695:, and failure of recruited OPCs to differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes (reviewed in). In fresh MS lesions, clusters of HNK-1+ oligodendrocytes have been observed, which suggests that under favorable conditions OPCs expand around demyelinated lesions and generate new oligodendrocytes. In chronic MS lesions where remyelination is incomplete, there is evidence that there are oligodendrocytes with processes extending toward demyelinated axons, but they do not seem to be able to generate new myelin. The mechanisms that regulate differentiation of OPCs into myelinating oligodendrocytes are an active area of research.
656:(MS). Spontaneous myelin repair does not result in morphologically normal oligodendrocytes and is associated with thinner myelin compared to axonal diameter than normal myelin. Despite morphological abnormalities, however, remyelination does restore normal conduction. In addition, spontaneous remyelination does not appear to be rare, at least in the case of MS. Studies of MS lesions reported the average extent of remyelination as high as 47%. Comparative studies of cortical lesions reported a greater proportion of remyelination in the cortex as opposed to white matter lesions.
492:, oligodendrocytes create an extensive network of myelin-like sheets. The process of differentiation can be observed both through morphological changes and cell surface markers specific to the discrete stage of differentiation, though the signals for differentiation are unknown. The various waves of OPCs could myelinate distinct regions of the brain, which suggests that distinct functional subpopulations of OPCs perform different functions.
850:
613:
548:-mediated genetic fate mapping, several labs have reported the fate of OPCs using different Cre driver and reporter mouse lines. It is generally held that OPCs predominantly generate oligodendrocytes, and the rate at which they generate oligodendrocytes declines with age and is greater in white matter than in grey matter. Up to 30% of the oligodendrocytes that exist in the adult
5447:
927:
582:
neurons, other studies rejected these findings. The question is unresolved, as studies continue to find that certain populations of OPCs can form neurons. In conclusion, these studies suggest that OPCs do not generate a significant number of neurons under normal conditions, and that they are distinct
1020:
CNS. The presence of another glial cell population had escaped recognition because of the lack of a suitable marker to identify them in tissue sections. The notion that there exists a population of glial progenitor cells in the developing and mature CNS began to be entertained in the late 1980s by
304:
neurons. OPCs receive preferred somatic contacts from fast-spiking GABAergic neurons, while non-fast spiking interneurons have a preference for contacting the processes. These inhibitory connections (in mice) occur mainly during a specific period in development, from postnatal day 8 till postnatal
880:
OPCs have been increasingly recognized for their pivotal role in modulating immune responses, particularly in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). They may participate in both initiation and resolution of immune responses to disease or injury. They are highly responsive to injury,
836:
while maintaining synaptic inputs from neurons. These observations suggest that cells that receive neuronal synaptic inputs and those that differentiate into oligodendrocytes are not mutually exclusive cell populations but that the same population of OPCs can receive synaptic inputs and generate
195:
propagation and high fidelity transmission without a need for an increase in axonal diameter. The loss or lack of OPCs, and consequent lack of differentiated oligodendrocytes, is associated with a loss of myelination and subsequent impairment of neurological functions. In addition, OPCs express
724:
OPCs extend their processes to the nodes of
Ranvier and together with astrocyte processes make up the nodal glial complex. Since the nodes of Ranvier contain a high density of voltage-dependent sodium channels and allow regenerative action potentials to be generated, it is speculated that this
690:
Despite OPCs' potential to give rise to myelinating oligodendrocytes, complete myelin regeneration is rarely observed clinically or in chronic experimental models. Possible explanations for remyelination failure include depletion of OPCs over time, failure to recruit OPCs to the demyelinated
979:
of OPCs has been considered as a possible treatment for neurological diseases which cause demyelination. However, it is difficult to generate a suitable number of quality cells for clinical use. Finding a source for these cells remains impractical as of 2016. Should adult cells be used for
992:
have been demonstrated to carry out remyelination under laboratory conditions, but some religious groups are opposed to their use. Adult central nervous system stem cells have also been shown to generate myelinating oligodendrocytes, but are not readily accessible.
1036:
that expressed the A2B5 ganglioside were shown to differentiate into oligodendrocytes in culture. Subsequently, A2B5+ cells from other CNS regions and from adult CNS were also shown to generate oligodendrocytes. Based on the observation that these cells require
2321:
Ortega F, Gascón S, Masserdotti G, Deshpande A, Simon C, Fischer J, et al. (June 2013). "Oligodendrogliogenic and neurogenic adult subependymal zone neural stem cells constitute distinct lineages and exhibit differential responsiveness to Wnt signalling".
507:
extension, allowing oligodendrocytes to myelinate multiple axons. Multiple pathways contribute to oligodendrocyte branching, but the exact molecular process by which oligodendrocytes extend and wrap around multiple axons remains incompletely understood.
837:
myelinating oligodendrocytes. However, OPCs appear to lose their ability to respond to synaptic inputs from neurons as they differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes. The functional significance of the neuron-OPC synapses remains to be elucidated.
1021:
several independent groups. In one series of studies on the development and origin of oligodendrocytes in the rodent CNS, a population of immature cells that appeared to be precursors to oligodendrocytes was identified by the expression of the GD3
710:
population consisting exclusively of OPCs, suggesting that OPCs in the adult CNS are able to self-renew and are not depleted under normal conditions. However, it is not known whether this dynamic is altered in response to demyelinating lesions.
5271:
Pringle NP, Mudhar HS, Collarini EJ, Richardson WD (June 1992). "PDGF receptors in the rat CNS: during late neurogenesis, PDGF alpha-receptor expression appears to be restricted to glial cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage".
566:
OPCs may retain the ability to differentiate into astrocytes into adulthood. Using NG2-Cre mice, it was shown that OPCs in the prenatal and perinatal grey matter of the ventral forebrain and spinal cord generate protoplasmic
425:
OPCs continue to exist in both white and grey matter in the adult brain and maintain their population through self-renewal. White matter OPCs proliferate at higher rates and are best known for their contributions to adult
659:
OPCs retain the ability to proliferate in adulthood and comprise 70–90% of the proliferating cell population in the mature CNS. Under conditions in the developing and mature CNS where a reduction in the normal number of
278:. They distribute themselves and achieve a relatively even distribution through active self-repulsion. OPCs constantly survey their surroundings through actively extending and retracting processes that have been termed
558:
from OPCs over a period of 2 months. It is not known whether all OPCs eventually generate oligodendrocytes while self-renewing the population, or whether some remain as OPCs throughout the life of the animal and never
1073:. Comparison of NG2 and Pdgfra expression revealed that NG2 and PDGFRA are expressed on the same population of cells in the CNS. These cells represent 2–9% of all the cells and remain proliferative in the mature CNS.
595:
As implied by their name, OPCs were long held to function purely as progenitors to oligodendrocytes. Their role as a progenitor cell type has since expanded to include both oligodendrocytes and some protoplasmic
2228:
Spassky N, Olivier C, Cobos I, LeBras B, Goujet-Zalc C, Martínez S, et al. (2001). "The early steps of oligodendrogenesis: insights from the study of the plp lineage in the brain of chicks and rodents".
5133:
Behrens TE, Johansen-Berg H, Woolrich MW, Smith SM, Wheeler-Kingshott CA, Boulby PA, et al. (July 2003). "Non-invasive mapping of connections between human thalamus and cortex using diffusion imaging".
1045:
correlates of the A2B5+ cells, which led to the discovery of a unique population of Pdgfra+ cells in the CNS whose appearance and distribution were consistent with those of developing oligodendrocytes.
1404:
Ong WY, Levine JM (1999). "A light and electron microscopic study of NG2 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-positive oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the normal and kainate-lesioned rat hippocampus".
4070:
Prineas JW, Kwon EE, Goldenberg PZ, Ilyas AA, Quarles RH, Benjamins JA, et al. (November 1989). "Multiple sclerosis. Oligodendrocyte proliferation and differentiation in fresh lesions".
571:
in addition to oligodendrocytes. However, contrary to the prediction from optic nerve cultures, OPCs in white matter do not generate astrocytes. When the oligodendrocyte transcription factor
468:(CNS). They differentiate into the less mobile premyelinating oligodendrocytes that further differentiate into oligodendrocytes, a process characterized by the emergence of the expression of
418:
and generate the majority of adult oligodendrocytes. After the committed progenitor cells exit the germinal zones, they migrate and proliferate locally to eventually occupy the entire CNS
885:
formation. Conversely, OPCs have been shown to downregulate microglia activation and protect against neuronal death. They also express and secrete many immune-related molecules, such as
1261:
Nishiyama A, Lin XH, Giese N, Heldin CH, Stallcup WB (February 1996). "Co-localization of NG2 proteoglycan and PDGF alpha-receptor on O2A progenitor cells in the developing rat brain".
698:
Another unanswered question is whether the OPC pool eventually becomes depleted after it is used to generate remyelinating cells. Clonal analysis of isolated OPCs in the normal mouse
996:
Even if a viable source of OPCs were found, identifying and monitoring the outcome of remyelination remains difficult, though multimodal measures of conduction velocity and emerging
2074:
Lu QR, Sun T, Zhu Z, Ma N, Garcia M, Stiles CD, et al. (April 2002). "Common developmental requirement for Olig function indicates a motor neuron/oligodendrocyte connection".
