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745:, initiated a plan to break the Libyan Mujāhideen: the 100,000 people of Jebel Akhdar would be relocated to concentration camps on the coast, and the Libyan-Egyptian border from the coast at Giarabub would be fence-closed, preventing any foreign help to the fighters and depriving them of support from the native population. These measures, which Graziani initiated early in 1931, took their toll on the Senusite resistance. The rebels were deprived of help and reinforcements, spied upon, hit by Italian aircraft, and pursued on the ground by the Italian forces aided by local informers and collaborators. Mukhtar continued to struggle despite increased hardships and risks, but on 11 September 1931, he was ambushed near
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759:, has given a description of the Senusite leader that is not lacking in respect: "Of medium height, stout, with white hair, beard, and mustache. Omar was endowed with a quick and lively intelligence; was knowledgeable in religious matters, and revealed an energetic and impetuous character, unselfish and uncompromising; ultimately, he remained very religious and poor, even though he had been one of the most important Senusist figures."
560:), before eventually becoming chief or leader of the clan. As a child, Omar lost his father early on and spent his youth in poverty. He was adopted by a sheikh, and was friends with the nephew of Hussein Ghariani, Sharif al Geriani. His uncle was a political-religious leader in Cyrenaica, and he received his early education at the local mosque, before continuing his studies for eight years at the Senussi University in
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686:. He knew local geography well and used that knowledge to advantage in battles against the Italians, who were unaccustomed to desert warfare. Mukhtar repeatedly led his small, highly alert groups in successful attacks against the Italians, after which they would fade back into the desert terrain. Mukhtar’s men skilfully attacked outposts, ambushed troops, and cut lines of supply and communication. The
730:, Governor of Libya from January 1929, after extensive negotiations, concluded a compromise with Mukhtar (described by the Italians as his complete submission) similar to previous Italo-Senusite accords. At the end of October 1929, Mukhtar denounced the compromise and re-established a unity of action among Libyan forces, preparing himself for the ultimate confrontation with
648:. The Ottomans and their Libyan allies withdrew to the countryside instead of surrendering, and the Italians bombarded the cities for three days, and then proclaimed the Tripolitanians to be 'committed and strongly bound to Italy'. This marked the beginning of a series of battles between the Italian colonial forces and the Libyan armed opposition in
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in 1899, he was sent among other
Senussites to help defend Chad from the French, as the Senussi considered their expansion dangerous due to their missionary activities in Central and West Africa. In 1902, Omar was recalled north after the death of Al-Mahdi, the new Senussi leader
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beginning 17 February 2011, Omar
Mukhtar again became a symbol for a united, free Libya and his picture was depicted on various flags and posters of the anti-Gaddafist forces. Rebel militias named one of their brigades the "Omar Mukhtar brigade" after
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created a counter-guerrilla force that inflicted a severe setback to guerilla forces in April 1925. Mukhtar then quickly modified his own tactics and was able to count on continued help from
576:, joining the confraternity of the Senussi. He also came to be well informed of the social structure of his society, as he was chosen to settle intertribal disputes.
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640:. The admiral demanded that the Ottoman administration and garrison surrender their territory to the Italians or incur the immediate destruction of the city of
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forces, who were being hunted constantly by the
Italians. Even General Teruzzi recognized Omar's qualities of "exceptional perseverance and strong willpower."
737:, the Italian military commander from March 1930. A massive offensive in June against Mukhtar's forces having failed, Graziani, in full accord with Badoglio,
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1105:, a fee paid to a free tribe for protection. Peters, Emrys L. (1998) "Divine goodness: the concept of Baraka as used by the Bedouin of Cyrenaica", page 104,
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of the
Italian Army. On 16 September 1931, on the orders of the Italian court and with Italian hopes that Libyan resistance would die with him, Mukhtar was
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Mukhtar developed a strong relationship with the
Senussid Movement during his years in Jaghbub and in 1895, Al-Mahdi Senoussi traveled with him south to
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A major role is assigned to the Arab, Emir Idris es
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Mukhtar's struggle of nearly twenty years came to an end on 11 September 1931, when he was wounded in
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wore a photograph of
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is named after
Mukhtar in Tampa, Florida, USA, known as Masjid Omar Al Mokhtar.
