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the nation into one of the richest in the world. The 1955 law created conditions that enabled small oil companies to drill alongside larger corporations; each concession had a low entry fee, with rents only increasing significantly after the eighth year of drilling. This created a competitive atmosphere that prevented any one company from becoming crucial to the country's oil operation, although it had the downside of incentivising companies to produce as much oil as possible in as quick a period as possible. Libya's oil fields fuelled rapidly growing demand in Europe, and by 1967 it was supplying a third of the oil entering the West
European market. Within a few years, Libya had grown to become the world's fourth largest oil producer. Oil production provided a huge boost to the Libyan economy; whereas the per capita annual income in 1951 had been $ 25–35, by 1969 it was $ 2,000. By 1961, the oil industry was exerting the greater influence over Libyan politics than any other issue. In 1962, Libya joined the
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786:, which rejected the principles of the Bevin-Sforza plan, instead indicating support for full independence. At the time neither the UK nor France supported the principle of Libyan unification, with France being keen to retain colonial control of Fezzan. In 1949, the British unilaterally declared that they would leave Cyrenaica and grant it independence under the control of Idris; by doing so they believed that it would remain under their own sphere of influence. Similarly, France established a provisional government in Fezzan in February 1950.
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747:—which was now at war with Italy—in the hope of ridding his country of Italian occupation. He argued that even if the Italians were victorious, the situation for the Libyan people would be no different than it had been before the war. Delegates from both the Cyrenaicans and Tripolitanians agreed that Idris should conclude agreements with the British that they would gain independence in return for support during the war. Privately, Idris did not promote the idea of Libyan independence to the British, instead suggesting that it become a
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831:, Greek, Turkish, and Italian minorities. The newly established state faced serious problems; in 1951, Libya was one of the world's poorest countries. Much of its infrastructure had been destroyed by war, it had very little trade and high unemployment, and both a 40% infant mortality rate and a 94% illiteracy rate. Only 1% of Libya's land mass was arable, with another 3–4% being used for pastoral farming. Although the three provinces had been united, they shared little common aspiration.
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representatives. This constitutional framework left Libya with a weak central government and strong provincial autonomy. The governments of successive Prime
Ministers tried to push through economic policies but found them hampered by the differing provinces. There remained a persistent distrust between Cyrenaica and Tripolitania. Benghazi and Tripoli were appointed as joint capital cities, with the country's parliament moving between the two. The city of
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722:) in December 1922. Soon, the Italian reconquest of Libya began, and, by the end of 1922, the only effective anti-colonial resistance to the occupation was concentrated in the Cyrenaican hinterlands. The Italians subjugated the Libyan people; Cyrenaica's livestock was decimated, a large portion of its population was interned in concentration camps, and, between 1930 and 1931, an estimated 12,000 Cyrenaicans were executed by the
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774:. In 1946, a National Congress was established to lay the groundwork for independence; it was dominated by the Senussi Order. Under British and French pressure, Italy relinquished its claim of sovereignty over the country in 1947, although still hoping that they would be permitted a trusteeship over Tripolitania. The European powers drew up the
947:(OPEC). In ensuing years, the Libyan state furthered its control over the industry, establishing a Ministry of Petroleum Affairs in 1963 and then the Libyan National Oil Company. In 1968, they established the Libyan Petroleum Company (LIPETCO) and announced that any further concession agreements would have to be joint ventures with LIPETCO.
653:, for the Tripolitanian Republic in June 1919 and Cyrenaica in October 1919. These were a compromise by which all Libyans were accorded the right to joint Libyan-Italian citizenship, while each province was to have its own parliament and governing council. The Senussi were largely happy with this arrangement and Idris visited
472:. He established links to the Western powers, allowing the United Kingdom and United States to open military bases in the country in return for economic aid. After oil was discovered in Libya in 1959, he oversaw the emergence of a growing oil industry that rapidly aided economic growth. Idris's regime was weakened by growing
1091:, 1896/1897, his cousin, Sayyida Aisha binti Sayyid Muhammad as-Sharif al-Sanussi (1873 Jaghbub – 1905 or 1907 Kufra), eldest daughter of Sayyid Muhammad as-Sharif bin Sayyid Muhammad al-Sanussi, by his fourth wife, Fatima, daughter of 'Umar bin Muhammad al-Ashhab, of Fezzan, by whom he had one son who died in infancy;
893:. Idris recognised that this would deal with the problems caused by federalism and would put a stop to the intrigues among the Senussi family surrounding his succession. He asked Ben Halim to produce a formal draft for these plans, but the idea was dropped amid opposition from Cyrenaican tribal chiefs.