1082:
1361:
Dawson MR, Polito A, Levine JM, Reynolds R (October 2003). "NG2-expressing glial progenitor cells: an abundant and widespread population of cycling cells in the adult rat CNS".
901:
or receptors. OPCs can internalize myelin debris via phagocytosis, a process mediated through the LRP-1 pathway. Furthermore, recent works have illustrated that OPCs can act as
1601:
Butt AM, Duncan A, Hornby MF, Kirvell SL, Hunter A, Levine JM, et al. (March 1999). "Cells expressing the NG2 antigen contact nodes of
Ranvier in adult CNS white matter".
1053:
cell line, which exhibited properties that were intermediate between those of typical neurons and glial cells. Biochemical studies showed that the antiserum recognized a
683:
is also used in these demyelination studies in rats. Similarly, OPC proliferation occurs in other types of injury that are accompanied by loss of myelin, such as
1000:
techniques offer improved sensitivity versus other imaging methods. In addition, the interaction between transplanted cells and immune cells and the effect of
5090:
Lakatos A, Franklin RJ, Barnett SC (December 2000). "Olfactory ensheathing cells and
Schwann cells differ in their in vitro interactions with astrocytes".
5220:
Raff MC, Miller RH, Noble M (1983). "A glial progenitor cell that develops in vitro into an astrocyte or an oligodendrocyte depending on culture medium".
5479:
5310:
Stallcup WB, Beasley L, Levine J (1983). "Cell-surface molecules that characterize different stages in the development of cerebellar interneurons".
3834:"Oligodendrocyte death and myelin loss in the cuprizone model: an updated overview of the intrinsic and extrinsic causes of cuprizone demyelination"
5451:
1041:
for their proliferation and expansion, the expression of the alpha receptor for platelet-derived growth factor (Pdgfra) was used to search for the
4538:"The fate of synaptic input to NG2 glial cells: neurons specifically downregulate transmitter release onto differentiating oligodendroglial cells"
5043:"Cerebrospinal fluid of progressive multiple sclerosis patients reduces differentiation and immune functions of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells"
5177:
Hirano M, Goldman JE (1988). "Gliogenesis in rat spinal cord: evidence for origin of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes from radial precursors".
3593:
Smith KJ, Bostock H, Hall SM (April 1982). "Saltatory conduction precedes remyelination in axons demyelinated with lysophosphatidyl choline".
430:, while grey matter OPCs are slowly proliferative or quiescent and mostly remain in an immature state. Subpopulations of OPCs have different
945:
937:
1016:
It had been known since the early 1900s that astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia make up the major glial cell populations in the
384:. Depending on their origin in the SVZ, these progenitors give rise to either OPCs or astrocytes. Typically, cells originating from the
1739:
Bergles DE, Roberts JD, Somogyi P, Jahr CE (May 2000). "Glutamatergic synapses on oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the hippocampus".
1274:
1107:
Nishiyama A, Komitova M, Suzuki R, Zhu X (January 2009). "Polydendrocytes (NG2 cells): multifunctional cells with lineage plasticity".
575:
is deleted specifically in OPCs, there is a region- and age-dependent switch in the fate of OPCs from oligodendrocytes to astrocytes.
1614:
2911:"Laminin regulates postnatal oligodendrocyte production by promoting oligodendrocyte progenitor survival in the subventricular zone"
963:
2468:
Scolding NJ, Rayner PJ, Sussman J, Shaw C, Compston DA (February 1995). "A proliferative adult human oligodendrocyte progenitor".
1008:
remyelination is due to an unfavorable differentiation environment, then this will have to be addressed prior to transplantation.
282:. Death or differentiation of an OPC is rapidly followed by migration or local proliferation of a neighboring cell to replace it.
6103:
6033:
1054:
108:
4692:"Demyelination causes adult CNS progenitors to revert to an immature state and express immune cues that support their migration"
3300:"Properties and fate of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the corpus callosum, motor cortex, and piriform cortex of the mouse"
6098:
6028:
3785:"CNS-resident glial progenitor/stem cells produce Schwann cells as well as oligodendrocytes during repair of CNS demyelination"
1689:"Potential interactions between pericytes and oligodendrocyte precursor cells in perivascular regions of cerebral white matter"
3058:"NG2+ CNS glial progenitors remain committed to the oligodendrocyte lineage in postnatal life and following neurodegeneration"
5380:
Wilson SS, Baetge EE, Stallcup WB (April 1981). "Antisera specific for cell lines with mixed neuronal and glial properties".
5103:
3978:
Peru RL, Mandrycky N, Nait-Oumesmar B, Lu QR (December 2008). "Paving the axonal highway: from stem cells to myelin repair".
477:
5345:
Stallcup WB, Cohn M (March 1976). "Electrical properties of a clonal cell line as determined by measurement of ion fluxes".
3349:"Spatiotemporally different origins of NG2 progenitors produce cortical interneurons versus glia in the mammalian forebrain"
4590:"The interplay of inflammation and remyelination: rethinking MS treatment with a focus on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells"
6298:
5718:
707:
703:
389:
5713:
5701:
5472:
1211:"Regulation of serum response factor by miRNA-200 and miRNA-9 modulates oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation"
822:
5753:
5691:
4297:"Oligodendrocyte precursor cells modulate the neuronal network by activity-dependent ectodomain cleavage of glial NG2"
1935:"Dynamic assignment and maintenance of positional identity in the ventral neural tube by the morphogen sonic hedgehog"
652:
was first observed in cat models. It was later discovered to occur in the human CNS as well, specifically in cases of
5748:
2862:"Dorsally and ventrally derived oligodendrocytes have similar electrical properties but myelinate preferred tracts"
997:
431:
408:
397:
385:
369:
6258:
6108:
6043:
5671:
4395:
Kukley M, Capetillo-Zarate E, Dietrich D (March 2007). "Vesicular glutamate release from axons in white matter".
3105:
Ffrench-Constant C, Raff MC (1986). "Proliferating bipotential glial progenitor cells in adult rat optic nerve".
802:
798:
738:
2505:"Adult brain retains the potential to generate oligodendroglial progenitors with extensive myelination capacity"
6038:
5764:
560:
96:
84:
1835:"Interneurons and oligodendrocyte progenitors form a structured synaptic network in the developing neocortex"
1152:"Identification of a gene regulatory network necessary for the initiation of oligodendrocyte differentiation"
360:, three regionally distinct sources have been shown to generate OPCs sequentially. OPCs first originate from
5737:
5465:
4886:
Fernández-Castañeda A, Chappell MS, Rosen DA, Seki SM, Beiter RM, Johanson DM, et al. (February 2020).
1449:"Age-Dependent Netrin-1 Signaling Regulates NG2+ Glial Cell Spatial Homeostasis in Normal Adult Gray Matter"
902:
517:
2035:"The bHLH transcription factor Olig2 promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation in collaboration with Nkx2.2"
805:. Structural studies have shown that neurons form synapses with OPCs in both grey matter and white matter.
6205:
5732:
5496:
2083:
1309:"Oligodendrocyte progenitors balance growth with self-repulsion to achieve homeostasis in the adult brain"
1150:
Swiss VA, Nguyen T, Dugas J, Ibrahim A, Barres B, Androulakis IP, et al. (April 2011). Feng Y (ed.).
1062:
778:
504:
465:
153:
50:
4986:"Oligodendrocyte precursor cells present antigen and are cytotoxic targets in inflammatory demyelination"
3888:"Proliferation of NG2-positive cells and altered oligodendrocyte numbers in the contused rat spinal cord"
2564:"Progeny of Olig2-expressing progenitors in the gray and white matter of the adult mouse cerebral cortex"
2433:
Pfeiffer SE, Warrington AE, Bansal R (June 1993). "The oligodendrocyte and its many cellular processes".
6063:
6053:
5988:
2132:"Competing waves of oligodendrocytes in the forebrain and postnatal elimination of an embryonic lineage"
1986:"Notch-regulated oligodendrocyte specification from radial glia in the spinal cord of zebrafish embryos"
976:
898:
545:
393:
881:
undergo a morphological activation similar to that of astrocytes and microglia, and may contribute to
285:
In white matter, OPCs are found along unmyelinated axons as well as along myelinated axons, engulfing
101:
6303:
6188:
6085:
6015:
5841:
5696:
5229:
4997:
4200:
3551:
3507:
Périer O, Grégoire A (December 1965). "Electron microscopic features of multiple sclerosis lesions".
3360:
3251:"PDGFRA/NG2 glia generate myelinating oligodendrocytes and piriform projection neurons in adult mice"
3114:
2516:
1748:
1163:
513:
469:
342:
244:
2088:
500:
392:
SVZ produce more oligodendrocytes owing to increased exposure to posterior Shh signaling and dorsal
6228:
6073:
6068:
5603:
5536:
4249:
Sakry D, Trotter J (May 2016). "The role of the NG2 proteoglycan in OPC and CNS network function".
3695:"Proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells throughout the intact adult rat spinal cord"
1049:
Independently, Stallcup and colleagues generated an antiserum that recognized a group of rat brain
985:
806:
521:
473:
415:
377:
221:
2375:
Menn B, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Yaschine C, Gonzalez-Perez O, Rowitch D, Alvarez-Buylla A (July 2006).
