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438:
294:. Although he managed to attend a few classes, he remained throughout his life a self-taught scientist who never got to complete a college education, never had the support of a collaborator or research team, and never held a position higher than a technician. Nevertheless, he managed to conduct original research. His interests focused on the point-contact
47:
369:
due to microscopic electric arcs. Losev measured rates of evaporation of benzine from the crystal surface and found it was not accelerated when light was emitted, concluding that the luminescence was a "cold" light not caused by thermal effects. He theorized correctly that the explanation of the light emission was in the new science of
368:
The series of articles on the LED Losev published between 1924 and 1941 constitute a thorough study of the device. He did extensive research into the mechanism of light emission. At the time, the prevailing theory of point contact junctions was that they worked by a thermoelectric effect, possibly
333:. He was eventually awarded a PhD from the Institute in 1938 without completing a formal thesis, but it came too late to benefit his career. After much hardship, in 1937 Losev was forced to take a position as a technician at the physics department of the Leningrad First Medical Institute (now the
289:
352:
In radio receivers, crystal detectors were often forward-biased with DC current from a battery to make them more sensitive rectifiers. In the course of investigating biased junctions as a technician at Nizhny
Novgorod around 1924, Losev noticed that when direct current was passed through a
1011:
166:
365:, he had just published a brief two paragraph note on it. Losev was the first to investigate the effect, propose a theory of how it worked, and envision practical applications. In 1927, Losev published details in a Russian journal.
334:
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in 1924 to Losev's instructions. The zinc oxide point contact diode which serves as the active device is labeled (9). These devices were the first semiconductor oscillators.
517:
crystals were hard to come by because they had to be imported from the United States. After ten years he abandoned research into this technology (dubbed "Crystodyne" by
318:
electronic devices, and although they were widely used, almost nothing was known about how they worked. Losev became one of the world's first semiconductor physicists.
1326:
709:
874:
Losev, O. V. (1927). "Светящийся карборундовый детектор и детектирование с кристаллами" [Luminous carborundum detector and detection with crystals].
1380:
489:
a signal. Losev was the first to exploit negative resistance diodes practically; he realized that they could serve as simpler, cheaper replacements for
275:, an upper-class family background was a bar to higher education and career advancement. Losev went to work as a technician at the recently established
395:
and so was very inefficient as a light-emitting diode, much less efficient than the direct bandgap semiconductor materials used in modern LEDs, such as
248:. However his achievements were overlooked, and languished unknown for half a century before being recognized in the late 20th and early 21st century.
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When Nizhny
Novgorod was shut down in 1928, he transferred along with many of the research staff to the Central Radio Laboratory (CRL) in Leningrad (
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Although he was never able to complete formal education and never held a research position, Losev conducted some of the earliest research into
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224:(LED), did the first research on them, proposed the first correct theory of how they worked, and used them in practical applications such as
220:" (the Soviet version of patents) for his discoveries. He observed light emission from carborundum point-contact junctions, constructing a
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477:. but not much attention had been paid to it. In 1923 Losev began to research these "oscillating crystals" and discovered that biased
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357:(carborundum) point contact junction, a spot of greenish light was given off at the contact point. Losev had constructed a
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156:(NRL), Central Radio Laboratory (TSRL, Leningrad), Leningrad Physicotechnical Institute, First Leningrad Medical Institute
919:
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Lossev, O. V. (November 1928). "Luminous carborundum detector and detection effect and oscillations with crystals".
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in semiconductor junctions, and was first to use them practically for amplification, building the first solid-state
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649:
454:
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K. Lehovec, C.A. Accardo and E. Jamgochian (1951-08-01). "Injected light emission of silicon carbide crystals".
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260:, Russia. His father was a retired captain in the Tsarist Imperial Army, who worked in the office of
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264:(Tversky Wagon Works), a local rolling stock factory. Losev graduated from secondary school in 1920.
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Employees of the
Central Radio Laboratory, Leningrad, 1930. Losev is in fourth row, third from left.
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are used in microwave oscillators and amplifiers and are some of the most widely used sources of
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Losev died of starvation in 1942, at the age of 38, along with many other civilians, during the
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M. A. Novikov (January 2004) "Oleg
Vladimirovich Losev: Pioneer of Semiconductor Electronics,"
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Lee, Thomas H. (2004) The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency
Integrated Circuits, 2nd Ed., p. 20
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429:. Specifically, Losev patented the "Light Relay" and foresaw its use in telecommunications.