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stated his view that "I was sure... that sincerely wanted reform, but I knew from experience that he became hesitant when he felt that such reform would affect the interests of his entourage. He would gradually pull back until he abandoned the reform plans, moved by the whisperings of his entourage."
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According to
Vandewalle, King Idris's monarchy "started Libya on the road of political exclusion of its citizens, and of a profound de-politicization" that still characterised the country in the first years of the 21st century. He informed the U.S. ambassador to Libya and an early academic researcher
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to bring an end to the violence. In
January 1922, they agreed to request that Idris extend the Emirate of Cyrenaica into Tripolitania in order to bring stability; they presented a formal document with this request on 28 July 1922. Idris's advisers were divided on whether he should accept the offer or
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and fearing that a federal system would result in further
British and French domination of Libya. The three provinces had their own legislative authorities; while that of Fezzan was composed entirely of elected officials, those of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania contained a mix of elected and non-elected
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lines, something that
Cyrenaica and Fezzan had insisted upon, fearing that they would otherwise be dominated by Tripolitania, where two-thirds of the Libyan population lived. Conversely, the Tripolitanians had largely favoured a unitary state, believing that it would allow the government to act more
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Vandewalle characterised King Idris as "a scholarly individual whose entire life would be marked by a reluctance to engage in politics". For
Vandewalle, Idris was a "well meaning but reluctant ruler", as well as "a pious, deeply religious, and self-effacing man". The Libyan Prime Minister Ben Halim
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During the 1950s, a number of foreign companies began prospecting for oil in Libya, with the country's government passing the
Minerals Law of 1953 and then the Petroleum Law of 1955 to regulate this process. In In 1959, much larger oil reserves were discovered in Libya, which helped Idris transform
908:
Under King Idris, Libya found itself within the
Western sphere of influence. It became the recipient of Western expertise and aid, and, by the end of 1959, it had received over $ 100 million of aid from the United States, being the single largest per capita recipient of American aid. U.S. companies
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In
November 1949, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution on Libyan independence, stipulating that it must come into being by January 1952. The resolution called for Libya to become a single state led by Idris, who was to be declared king of Libya. He had been reluctant to accept the position.
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On April 26, 1963, King Idris abolished Libya's federal system. Both the provincial legislative assemblies and the provincial judicial systems were abolished. Doing so allowed him to concentrate economic and administrative planning at a centralised national level, and thenceforth all taxes and oil
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and the United National Front—agreed to this plan in order to avoid further European colonial rule. The concept of a kingdom would be alien to Libyan society, where the loyalties to the family, tribe, and region—or alternately to the global Muslim community—were far stronger than to any concept of
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Libya experienced rampant corruption and favouritism. A number of high-profile corruption scandals impacted on the highest levels of Idris's government. In June 1960, Idris issued a public letter in which he condemned this corruption, claiming that bribery and nepotism "will destroy the very
967:, this change was "the single most critical political act during the monarchy's tenure in office". The reform handed far greater political power to Idris than he had held previously. By the mid-1960s, Idris began to increasingly retreat from active involvement in the country's governance.
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strategic reasons. They recognised that while they would be able to establish military bases in an independent Libyan state sympathetic to their interests, they would have been unable to do so were Libya to have entered UN-sponsored trusteeship. The Tripolitanians—largely united under
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not. Doing so would contravene the al-Rajma Agreement and would damage relations with the Italian government, who opposed the political unification of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania as being against their interests. Nevertheless, in November 1922, Idris agreed to the proposal.