6263:
6233:
6164:
6133:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6058:
5834:
5744:
5598:
5253:
5202:
5159:
5115:
4819:
4469:
4420:
4377:
4274:
4003:
3960:
3675:
3618:
3575:
3138:
2860:
Tripathi RB, Clarke LE, Burzomato V, Kessaris N, Anderson PN, Attwell D, et al. (May 2011).
2357:
2303:
2254:
2109:
1815:
1772:
1669:
1626:
1429:
1386:
1286:
1132:
1005:
684:
665:
653:
4741:"Cell of all trades: oligodendrocyte precursor cells in synaptic, vascular, and immune function"
1886:"Motor neurons and oligodendrocytes arise from distinct cell lineages by progenitor recruitment"
17:
4935:
Falcão AM, van
Bruggen D, Marques S, Meijer M, Jäkel S, Agirre E, et al. (December 2018).
4837:
Falcão AM, van
Bruggen D, Marques S, Meijer M, Jäkel S, Agirre E, et al. (December 2018).
1833:
Orduz D, Maldonado PP, Balia M, Vélez-Fort M, de Sars V, Yanagawa Y, et al. (April 2015).
6248:
6238:
6223:
6128:
5993:
5774:
5726:
5531:
5526:
5424:
5397:
5362:
5327:
5289:
5245:
5194:
5151:
5107:
5072:
5023:
4966:
4917:
4868:
4811:
4770:
4721:
4690:
Moyon S, Dubessy AL, Aigrot MS, Trotter M, Huang JK, Dauphinot L, et al. (January 2015).
4662:
4621:
4567:
4518:
4461:
4412:
4369:
4328:
4295:
Sakry D, Neitz A, Singh J, Frischknecht R, Marongiu D, Binamé F, et al. (November 2014).
4266:
4228:
4169:
4120:
4079:
4052:
3995:
3952:
3917:
3865:
3814:
3765:
3724:
3667:
3610:
3567:
3524:
3486:
3437:
3388:
3329:
3280:
3231:
3182:
3130:
3087:
3038:
2989:
2940:
2891:
2842:
2793:
2742:
2691:
2642:
2593:
2544:
2485:
2450:
2408:
2349:
2295:
2246:
2210:
2181:"Morphological differentiation of oligodendrocytes requires activation of Fyn tyrosine kinase"
2161:
2101:
2056:
2015:
1966:
1915:
1866:
1807:
1764:
1718:
1661:
1618:
1578:
1529:
1478:
1421:
1378:
1338:
1278:
1240:
1191:
1124:
810:
584:
554:
457:
404:
197:
6215:
6178:
6173:
5521:
5389:
5354:
5319:
5281:
5237:
5186:
5143:
5099:
5062:
5054:
5013:
5005:
4956:
4948:
4907:
4899:
4858:
4850:
4801:
4760:
4752:
4711:
4703:
4670:
4652:
4611:
4601:
4557:
4549:
4508:
4500:
4451:
4438:
Kukley M, Kiladze M, Tognatta R, Hans M, Swandulla D, Schramm J, et al. (August 2008).
4404:
4359:
4318:
4308:
4258:
4218:
4208:
4159:
4151:
4110:
4042:
4034:
3987:
3944:
3907:
3899:
3855:
3845:
3804:
3796:
3755:
3714:
3706:
3693:
Horner PJ, Power AE, Kempermann G, Kuhn HG, Palmer TD, Winkler J, et al. (March 2000).
3657:
3649:
3602:
3559:
3516:
3476:
3468:
3427:
3419:
3378:
3368:
3319:
3311:
3270:
3262:
3221:
3213:
3172:
3122:
3077:
3069:
3028:
3020:
2979:
2971:
2930:
2922:
2881:
2873:
2832:
2824:
2811:
Wang H, Rusielewicz T, Tewari A, Leitman EM, Einheber S, Melendez-Vasquez CV (August 2012).
2783:
2773:
2732:
2722:
2681:
2673:
2632:
2624:
2583:
2575:
2534:
2524:
2477:
2442:
2398:
2388:
2339:
2331:
2285:
2238:
2200:
2192:
2151:
2143:
2093:
2046:
2005:
1997:
1956:
1946:
1905:
1897:
1856:
1846:
1799:
1756:
1708:
1700:
1653:
1610:
1568:
1560:
1519:
1509:
1468:
1460:
1413:
1370:
1328:
1320:
1270:
1230:
1222:
1181:
1171:
1116:
754:
661:
439:
365:
346:
286:
217:
192:
161:
3457:"Ultrastructural study of remyelination in an experimental lesion in adult cat spinal cord"
5983:
5952:
5947:
5829:
5824:
5648:
3249:
Rivers LE, Young KM, Rizzi M, Jamen F, Psachoulia K, Wade A, et al. (December 2008).
762:
734:
579:
549:
412:
373:
264:
3408:"NG2 cells are distinct from neurogenic cells in the postnatal mouse subventricular zone"
702:
suggests that in the adult, most clones originating from single OPCs consist of either a
5233:
5001:
4675:
4640:
4616:
4589:
4364:
4347:
4204:
3555:
3364:
3118:
2520:
1933:
Dessaud E, Ribes V, Balaskas N, Yang LL, Pierani A, Kicheva A, et al. (June 2010).
1752:
1167:
247:
with processes reaching up to ~50 μm. OPCs comprise approximately 3–4% of cells in
243:, of comparable size to other glia, and can either have a bipolar or complex multipolar
6273:
6243:
6200:
6020:
5978:
5956:
5876:
5759:
5583:
5488:
5067:
5042:
5018:
4985:
4961:
4936:
4912:
4887:
4863:
4838:
4765:
4740:
4716:
4691:
4562:
4537:
4513:
4488:
4323:
4296:
4223:
4188:
4164:
4139:
4047:
4022:
3912:
3903:
3887:
3860:
3833:
3809:
3784:
3783:
Zawadzka M, Rivers LE, Fancy SP, Zhao C, Tripathi R, Jamen F, et al. (June 2010).
3719:
3710:
3694:
3662:
3637:
3481:
3456:
3432:
3407:
3383:
3348:
3324:
3299:
3275:
3250:
3226:
3201:
3082:
3057:
3033:
3008:
2984:
2959:
2935:
2910:
2886:
2861:
2837:
2812:
2788:
2761:
2737:
2710:
2686:
2661:
2637:
2612:
2588:
2563:
2403:
2376:
2205:
2180:
2156:
2131:
2130:
Kessaris N, Fogarty M, Iannarelli P, Grist M, Wegner M, Richardson WD (February 2006).
2010:
1985:
1961:
1934:
1910:
1885:
1861:
1834:
1713:
1688:
1573:
1548:
1524:
1497:
1473:
1448:
1333:
1308:
1235:
1210:
1186:
1151:
1066:
814:
451:
427:
381:
322:
201:
180:
157:
5393:
3760:
3743:
2762:"Premyelinating Oligodendrocytes: Mechanisms Underlying Cell Survival and Integration"
2662:"Spiking and nonspiking classes of oligodendrocyte precursor glia in CNS white matter"
2290:
2273:
2097:
2051:
2034:
1657:
1417:
1374:
849:
612:
544:
relevance of OPC differentiation into astrocytes or neurons are highly debated. Using
6292:
5922:
5907:
5588:
5358:
5041:
Zveik O, Fainstein N, Rechtman A, Haham N, Ganz T, Lavon I, et al. (June 2022).
4381:
3653:
3606:
2539:
2504:
2481:
2446:
1803:
1209:
Buller B, Chopp M, Ueno Y, Zhang L, Zhang RL, Morris D, et al. (December 2012).
833:
774:
770:
758:
669:
649:
314:
297:
5206:
5119:
4984:
Kirby L, Jin J, Cardona JG, Smith MD, Martin KA, Wang J, et al. (August 2019).
4823:
4473:
4278:
4007:
3964:
3935:
Franklin RJ (September 2002). "Why does remyelination fail in multiple sclerosis?".
2813:"Myosin II is a negative regulator of oligodendrocyte morphological differentiation"
2361:
2307:
2258:
1819:
1790:
Steinhäuser C, Gallo V (August 1996). "News on glutamate receptors in glial cells".
1673:
1433:
1390:
1290:
1136:
1069:
isolated from the perinatal rat CNS tissues and on process-bearing cells in the CNS
1004:
immune cells on remyelination have yet to be fully characterized. If the failure of
89:
6168:
6090:
6003:
5884:
5814:
5593:
5516:
5257:
4806:
4789:
4707:
4553:
4504:
4424:
4262:
3679:
3622:
3579:
3315:
3142:
2877:
2628:
2579:
2393:
2274:"Subventricular zone astrocytes are neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain"
2113:
1776:
1630:
1464:
1033:
1001:
981:
910:
673:
496:
252:
224:
45:
5163:
3200:
Zhu X, Zuo H, Maher BJ, Serwanski DR, LoTurco JJ, Lu QR, et al. (July 2012).
4313:
4213:
3073:
3024:
2975:
1951:
1704:
1687:
Maki T, Maeda M, Uemura M, Lo EK, Terasaki Y, Liang AC, et al. (June 2015).
