3773:
502:(forest). Although, Old Javanese made a distinction between those "short vowels" and "long vowels" in writing such as ā, ö, e, ī, ū, and o, however, these "long vowels" have no distinction in phonology with those "short vowels". This distinction is generally happened with unadapted loanwords from Sanskrit which differentiates the short and long vowels.
2354:
In Old
Javanese, a large number of other words than personal pronouns are used by way of personal pronouns for the first and second person. They consist of fixed expressions in which the original meaning of the words involved does not play a role and a virtually boundless list of words referring to
2867:
Subject in Old
Javanese can be personal pronoun, noun, and proper names. The predicate can be a verbal predicate where the predicate is a verb. The predicate can also be a nominal predicate, where the predicate can be an adjective and nouns, including proper names, and pronouns. Old Javanese verbs
495:
Old
Javanese has six vowels. Those vowels are "a", "ĕ" /ə/, "e" /e/, i, u, and o in Latin transliteration. Little can be said about the pronunciation of Old Javanese. It is believed that it has not been much different from the pronunciation of modern Javanese. However, the major difference is the
404:
in 1982, contains approximately 25,500 entries, no fewer than 12,500 of which are borrowed from
Sanskrit. This large number is not an indication of usage, but it is an indication that the Ancient Javanese knew and employed these Sanskrit words in their literary works. In any given Old Javanese
3397:, thus differing from Sanskrit's highly developed inflectional system. Kawi might have come from a very ancient settlement in the pacific side of Asia. In Kawi language, the meaning of a sentence must be grasped through word order and context. Humboldt further noted that Kawi utilizes
510:
There are twenty consonants in Old
Javanese which are written as b, c, d, ḍ, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, ñ, ŋ, p, r, s, t, ṭ, w, and y in Latin transliteration. The consonant ñ sometimes is written as the digraph ny and IPA ɲ, while the consonant ŋ sometimes is written as the digraph ng.
3030:. Although often glibly translated as "Unity in Diversity", it is more correctly rendered as " scattered, remaining one"— referring to the scattered islands of the archipelago nation, not as an expression of multicultural solidarity as may be perceived in modern times.
3412:
Numerous scholars have studied the language, including the Dutch expatriate
Indonesian Prof. Dr. Petrus Josephus Zoetmulder S.J., who contributed an enormous quantity of original texts and serious scholarly study to the language, and his pupil and associate, Father Dr.
2864:). The predicate comes first in the sentence, the subject follows the predicate, which is the normal order. However, the reversed order also occurs which it signals of some particularity such as stress intended by the writer. These sentences lack an indication of time.
430:). Old Javanese texts contain many more characters with similar phonology values to represent distinct vowels and consonants in Sanskrit such as unadapted loanwords. Wherever these diacritics occur in Old Javanese texts, they are neglected in pronunciation:
417:, which might have been derived from Sanskrit. That is disputed by several linguists, who hold the view that it is also possible that the occurrence of these retroflex consonants was an independent development within the Austronesian language family.
2485:(there are still other ways of expressing definiteness in Old Javanese, for example, the possessive suffix). Both definite articles and honorific articles are placed before the noun and cannot stand by themselves. The definite article is
340:
of East Java, is a copy of the original, dated some 120 years earlier; only this copy has been preserved. Its contents concern the construction of a dam for an irrigation canal near the river Śrī Hariñjing (now shortened to
3366:
Nevertheless, there are exceptions to this pattern of language distribution in the epigraphical record. There are several inscription using Old
Javanese language on the island of Sumatra, by editing three short epigraphs.
2379:
Old
Javanese has four sets of demonstrative pronouns. The members of each set represent different degrees of distance seen from the speaker, while the four sets at least in theory express different shades of stress.
425:
A related question is the form in which
Sanskrit words were loaned in Old Javanese. The borrowed Sanskrit words in Old Javanese are almost without exceptions nouns and adjectives in their undeclined form (Sanskrit
2480:
Old
Javanese does not have an indefinite article. A noun without an article is indefinite. Old Javanese has three sorts of articles to express definiteness: a definite article, several honorific articles, and
393:
influence. There is no evidence of Indian linguistic elements in Old Javanese other than Sanskrit. This is different from, for example, the influence of Indian linguistics in the (Old) Malay language.
2604:. The possessiveness can be expressed with pronominal suffixes, in which no definite article is added in a such case. Honorific articles can also express possessiveness and definiteness, such as
3390:, who considered it the father of all Malay-Polynesian languages. Furthermore, he deprecated misconceptions about Kawi being wholly influenced by Sanskrit, finding that Kawi did not use
1846:
passive verbs. The presence of sandhi sometimes made it impossible to see whether -a of irrealis mood. In the case of pronominal suffix presence, the irrealis suffix is prioritized.
3615:
2532:
as a demonstrative pronoun means 'that' which is used to differentiate from 'this'. If there is no such contrast, its function is that of a definite article, meaning ‘the’.
3787:. Translated by Darusuprapta; Sumarti Suprayitna. Jakarta: Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde and Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia and PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
2104:
Old Javanese have several personal pronouns for the first, second, and third person. The pronoun is not differentiated by singular and plural and social status in general.
3801:
1992–1993, Bahasa parwa : tatabahasa Jawa Kuna: Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. Bekerja sama dengan I.J. Poedjawijatna. Cetakan ulang dari edisi tahun 1954
3898:
1152:
refers to passive voice. If it is put before the consonant of the stem, it shows no change. However, if it is put before vowels, the sandhi is applicable, such as in
2809:
is the same as in main clauses: the subject follows the predicate. However, different from main clauses, in sub-clauses headed by an no separating particle is used.