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and is considered the national hero of Libya and a symbol of resistance in the
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appointed him as Sheikh of the troubled
Zawiyat Laqsur in Northern Cyrenaica.
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Shah, A. M.; Baviskar, Baburao
Shravan and Ramaswamy, E. A. (editors) (1998)
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Omar Al Mokhtar Lion of the Desert (The Biography of Shaikh Omar Al Mukhtar)
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A statement by the Omar used in the movie has been popularized by Muslims,
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by profession, Mukhtar was also skilled in the strategies and tactics of
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Rodolfo Graziani, "Cirenaica Pacificata" pg.269 (Benamer translation)
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to the Arab mnifi tribe, belonging to the Senussi (who were seen as
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Mnifa is "a generic name for many groups of 'Clients of the Fee' (
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from February 1926 and increasingly stringent rule under Governor
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1291:"Libyan rebels crack down on rogue militias - The Globe and Mail"
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485:. A teacher-turned-general, Omar was a prominent figure of the
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Britain), Royal United Service Institution (Great (1932).
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Since 1971, Mukhtar's face has appeared on the Libyan ten-
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The Colour of Time: A New History of the World, 1850-1960
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reached the shores of Libya, then a territory subject to
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Omar Mukhtar photographed with Libyan Senussi fighters.
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West Bay area of Doha, Qatar (Omar Al Mukhtar Street)
828:. It was based on the struggles of Mukhtar against
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1238:Encyclopedia of World Biography on Omar al-Mukhtar
632:(Italian Royal Navy) under the command of Admiral
455:عُمَر الْمُخْتَار مُحَمَّد بِن فَرْحَات الْمَنِفِي
384:1896–1902, as ruler of Ayn Kalk in Western Sudan (
1279:. Milan: Edizioni Mondadori Le Scie. p. 313.
1111:Social Structure and Change: Religion and Kinship
719:. Between 1927 and 1928, Mukhtar reorganised the
395:1923–1931, as Commander of all Senussid Military
1117:) Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California,
861:A school is named after Mukhtar in Irbid, Jordan
537:Omar Al-Mukhtar was born in 1858 in the town of
1265:Rodolfo Graziani, "Cirenaica Pacificata" pg.265
800:Omar Al-Mukhtar University was founded in 1961.
1207:Wars Of Imperial Conquest In Africa, 1830-1914
497:. Beginning in 1911, he organised and led the
457:; 20 August 1858 – 16 September 1931), called
699:("Green Mountain") in 1924, Italian governor
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286:Italian colonization of Ottoman Tripolitania
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902:Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Omar Al Mukhtar Road)
810:His final years were depicted in the movie
707:. In March 1927, despite the occupation of
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1079:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
991:Omar Mukhtar arrested by Italian officials
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513:. Externally, he also fought against the
390:1902–1923, as ruler of Zawiyat Laqsur in
1323:Secret proceedings in the Benghazi trial
1013:We Will Not Surrender (We Win or We Die)
525:when he was wounded in battle by Libyan
1125:; Sage Publications, New Delhi, India,
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461:, known among the colonial Italians as
1328:Why Libya Commemorates the 'Black Day'
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911:Tangier, Morocco (Avenue Omar Mokhtar)
715:, Mukhtar surprised Italian troops at
890:Cairo, Egypt (Omar Al Mukhtar Street)
771:Omar Mukhtar entering the court room.
57:(أسد الصحراء) or "Lion of the Desert"
7:
943:Omar Mukhtar on 10 Dinar note (2004)
871:Streets are named after Mukhtar in:
568:. He became a popular expert on the
27:Libyan resistance leader (1858–1931)
1430:People executed by Italy by hanging
1019:based on one of Mukhtar's speeches.
752:Mukhtar's final adversary, Italian
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325:
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1209:. London: Routledge. p. 261.
25:
1318:Italian occupation and resistance
1142:Dan Jones; Marina Amaral (2018).
