiphanius of Salamis 4147:Clement of Alexandria 3861:Doctors of the Church 3753:Maximus the Confessor 3540:Immaculate Conception 3402:at Wikimedia Commons 3182:hram-olgi.moseparh.ru 3127:Moskovsky Komsomolets 2368:Karpov, A.Y. (2009). 2207:. Avtor. p. 16. 2124:Oleg Kotomin (2012). 1920:Synopsis of Histories 1422: 1291:Princess Olga Airport 1284:Olga bridge in Pskov. 1184: 1176: 1131:Greek Orthodox Church 1081:Greek Catholic Church 1044:equal-to-the-apostles 1018: 988: 949: 893:Adalbert of Magdeburg 885:Thietmar of Merseburg 855: 837:Rus'–Byzantine Treaty 799:Constantine the Great 758:Synopsis of Histories 748:Synopsis of Histories 696:Synopsis of Histories 562: 543: 524:, was also using the 489: 477: 458:, who lived near the 359:Equal to the Apostles 318:– 11 July 969) was a 5442:Hiltrude of Liessies 5387:Catherine of Bologna 5382:Bernadette Soubirous 4575:17 Thomasian Martyrs 4385:Four Crowned Martyrs 4307:Victorinus of Pettau 4287:Papias of Hierapolis 4257:Jerome of Stridonium 4222:Gregory of Nazianzus 4192:Dionysius of Corinth 4014:Lawrence of Brindisi 3969:Bernard of Clairvaux 3944:Anselm of Canterbury 3899:Gregory of Nazianzus 3826:Priscilla and Aquila 3723:Edward the Confessor 3450:Sviatoslav the Brave 3309:] (in Russian). 3277:. History Collection 2773:] (in Russian). 1674:A Perfect Absolution 1317:Millennium of Russia 1245:Horodok, Lviv Oblast 1087:), in churches with 970:Church of the Tithes 887:says that the first 690:Porphyrogennetos in 656:with her grandsons. 251:Sviatoslav the Brave 226:Sviatoslav the Brave 151:Church of the Tithes 5492:Teresa of the Andes 5372:Angela of the Cross 5334:Zechariah (prophet) 4480:Martyrs of La Rioja 4475:21 Martyrs of Libya 4365:Christina of Persia 4345:Charles de Foucauld 4282:Quadratus of Athens 4242:Ignatius of Antioch 4212:Fulgentius of Ruspe 4162:Cyril of Alexandria 4157:Cyprian of Carthage 4142:Cappadocian Fathers 4039:Hildegard of Bingen 3909:Cyril of Alexandria 3783:Sergius of Radonezh 3545:Perpetual virginity 3180:[History]. 3071:"От Ольги до Ольги" 2915:, pp. 257–258. 2731:"Olga (c. 890–969)" 2081:A History of Russia 1818:Old Church Slavonic 1520:Radziwiłł Chronicle 1467:Arts and literature 1083:(especially in the 718:Old Church Slavonic 5703:Princesses regnant 5533:Four Holy Marshals 5528:Calendar of saints 5497:Teresa of Calcutta 5477:Patricia of Naples 5402:Catherine of Siena 4683:Patrick of Ireland 4605:Vietnamese Martyrs 4495:Martyrs of Otranto 4450:Martyrs of Cajonos 4445:Martyrs of Algeria 4440:Martyrs of Albania 4400:The Holy Innocents 4370:Devasahayam Pillai 4355:Carthusian Martyrs 4297:Polycarp of Smyrna 4252:Isidore of Seville 4237:Hippolytus of Rome 4232:Hilary of Poitiers 4167:Cyril of Jerusalem 4132:Caesarius of Arles 4127:Augustine of Hippo 4029:Thérèse of Lisieux 4024:Catherine of Siena 3974:Hilary of Poitiers 3949:Isidore of Seville 3924:Bede the Venerable 3914:Cyril of Jerusalem 3879:Augustine of Hippo 3793:Pio of Pietrelcina 3758:Michael of Synnada 2687:The Russian Review 1939:, continuation of 1681:about Olga of Kiev 1491:In most cities of 1458:Russian historian 1437: 1384:Winnipeg, Manitoba 1232:Chervonohrad Raion 1191: 1179: 1153:Moveable Feast Day 1035:Metropolitan Maxim 1001: 924:Vladimir Petrukhin 762:Book of Ceremonies 740:Book of Ceremonies 734:Book of Ceremonies 726:Book of Ceremonies 712:(compiled in Kiev 680:Book of Ceremonies 549: 522:Vladimir the Great 499: 484: 462:and was killed by 460:Isthmus of Corinth 357:with the epithet " 5615: 5614: 5607:Saints portal 5558:Miles Christianus 5543:Martyr of charity 5512:Josephine Bakhita 5507:Ubaldesca Taccini 5452:Kateri Tekakwitha 5427:Faustina Kowalska 5417:Eulalia of Mérida 5397:Catherine Labouré 5392:Brigid of Kildare 5219:Baruch ben Neriah 4663:François de Laval 4648:Damien of Molokai 4615:Victor and Corona 4610:Valentine of Rome 4500:Martyrs of Prague 4465:Martyrs of Gorkum 4425:Martyrs of Lübeck 4312:Vincent of Lérins 4292:Peter Chrysologus 4247:Irenaeus of Lyons 4217:Gregory the Great 4202:Ephrem the Syrian 3999:Robert Bellarmine 3994:John of the Cross 3979:Alphonsus Liguori 3954:Peter Chrysologus 3929:Ephrem the Syrian 3894:Basil of Caesarea 3869:Gregory the Great 3851:Seventy disciples 3743:Lazarus Zographos 3728:Francis of Assisi 3598:James of Alphaeus 3555:Marian apparition 3456: 3455: 3447:Succeeded by 3441: 3398:Media related to 3349: 3165:20 September 2014 3129:. 4 December 2018 2887:978-90-04-39519-0 2813: 2626:, pp. 25–26. 2593:, pp. 80–81. 2574:, pp. 79–80. 2479:978-0-253-00104-7 2453:978-0-88402-324-1 2383:978-5-235-03213-2 2374:Molodaya Gvardiya 2301:978-1-317-87224-5 2262:978-90-04-35214-8 2189:978-0-691-16929-3 2162:978-5-04-107383-1 2135:978-5-9663-0239-9 2126:The Russian Tsars 2114:, pp. 77–81. 2070:978-1-78914-745-2 2057:Ostrowski, Donald 2035:978-0-520-30918-0 2003:978-0-520-07945-8 1975:978-0-385-51997-7 1912:Porphyrogennetos. 1872:Izbornyk (1908). 1836:Izbornyk (1928). 