1005:
Old Javanese verbs are morphologically complex and are conjugated by taking on a variety of affixes reflecting focus/trigger, aspect, voice, and other categories.
332:
of 450 AD, the oldest example written entirely in Javanese, called the Sukabumi inscription, is dated 25 March 804 AD. This inscription, located in the district of
887:
If a word ends in a vowel and the next word in the same sentence begins with a vowel, both words may merge into one, with one vowel instead of two vowels, such as
2985:. Today, it is taught in primary school education as part of the compulsory secondary language unit of National curriculum. Traditionally, Kawi is written on
482:
and were held in high regard. Starting in the 18th century, literature inspired by Old Javanese was written using the modern Javanese language and verse.
361:
Old Javanese was not static, and its usage covered approximately 500 years – from the Sukabumi (Kediri, East Java) inscription until the founding of the
3697:. Cornell University. Modern Indonesia Project. Translation series. Ithaca, N.Y.: Modern Indonesia Project, Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University.
1053:(food), if the base word is a verb. However, if the base word is a noun, the derivation can result in both transitive and intransitive verbs, such as
328:
1061:(man), whether the result will be either transitive or intransitive can not be predicted. In the base word is an adjective, the derived verbs are
369:
which was spoken and written in the Majapahit era already underwent some changes and is therefore already closer to the Modern Javanese language.
3554:
2738:
However, there are particularities in the expression of 'inside' or 'from inside' in Old Javanese. Old Javanese use a combination of either
852:
The presence of such aspirated consonants, retroflex nasal, palatal sibilant, and retroflex sibilant are used for unadapted loanwords from
2355:
functions and family relations. Proper names do not play a role in this respect. For example, first person pronouns can be manifested as
672:
3913:
3417:. Other eminent Indonesian scholars of the language include Poedjawijatna, Sumarti Suprayitna, Poerbatjaraka and Tardjan Hadiwidjaja.
3827:
3792:
3763:
3714:
3654:
759:
1137:. It is not necessary to express the actor in a passive sentence. If the actor is explicitly mentioned, the actor is introduced by
454:). Nor do they influence the order of the words in the dictionary: the variants s, ṣ, and ś, for example, are all treated like s.
2684:
Verbs and adjectives, and also adverbs, can be qualified by adverbs. Adverbs are placed before of the words they qualify, except
2202:
The personal pronoun has corresponding pronominal suffixes which serve to express either the possessive relationship or an agent
940:(those are different). Meanwhile, the open vowel /a/ followed by close-back vowels of /o/ or /u/ is assimilated as /o/, such as
3633:
3038:
718:
951:
The semi-vowel y or w will replace the corresponding vowel i, u, or ö, when followed by a dissimilar vowel. For example,
713:
2489:
and it is written combined with particles. Examples of honorific articles that express a certain amount of respect are
3856:
805:
688:
123:
2608:(the word of the teacher), by placing the honorific article after the possessed noun and followed by the possessor.
2716:
There are several prepositions in Old Javanese, in which the noun preceded by the preposition is definite, such as:
381:
heritage in vocabulary, sentence structure, and grammar that it shared with its sister languages in Southeast Asia.
3903:
3780:
3441:
3414:
3220:
780:
667:
401:
2568:
have no meaning and cannot self-standing, although it is required in the construction. It is generally written as
3908:
3436:
3431:
1100:
is the prefix to show active verb which generally shows no difference in meaning with the derivation with prefix
764:
642:
2934:
Kawi is not truly extinct as a spoken language. It is commonly used in some Javanese traditional events such as
3524:. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
3299:
2754:
to express the idea of 'inside' or 'from inside'. The preposition of the inside is expressed by placing either
734:
698:
652:
413:
Sanskrit has also influenced both the phonology and the vocabulary of Old Javanese. Old Javanese also contains
269:
3205:
2676:(speech), while there is no change if the word begins with a consonant. Nouns can be qualified by adjectives.
3143:
462:
Medieval poems written in Old Javanese using the Kawi script continued to be circulated within the courts of
3305:
3128:
2898:
790:
601:
211:
178:
3772:
3133:
3091:
3692:
3186:
3148:
2950:, especially for the stylised meeting ritual of bride's parents with groom's parents in the ceremonies of
2544:
Expression of possessiveness in Old Javanese is done with the help of possessive suffixes, such as suffix
708:
378:
118:
3210:
3195:
2328:
The third person pronominal suffixes can express a possessive relationship between two words, such as in
3609:
3317:
3311:
3200:
3138:
3106:
3101:
3086:
3061:
800:
744:
3215:
2724:
has the meaning of ‘in’, ‘on’, ‘at’, and ‘to’, but also ‘for’, ‘towards’, and even ‘by’, and ‘through’.
3476:"The power of the heart that blazes in the world: An Islamic theory of religions in early modern Java"
3190:
917:
Similar vowels without short-long vowels consideration are assimilated as "long vowels". For example,
3426:
3387:
3168:
3073:
3025:
2986:
853:
662:
611:
471:
315:
language register, to be used with one's social superiors that is characteristic of modern Javanese.
3885:
at Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (A pdf primer in English, though the web page is in Japanese)
3647:
Javanese Literature in Surakarta Manuscripts: Introduction and Manuscripts of the Karaton Surakarta
3295:
The earliest written records in an indigenous language found in Java are indeed in (Old) Javanese.
3015:
1176:
from a + ĕ /ə/, e from a + either i or e, and o from a + u (there is no example with a + o exist).
