138:
120:
339:
While the hypothesis that
Cephalochordata is a sister taxon to Craniata is of long standing and was once widely accepted—likely influenced by significant tunicate morphological apomorphies from other chordates, with cephalochordates even being nicknamed ‘honorary vertebrates’—studies since 2006
439:
Fedonkin, M. A.; Vickers-Rich, P.; Swalla, B. J.; Trusler, P.; Hall, M. (2012). "A new metazoan from the
Vendian of the White Sea, Russia, with possible affinities to the ascidians".
712:
Delsuc, Frédéric; Philippe, Hervé; Tsagkogeorga, Georgia; Simion, Paul; Tilak, Marie-Ka; Turon, Xavier; López-Legentil, Susanna; Piette, Jacques; Lemaire, Patrick (2018-03-31),
364:
which lack a respiratory system and specialized sense organs. Studies suggest that the ancestors of
Appendicularia and Vertebrata were possibly sedentary-pelagic.
325:
is present in tunicates, implying its presence in the olfactores ancestor also, as vertebrates have a true neural crest. For this reason, they are also known as
858:
1463:
360:), due to the development of pharyngeal respiratory and sensory functions, in contrast with cephalochordates such as the
137:
589:
382:
1403:
851:
1435:
561:
655:
604:
397:
802:
679:
646:
Dunn, C.W. (2008). "Broad phylogenetic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life".
628:
456:
421:
132:
1440:
844:
822:
773:
752:
Nanglu, Karma; Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Weaver, James C.; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2023-07-06).
671:
620:
505:
413:
814:
781:
765:
727:
719:
663:
612:
536:
495:
487:
448:
405:
311:
29:
1260:
1014:
980:
907:
574:
303:
786:
659:
608:
401:
1129:
1101:
1008:
500:
475:
344:
datasets strongly support
Olfactores as a clade. The name Olfactores comes from Latin *
1457:
1372:
1277:
1140:
1084:
753:
556:
Ax, P (2001). "Das System der
Metazoa: ein Lehrbuch der phylogenetischen Systematik".
541:
524:
460:
425:
72:
590:"Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates"
1252:
1207:
1112:
1056:
893:
713:
683:
632:
322:
218:
119:
381:
Yang, Chuan; Li, Xian-Hua; Zhu, Maoyan; Condon, Daniel J.; Chen, Junyuan (2018).
302:). Olfactores represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, as the
1169:
1069:
291:
182:
47:
1426:
803:"Renewed perspectives on the sedentary-pelagic last common bilaterian ancestor"
769:
1365:
1304:
1157:
1042:
996:
818:
452:
341:
295:
264:
92:
57:
826:
777:
417:
1296:
986:
960:
887:
327:
208:
195:
169:
149:
109:
97:
41:
715:
A phylogenomic framework and timescale for comparative studies of tunicates
675:
624:
509:
383:"Geochronological constraint on the Cambrian Chengjiang biota, South China"
836:
754:"A mid-Cambrian tunicate and the deep origin of the ascidiacean body plan"
1420:
1266:
1194:
1182:
944:
915:
868:
361:
315:
299:
287:
283:
268:
259:
228:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
33:
732:
667:
616:
491:
409:
1379:
1218:
1064:
525:"Chordate phylogeny and evolution: a not so simple three‐taxon problem"
102:
77:
1285:
1242:
1231:
881:
159:
1397:
723:
307:
356:, "to smell," with plural masculine agentive nominalizing suffix
1310:
1208:
Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians)
1401:
840:
801:
Martynov, Alexander V.; Korshunova, Tatiana A. (2022-08-11).
1102:
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras)
314:
which, in the immediate vertebrate generation, gave rise to
476:"The origin and evolution of vertebrate neural crest cells"
16:
Clade of animals comprising vertebrates and tunicates
1410:
1295:
1276:
1251:
1240:
1216:
1192:
1167:
1138:
1110:
1082:
1055:
1040:
995:
969:
943:
928:
906:
699:Vertebrate Palaeontology: Biology and Evolution
852:
8:
474:York, Joshua R.; McCauley, David W. (2020).
310:. This clade is defined by a more advanced
306:are the only chordates not included in the
1398:
1292:
1248:
1224:
1200:
1175:
1150:
1122:
1094:
1052:
1048:
1001:
973:
953:
940:
936:
903:
859:
845:
837:
118:
20:
785:
731:
540:
499:
987:Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids)
373:
570:
559:
7:
348:("smellers," from purposive supine
14:
390:Journal of the Geological Society
1130:Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
542:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00497.x
136:
697:Benton, M.J. (14 April 2000).