1176:
516:, plays an important role in regulating oligodendrocyte production. Mice lacking
495:
Differentiation of OPCs into oligodendrocytes involves massive reorganization of
6183:
5998:
5902:
5860:
5792:
5787:
5608:
5546:
5541:
5511:
5323:
1065:(nerve/glial antigen 2). NG2 was found to be expressed on A2B5+ oligodendrocyte
1022:
906:
894:
821:
and undergo small membrane depolarizations in response to presynaptic vesicular
435:
318:
289:. Recently, OPCs have been shown to reside in close contact with NG2-expressing
271:
248:
64:
5009:
4903:
4657:
4606:
4348:"Calcium Signaling in the Oligodendrocyte Lineage: Regulators and Consequences"
4138:
Zhu X, Hill RA, Dietrich D, Komitova M, Suzuki R, Nishiyama A (February 2011).
3850:
3800:
3353:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2909:
Relucio J, Menezes MJ, Miyagoe-Suzuki Y, Takeda S, Colognato H (October 2012).
2613:"NG2 cells in white matter but not gray matter proliferate in response to PDGF"
2509:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6253:
5942:
5819:
5782:
4952:
4854:
4641:"Unlocking the Potential: immune functions of oligodendrocyte precursor cells"
3991:
3638:"Extensive cortical remyelination in patients with chronic multiple sclerosis"
3298:
Clarke LE, Young KM, Hamilton NB, Li H, Richardson WD, Attwell D (June 2012).
2778:
2272:
Doetsch F, Caillé I, Lim DA, García-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A (June 1999).
882:
766:
419:
4666:
3520:
2727:
1514:
809:
revealed OPC membranes apposed to neuronal presynaptic terminals filled with
6268:
5802:
5653:
5626:
5618:
4937:"Disease-specific oligodendrocyte lineage cells arise in multiple sclerosis"
4839:"Disease-specific oligodendrocyte lineage cells arise in multiple sclerosis"
4489:"Excitability and synaptic communication within the oligodendrocyte lineage"
4023:"Tapping into the glial reservoir: cells committed to remaining uncommitted"
3373:
1029:
989:
984:
would be required for each patient, adding to the risk of immune rejection.
886:
699:
677:
597:
568:
357:
301:
290:
275:
260:
256:
149:
5428:
5155:
5111:
5076:
5027:
4970:
4921:
4872:
4815:
4774:
4756:
4725:
4625:
4571:
4522:
4465:
4416:
4373:
4332:
4270:
4232:
4173:
4124:
4056:
3999:
3956:
3921:
3869:
3818:
3728:
3671:
3490:
3441:
3392:
3333:
3284:
3235:
3186:
3091:
3042:
2993:
2944:
2895:
2846:
2797:
2746:
2695:
2646:
2597:
2548:
2529:
2454:
2412:
2353:
2299:
2250:
2214:
2196:
2165:
2105:
2060:
2019:
1970:
1919:
1901:
1870:
1768:
1722:
1622:
1582:
1533:
1482:
1425:
1382:
1342:
1244:
1195:
1128:
5446:
5401:
5331:
5293:
5285:
5249:
5198:
5190:
4888:"The active contribution of OPCs to neuroinflammation is mediated by LRP1"
4099:"Premyelinating oligodendrocytes in chronic lesions of multiple sclerosis"
4083:
4038:
3769:
3614:
3571:
3528:
3134:
2711:"Oligodendrogenesis in the normal and pathological central nervous system"
2489:
2377:"Origin of oligodendrocytes in the subventricular zone of the adult brain"
1811:
1665:
1282:
1275:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19960201)43:3<299::AID-JNR5>3.0.CO;2-E
5932:
5917:
5912:
5636:
5631:
5558:
5553:
5366:
4456:
4439:
4115:
4098:
1050:
890:
725:
location allows OPCs to sense and possibly respond to neuronal activity.
676:, and newborn cells differentiate into remyelinating oligodendrocytes. A
529:
488:
422:. OPCs are highly proliferative, migratory, and have bipolar morphology.
403:
As development progresses, second and third waves of OPCs originate from
233:
in humans) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (encoded by
3744:"Endogenous progenitors remyelinate demyelinated axons in the adult CNS"
3472:
2344:
1851:
1615:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199903)26:1<84::AID-GLIA9>3.0.CO;2-L
1549:"Vesicular release of glutamate from unmyelinated axons in white matter"
114:
6195:
6156:
5058:
4155:
3217:
3177:
3160:
2926:
2001:
1226:
1058:
786:
509:
482:
4072:
Laboratory
Investigation; A Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology
3832:
Zirngibl M, Assinck P, Sizov A, Caprariello AV, Plemel JR (May 2022).
3423:
3056:
Kang SH, Fukaya M, Yang JK, Rothstein JD, Bergles DE (November 2010).
2828:
2242:
5855:
5810:
5575:
5241:
3563:
3161:"NG2 cells generate both oligodendrocytes and gray matter astrocytes"
3126:
2611:
Hill RA, Patel KD, Medved J, Reiss AM, Nishiyama A (September 2013).
2562:
Dimou L, Simon C, Kirchhoff F, Takebayashi H, Götz M (October 2008).
1760:
1017:
782:
692:
461:
361:
350:
330:
326:
240:
235:
188:
169:
165:
5104:
10.1002/1098-1136(200012)32:3<214::AID-GLIA20>3.0.CO;2-7
4189:"Oligodendrocyte precursor cells synthesize neuromodulatory factors"
3266:
2335:
1547:
Ziskin JL, Nishiyama A, Rubio M, Fukaya M, Bergles DE (March 2007).
1324:
1120:
5147:
4408:
3948:
2958:
Zhao X, He X, Han X, Yu Y, Ye F, Chen Y, et al. (March 2010).
2677:
2147:
1564:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
746:
525:
338:
334:
229:
173:
60:
5457:
3542:
Blakemore WF (June 1974). "Pattern of remyelination in the CNS".
396:
signaling which favors OPC specification, in contrast to ventral
168:. They are typically identified in the human by co-expression of
6048:
5894:
4140:"Age-dependent fate and lineage restriction of single NG2 cells"
1984:
Kim H, Shin J, Kim S, Poling J, Park HC, Appel B (August 2008).
1038:
826:
213:
184:
5461:
2179:
Osterhout DJ, Wolven A, Wolf RM, Resh MD, Chao MV (June 1999).
672:
in acute or chronic lesions created by chemical agents such as
3406:
Komitova M, Zhu X, Serwanski DR, Nishiyama A (February 2009).
2960:"MicroRNA-mediated control of oligodendrocyte differentiation"
920:
844:
664:
or myelin occurs, OPCs react promptly by undergoing increased
607:
296:
OPCs receive synaptic contacts onto their processes from both
4588:
Zveik O, Rechtman A, Ganz T, Vaknin-Dembinsky A (July 2024).
4097:
Chang A, Tourtellotte WW, Rudick R, Trapp BD (January 2002).
3502:
3500:
3009:"NG2-glia as multipotent neural stem cells: fact or fantasy?"
3007:
Richardson WD, Young KM, Tripathi RB, McKenzie I (May 2011).
2660:
Káradóttir R, Hamilton NB, Bakiri Y, Attwell D (April 2008).
183:. They give rise to oligodendrocytes, which then wrap around
600:
in grey matter. Later, additional functions were suggested.
532:
in OPCs, promotes OPC production during brain development.
486:, mature oligodendrocytes wrap around and myelinate axons.
4639:
Haroon A, Seerapu H, Fang LP, Weß JH, Bai X (2024-07-09).
3347:
Tsoa RW, Coskun V, Ho CK, de Vellis J, Sun YE (May 2014).
706:
population containing both oligodendrocytes and OPCs or a
781:. Constitutive and activity-dependent cleavage of NG2 by
3202:"Olig2-dependent developmental fate switch of NG2 cells"
528:
disrupts normal brain myelination. However, miR-7a, and
3636:
Albert M, Antel J, Brück W, Stadelmann C (April 2007).
861:
785:
releases the ectodomain, which contains two N-terminal
624:
1307:
Hughes EG, Kang SH, Fukaya M, Bergles DE (June 2013).
578:
Whereas some studies suggested that OPCs can generate
1083:
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
270:
OPCs are present throughout the brain, including the
255:, making them the fourth largest group of glia after
179:
OPCs play a critical role in developmental and adult
6214:
6155:
6148:
6084:
6014:
5971:
5931:
5893:
5875:
5868:
5854:
5801:
5773:
5679:
5670:
5617:
5574:
5567:
5504:
5495:
5312:
Cold Spring Harbor
Symposia on Quantitative Biology
4487:De Biase LM, Nishiyama A, Bergles DE (March 2010).
3461:
The
Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology
1644:Miller RH (March 1996). "Oligodendrocyte origins".
95:
83:
75:
70:
56:
44:
39:
34:
27:
Subtype of glial cell in the central nervous system
5415:Shaĭtan KV, Ermolaeva MD, Saraĭkin SS (1999). "".
4739:Akay LA, Effenberger AH, Tsai LH (February 2021).
216:that are typically identified by co-expression of
1102:
1100:
1098:
372:. Some OPCs are also generated from multipotent
204:when they receive synaptic inputs from neurons.