795:
785:
754:
749:
739:
703:
693:
682:
657:
647:
616:
606:
587:
577:
547:
443:
414:
3283:
3259:
3253:
3003:
Kawi remains in occasional use as an archaic prose and literary language, in a similar fashion to
2616:
Old Javanese have two types of adjectives. The first one is an adjective-class base word, such as
3265:
3123:
2951:
621:
555:
467:
3588:
Griffiths, Arlo (October 2012). "Inscriptions of Sumatra, II. Short Epigraphs in Old Javanese".
2959:
2620:(alive). The second one is an adjective-class-derived word that uses affixation with the prefix
2536:
is put in front of the word to which it belongs and always combined with the definite article.
932:
The open vowel /a/ followed by close-front vowels of /e/ or /i/ are assimilated as /e/, such as
902:
A merger of ĕ with the preceding vowel results in assimilated ĕ to the preceding vowel, such as
3235:
2967:
3823:
3788:
3759:
3710:
3650:
3550:
3497:
3398:
1758:
636:
366:
342:
280:
260:
100:
3117:
2963:
2955:
3751:
3743:
3638:
Indonesian Palaeography: A History of Writing in Indonesia from the beginnings to c. AD 1500
3597:
3542:
3487:
3406:
3177:
3067:
3008:
2958:. Archaically or for certain nobles very strongly attached to tradition, it is used for the
2335:
The third person pronominal suffixes can be used to nominalise verbs and adjectives such as
1651:
1590:
774:
728:
582:
572:
560:
451:
362:
3113:
396:
Sanskrit has had a deep and lasting impact on the vocabulary of the Javanese language. The
3882:
3876:
3866:
3402:
3158:
2971:
2918:
2914:
1850:
595:
565:
157:
153:
110:
3110:
3077:
2817:
can be interpreted as either 'that', 'so that, in order to' and 'while, as'. The use of
2652:, the sandhi law is observed especially when the base word starts with a vowel, such as
3724:
2906:
2902:
2890:
1074:
346:
337:
142:
3737:
2844:
In a basic clause, predicate and subject are separated from each other by a particle (
1864:(please mount), which is the polite form. This form is just recognized by the context.
227:
3892:
3536:
3451:
1803:
204:
17:
3374:
Inscribed Makara from the Northern Gopura, Candi Kedaton, Muara Jambi Temple Complex
1810:
to the verbs. The active irrealis verb can be constructed as active affixes (prefix
389:
The Indian linguistic influence in the Old Javanese language was almost exclusively
3277:
3271:
3181:
3172:
3162:
2981:
has adopted Kawi as its regional language, reflecting the very strong influence of
2943:
2935:
439:
333:
284:
3492:
3475:
2868:
are not conjugated and do not formally distinguish between present and past time.
2528:
has two functions, those are definite article and demonstrative pronoun. The word
3676:
3672:
3668:
3045:. In this work, he provides a framework for understanding the experience of the
3247:
3004:
2939:
2886:
2877:
350:
149:
3401:
distinctions, with past, present, and future, and differentiated moods via the
2731:
has the meaning of ‘from’, ‘compared to’ (‘than’ in comparisons), ‘because of’.
3755:
3546:
3096:
3501:
405:
literary work, approximately 25% of the vocabulary is derived from Sanskrit.
3842:
3739:
Introduction to Old Javanese Language and Literature: A Kawi Prose Anthology
3446:
3394:
3241:
3152:
2982:
1729:
1486:
1062:
876:
533:
463:
292:
288:
220:
188:
170:
68:
3601:
3747:
2781:
can be used as an object marker of transitive verb and proper noun maker.
1826:). However, passive irrealis can be constructed with suppression of infix
295:. As a literary language, Kawi was used across Java and on the islands of
195:
3702:
2789:
There are several conjunctions in Old Javanese; the most common ones are
880:
857:
540:
390:
324:
308:
57:
3810:
3046:
2998:
2947:
2848:) marking the border between both parts of the sentence. For example, "
515:
3014:
There are many important literary works written in Kawi, most notably
838:
The retroflex nasal consonant is pronounced as the dental counterpart.
828:
Aspirated consonants are pronounced as their unaspirated counterparts.
2978:
2060:
is the most common one. The other particles that occur regularly are
304:
296:
90:
86:
3862:
496:
pronunciation of /a/ in open syllables: now å, then /a/, such as in
3386:
The first scholar to address Kawi in a serious academic manner was
1104:. Sometimes, there is a difference in meaning between the prefixed
3080:
3042:
1698:) after a vowel. However, passive transitive verbs use the suffix
3729:
A Critical Survey of Studies on the Languages of Java and Madura
3538:
A Critical Survey of Studies on the Languages of Java and Madura
3391:
2894:
1748:
is object-oriented. There is no combination between the passive
345:). This inscription is the last of its kind to be written using
300:
82:
78:
2080:
as particles must be differentiated from the personal pronouns
3872:
447:
3231:
The following are notable authors of literary works in Kawi.
2921:
in modern literatures which are descendants of Kawi script.
2096:. It is not compulsory to use them; they are often left out.
349:; all consequent examples of Old Javanese are written using
2520:
Besides the definite article and the articles of respect,
377:
The most important shaping force on Old Javanese was its
906:(load, cargo; vessel, carrier, container, setting) from
848:
The sibilants are pronounced as the dental counterpart.
2056:
There are various particles in Old Javanese. Particle
1793:
integrated). The denasalisation phenomenon can happen.
274:
3022:
from which is taken the National motto of Indonesia:
2821:
may cause the suppression of -um- and denasalization.