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He developed a practical solid-state silicon carbide light source, which generated light by
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361:(LED). Although this effect had been noticed in 1907 by British Marconi engineer
1061:"On an oscillation detector actuated solely by resistance-temperature variations"
1027:"On an oscillation detector actuated solely by resistance-temperature variations"
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337:) which did not support his research interests, where he continued until 1942.
279:(NNRL), the new Soviet government's first radio science laboratory, located in
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583:[Oleg Vladimirovich Losev – Pioneer of Semiconductor Electronics]
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by the
Germans during World War 2. It is not known where he was buried.
198:
876:Телеграфия и Телефония без Проводов (Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony)
514:
478:
139:
46:
509:. However his achievements were overlooked because of the success of
381:
in 1905. He wrote to
Einstein about it, but did not receive a reply.
1180:"Section 14 – Expanded Audio and Vacuum Tube Development (1917–1924)"
776:
Historical
Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 1
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165:
118:
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effect, and had been noticed around 1909 by researchers such as
257:
60:
1009:, Losev O.V., "Световое реле", published 31.12.1929
465:, producing a radio frequency alternating current. This was a
816:
The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency
Integrated Circuits, 2nd Ed
580:Олег Владимирович Лосев – пионер полупроводниковой электроники
524:
Negative resistance in diodes was rediscovered in 1956 in the
426:
412:. Losev's papers were cited but his name appeared as Lossew.
399:. No one saw a use for these weak green lights except Losev.
513:
technology. The Soviet authorities did not support him, and
493:. He used these junctions to build solid-state versions of
457:, in order to increase its sensitivity as a detector in a
193:; 10 May 1903 – 22 January 1942) was a Russian and Soviet
1327:
Facsimile of "Light Relay" and other Oleg Losev's patents
267:
At this time in
Russian history, three years after the
335:
First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Peterburg
244:
radio receivers, 25 years before the invention of the
710:"The life and times of the LED – a 100-year history"
310:radios were developed in World War 1. These crude
149:
135:
110:
102:
72:
53:
32:
329:, from 1929 to 1933 he conducted research at the
201:who made significant discoveries in the field of
528:, and today negative resistance diodes like the
819:. UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 20.
298:(cat's whisker detector), which was used as a
1031:Proceedings of the Physical Society of London
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924:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2–3.
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1238:"The Crystal as a Generator and Amplifier"
1116:"The Discovery of the Oscillating Crystal"
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453:When a DC bias voltage was applied to a
425:gives credit to Losev for inventing the
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1114:Pickard, Greenleaf W. (January 1925).
256:Losev was born into a noble family in
1003:Soviet patent #12191 granted in 1929.
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7:
1090:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 4.
302:in the first early radio receivers,
1242:The Wireless World and Radio Review
1087:RF and Microwave Transmitter Design
840:Round, Henry J. (9 February 1907).
1270:Gernsback, Hugo (September 1924).
331:Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute
325:). At the invitation of director
25:
1381:Victims of the Siege of Leningrad
1236:Gabel, Victor (October 1, 1924).
1184:United States Early Radio History
984:"The LED – older than we thought"
651:Lonely Ideas: Can Russia Compete?
154:Nizhniy-Novgorod Radio Laboratory
708:Zheludev, Nikolay (April 2007).
277:Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory
262:Tverskoy Vagonostroitelniy Zavod
1272:"A Sensational Radio Invention"
1:
1356:Light-emitting diode pioneers
1205:Losev, O. V. (January 1925).
884:English version published as
654:. MIT Press. pp. 62–63.
271:, during the upheaval of the
1361:Russian electrical engineers
1084:Grebennikov, Andrei (2011).
503:regenerative radio receivers
406:et al. published a paper in
1396:Soviet electrical engineers
982:Tom Simonite (2007-04-11).
415:In the April 2007 issue of
1412:
1290:"The Crystodyne Principle"
1065:The Philosophical Magazine
1051:10.1088/1478-7814/22/1/326
1025:Eccles, W.H. (1909–1910).
918:Schubert, E. Fred (2003).