5305:
5303:
4788:Zeis T, Enz L, Schaeren-Wiemers N (June 2016).
4536:Kukley M, Nishiyama A, Dietrich D (June 2010).
4290:
4288:
4244:
4242:
3159:Zhu X, Bergles DE, Nishiyama A (January 2008).
3154:
3152:
2709:El Waly B, Macchi M, Cayre M, Durbec P (2014).
1734:
1732:
1596:
1594:
1592:
187:and provide electrical insulation by forming a
3881:
3879:
2125:
2123:
2033:Zhou Q, Choi G, Anderson DJ (September 2001).
1302:
1300:
5473:
4583:
4581:
4187:Sakry D, Yigit H, Dimou L, Trotter J (2015).
1256:
1254:
1057:with a core glycoprotein of 300 kDa, and the
913:and can modulate both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
8:
1028:In a separate series of studies, cells from
2766:Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
499:proteins ultimately resulting in increased
6152:
5872:
5865:
5676:
5571:
5501:
5480:
5466:
5458:
1356:
1354:
1352:
480:(MAG). Following terminal differentiation
5066:
5017:
4960:
4911:
4862:
4805:
4764:
4715:
4674:
4656:
4615:
4605:
4561:
4512:
4455:
4363:
4322:
4312:
4222:
4212:
4163:
4114:
4046:
3911:
3886:McTigue DM, Wei P, Stokes BT (May 2001).
3859:
3849:
3808:
3759:
3718:
3661:
3480:
3431:
3382:
3372:
3323:
3274:
3225:
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3081:
3032:
2983:
2934:
2885:
2836:
2787:
2777:
2736:
2726:
2685:
2636:
2587:
2538:
2528:
2402:
2392:
2343:
2289:
2204:
2155:
2087:
2050:
2009:
1960:
1950:
1909:
1860:
1850:
1712:
1572:
1523:
1513:
1472:
1332:
1234:
1185:
1175:
964:Learn how and when to remove this message
765:and translocated to the nucleus. The NG2
668:. Rodent OPCs proliferate in response to
353:and Olig1/Olig2 drive OPC specification.
345:of the pMN and p3 domains of the ventral
2503:Zhang SC, Ge B, Duncan ID (March 1999).
587:that reside in the subventricular zone.
1884:Ravanelli AM, Appel B (December 2015).
1094:
4790:"The immunomodulatory oligodendrocyte"
3455:Bunge MB, Bunge RP, Ris H (May 1961).
112:
31:
7:
4440:"Glial cells are born with synapses"
3742:Gensert JM, Goldman JE (July 1997).
3595:Journal of the Neurological Sciences
3412:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1363:Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences
438:expression, and ability to generate
380:(SVZ). These cells migrate into the
4365:10.1146/annurev-neuro-100719-093305
4103:The New England Journal of Medicine
4021:Chong SY, Chan JR (February 2010).
313:OPCs first appear during embryonic
293:in cerebral white matter, as well.
3904:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-10-03392.2001
3711:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-06-02218.2000
1502:Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
936:tone or style may not reflect the
813:. OPCs express AMPA receptors and
156:named for their essential role as
25:
1447:Birey F, Aguirre A (April 2015).
5445:
5179:Journal of Neuroscience Research
3654:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2006.00043.x
2817:Journal of Neuroscience Research
2482:10.1097/00001756-199502000-00009
1498:"Oligodendrocytes in a Nutshell"
1496:Michalski JP, Kothary R (2015).
1263:Journal of Neuroscience Research
1055:chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan
946:guide to writing better articles
925:
848:
611:
126:Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells
109:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
18:Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells
5644:Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell
5452:Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell
4346:Paez PM, Lyons DA (July 2020).
2760:Hughes EG, Stockton ME (2021).
789:that act on neuronal synapses.
134:oligodendrocyte precursor cells
35:Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell
4807:10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.021
4708:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0849-14.2015
4554:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0854-10.2010
4505:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6000-09.2010
4263:10.1016/j.brainres.2015.06.003
3316:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0928-12.2012
2878:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6474-10.2011
2629:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2001-12.2013
2580:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2831-08.2008
2394:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1299-06.2006
1465:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0356-15.2015
478:myelin-associated glycoprotein
325:) signaling and expression of
1:
5394:10.1016/s0012-1606(81)80017-6
4352:Annual Review of Neuroscience
3761:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80359-1
2291:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80783-7
2098:10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00678-5
2052:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00414-7
1658:10.1016/S0166-2236(96)80036-1
1418:10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00751-9
1375:10.1016/S1044-7431(03)00210-0
400:signaling which inhibits it.
5359:10.1016/0014-4827(76)90439-0
4314:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001993
4214:10.1371/journal.pone.0127222
3937:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
3607:10.1016/0022-510X(82)90215-5
3074:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.09.009
3025:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.013
2976:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.02.018
2447:10.1016/0962-8924(93)90213-K
1952:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000382
1804:10.1016/0166-2236(96)10043-6
1705:10.1016/j.neulet.2015.04.047
1177:10.1371/journal.pone.0018088
1109:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
191:sheath. This enables faster
5754:Postganglionic nerve fibers
5324:10.1101/sqb.1983.048.01.078
4696:The Journal of Neuroscience
4594:Molecular Neurodegeneration
4542:The Journal of Neuroscience
4493:The Journal of Neuroscience
4027:The Journal of Cell Biology
3892:The Journal of Neuroscience
3838:Molecular Neurodegeneration
3699:The Journal of Neuroscience
3304:The Journal of Neuroscience
2866:The Journal of Neuroscience
2617:The Journal of Neuroscience
2568:The Journal of Neuroscience
2381:The Journal of Neuroscience
2185:The Journal of Cell Biology
1453:The Journal of Neuroscience
520:produced fewer OPCs in the
432:resting membrane potentials
6320:
5749:Preganglionic nerve fibers
5347:Experimental Cell Research
5010:10.1038/s41467-019-11638-3
4904:10.1007/s00401-019-02073-1
4658:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1425706
4607:10.1186/s13024-024-00742-8
3851:10.1186/s13024-022-00538-8
3801:10.1016/j.stem.2010.04.002
2231:Developmental Neuroscience
998:magnetic resonance imaging
803:neurotransmitter receptors
799:voltage-gated ion channels
449:
370:medial ganglionic eminence
280:growth cone like processes
6259:Olfactory receptor neuron
5923:Neurofibril/neurofilament
4953:10.1038/s41591-018-0236-y
4855:10.1038/s41591-018-0236-y
3992:10.1007/s12015-008-9043-z
2779:10.3389/fcell.2021.714169
2715:Frontiers in Neuroscience
761:domain can be cleaved by
739:prostaglandin D2 synthase
522:subventricular zone (SVZ)
407:-expressing cells in the
364:-expressing cells in the
333:coordinate expression of
274:and in all layers of the
239:). They are smaller than
107:
2728:10.3389/fnins.2014.00145
1515:10.3389/fncel.2015.00340
903:antigen presenting cells
753:). This is regulated by
4745:Genes & Development
4645:Frontiers in Immunology
3374:10.1073/pnas.1400422111
1890:Genes & Development
1792:Trends in Neurosciences
1646:Trends in Neurosciences
940:used on Knowledge (XXG)
715:Neuron–OPC interactions
563:into oligodendrocytes.
456:Typically beginning in
6206:Neuromuscular junction
6069:III or Aδ or fast pain
4757:10.1101/gad.344218.120
3521:10.1093/brain/88.5.937
2530:10.1073/pnas.96.7.4089
2435:Trends in Cell Biology
2197:10.1083/jcb.145.6.1209
1990:Developmental Dynamics
1902:10.1101/gad.271312.115
944:See Knowledge (XXG)'s
797:OPCs express numerous
518:laminin alpha2-subunit
466:central nervous system
196:receptors for various
154:central nervous system
51:Central nervous system
5382:Developmental Biology
5286:10.1242/dev.115.2.535
5191:10.1002/jnr.490210208
4990:Nature Communications
4892:Acta Neuropathologica
4039:10.1083/jcb.200905111
917:Clinical significance
546:Cre-Lox recombination
512:, a component of the
458:postnatal development
343:neuroepithelial cells
200:and undergo membrane
6299:Nervous tissue cells
6224:Meissner's corpuscle
6189:Postsynaptic density
6086:Efferent nerve fiber
6074:IV or C or slow pain
6016:Afferent nerve fiber
5842:Satellite glial cell
5454:at Wikimedia Commons
4457:10.1096/fj.07-090985
4116:10.1056/NEJMoa010994
1693:Neuroscience Letters
897:, and other related
747:neuronal pentraxin 2
733:OPCs synthesize the
540:The possibility and
514:extracellular matrix
470:myelin basic protein
416:ganglionic eminences
317:. In the developing
6229:Merkel nerve ending
5234:1983Natur.303..390R
5136:Nature Neuroscience
5002:2019NatCo..10.3887K
4397:Nature Neuroscience
4205:2015PLoSO..1027222S
3556:1974Natur.249..577B
3473:10.1083/jcb.10.1.67
3365:2014PNAS..111.7444T
3255:Nature Neuroscience
3119:1986Natur.319..499F
2666:Nature Neuroscience
2623:(36): 14558–14566.