2770:(inner part, depth) without placement of both clitic
2688:(very, very much) is placed after the word. The word
1129:
Passive voices are derived through either the prefix
1037:
is the prefix to make transitive verbs, for example,
103:, developed into Middle Javanese by 13th–14th century
2946:, in addition to high activities such as a Javanese
2298:
has no change after consonant, but will change into
1179:
The other passive voice derivation is through infix
3709:. Bibliotheca Indonesica, 32. Leiden: KITLV Press.
2692:is used to express 'not' and have several forms as
283:. It was spoken in the eastern part of what is now
218:
202:
186:
168:
163:
139:
107:
96:
74:
64:
52:
34:
3057:Famous poems, epics and other literature include:
1014:The active voice is derived through either prefix
3614:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2805:. The order of elements in sub-clauses headed by
2108:may be used as an honorific particle, similar to
2088:, ‘he, she’. Sometimes they are combined such as
1781:integrated), while passive voice uses the prefix
1666:is used for active transitive verbs (with prefix
3053:List of famous poems, epics and other literature
2287:(my hand). However, the suffix will change into
323:While evidence of writing in Java dates to the
311:loanwords but had not yet developed the formal
3839:Kalangwan: A Survey of Old Javanese Literature
3572:Kalangwan: A Survey of Old Javanese Literature
2648:(wife). In case of derivation with the prefix
2524:can be used to express definiteness. The word
2275:The suffixes exhibit sandhi features, such as
1654:or plurality can be indicated with the suffix
27:Oldest attested phase of the Javanese language
3590:Wacana Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia
1736:from verbal and nominal bases (either prefix
8:
2283:has no change after a consonant, such as in
3682:Poerbatjaraka; Tardjan Hadiwidjaja (1952).
1856:...by bare form without any affix, such as
244:
3377:Inscribed Golden Bowl of Rokan Hilir, Riau
2889:in 8th–16th century. The Kawi script is a
1849:There are three ways to put a verb in the
1073:(disappeared). The derivation can undergo
497:
42:
31:
3491:
3359:Tuhañaru/Jayanagara II inscription (1323)
2100:Personal pronouns and pronominal suffixes
2382:
2207:
2114:
1926:
1537:
1196:
513:
3899:Languages attested from the 9th century
3863:Zoetmulder's Dictionary of Old Javanese
3463:
2746:(inner part, depth) followed by clitic
2384:Demonstrative pronouns in Old Javanese
1928:Construction of verbs in irrealis mood
1069:(to cause something to disappear) from
3818:Zoetmulder, P.J.; S.O. Robson (1982).
3607:
1904:tānunggangi, ta tunggangi, pānunggangi
875:is a cover term for a wide variety of
279:) is the oldest attested phase of the
56:
3742:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
3371:Inscription of Kapalo Bukit Gombak II
1915:Prohibition is expressed by the word
7:
3691:Avenir Stepanovich Teselkin (1972).
3649:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University.
3583:
3581:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3469:
3467:
2901:. The Kawi script is related to the
1886:before the unchanged or reduced form
3541:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
3350:Hantang/Ngantang inscription (1135)
1867:...drop the verbal prefix, such as
1141:and put after the subject, such as
3474:Arps, Bernard (2 September 2019).
3326:Anjuk Ladang inscription (935/937)
2596:generally, while it is written as
1769:with sandhi rules applied. Prefix
823:
25:
3820:Old Javanese – English Dictionary
3332:Turun Hyang II inscription (1044)
2860:), and the third person pronoun (
2777:It is important to remember that
2209:Old Javanese Pronominal Suffixes
1077:in particular situations such as
307:. It had a sizable vocabulary of
3771:
3686:. Djakarta/Amsterdam: Djambatan.
3362:Waringin Pitu inscription (1447)
3353:Mula Malurung inscription (1255)
3335:Kambang Putih inscription (1050)
2734:Combination of both prepositions
2347:(his being asked) from the verb
1838:), while the addition of suffix
1732:can be indicated by the suffix -
1143:"Katon pwa ta de sang Śrutasena"
3883:An Introduction to Old Javanese
3822:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
3522:An Introduction to Old Javanese
3033:A more modern work is the poem
2116:Old Javanese Personal Pronouns
1773:is used for active voice (with
1674:) which harmonised into either
398:Old Javanese–English Dictionary
3731:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
3707:Bhomāntaka: the death of Bhoma
3574:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
3520:van der Molen, Willem (2015).
3039:Muhammad Subuh Sumohadiwidjojo
2852:" means "he leaves" as leave (
2624:from noun base words, such as
921:(hearing) is constructed from
1:
3705:; Robson, S.O., eds. (2005).
3663:Wilhelm von Humboldt (1836).
3604:(inactive 12 September 2024).
3493:10.1080/13639811.2019.1654217
3480:Indonesia and the Malay World
3415:Ignatius Kuntara Wiryamartana
3221:Kakawin Banawa Sekar Tanakung
1198:Nasalization rule for prefix
1057:(to be born, incarnate) from
2339:(his skills) from adjective
1830:and addition of the suffix -
1710:). In case of a final vowel
1539:Nasalization rule for infix
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
772:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
680:
3736:Zurbuchen, Mary S. (1976).
3640:. Leiden/Köln: E. J. Brill.
3347:Sumengka inscription (1059)
3338:Banjaran inscription (1052)
2887:Kawi or Old Javanese script
2828:means 'that' or 'if, when'.
2584:is constructed from clitic
2556:is constructed from clitic
2332:(the birth of Suyodhana).
1806:can be indicated by suffix
1761:can be indicated by prefix
843:
833:
275:
3930:
3645:Florida, Nancy K. (1993).