1:
961:Appendicularia (larvaceans)
1480:
1388:denote paraphyletic groups
1267:Squamata (scaled reptiles)
770:10.1038/s41467-023-39012-4
298:(sometimes referred to as
1359:
1305:Crocodilia (crocodilians)
1261:Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)
1227:
1203:
1178:
1153:
1125:
1097:
1051:
1004:
976:
956:
939:
902:
876:
819:10.1163/18759866-bja10034
453:10.1134/S0031030112010042
256:
251:
133:Scientific classification
131:
126:
117:
23:
1464:Chordate unranked clades
1366:Ascidiacea (sea squirts)
1158:Actinistia (coelacanths)
807:Contributions to Zoology
916:Leptocardii (lancelets)
701:. Blackwell Publishing.
441:Paleontological Journal
1070:Hyperoartia (lampreys)
569:Cite journal requires
523:Stach, Thomas (2008).
282:is a clade within the
127:Example of Olfactores
1436:Paleobiology Database
758:Nature Communications
335:Olfactores hypothesis
1286:Testudines (turtles)
1380:Reptilia (reptiles)
1088:(jawed vertebrates)
668:10.1038/nature06614
660:2008Natur.452..745D
617:10.1038/nature04336
609:2006Natur.439..965D
492:10.1098/rsob.190285
410:10.1144/jgs2017-103
402:2018JGSoc.175..659Y
286:that comprises the
1232:Mammalia (mammals)
1144:(lobe-finned fish)
1116:(bony vertebrates)
588:Delsuc, F (2006).
529:Journal of Zoology
1451:
1450:
1404:Taxon identifiers
1395:
1394:
1377:³orders of class
1363:¹orders of class
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1183:Dipnoi (lungfish)
1078:
1077:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
924:
923:
654:(7188): 745–749.
603:(7079): 965–968.
277:
276:
247:
1471:
1444:
1443:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1399:
1293:
1249:
1245:
1225:
1221:
1201:
1197:
1176:
1172:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1065:Myxini (hagfish)
1053:
1049:
1045:
1002:
974:
954:
949:
941:
937:
933:
904:
861:
854:
847:
838:
831:
830:
813:(4–5): 285–352.
798:
792:
791:
789:
749:
743:
742:
741:
740:
735:
709:
703:
702:
694:
688:
687:
643:
637:
636:
594:
585:
579:
578:
572:
567:
565:
557:
553:
547:
546:
544:
520:
514:
513:
503:
471:
465:
464:
436:
430:
429:
387:
378:
340:analyzing large
312:olfactory system
245:
141:
140:
122:
107:
44:
30:Cambrian Stage 3
27:Temporal range:
21:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1439:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1406:
1396:
1391:
1371:²subclasses of
1315:
1291:
1272:
1241:
1236:
1217:
1212:
1193:
1188:
1168:
1163:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1074:
1041:
1020:
1015:Aplousobranchia
991:
981:Stolidobranchia
965:
947:
946:
929:
920:
908:Cephalochordata
898:
872:
865:
835:
834:
800:
799:
795:
751:
750:
746:
738:
736:
711:
710:
706:
696:
695:
691:
645:
644:
640:
592:
587:
586:
582:
568:
558:
555:
554:
550:
522:
521:
517:
473:
472:
468:
438:
437:
433:
385:
380:
379:
375:
370:
337:
304:Cephalochordata
246:Jefferies, 1991
244:
135:
113:
112:record, 557 Ma)
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
39:
38:
37:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1477:
1475:
1467:
1466:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1432:
1416:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1375:
1369:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1257:
1255:
1246:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1173:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1148:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1009:Phlebobranchia
1005:
999:
993:
992:
990:
989:
984:
977:
971:
967:
966:
964:
963:
957:
951:
934:
926:
925:
922:
921:
919:
918:
912:
910:
900:
899:
897:
896:
890:
884:
877:
874:
873:
866:
864:
863:
856:
849:
841:
833:
832:
793:
744:
724:10.1101/236448
704:
689:
638:
580:
571:|journal=
548:
535:(2): 117–141.
515:
466:
431:
396:(4): 659–666.
372:
371:
369:
366:
336:
333:
321:A rudimentary
275:
274:
273:
272:
262:
254:
253:
249:
248:
239:
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221:
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206:
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193:
186:
185:
180:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
129:
128:
124:
123:
115:
114:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
45:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1476:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1373:Sarcopterygii
1370:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1278:Archelosauria
1275:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1141:Sarcopterygii
1137:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1085:Gnathostomata
1081:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
998:
994:
988:
985:
982:
979:
978:
975:
972:
968:
962:
959:
958:
955:
952:
950:
948:(Urochordata)
942:
938:
935:
932:
927:
917:
914:
913:
911:
909:
905:
901:
895:
894:Deuterostomia
891:
889:
885:
883:
879:
878:
875:
870:
862:
857:
855:
850:
848:
843:
842:
839:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
797:
794:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
748:
745:
734:
729:
725:
721:
717:
716:
708:
705:
700:
693:
690:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
642:
639:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
591:
584:
581:
576:
563:
552:
549:
543:
538:
534:
530:
526:
519:
516:
511:
507:
502:
497:
493:
489:
486:(1): 190285.