2574:(41): 10434–10442.
2521:1999PNAS...96.4089Z
2324:Nature Cell Biology
2136:Nature Neuroscience
1852:10.7554/eLife.06953
1753:2000Natur.405..187B
1553:Nature Neuroscience
1313:Nature Neuroscience
1168:2011PLoSO...618088S
980:transplantation, a
807:Electron microscopy
474:proteolipid protein
378:subventricular zone
222:chondroitin sulfate
148:, are a subtype of
6264:Photoreceptor cell
6234:Pacinian corpuscle
6165:Electrical synapse
6119:Lower motor neuron
6114:Upper motor neuron
5835:Internodal segment
5775:Connective tissues
5745:Autonomic ganglion
5059:10.1002/glia.24165
4156:10.1242/dev.047951
3218:10.1242/dev.078873
3178:10.1242/dev.004895
2927:10.1002/glia.22365
2002:10.1002/dvdy.21620
1227:10.1002/glia.22406
860:. You can help by
793:Neuron–OPC synapse
769:can also modulate
685:spinal cord injury
654:multiple sclerosis
623:. You can help by
598:type II astrocytes
569:type II astrocytes
102:H2.00.06.2.01007
6286:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6249:Free nerve ending
6216:Sensory receptors
6144:
6143:
6059:Ib or Golgi or Aα
5967:
5966:
5850:
5849:
5727:Ramus communicans
5666:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5532:Commissural fiber
5527:Association fiber
5522:Projection fibers
5450:Media related to
5318:(Pt 2): 761–774.
5228:(5916): 390–396.
4947:(12): 1837–1844.
4849:(12): 1837–1844.
4800:(Pt A): 139–148.
4548:(24): 8320–8331.
4499:(10): 3600–3611.
4257:(Pt B): 161–166.
3980:Stem Cell Reviews
3898:(10): 3392–3400.
3424:10.1002/cne.21917
3359:(20): 7444–7449.
3310:(24): 8173–8185.
3261:(12): 1392–1401.
3212:(13): 2299–2307.
3113:(6053): 499–502.
2921:(10): 1451–1467.
2872:(18): 6809–6819.
2829:10.1002/jnr.23036
2387:(30): 7907–7918.
2243:10.1159/000048715
1896:(23): 2504–2515.
1747:(6783): 187–191.
1459:(17): 6946–6951.
1221:(12): 1906–1914.
974:
973:
966:
938:encyclopedic tone
878:
877:
832:OPCs can undergo
811:synaptic vesicles
641:
640:
604:Adult myelination
585:neural stem cells
440:action potentials
198:neurotransmitters
132:), also known as
123:
122:
118:
16:(Redirected from
6311:
6179:Synaptic vesicle
6174:Chemical synapse
6153:
5873:
5866:
5677:
5572:
5502:
5482:
5475:
5468:
5459:
5449:
5433:
5432:
5412:
5406:
5405:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5307:
5298:
5297:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5242:10.1038/303390a0
5217:
5211:
5210:
5185:(2–4): 155–167.
5174:
5168:
5167:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5070:
5053:(6): 1191–1209.
5038:
5032:
5031:
5021:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4964:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4915:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4866:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4809:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4768:
4751:(3–4): 180–198.
4736:
4730:
4729:
4719:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4660:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4619:
4609:
4585:
4576:
4575:
4565:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4516:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4459:
4450:(8): 2957–2969.
4435:
4429:
4428:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4367:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4326:
4316:
4307:(11): e1001993.
4292:
4283:
4282:
4246:
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4236:
4226:
4216:
4184:
4178:
4177:
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4129:
4128:
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4088:
4087:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4050:
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4012:
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3975:
3969:
3968:
3932:
3926:
3925:
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3883:
3874:
3873:
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3823:
3822:
3812:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3763:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3722:
3705:(6): 2218–2228.
3690:
3684:
3683:
3665:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3564:10.1038/249577a0
3550:(457): 577–578.
3539:
3533:
3532:
3504:
3495:
3494:
3484:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3435:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3386:
3376:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3327:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3278:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3229:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3180:
3156:
3147:
3146:
3127:10.1038/319499a0
3102:
3096:
3095:
3085:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3036:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2987:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2938:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2889:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2840:
2823:(8): 1547–1556.
2808:
2802:
2801:
2791:
2781:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2740:
2730:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2640:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2532:
2515:(7): 4089–4094.
2500:
2494:
2493:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2430:
2417:
2416:
2406:
2396:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2347:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2293:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2237:(4–5): 318–326.
2225:
2219:
2218:
2208:
2191:(6): 1209–1218.
2176:
2170:
2169:
2159:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2091:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2013:
1996:(8): 2081–2089.
1981:
1975:
1974:
1964:
1954:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1913:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1854:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1761:10.1038/35012083
1736:
1727:
1726:
1716:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1598:
1587:
1586:
1576:
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1538:
1537:
1527:
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1486:
1476:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1358:
1347:
1346:
1336:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1238:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1189:
1179:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1104:
969:
962:
958:
955:
949:
948:for suggestions.
929:
928:
921:
873:
870:
852:
845:
841:Immunomodulation
662:oligodendrocytes
636:
633:
615:
608:
366:ventricular zone
347:ventricular zone
287:nodes of Ranvier
265:oligodendrocytes
193:action potential
162:oligodendrocytes
115:edit on Wikidata
32:
21:
6319:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6308:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6278:
6210:
6140:
6089:
6080:
6064:II or Aβ and Aγ
6019:
6010:
5963:
5953:Apical dendrite
5948:Dendritic spine
5927:
5889:
5859:
5846:
5830:Node of Ranvier
5825:Myelin incisure
5797:
5769:
5658:
5649:Oligodendrocyte
5632:Ependymal cells
5613:
5563:
5491:
5486:
5442:
5437:
5436:
5414:
5413:
5409:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5309:
5308:
5301:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5040:
5039:
5035:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4941:Nature Medicine
4934:
4933:
4929:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4843:Nature Medicine
4836:
4835:
4831:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4638:
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4579:
4535:
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4530:
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4485:
4481:
4437:
4436:
4432:
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4393:
4389:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4294:
4293:
4286:
4248:
4247:
4240:
4199:(5): e0127222.
4186:
4185:
4181:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4020:
4019:
4015:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3885:
3884:
3877:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3642:Brain Pathology
3635:
3634:
3630:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3506:
3505:
3498:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3267:10.1038/nn.2220
3248:
3247:
3243:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3158:
3157:
3150:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2432:
2431:
2420:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2336:10.1038/ncb2736
2320:
2319:
2315:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2089:10.1.1.327.1752
2073:
2072:
2068:
2032:
2031:
2027:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1945:(6): e1000382.
1932:
1931:
1927:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1600:
1599:
1590:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1360:
1359:
1350:
1325:10.1038/nn.3390
1306:
1305:
1298:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1121:10.1038/nrn2495
1106:
1105:
1096:
1091:
1079:
1067:precursor cells
1014:
977:Transplantation
970:
959:
953:
950:
943:
934:This article's
930:
926:
919:
874:
868:
865:
858:needs expansion
843:
818:
795:
735:neuromodulatory
731:
729:Neuromodulation
722:
720:Node of Ranvier
717:
678:chelating agent
646:
637:
631:
628:
621:needs expansion
606:
593:
550:corpus callosum
538:
454:
448:
311:
210:
146:polydendrocytes
119:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6317:
6315:
6307:
6306:
6301:
6291:
6290:
6284:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6274:Taste receptor
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6244:Muscle spindle
6241:
6239:Ruffini ending
6236:
6231:
6226:
6220:
6218:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6208:
6203:
6201:Ribbon synapse
6198:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6171:
6161:
6159:
6150:
6146:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6095:
6093:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6025:
6023:
6021:Sensory neuron
6012:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6007:
6006:
5996:
5991:
5989:Pseudounipolar
5986:
5981:
5975:
5973:
5969:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5957:Basal dendrite
5950:
5945:
5937:
5935:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5908:Axon terminals
5905:
5899:
5897:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5881:
5879:
5870:
5863:
5852:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5839:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5807:
5805:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5779:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5762:
5760:Nerve fascicle
5757:
5751:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5683:
5681:
5674:
5668:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5629:
5623:
5621:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5580:
5578:
5569:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5514:
5508:
5506:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5489:Nervous tissue
5487:
5485:
5484:
5477:
5470:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5441:
5440:External links
5438:
5435:
5434:
5407:
5388:(1): 146–153.
5372:
5353:(2): 277–284.
5337:
5299:
5280:(2): 535–551.
5263:
5212:
5169:
5148:10.1038/nn1075
5142:(7): 750–757.
5125:
5098:(3): 214–225.
5082:
5033:
4976:
4927:
4898:(2): 365–382.
4878:
4829:
4794:Brain Research
4780:
4731:
4682:
4631:
4577:
4528:
4479:
4430:
4409:10.1038/nn1850
4403:(3): 311–320.
4387:
4338:
4284:
4251:Brain Research
4238:
4179:
4150:(4): 745–753.
4130:
4109:(3): 165–173.
4089:
4078:(5): 489–503.
4062:
4033:(3): 305–312.
4013:
3986:(4): 304–318.