3442:Petrus Josephus Zoetmulder
3344:Garaman inscription (1053)
3341:Malenga inscription (1052)
2996:
2909:in South India. Nowadays,
2875:
2600:after base word ending in
2576:after base word ending in
1818:) with suffix -a (such as
1493:(m)aN- + H- → (m)ang- + H-
815:
43:
3914:Extinct languages of Asia
3873:Old Javanese inscriptions
3837:Zoetmulder, P.J. (1974).
3805:Zoetmulder, P.J. (1950).
3785:Kamus Jawa Kuna–Indonesia
3570:Zoetmulder, P.J. (1974).
3547:10.1007/978-94-011-8790-9
3535:Uhlenbeck, E. M. (1964).
3437:Eugenius Marius Uhlenbeck
3432:Johan Hendrik Caspar Kern
3356:Kudadu inscription (1294)
3323:Turyyan inscription (929)
2560:and the definite article
2427:that (with the listener)
2330:"Wĕtunira sang Suyodhana"
1520:(m)aN- + b- → (m)am- + b-
564:
559:
554:
545:
538:
531:
526:
521:
264:
39:
3807:De Taal van het Adiparwa
3329:Terep inscription (1032)
3300:Karangtengah inscription
3206:Kakawin Nirarthaprakreta
2897:and used across much of
1652:beneficiary-orientedness
474:. The poems were called
329:Tarumanegara inscription
3859:(palmleaf manuscripts).
3783:; Robson, S.O. (1995).
3306:Tri Tepusan inscription
3144:Kakawin Brahmandapurana
2899:Maritime Southeast Asia
2774:and definite articles.
2572:while it is written as
1921:"haywa ta kita malara!"
1029:, which is realised as
925:(hearing, listening) +
910:(to carry, to bring) +
498:
400:, written by Professor
3602:10.17510/wjhi.v14i2.61
3187:Kakawin Siwaratrikalpa
3129:Kakawin Gatotkacasraya
2989:prepared palm leaves.
2656:(having a child) from
2375:Demonstrative pronouns
1860:(please come out) and
1172:, the other sandhi is
879:changes that occur at
516:Consonant articulation
3748:10.3998/mpub.11902952
3665:Über die Kawi-Sprache
3318:Mantyasih inscription
3312:Shivagrha inscription
3134:Kakawin Wrettasañcaya
3107:Kakawin Bharatayuddha
3092:Kakawin Sumanasantaka
3062:Shivagrha inscription
3035:"Susila Budhi Dharma"
2672:(having speech) from
2588:and definite article
2449:that (far from both)
1547:Initial of base word
1364:(m)aN- + c- → (m)any-
1206:Initial of base word
523:Place of articulation
18:Old Javanese language
3427:Bhinneka Tunggal Ika
3388:Wilhelm von Humboldt
3169:Kakawin Arjunawijaya
3149:Kakawin Kunjarakarna
3074:Kakawin Arjunawiwaha
3026:Bhinneka Tunggal Ika
2913:can be written with
1220:nasal (m-, n-, ng-)
883:or word boundaries.
854:Indo-Aryan languages
415:retroflex consonants
373:Austronesian origins
3845:: Martinus Nijhoff.
3694:Old Javanese (Kawi)
3211:Kakawin Dharmasunya
3196:Kakawin Parthayajna
3020:"Kakawin Sutasoma",
2893:found primarily in
2540:Possessive suffixes
2385:
2210:
2117:
1929:
1543:
1202:
1009:Voice/Focus/Trigger
518:
3756:20.500.12657/41870
3201:Kakawin Nitisastra
3139:Kakawin Wrettayana
3124:Kakawin Hariwangsa
3102:Kakawin Bhomakawya
3097:Kakawin Smaradhana
3087:Kakawin Kresnayana
2970:ceremonies of the
2592:and is written as
2383:
2208:
2115:
1927:
1919:(do not), such as
1538:
1432:(m)ang- + d-,g-,h-
1212:Harmonized prefix
1197:
983:(u + i → wi), and
514:
450:, the ancestor of
446:is also shared by
385:Sanskrit influence
3904:Javanese language
3809:(in Indonesian).
3684:Kepustakaan Djawa
3634:De Casparis, J. G
3556:978-94-011-8158-7
3227:Prominent authors
3216:Kakawin Harisraya
3041:, the founder of
2885:was written with
2636:(beautiful) from
2473:
2472:
2320:will change into
2309:will change into
2273:
2272:
2200:
2199:
2144:
2044:
2043:
1936:Benefactive case
1896:ta wijil, pamijil
1752:and with suffix -
1744:). The verb with
1718:is attached, not
1702:(with the prefix
1642:
1641:
1553:Harmonized infix
1536:
1535:
1428:(m)aN- + d-,g-,h-
1124:(answer, return).
1120:(to answer) from
865:
864:
367:Javanese language
287:and the whole of
281:Javanese language
273:
234:
233:
124:Malayo-Polynesian
101:literary language
58:[ˈʝʌ̞ʋ̟ə]
16:(Redirected from
3921:
3909:Javanese culture
3846:
3833:
3814:
3798:
3781:Zoetmulder, P.J.
3776:
3775:
3769:
3732:
3720:
3698:
3687:
3660:
3641:
3620:
3619:
3613:
3605:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3517:
3506:
3505:
3495:
3486:(139): 308–334.
3471:
3191:Kakawin Lubdhaka
3178:Kakawin Sutasoma
3068:Kakawin Ramayana
2835:means 'because'.
2628:(far away) from
2386:
2211:
2142:
2118:
2047:Noun and pronoun
1930:
1923:(Don't be sad!).