1825:Primary Chronicle 1776: 1751: 1731: 1711: 1390:Dauphin, Manitoba 1336:Equal-to-apostles 1268:Vyacheslav Klykov 1106:death anniversary 1093:Western Catholics 1014:Primary Chronicle 940:Primary Chronicle 938:According to the 791:Primary Chronicle 784:Primary Chronicle 770:Primary Chronicle 768:According to the 724:According to the 709:Primary Chronicle 636:Primary Chronicle 608:Primary Chronicle 584:Primary Chronicle 570:being carried by 536:Drevlian Uprising 511:Primary Chronicle 400:, founder of the 376:Primary Chronicle 290: 289: 126:Roman Catholicism 122:Eastern Orthodoxy 118:Venerated in 113:Kiev, Kievan Rus' 103:Kiev, Kievan Rus' 59: 5710: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5593: 5592: 5472:Narcisa de Jesús 5457:Lucy of Syracuse 5362:Agatha of Sicily 5274:John the Baptist 4520:Maximilian Kolbe 4515:Martyrs of Zenta 4490:Martyrs of Natal 4470:Martyrs of Japan 4460:Martyrs of China 4455:Martyrs of Drina 4390:Gerard of Csanád 4350:Canadian Martyrs 4335:Abda and Abdisho 4277:Melito of Sardis 4267:John of Damascus 4227:Gregory of Nyssa 4112:Ambrose of Milan 4044:Gregory of Narek 4009:Anthony of Padua 3984:Francis de Sales 3919:John of Damascus 3565:Joseph (husband) 3517: → 3513: → 3509: → 3482: 3475: 3468: 3459: 3439: 3436:Princess of Kiev 3426:Preceded by 3423: 3419: 3411: 3397: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3354: 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Archived from 3010: 3004: 3003: 3001: 3000: 2985: 2979: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2962: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2937: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2871: 2862: 2856: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2793: 2791: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2727: 2712: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2690: 2683: 2674: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2646: 2640: 2627: 2621: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2575: 2569: 2548: 2547: 2542: 2540: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2437: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2388: 2387: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2340: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2327: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2219: 2218: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2094: 2074: 2047:Plokhy, Serhii, 2039: 2018: 2007: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1950: 1925: 1907: 1887: 1865: 1863: 1851: 1831: 1801: 1798: 1792: 1789: 1783: 1781: 1775:romanized: 1774: 1772: 1764: 1758: 1756: 1746: 1744: 1736: 1726: 1724: 1716: 1706: 1704: 1696: 1651:(established in 1626:Nicholas Roerich 1622: 1611: 1599: 1587: 1575: 1556: 1541: 1529: 1415:Modern reception 1396:Windsor, Ontario 1295:Aleksandr Nevsky 1228:Staryi Dobrotvir 1024: 829: 715: 701: 685: 601: 559: 480:personal symbols 452:Diodorus Siculus 429:Byzantine Empire 317: 314: 302: 282: 198:Princess of Kiev 172:Cross and church 147: 91: 75: 56:Mikhail Nesterov 50: 48: 28: 5720: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5633:Princes of Kiev 5618: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5601: 5599: 5587: 5579: 5570:Seven Champions 5563:Church Militant 5553:Athleta Christi 5548:Military saints 5516: 5412:Clare of Assisi 5348: 5284:Judas Barsabbas 5190: 4762: 4692: 4678:Nino of Georgia 4624: 4530:Pedro Calungsod 4485:Martyrs of Laos 4430:Luigi Versiglia 4321: 4262:John Chrysostom 4152:Clement of Rome 4093: 4086: 4053: 4019:Teresa of Ávila 4004:Albertus Magnus 3889:John Chrysostom 3855: 3816:Mary of Bethany 3797: 3703:Anthony of Kiev 3684: 3652: 3603:James the Great 3569: 3521: 3500: 3491: 3486: 3452: 3443: 3438: 3431: 3406: 3391: 3386: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3364: 3360: 3338: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3280: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3236: 3234: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3212: 3210: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3158: 3156: 3149:"История храма" 3147: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3106: 3104: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3080: 3078: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3058:founded in 1991 3051: 3049: 3044: 3043: 3036: 3027: 3025: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2998: 2996: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2973: 2969: 2960: 2958: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2935: 2933: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2873: 2872: 2865: 2857: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2802: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2748:Craughwell 2006 2746: 2742: 2729: 2728: 2715: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2684: 2677: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2649: 2641: 2630: 2622: 2609: 2603:Craughwell 2006 2601: 2597: 2589: 2578: 2570: 2551: 2538: 2536: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2480: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2439: 