3970:
3949:10.1038/nrn917
3943:(9): 705–714.
3927:
3875:
3824:
3795:(6): 578–590.
3789:Cell Stem Cell
3775:
3754:(1): 197–203.
3734:
3685:
3648:(2): 129–138.
3628:
3585:
3534:
3515:(5): 937–952.
3496:
3447:
3418:(5): 702–716.
3398:
3339:
3290:
3241:
3192:
3171:(1): 145–157.
3148:
3097:
3068:(4): 668–681.
3048:
3019:(4): 661–673.
2999:
2970:(5): 612–626.
2950:
2901:
2852:
2803:
2752:
2701:
2678:10.1038/nn2060
2672:(4): 450–456.
2652:
2603:
2554:
2495:
2476:(3): 441–445.
2460:
2441:(6): 191–197.
2418:
2367:
2330:(6): 602–613.
2313:
2284:(6): 703–716.
2264:
2220:
2171:
2148:10.1038/nn1620
2142:(2): 173–179.
2119:
2066:
2045:(5): 791–807.
2025:
1976:
1925:
1876:
1825:
1798:(8): 339–345.
1782:
1728:
1679:
1636:
1588:
1565:10.1038/nn1854
1559:(3): 321–330.
1539:
1488:
1439:
1396:
1369:(2): 476–488.
1348:
1319:(6): 668–676.
1296:
1269:(3): 299–314.
1250:
1201:
1142:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1013:
1010:
972:
971:
954:September 2021
933:
931:
924:
918:
915:
876:
875:
869:September 2021
855:
853:
842:
839:
816:
794:
791:
730:
727:
721:
718:
716:
713:
645:
642:
639:
638:
632:September 2021
618:
616:
605:
602:
592:
589:
552:are generated
537:
534:
524:. Deletion of
501:cell branching
452:Myelinogenesis
450:Main article:
447:
444:
428:myelinogenesis
382:olfactory bulb
323:Sonic hedgehog
310:
307:
209:
206:
202:depolarization
181:myelinogenesis
121:
120:
111:
105:
104:
99:
93:
92:
87:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
68:
67:
58:
54:
53:
48:
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6316:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6213:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6151:
6147:
6135:
6134:γ motorneuron
6132:
6130:
6129:β motorneuron
6127:
6125:
6124:α motorneuron
6122:
6121:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6087:
6083:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
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6047:
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6030:
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6022:
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6000:
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5985:
5982:
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5970:
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5949:
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5936:
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5919:
5916:
5914:
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5886:
5883:
5882:
5880:
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5867:
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5862:
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5836:
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5828:
5826:
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5736:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5570:
5566:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5483:
5478:
5476:
5471:
5469:
5464:
5463:
5460:
5453:
5448:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5411:
5408:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5376:
5373:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5341:
5338:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5267:
5264:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5216:
5213:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5173:
5170:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5129:
5126:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5086:
5083:
5078:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5037:
5034:
5029:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4980:
4977:
4972:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4931:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4882:
4879:
4874:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4833:
4830:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4784:
4781:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4732:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4686:
4683:
4677:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4635:
4632:
4627:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4532:
4529:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4483:
4480:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4444:FASEB Journal
4441:
4434:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4391:
4388:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4339:
4334:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4183:
4180:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4093:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4066:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4014:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3779:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3629:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3003:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1162:(4): e18088.
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
991:
987:
986:Embryonically
983:
978:
968:
965:
957:
947:
941:
939:
932:
923:
922:
916:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
872:
863:
859:
856:This section
854:
851:
847:
846:
840:
838:
835:
834:cell division
830:
828:
824:
820:
812:
808:
804:
800:
792:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
775:NMDA receptor
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:intracellular
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
728:
726:
719:
714:
712:
709:
705:
704:heterogeneous
701:
696:
694:
688:
686:
682:
679:
675:
671:
670:demyelination
667:
666:proliferation
663:
657:
655:
651:
650:myelin repair
644:Remyelination
643:
635:
626:
622:
619:This section
617:
614:
610:
609:
603:
601:
599:
590:
588:
586:
581:
576:
574:
570:
564:
562:
561:differentiate
557:
556:
551:
547:
543:
535:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
490:
485:
484:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
453:
445:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
423:
421:
417:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:organogenesis
308:
306:
303:
299:
298:glutamatergic
294:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
237:
232:
231:
226:
223:
219:
215:
207:
205:
203:
199:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
116:
110:
106:
103:
100:
98:
94:
91:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
66:
62:
59:
55:
52:
49:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
6169:Gap junction
6091:Motor neuron
5885:Axon hillock
5861:nerve fibers
5815:Schwann cell
5725:
5708:
5686:
5643:
5604:Medium spiny
5517:White matter
5505:Tissue Types
5423:(1): 18–21.
5420:
5416:
5410:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5350:
5346:
5340:
5315:
5311:
5277:
5273:
5266:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5182:
5178:
5172:
5139:
5135:
5128:
5095:
5091:
5085:
5050:
5046:
5036:
4993:
4989:
4979:
4944:
4940:
4930:
4895:
4891:
4881:
4846:
4842:
4832:
4797:
4793:
4783:
4748:
4744:
4734:
4699:
4695:
4685:
4648:
4644:
4634:
4597:
4593:
4545:
4541:
4531:
4496:
4492:
4482:
4447:
4443:
4433:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4355:
4351:
4341:
4304:
4301:PLOS Biology
4300:
4254:
4250:
4196:
4192:
4182:
4147:
4143:
4133:
4106:
4102:
4092:
4075:
4071:
4065:
4030:
4026:
4016:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3895:
3891:
3841:
3837:
3827:
3792:
3788:
3778:
3751:
3747:
3737:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3645:
3641:
3631:
3601:(1): 13–31.
3598:
3594:
3588:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3512:
3508:
3467:(1): 67–94.
3464:
3460:
3450:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3356:
3352:
3342:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3209:
3205:
3195:
3168:
3164:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3016:
3012:
3002:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2918:
2914:
2904:
2869:
2865:
2855:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2718:
2714:
2704:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2438:
2434:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2345:10261/346164
2327:
2323:
2316:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2139:
2135:
2082:(1): 75–86.
2079:
2075:
2069:
2042:
2038:
2028:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1942:
1939:PLOS Biology
1938:
1928:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1744:
1740:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1652:(3): 92–96.
1649:
1645:
1639:
1609:(1): 84–91.
1606:
1602:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1412:(1): 83–95.
1409:
1406:Neuroscience
1405:
1399:
1366:
1362:
1316:
1312:
1266:
1262:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1112:
1108:
1070:
1048:
1042:
1034:optic nerves
1027:
1015:
1002:inflammatory
995:
982:brain biopsy
975:
960:
951:
935:
895:interleukins
879:
866:
862:adding to it
857:
831:
796:
750:
742:
732:
723:
697:
689:
680:
674:lysolecithin
658:
648:Spontaneous
647:
629:
625:adding to it
620:
594:
577:
572:
565:
553:
541:
539:
497:cytoskeleton
494:
487:
481:
455:
424:
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355:
349:. Together,
312:
295:
284:
279:
269:
253:white matter
251:and 8–9% in
234:
228:
225:proteoglycan
211:
178:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
124:
29:
6304:Glial cells
6184:Active zone
6149:Termination
5999:Interneuron
5903:Telodendron
5811:Myelination
5793:Endoneurium
5788:Perineurium
5609:Interneuron
5599:Von Economo
5547:Decussation
5542:Nerve tract
5512:Grey matter
5274:Development
4996:(1): 3887.
4702:(1): 4–20.
4358:: 163–186.
4144:Development
3206:Development
3165:Development
2470:NeuroReport
1699:: 164–169.
1115:(1): 9–22.
1023:ganglioside
907:MHC class I
787:LNS domains
777:-dependent
763:γ-secretase
708:homogeneous
536:Controversy
464:the entire
436:ion channel
390:dorsomedial
374:progenitors
319:neural tube
309:Development
272:hippocampus
249:grey matter
227:encoded by
214:glial cells
71:Identifiers
65:spinal cord
6293:Categories
6254:Nociceptor
5994:Multipolar
5943:Nissl body
5820:Neurilemma
5783:Epineurium
5568:Cell Types
2772:: 714169.
1089:References
1061:was named
1006:endogenous
990:stem cells
887:chemokines
883:glial scar
767:ectodomain
476:(PLP), or
420:parenchyma
257:astrocytes
245:morphology
158:precursors
90:D000073637
76:Acronym(s)
6269:Hair cell
5803:Neuroglia
5765:Funiculus
5654:Microglia
5627:Astrocyte
5584:Pyramidal
5537:Lemniscus
5417:Biofizika
4667:1664-3224
4600:(1): 53.
4382:211214703
3844:(1): 34.
2084:CiteSeerX
1030:perinatal
1018:mammalian
905:via both
891:cytokines
829:release.