1878:...place either
1694:, to slay, from
1682:, to slay, from
1544:
1479:jajah → angjajah
1248:(to disappoint)
1203:
847:
837:
827:
519:
501:
478:(Kawi books) or
363:Majapahit empire
278:
268:
266:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
230:
214:
198:
191:
182:
181:
173:
145:
113:
60:
47:
46:
45:
32:
21:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3889:
3888:
3877:SEAlang Library
3867:SEAlang Library
3853:
3836:
3830:
3817:
3804:
3795:
3779:
3770:
3766:
3735:
3725:Uhlenbeck, E.M.
3723:
3717:
3701:
3690:
3681:
3657:
3644:
3632:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3606:
3587:
3586:
3579:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3518:
3509:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3460:
3423:
3384:
3293:
3229:
3159:Nagarakertagama
3055:
3001:
2995:
2932:
2930:Oral expression
2927:
2919:Javanese script
2915:Balinese script
2880:
2874:
2842:
2787:
2714:
2682:
2664:(at ease) from
2644:(married) from
2614:
2542:
2478:
2377:
2246:
2232:
2174:
2170:
2149:
2145:
2143:(singular only)
2102:
2054:
2049:
1944:Causative case
1851:imperative mood
1800:
1722:, for example,
1647:
1636:jawil → jumawil
1450:(to stand off)
1116:(to repay) and
1041:(to kill) from
1011:
1003:
998:
870:
841:
831:
821:
508:
493:
488:
460:
434:is the same as
423:
411:
402:P.J. Zoetmulder
387:
375:
359:
321:
256:
253:
250:
247:
226:
210:
207:
194:
187:
177:
176:
169:
146:
141:
135:
114:
111:Language family
109:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3927:
3925:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3880:
3870:
3860:
3852:
3851:External links
3849:
3848:
3847:
3834:
3828:
3815:
3802:
3799:
3793:
3777:
3764:
3733:
3721:
3715:
3699:
3688:
3679:
3661:
3655:
3642:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3596:(2): 197–214.
3577:
3562:
3555:
3527:
3507:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3422:
3419:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3286:(15th century)
3281:
3280:(14th century)
3275:
3274:(14th century)
3269:
3268:(12th century)
3263:
3262:(12th century)
3257:
3256:(12th century)
3251:
3250:(12th century)
3245:
3244:(12th century)
3239:
3238:(11th century)
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3184:
3175:
3166:
3155:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3071:
3065:
3054:
3051:
3018:'s epic poem,
2997:Main article:
2994:
2991:
2977:The island of
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2907:Kadamba script
2903:Pallava script
2891:Brahmic script
2876:Main article:
2873:
2872:Writing system
2870:
2850:lunghā ta sira
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2786:
2783:
2762:before either
2736:
2735:
2732:
2725:
2713:
2710:
2681:
2678:
2613:
2610:
2606:ujar sang guru
2552:. The suffix -
2541:
2538:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2376:
2373:
2326:
2325:
2314:
2303:
2292:
2291:after a vowel.
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2241:
2240:second person
2237:
2236:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2165:
2160:
2159:second person
2156:
2155:
2153:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2101:
2098:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2038:-akna or -akĕn
2028:
2015:
2008:Passive voice
2005:
2004:
1983:
1966:
1952:
1951:
1942:
1934:
1933:Irrealis mood
1925:
1924:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1876:
1865:
1847:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1756:
1727:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1612:
1607:
1598:
1587:
1586:
1576:
1571:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1471:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1439:
1434:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1408:
1403:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1344:
1339:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1309:
1304:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1269:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1239:
1234:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1177:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1094:
1075:denasalization
1049:(to eat) from
1010:
1007:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
992:
985:angangsö agawe
975:(u + a → wa),
967:(i + u → yu),
959:(i + a → ya),
949:
930:
915:
900:
869:
866:
863:
862:
856:(specifically
850:
849:
839:
829:
813:
812:
810:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
770:
769:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
724:
723:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
678:
677:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
632:
631:
628:
626:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
591:
590:
585:
580:
575:
569:
568:
563:
558:
552:
551:
544:
537:
530:
528:Pancawalimukha
525:
507:
504:
492:
489:
487:
484:
459:
456:
422:
419:
410:
407:
386:
383:
374:
371:
358:
355:
347:Pallava script
338:Kediri Regency
320:
317:
232:
231:
224:
216:
215:
208:
203:
200:
199:
192:
184:
183:
174:
166:
165:
164:Language codes
161:
160:
147:
143:Writing system
140:
137:
136:
134:
133:
132:
131:
117:
115:
108:
105:
104:
98:
94:
93:
76:
72:
71:
66:
65:Native to
62:
61:
54:
50:
49:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3926:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3829:90-247-6178-6
3825:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3794:979-605-347-0
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3765:9780472902187
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3716:90-6718-253-2
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3667:(in German):
3666:
3662:
3658:
3656:0-87727-603-X
3652:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3617:
3611:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3531:
3528:
3523:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3453:
3452:Old Sundanese
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3381:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3290:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3021:
3017:
3016:Empu Tantular
3012:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2856:), particle (
2855:
2851:
2847:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2640:(beauty) and
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2580:. The suffix
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2564:. The clitic
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2363:, slave) and
2362:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:third person
2258:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2224:first person
2223:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:third person
2183:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2134:first person
2133:
2132:
2129:neutral/high
2128:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1955:Active voice
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:Irrealis mood
1802:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1662:. The suffix
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1531:
1530:bawa → ambawa
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:(to envelop)
1508:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1481:(to explore)
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1190:
1187:(taken) from
1186:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1164:. Other than
1163:
1159:
1156:(taken) from
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1085:(to eat) and
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1000:
995:
991:(ö + a → wa).