1045:Federica Saini Fasanotti , p. 296
877:, Kuwait (Omar Al-Mukhtar street)
837:نحن قوم لا نستسلم ، ننتصر أو نموت
469:who led the native resistance in
465:, was a Libyan revolutionary and
130:24 April 1923 – 16 September 1931
119:Leader of Senussi Tribal Military
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741:(Minister of the Colonies), and
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254:Al-Mukhtar ibn Muhammad (father)
1184:Senussi chief , Omar el Mukhtar
1055:as Salab, Ali Muhammad (2011).
564:, the holy city of the Senussi
955:Omar Mukhtar while in custody.
779:, and then captured by Libyan
587:of Zawiyat Ayn Kalk. When the
1:
1440:Libyan independence activists
931:Photo of Omar Mukhtar sitting
695:In the mountainous region of
483:Italian colonization of Libya
1162:. Newspaper "Trud, ". 1948.
556:clan just like Emir or King
1385:Guerrilla warfare theorists
1115:Social Structure and Change
1003:Omar the North African lion
519:British occupation of Egypt
515:French colonization of Chad
256:Aisha bint Muharib (mother)
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1205:Vandervort, Bruce (1998).
1015:, protest song during the
662:Libyan resistance movement
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499:Libyan resistance movement
1410:Libyan resistance leaders
1339:Lion of the Desert (1981)
1275:Domenico Quirico (2002).
1059:. Al-Firdous. p. 1.
789:Soluch concentration camp
511:Second Italo-Senussi Wars
443:Omar al-Mukhtār Muḥammad
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1450:Second Italo-Senussi War
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1380:Executed revolutionaries
1250:Libya profile - Timeline
967:Close up of Omar Mukhtar
787:before his followers in
666:Second Italo-Senussi War
979:Omar Mukhtar in custody
842:In 2009, Libyan leader
594:Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi
503:Italian colonial empire
374:Senussid Military Adwar
93:Ruler of Zawiyat Luqsur
1425:Executed Libyan people
1415:Libyan revolutionaries
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459:The Lion of the Desert
185:Eyalet of Tripolitania
1435:Italy–Libya relations
1256:Asia, 1 November 2011
1215:10.4324/9780203005934
1017:2011 Libyan Civil War
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763:Capture and execution
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428:Pacification of Libya
380:Years of service
1420:Libyan Sunni Muslims
1277:Lo squadrone bianco
885:Omar Mukhtar Street
545:, in the region of
463:Matari of the Mnifa
1296:The Globe and Mail
1099:Marabtin al-sadqan
1095:Marabtin al-sadqan
1036:al-Sanusiya pg.271
813:Lion of the Desert
791:at the age of 73.
777:battle near Slonta
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318:Shaykh ash-Shuhadā
1375:Anti-imperialists
1303:on 1 August 2011.
1224:978-1-135-36465-6
1101:because they pay
816:(1981), starring
678:A teacher of the
656:Guerrilla warfare
606:Italo-Turkish War
440:
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411:Italo-Turkish War
265:Ruler of Senussi
213:Italian Cyrenaica
198:16 September 1931
40:عُمَر الْمُخْتَار
16:(Redirected from
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1370:1931 deaths
1365:1858 births
1333:Libyan lion
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826:Irene Papas
822:Oliver Reed
505:during the
473:(currently
314:Nickname(s)
296:Sunni Islam
229:Nationality
136:Preceded by
1359:Categories
1024:References
832:'s forces.
533:Early life
346:Allegiance
282:resistance
262:Occupation
174:1858-08-20
1159:New Times
1075:cite book
899:, Tunisia
881:Gaza City
853:With the
650:Cyrenaica
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479:Senussids
471:Cyrenaica
392:Cyrenaica
302:Signature
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1254:BBC News
997:See also
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721:Senusite
709:Giarabub
646:Benghazi
517:and the
292:Religion
276:Leading
244:Muhammad
240:Children
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1179:Journal
1008:Senussi
918:Gallery
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906:Irbid
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805:dinar
705:Egypt
581:Kufra
570:Quran
541:near
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