823:glutamate
819:receptors
700:forebrain
681:cuprizone
462:myelinate
386:posterior
358:forebrain
302:GABAergic
291:pericytes
276:neocortex
261:microglia
212:OPCs are
208:Structure
142:O2A cells
6054:Ia or Aα
5984:Unipolar
5933:Dendrite
5918:Axolemma
5913:Axoplasm
5697:Ganglion
5637:Tanycyte
5589:Purkinje
5576:Neuronal
5559:Meninges
5554:Neuropil
5429:10330580
5207:43450904
5156:12808459
5120:25285506
5112:11102963
5077:35266197
5028:31467299
4971:30420755
4922:31552482
4873:30420755
4824:33207109
4816:26423932
4775:33526585
4726:25568099
4676:11263107
4626:38997755
4617:11245841
4572:20554883
4523:20219994
4474:25966213
4466:18467596
4417:17293860
4374:32075518
4333:25387269
4279:32067124
4271:26100334
4233:25966014
4193:PLOS ONE
4174:21266410
4125:11796850
4057:20142420
4008:19055357
4000:18759012
3965:19709750
3957:12209119
3922:11331369
3870:35526004
3819:20569695
3729:10704497
3672:17388943
3491:13688845
3442:19058188
3393:24799701
3334:22699898
3285:18849983
3236:22627280
3187:18045844
3092:21092857
3043:21609823
2994:20223198
2945:22706957
2896:21543611
2847:22437915
2798:34368163
2747:24971048
2696:18311136
2647:24005306
2598:18842903
2549:10097168
2455:14731493
2413:16870736
2362:23154014
2354:23644466
2308:16074660
2300:10380923
2259:46878049
2251:11756747
2215:10366594
2166:16388308
2106:11955448
2061:11567617
2020:18627107
1971:20532235
1920:26584621
1871:25902404
1820:31596399
1769:10821275
1723:25936593
1674:22746971
1623:10088675
1583:17293857
1534:26388730
1483:25926469
1434:10924179
1426:10392832
1391:21910392
1383:14572468
1343:23624515
1291:25711458
1245:22907787
1196:21490970
1156:PLOS ONE
1137:15264205
1129:19096367
1077:See also
988:derived
911:class II
757:, whose
737:factors
591:Function
580:cortical
489:In vitro
305:day 13.
138:NG2-glia
57:Location
6196:Autapse
6157:Synapse
6004:Renshaw
5979:Bipolar
5856:Neurons
5709:Ventral
5680:General
5594:Granule
5402:6263737
5332:6373111
5294:1425339
5258:4301091
5250:6304520
5230:Bibcode
5199:3216418
5068:9314832
5019:6715717
4998:Bibcode
4962:6544508
4913:6994364
4864:6544508
4766:7849363
4717:6605244
4563:6634580
4514:2838193
4425:8767161
4324:4227637
4224:4429067
4201:Bibcode
4165:3026417
4084:2811298
4048:2819683
3913:6762495
3861:9077942
3810:3856868
3770:9247275
3720:6772504
3680:3158689
3663:8095564
3623:2748982
3615:6804606
3580:4246605
3572:4834082
3552:Bibcode
3529:5864468
3482:2225064
3433:2614367
3384:4034245
3361:Bibcode
3325:3378033
3276:3842596
3227:3367441
3143:4254924
3135:3945333
3115:Bibcode
3083:2989827
3034:3119948
2985:2855245
2936:5679225
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2638:3761056
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2517:Bibcode
2490:7766839
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2157:6328015
2114:1865925
2011:2646814
1962:2879390
1911:4691953
1862:4432226
1812:8843603
1777:4422069
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1283:8714519
1236:3474880
1187:3072388
1164:Bibcode
1071:in vivo
1059:antigen
1043:in vivo
1012:History
899:ligands
555:de novo
542:in vivo
510:Laminin
505:lamella
483:in vivo
472:(MBP),
460:, OPCs
409:lateral
376:in the
368:of the
356:In the
321:, Shh (
241:neurons
152:in the
40:Details
6049:fibers
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526:Dicer1
413:caudal
362:Nkx2.1
351:Nkx2.2
331:Nkx6.2
327:Nkx6.1
236:PDGFRA
189:myelin
170:PDGFRA
166:myelin
46:System
5972:Types
5869:Parts
5738:White
5719:Ramus
5702:Ramus
5619:Glial
5254:S2CID
5203:S2CID
5160:S2CID
5116:S2CID
4820:S2CID
4470:S2CID
4421:S2CID
4378:S2CID
4275:S2CID
4004:S2CID
3961:S2CID
3676:S2CID
3619:S2CID
3576:S2CID
3509:Brain
3139:S2CID
2540:22425
2358:S2CID
2304:S2CID
2255:S2CID
2110:S2CID
1839:eLife
1816:S2CID
1773:S2CID
1670:S2CID
1627:S2CID
1430:S2CID
1387:S2CID
1287:S2CID
1133:S2CID
1051:tumor
751:NPTX2
743:PTGDS
583:from
573:Olig2
530:miRNA
339:Olig2
335:Olig1
230:CSPG4
185:axons
174:CSPG4
144:, or
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5895:Axon
5877:Soma
5733:Gray
5714:Root
5692:Root
5425:PMID
5398:PMID
5363:PMID
5328:PMID
5290:PMID
5246:PMID
5195:PMID
5152:PMID
5108:PMID
5092:Glia
5073:PMID
5047:Glia
5024:PMID
4967:PMID
4918:PMID
4869:PMID
4812:PMID
4798:1641
4771:PMID
4722:PMID
4663:ISSN
4622:PMID
4568:PMID
4519:PMID
4462:PMID
4413:PMID
4370:PMID
4329:PMID
4267:PMID
4255:1638
4229:PMID
4170:PMID
4121:PMID
4080:PMID
4053:PMID
3996:PMID
3953:PMID
3918:PMID
3866:PMID
3815:PMID
3766:PMID
3725:PMID
3668:PMID
3611:PMID
3568:PMID
3525:PMID
3487:PMID
3438:PMID
3389:PMID
3330:PMID
3281:PMID
3232:PMID
3183:PMID
3131:PMID
3088:PMID
3039:PMID
2990:PMID
2941:PMID
2915:Glia
2892:PMID
2843:PMID
2794:PMID
2743:PMID
2692:PMID
2643:PMID
2594:PMID
2545:PMID
2486:PMID
2451:PMID
2409:PMID
2350:PMID
2296:PMID
2278:Cell
2247:PMID
2211:PMID
2162:PMID
2102:PMID
2076:Cell
2057:PMID
2016:PMID
1967:PMID
1916:PMID
1867:PMID
1808:PMID
1765:PMID
1719:PMID
1662:PMID
1619:PMID
1603:Glia
1579:PMID
1530:PMID
1479:PMID
1422:PMID
1379:PMID
1339:PMID
1279:PMID
1241:PMID
1215:Glia
1192:PMID
1125:PMID
1039:PDGF
1032:rat
909:and
827:GABA
815:GABA
801:and
773:and
771:AMPA
503:and
446:Fate
411:and
405:Gsh2
388:and
337:and
300:and
263:and
172:and
164:and
150:glia
130:OPCs
85:MeSH
6109:SVE
6104:GVE
6099:GSE
6044:SVA
6039:SSA
6034:GVA
6029:GSA
5672:PNS
5497:CNS
5390:doi
5355:doi
5320:doi
5282:doi
5278:115
5238:doi
5226:303
5187:doi
5144:doi
5100:doi
5063:PMC
5055:doi
5014:PMC
5006:doi
4957:PMC
4949:doi
4908:PMC
4900:doi
4896:139
4859:PMC
4851:doi
4802:doi
4761:PMC
4753:doi
4712:PMC
4704:doi
4671:PMC
4653:doi
4612:PMC
4602:doi
4558:PMC
4550:doi
4509:PMC
4501:doi
4452:doi
4405:doi
4360:doi
4319:PMC
4309:doi
4259:doi
4219:PMC
4209:doi
4160:PMC
4152:doi
4148:138
4111:doi
4107:346
4043:PMC
4035:doi
4031:188
3988:doi
3945:doi
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3856:PMC
3846:doi
3805:PMC
3797:doi
3756:doi
3715:PMC
3707:doi
3658:PMC
3650:doi
3603:doi
3560:doi
3548:249
3517:doi
3477:PMC
3469:doi
3428:PMC
3420:doi
3416:512
3379:PMC
3369:doi
3357:111
3320:PMC
3312:doi
3271:PMC
3263:doi
3222:PMC
3214:doi
3210:139
3173:doi
3169:135
3123:doi
3111:319
3078:PMC
3070:doi
3029:PMC
3021:doi
2980:PMC
2972:doi
2931:PMC
2923:doi
2882:PMC
2874:doi
2833:PMC
2825:doi
2784:PMC
2774:doi
2733:PMC
2723:doi
2682:PMC
2674:doi
2633:PMC
2625:doi
2584:PMC
2576:doi
2535:PMC
2525:doi
2478:doi
2443:doi
2399:PMC
2389:doi
2340:hdl
2332:doi
2286:doi
2239:doi
2201:PMC
2193:doi
2189:145
2152:PMC
2144:doi
2094:doi
2080:109
2047:doi
2006:PMC
1998:doi
1994:237
1957:PMC
1947:doi
1906:PMC
1898:doi
1857:PMC
1847:doi
1800:doi
1757:doi
1745:405
1709:PMC
1701:doi
1697:597
1654:doi
1611:doi
1569:PMC
1561:doi
1520:PMC
1510:doi
1469:PMC
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1414:doi
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