990:
989:angangswagawe
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
947:
943:
942:mantra oṣadha
939:
935:
931:
928:
924:
920:
916:
913:
909:
905:
901:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:
884:
882:
878:
874:
867:
861:
859:
855:
846:
845:
840:
836:
835:
830:
826:
825:
820:
819:
818:
814:
811:
809:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
776:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
730:
726:
725:
722:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
684:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
638:
634:
633:
629:
627:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
597:
593:
592:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
567:
562:
557:
553:
550:
549:
543:
542:
536:
535:
529:
524:
520:
517:
512:
505:
503:
500:
490:
485:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
457:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
420:
418:
416:
408:
406:
403:
399:
394:
392:
384:
382:
380:
372:
370:
368:
365:in 1292. The
364:
356:
354:
352:
348:
344:
339:
335:
331:
330:
326:
318:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
271:
262:
242:
238:
229:
225:
223:
222:
217:
213:
209:
206:
205:Linguist List
201:
197:
193:
190:
185:
180:
175:
172:
167:
162:
159:
155:
151:
148:
144:
138:
130:
127:
126:
125:
122:
121:
120:
116:
112:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
53:Pronunciation
51:
48:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3857:About lontar
3838:
3819:
3806:
3784:
3738:
3728:
3706:
3693:
3683:
3664:
3646:
3637:
3627:Bibliography
3610:cite journal
3593:
3589:
3571:
3565:
3537:
3530:
3521:
3483:
3479:
3411:
3385:
3365:
3294:
3284:Mpu Tanakung
3278:Mpu Prapanca
3272:Mpu Tantular
3260:Mpu Monaguna
3254:Mpu Dharmaja
3230:
3182:mpu Tantular
3173:mpu Tantular
3163:mpu Prapanca
3056:
3034:
3032:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3002:
2976:
2944:wayang kulit
2936:wayang golek
2933:
2911:Old Javanese
2910:
2883:Old Javanese
2882:
2881:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2832:
2831:Conjunction
2825:
2824:Conjunction
2818:
2814:
2813:Conjunction
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2778:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2728:
2727:Preposition
2721:
2720:Preposition
2715:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2673:
2669:
2668:(ease), and
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2632:(distance),
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2400:more stress
2397:more stress
2378:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2306:
2302:after vowel.
2299:
2295:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2267:
2262:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2229:
2216:low/neutral
2203:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2123:low/neutral
2109:
2105:
2103:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2009:
2000:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1947:
1945:
1938:
1937:
1920:
1916:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1857:
1843:
1842:to prefixed
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1635:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1540:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1478:
1473:
1469:(m)ang- + j-
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1417:(to attack)
1414:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1199:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1108:and infixed
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:(death) and
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1004:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
945:
941:
937:
933:
926:
922:
918:
911:
907:
903:
896:
892:
888:
872:
871:
851:
842:
832:
822:
816:
773:
727:
681:
635:
594:
546:
539:
532:
527:
522:
509:
494:
479:
475:
461:
440:vowel length
435:
431:
427:
424:
412:
397:
395:
388:
379:Austronesian
376:
360:
327:
322:
312:
285:Central Java
240:
237:Old Javanese
236:
235:
219:
129:Old Javanese
128:
119:Austronesian
40:
35:Old Javanese
29:
3407:subjunctive
3291:Inscription
3266:Mpu Triguna
3248:Mpu Panuluh
3153:mpu "Dusun"
3005:Shakespeare
2952:Peningsetan
2940:wayang wong
2878:Kawi script
2785:Conjunction
2752:dalĕmnikang
2712:Preposition
2345:pinintanira
2337:widagdhanya
2316:The suffix
2305:The suffix
2294:The suffix
2279:The suffix
2036:the suffix
2023:the suffix
1995:the suffix
1985:the prefix
1978:the suffix
1968:the prefix
1908:patunggangi
1759:Applicative
1638:(to touch)
1621:(to carry)
1595:b-,p-,m-,w-
1532:(to bring)
1380:(to carry)
1353:(to seize)
1283:(to guard)
1148:The prefix
1093:(to drink).
1089:instead of
1081:instead of
1025:The prefix
946:mantroṣadha
891:instead of
583:Unaspirated
573:Unaspirated
476:layang kawi
448:Elu Prakrit
357:Development
351:Kawi script
3893:Categories
3458:References
3403:imperative
3049:kejiwaan.
2993:Literature
2960:Midodareni
2750:, such as
2507:ḍang hyang
2503:sang hyang
2476:Determiner
2030:the infix
2017:the infix
1862:anunggangi
1820:manghuripa
1632:no change
1629:no change
1585:(to take)
1489:(r, l, w)
1378:anyangking
1183:, such as
1112:, such as
1096:The infix
1065:, such as
953:kadi amṛta
934:bhinna ika
506:Consonants
472:Yogyakarta
458:Influences
444:aspiration
421:Vocabulary
3843:The Hague
3703:Teeuw, A.
3502:1363-9811
3447:Old Malay
3395:inflexion
3242:Mpu Sedah
3236:Mpu Kanwa
2983:East Java
2974:wedding.