485:
481:
477:
470:
467:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
435:
432:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
384:
377:
374:
367:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
334:
332:
330:
329:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
270:
266:
263:
261:
258:
257:
255:
250:
243:
240:
237:
234:
233:
230:
227:
224:
223:
220:
219:Deuterostomia
217:
215:Superphylum:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
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168:
165:
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161:
158:
155:
154:
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148:
145:
144:
139:
134:
130:
125:
121:
116:
111:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
35:
31:
22:
19:
1411:
1385:
1378:
1364:
1311:Aves (birds)
1253:Lepidosauria
1113:Euteleostomi
1057:Cyclostomata
930:
892:Superphylum
810:
806:
796:
761:
757:
747:
737:, retrieved
733:10261/163664
714:
707:
698:
692:
651:
647:
641:
600:
596:
583:
562:cite journal
551:
532:
528:
518:
483:
480:Open Biology
479:
469:
444:
440:
434:
393:
389:
376:
357:
353:
349:
345:
338:
326:
323:neural crest
320:
279:
278:
241:
235:
202:
189:
176:
166:Subkingdom:
18:
1297:Archosauria
1170:Rhipidistia
886:(unranked)
764:(1): 3832.
292:Urochordata
183:ParaHoxozoa
40:518–0
1412:Olfactores
1043:Vertebrata
997:Enterogona
931:Olfactores
739:2024-06-10
368:References
346:olfactores
342:sequencing
296:Vertebrata
294:) and the
280:Olfactores
265:Vertebrata
242:Olfactores
108:(Possible
24:Olfactores
1195:Tetrapoda
888:Bilateria
827:1875-9866
778:2041-1723
461:128415270
426:135091168
418:0016-7649
328:Cristozoa
252:Subphyla
209:Nephrozoa
196:Bilateria
170:Eumetazoa
156:Kingdom:
150:Eukaryota
110:Ediacaran
1458:Category
1427:Q3280581
1421:Wikidata
945:Tunicata
882:Animalia
880:Kingdom
869:chordate
787:10325964
676:18322464
625:16495997
510:31992146
447:: 1–11.
362:lancelet
350:olfactum
316:nostrils
300:Craniata
288:Tunicata
284:Chordata
269:Craniata
260:Tunicata
229:Chordata
225:Phylum:
160:Animalia
146:Domain:
1386:italics
1219:Amniota
871:classes
867:Extant
684:4397099
656:Bibcode
633:4382758
605:Bibcode
501:7014683
398:Bibcode
354:olfacio
34:Present
32:–
1441:272381
1243:Sauria
825:
784:
776:
682:
674:
648:Nature
631:
623:
597:Nature
508:
498:
459:
424:
416:
358:-tores
970:Acopa
680:S2CID
629:S2CID
593:(PDF)
457:S2CID
422:S2CID
386:(PDF)
308:clade
236:Clade
203:Clade
190:Clade
177:Clade
823:ISSN
774:ISSN
672:PMID
621:PMID
575:help
506:PMID
414:ISSN
48:PreꞒ
815:doi
782:PMC
766:doi
728:hdl
720:doi
664:doi
652:452
613:doi
601:439
537:doi
533:276
496:PMC
488:doi
449:doi
406:doi
394:175
352:of
1460::
1438::
1423::
821:.
811:91
809:.
805:.
780:.
772:.
762:14
760:.
756:.
726:,
718:,
678:.
670:.
662:.
650:.
627:.
619:.
611:.
599:.
595:.
566::
564:}}
560:{{
531:.
527:.
504:.
494:.
484:10
482:.
478:.
455:.
445:46
443:.
420:.
412:.
404:.
392:.
388:.
331:.
318:.
238::
205::
192::
179::
98:Pg
42:Ma
1307:³
1288:³
1269:³
1263:³
1185:²
1160:²
1017:¹
1011:¹
983:¹
860:e
853:t
846:v
829:.
817::
790:.
768::
730::
722::
686:.
666::
658::
635:.
615::
607::
577:)
573:(
545:.
539::
512:.
490::
463:.
451::
428:.
408::
400::
290:(
271:)
267:(
103:N
93:K
88:J
83:T
78:P
73:C
68:D
63:S
58:O
53:Ꞓ
36:,
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