779:. Springer. p. 3588.
619:is on the Springer archive
617:, vol. 46, no. 1, page 1-4
615:Physics of the Solid State
191:Оле́г Влади́мирович Ло́сев
1178:White, Thomas H. (2003).
902:10.1080/14786441108564683
773:Ben-Menahem, Ari (2009).
521:), and it was forgotten.
388:. Silicon carbide is an
190:
160:
128:
44:
39:
595:(1): 5–9. Archived from
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507:superheterodyne receiver
441:"Crystodyne" zinc oxide
283:, where he worked under
252:Career and personal life
175:Oleg Vladimirovich Losev
18:Oleg Vladimirovich Losev
842:"A note on carborundum"
813:Lee, Thomas H. (2004).
739:10.1038/nphoton.2007.34
611:An English translation
577:Новиков, M. A. (2004).
433:Solid-state electronics
203:semiconductor junctions
1207:"Oscillating Crystals"
1186:. earlyradiohistory.us
969:10.1103/PhysRev.83.603
889:Philosophical Magazine
648:Graham, Loren (2013).
455:cat's whisker detector
450:
238:electronic oscillators
171:
144:electrical engineering
1059:Eccles, W.H. (1910).
986:. New Scientist Blogs
921:Light-emitting Diodes
589:Физика Твердого Тела
443:electronic oscillator
440:
348:Light-emitting diodes
218:author's certificates
169:
1386:Deaths by starvation
1331:Russian Patents blog
1292:, (September 1924),
471:William Henry Eccles
375:photoelectric effect
359:light-emitting diode
312:semiconductor diodes
269:Bolshevik Revolution
222:light-emitting diode
207:light emitting diode
1296:, pp. 294–295, 431.
1043:1909PPSL...22..360E
961:1951PhRv...83..603L
731:2007NaPho...1..189Z
467:negative resistance
386:electroluminescence
285:Vladimir Lebedinsky
230:negative resistance
226:electroluminescence
177:(sometimes spelled
106:physicist, inventor
1391:Russian scientists
451:
363:Henry Joseph Round
342:Siege of Leningrad
172:
1366:Soviet physicists
896:(39): 1024–1044.
485:) crystals could
371:quantum mechanics
273:Russian Civil War
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130:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
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379:Albert Einstein
355:silicon carbide
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306:before powered
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854:. Retrieved
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750:. Retrieved
743:the original
722:
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604:. Retrieved
597:the original
592:
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534:IMPATT diode
526:tunnel diode
523:
491:vacuum tubes
452:
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185:in English;
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150:Institutions
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96:Soviet Union
92:Russian SFSR
1351:1942 deaths
1346:1903 births
1007:su 00012191
511:vacuum tube
499:oscillators
463:oscillation
327:Abram Ioffe
308:vacuum tube
300:demodulator
288: [
57:10 May 1903
1340:Categories
1294:Radio News
1282:January 1,
1276:Radio News
1211:Radio News
1120:Radio News
1071:: 128–134.
990:2007-04-11
752:2007-04-11
606:2008-01-01
544:References
538:microwaves
530:Gunn diode
495:amplifiers
483:zinc oxide
246:transistor
234:amplifiers
115:Inventions
80:1942-01-23
40:Олег Лосев
34:Oleg Losev
1252:March 22,
1221:March 22,
1130:March 22,
1126:(7): 1166
402:In 1951,
195:scientist
88:Leningrad
1160:March 4,
1146:"Strays"
852:(6): 309
205:and the
199:inventor
1329:– from
1039:Bibcode
957:Bibcode
727:Bibcode
515:zincite
487:amplify
479:zincite
209:(LED).
187:Russian
140:Physics
78: (
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240:, and
183:Lossew
179:Lossev
136:Fields
1288:and "
1278:: 291
1248:: 2–5
746:(PDF)
713:(PDF)
600:(PDF)
585:(PDF)
292:]
119:radio
1284:2020
1254:2023
1223:2023
1192:2012
1162:2018
1132:2023
1092:ISBN
926:ISBN
858:2014
821:ISBN
781:ISBN
656:ISBN
532:and
473:and
258:Tver
197:and
123:LEDs
73:Died
61:Tver
54:Born
1047:doi
965:doi
898:doi
735:doi
427:LED
181:or
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