2968:Sungkeman
2660:(child),
2612:Adjective
1989:or infix
1972:or infix
1961:or infix
1873:tunggangi
1834:(such as
1824:manghurip
1814:or infix
1740:or infix
1730:Causative
1706:or infix
1670:or infix
1556:Examples
1487:semivowel
1448:anghaḍang
1318:(to tap)
1215:Examples
1133:or infix
1067:anghilang
1063:causative
1018:or infix
977:māsku ibu
961:ri ubhaya
957:kadyamṛta
683:Retroflex
588:Aspirated
578:Aspirated
548:Fricative
534:Semivowel
486:Phonology
468:Surakarta
464:Kartasura
438:(loss of
409:Phonology
293:Indonesia
289:East Java
270:romanized
221:Glottolog
189:ISO 639-3
171:ISO 639-2
69:Indonesia
3727:(1964).
3636:(1975).
3421:See also
3382:Scholars
3320:(907 CE)
3314:(856 CE)
3308:(842 CE)
3302:(824 CE)
3157:Kakawin
3116:and mpu
3083:, ~ 1030
2972:Javanese
2803:yarapwan
2729:sa(ng)ka
2391:neutral
2371:, man).
2341:widagdha
2324:after n.
2313:after n.
2285:tanganku
2219:neutral
2126:neutral
2072:. These
2052:Particle
1993:present
1976:present
1892:ta mijil
1890:such as
1692:amatyani
1507:angliput
1374:cangking
1091:manginum
1087:panginum
1083:mamangan
1079:pamangan
1055:angjanma
981:māskwibu
969:milu āśā
965:ryubhaya
944:becomes
938:bhinneka
889:dewatādi
881:morpheme
858:Sanskrit
556:Unvoiced
541:Sibilant
391:Sanskrit
343:Srinjing
325:Sanskrit
309:Sanskrit
261:Sanskrit
228:kawi1241
158:Balinese
154:Javanese
3811:Bandung
3118:Panuluh
3047:latihan
3009:English
2999:Kakawin
2964:Siraman
2956:Panggih
2948:wedding
2582:-(n)ika
2550:-(n)ika
2546:-(n)ing
2394:stress
2357:nghulun
2349:pininta
2034:absent
2021:absent
1957:prefix
1900:pawijil
1836:huripĕn
1783:pinaka-
1767:pinaka-
1724:kapaḍan
1626:others
1603:+ C- →
1591:labials
1567:+ V- →
1561:vowels
1550:Sandhi
1498:(m)ang-
1474:(m)ang-
1437:(m)ang-
1423:d, g, h
1415:angabĕn
1406:(m)ang-
1385:vowels
1369:(m)any-
1351:anambut
1281:angĕmit
1272:(m)ang-
1267:(m)ang-
1209:Sandhi
1118:sumahur
996:Grammar
987:become
979:become
973:milwāśā
971:become
963:become
955:become
936:become
637:Palatal
480:kakawin
452:Sinhala
432:bhaṭāra
336:in the
319:History
272::
248:
3826:
3813:: Nix.
3791:
3762:
3713:
3653:
3553:
3500:
3165:, 1365
3120:, 1157
2987:lontar
2979:Lombok
2854:lunghā
2840:Syntax
2801:, and
2706:ndātan
2704:, and
2702:ndatan
2680:Adverb
2642:mastrī
2570:-ning,
2517:.
2365:ngwang
2090:ta pwa
2010:infix
1987:(m)aN-
1970:(m)aN-
1959:(m)aN-
1812:(m)aN-
1789:- and
1785:(with
1775:(m)aN-
1738:(m)aN-
1686:) and
1668:(m)aN-
1583:umalap
1525:(m)am-
1461:(m)aN-
1442:haḍang
1397:(m)ang
1389:(m)aN-
1347:sambut
1342:(m)an-
1337:(m)an-
1329:(m)aN-
1316:amahat
1307:(m)am-
1302:(m)am-
1294:(m)aN-
1224:(m)aN-
1200:(m)aN-
1185:inalap
1114:anahur
1106:(m)aN-
1102:(m)aN-
1071:hilang
1051:pangan
1047:mangan
1027:(m)aN-
1016:(m)aN-
919:rĕngön
893:dewata
873:Sandhi
868:Sandhi
775:Labial
729:Dental
561:Voiced
491:Vowels
470:, and
436:baṭara
428:lingga
305:Lombok
303:, and
297:Madura
91:Lombok
87:Madura
75:Region
3677:Vol 3
3673:Vol 2
3669:Vol 1
3399:tense
3114:Sedah
3081:Kanwa
3070:~ 870
3064:, 856
3043:Subud
3037:, by
3007:-era
2925:Usage
2768:dalĕm
2744:dalĕm
2698:tātan
2694:tatan
2686:dahat
2670:mojar
2654:mānak
2650:(m)a-
2634:ahayu
2622:(m)a-
2594:-nika
2586:-(n)i
2566:-(n)i
2562:(a)ng
2558:-(n)i
2487:(a)ng
2405:this
2369:wwang
2361:hulun
2318:-nira
2289:-ngku
2268:-nira
2234:-mami
2176:kanyu
2172:kamu,
2168:kita,
2147:kami,
2094:ta ya
1997:-akna
1917:haywa
1869:wijil
1858:mijil
1822:from
1771:maka-
1763:maka-
1754:akĕn.
1746:-akĕn
1720:-anan
1680:amatī
1619:umawa
1503:liput
1333:s-,t-
1312:pahat
1298:p-,w-
1277:kĕmit
1259:(m)aN
1246:amaga
1237:(m)a-
1232:(m)a-
1170:a + a
1168:from
1154:kālap
1122:sahur
1059:janma
1039:amati
923:rĕngö
904:wawan
877:sound
817:Notes
630:(h)a
596:Velar
566:Nasal
313:krama
3824:ISBN
3789:ISBN
3760:ISBN
3711:ISBN
3651:ISBN
3616:link
3551:ISBN
3498:ISSN
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