2438: 2431: 2425:Craughwell 2006 2423: 2419: 2410: 2406: 2400:Craughwell 2006 2398: 2391: 2384: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2341: 2334: 2325: 2323: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2302: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2263: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2235: 2222: 2215: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2163: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2136: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2091: 2078: 2071: 2054: 2036: 2021: 2010: 2004: 1989: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1961: 1958: 1910:Constantine VII 1871: 1861: 1854: 1835: 1815: 1813:Primary sources 1810: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1767:Old East Slavic 1765: 1761: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1640: 1633: 1623: 1614: 1605: 1593: 1588: 1579: 1576: 1562: 1557: 1548: 1542: 1533: 1530: 1515: 1489: 1479:of the city of 1469: 1417: 1322:Veliky Novgorod 1281:, Pskov (2003). 1279:Zurab Tsereteli 1255:Zhytomyr Oblast 1171: 1161: 1122: 1101: 1075:(especially in 1022: 983: 978: 936: 873: 845: 827: 797:(the mother of 688:Constantine VII 670:Constantine VII 662: 617: 599: 557: 538: 530:personal symbol 472: 371: 315: 297:Church Slavonic 275: 274: 142: 124: 112: 85: 77: 60: 39: 36: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5643:Russian saints 5640: 5635: 5630: 5620: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5609: 5597: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5575:Virtuous pagan 5572: 5567: 5566: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5358: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5339:Zechariah (NT) 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5200: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4772: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4702: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4673:Junípero Serra 4670: 4665: 4660: 4658:Francis Xavier 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4634: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4600:Uganda Martyrs 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4570:Titus Brandsma 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4545:Pietro Parenzo 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4415:Korean Martyrs 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4340:Boris and Gleb 4337: 4331: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4182:Desert Mothers 4179: 4177:Desert Fathers 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4098: 4096: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4063: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3989:Peter Canisius 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3934:Thomas Aquinas 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3865: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3821:Mary Magdalene 3818: 3813: 3807: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3748:Louis Bertrand 3745: 3740: 3735: 3733:Francis Borgia 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3694: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3668: 3662: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3579: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3560:Titles of Mary 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3531: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3507:Servant of God 3496: 3493: 3492: 3487: 3485: 3484: 3477: 3470: 3462: 3454: 3453: 3448: 3445: 3432: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3390: 3389:External links 3387: 3384: 3383: 3381:, p. 233. 3371: 3358: 3319: 3288: 3265: 3243: 3219: 3195: 3169: 3140: 3114: 3088: 3077:. 24 July 2003 3062: 3034: 3005: 2980: 2967: 2942: 2932:(in Ukrainian) 2917: 2905: 2893: 2886: 2863: 2848: 2837:. 26 July 2019 2822: 2783: 2752: 2740: 2713: 2700: 2691: 2675: 2662: 2647: 2628: 2607: 2595: 2576: 2549: 2527:Repin, Taras. 2519: 2505: 2485: 2478: 2458: 2452: 2429: 2417: 2404: 2389: 2382: 2376:. p. 22. 2360: 2356:Vernadsky 1948 2348: 2332: 2307: 2300: 2280: 2268: 2261: 2241: 2220: 2213: 2195: 2188: 2168: 2161: 2141: 2134: 2116: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2095: 2089: 2076: 2069: 2052: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2034: 2019: 2002: 1987: 1974: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1941:Regino of Prüm 1933: 1932: 1928: 1927: 1916:John Skylitzes 1913: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1820: 1819: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1793: 1784: 1759: 1690: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1670: 1665: 1656: 1646: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1624: 1617: 1615: 1589: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1551: 1549: 1543: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1524: 1522: 1514: 1511: 1488: 1485: 1471:In 1981 a new 1468: 1465: 1433:female bogatyr 1416: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1398: 1392: 1386: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1354:Olga, Primorje 1350: 1343: 1332: 1325: 1312: 1305: 1298: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1275: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1247: 1241: 1235: 1224: 1214: 1208: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1141: 1134: 1121: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1100: 1097: 982: 979: 977: 974: 935: 932: 881:Regino of Prüm 872: 869: 844: 842: 841: 820: 819: 773: 772: 754:John Skylitzes 751: 750: 729: 728: 704:John Skylitzes 666:Constantinople 661: 658: 619:Olga remained 616: 613: 537: 534: 495:Vasily Surikov 493:. A sketch by 471: 468: 448:Leo the Deacon 370: 367: 316: 890–925 288: 287: 284: 283: 269: 265: 264: 259: 253: 252: 249: 243: 242: 237: 233: 232: 229: 228: 223: 219: 218: 213: 209: 208: 205: 201: 200: 194: 193: 190: 189: 180: 174: 173: 170: 164: 163: 160: 154: 153: 148: 139: 138: 135: 129: 128: 119: 115: 114: 109: 105: 104: 101: 97: 96: 71: 67: 66: 62: 61: 49: 41: 40: 37: 31: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5716: 5715: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5608: 5598: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5519: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5462:Maria Goretti 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5367:Agnes of Rome 5365: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4580:Thomas Becket 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4405:Irish Martyrs 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4034:John of Ávila 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3959:Leo the Great 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3789: 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Gorod Pskov 3102: 3101:pskovgorod.ru 3098: 3092: 3089: 3076: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3059: 3052:September 15, 3047: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3024:on 2019-05-16 3023: 3019: 3015: 3009: 3006: 2994: 2993:drevo-info.ru 2990: 2984: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2956: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2906: 2903:, p. 81. 2902: 2897: 2894: 2889: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2861:, p. 86. 2860: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2817: 2811: 2798: 2786: 2784:9785457497665 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2761:Akunin, Boris 2756: 2753: 2750:, p. 88. 2749: 2744: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2660:, p. 26. 2659: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2645:, p. 25. 2644: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2605:, p. 86. 2604: 2599: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2534: 2533:cyrillitsa.ru 2530: 2523: 2520: 2508: 2506:9780300053272 2502: 2498: 2497: 2489: 2486: 2481: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2445: 2444: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2427:, p. 84. 2426: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2405: 2402:, p. 83. 2401: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2370:Princess Olga 2364: 2361: 2358:, p. 39. 2357: 2352: 2349: 2345: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2321: 2317: 2311: 2308: 2303: 2297: 2293: 2292: 2284: 2281: 2278:, p. 51. 2277: 2272: 2269: 2264: 2258: 2254: 2253: 2245: 2242: 2239:, p. 82. 2238: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2214:5-7702-0506-7 2210: 2206: 2199: 2196: 2191: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2172: 2169: 2164: 2158: 2154: 2153: 2145: 2142: 2137: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2105: 2098: 2092: 2090:0-300-01647-6 2086: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2020: 2016: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2005: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1988: 1977: 1971: 1967: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1903: 1902: 1901:De Ceremoniis 1898: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1870: 1860: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1797: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1780: 1768: 1763: 1760: 1755: 1749: 1740: 1735: 1729: 1720: 1715: 1709: 1700: 1695: 1692: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1637: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1604: 1597: 1592: 1591:Nikolai Bruni 1586: 1581: 1574: 1569: 1566: 1561: 1555: 1550: 1547: 1540: 1535: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1361:United States 1360: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1234:, Lviv Oblast 1233: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1175: 1168: 1163: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1026: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 999: 995: 991: 987: 980: 975: 973: 971: 967: 964:in 1240. 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