778:, which proposed that France retain a ten-year trusteeship in Fezzan, the UK in Cyrenaica, and Italy in Tripolitania. After the plans were published in May 1949, they generated violent demonstrations in Tripolitania and Cyrenaica and drew protests from the United States,
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revenues were directed straight to the central government. As part of this reform, the "United Kingdom of Libya" was renamed the "Kingdom of Libya". This reform was not popular among many of Libya's provinces, which saw their power curtailed. According to the historian
445:, abandoned Ottoman protection. Between 1919 and 1920, Italy recognized Senussi control over most of Cyrenaica in exchange for the recognition of Italian sovereignty by Idris. Idris then led his Order in an unsuccessful attempt to conquer the eastern part of the
685:. As part of the Accord he was given a monthly stipend by the Italian government, who agreed to take responsibility for policing and administration of areas under Senussi control. The Accord also stipulated that Idris must fulfill the requirements of the
955:
885:. Idris's regime soon banned political parties from operating in the country, claiming that they exacerbated internal instability. From 1952 onward, all candidates for election were government nominees. In 1954, the Prime Minister
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According to the reporter Jonathan Bearman, King Idris was "nominally a constitutional monarch" but in practice was "a spiritual leader with autocratic temporal power", with Libya being a "monarchical dictatorship" rather than a
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in August 1920, the Republic descended into civil war. Many tribal leaders in the region recognized that this discord was weakening the region's chances of attaining full autonomy from Italy, and, in November 1920, they met in
1063:, many demonstrators opposing Gaddafi carried portraits of the King, especially in Cyrenaica. The tricolour flag used during the era of the monarchy was frequently used as a symbol of the revolution and was re-adopted by the
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Muammar Gaddafi's regime portrayed King Idris's administration as having been weak, inept, corrupt, anachronistic, and lacking in nationalist credentials, a presentation of it that would come to be widely adopted.
998:. The monarchy was abolished and a republic proclaimed. The coup pre-empted King Idris's intended abdication and the succession of his heir the following day. From Turkey, he and the Queen traveled to
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found a particularly receptive audience in Tripolitania. In July 1967, anti-Western riots broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi to protest the West's support of Israel against the Arab states in the
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diplomatic status. Using the British as intermediaries, Idris led the Order into negotiations with the Italians in July 1916. These resulted in two agreements, at al-Zuwaytina in April 1916 and
728:(Italian Royal Army). The Italian government implemented a policy of "demographic colonization", by which tens of thousands of Italians were relocated to Libya, largely to establish farms.
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by disbanding the Cyrenaican military units, but he did not comply with this. By the end of 1921, relations between the Senussi Order and the Italian government had again deteriorated.
649:, however, was facing serious economic, social, and political problems domestically, and was not prepared to re-launch its military activities in Libya. It issued statutes known as the
864:. The new constitution granted Idris significant personal power, and he remained a crucial player in the country's political system. Idris ruled via a palace cabinet, namely his royal
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King Idris was a self-effacing devout Muslim; he refused to allow his portrait to be featured on Libyan currency and also insisted that nothing should be named after him except the
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in April 1917. The latter of these treaties left most of inland Cyrenaica under the control of the Senussi Order. Relations between the Senussi Order and the newly established
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Both the United Kingdom and the United States—who were committed to preventing any growth in Soviet influence in the southern Mediterranean—agreed to this for their own
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sent his aide-de-camp Azmzade Sadik El Mueyyed to Jaghbub in 1886 and to Kufra in 1895 to cultivate positive relations with the Senussi and to counter the West European
464:, appointing Idris to rule it as king. Wielding significant political influence in the impoverished country, he banned political parties and, in 1963, replaced Libya's
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759:, consisting of five infantry battalions made up of volunteers, was established to aid the British war effort. With the exception of one military engagement near to
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King Idris fathered five sons and one daughter, none of whom survived childhood. He and Fatima adopted a daughter, Suleima, an Algerian orphan, who survived them.
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bin Sayyid Muhammad as-Sharif al-Senussi, 3rd Grand Seussi, by his second wife, Khadija, daughter of Ahmad al-Rifi, by whom he had one son, who died in infancy;
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At Kufra, 1907 (divorced 1922), his cousin, Sakina, daughter of Muhammad as-Sharif, by whom he had one son and one daughter, both of whom died in infancy;
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as part of the celebrations to mark the promulgation of the settlement. In October 1920, further negotiations between Italy and Cyrenaica resulted in the
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from the al-Manar Palace in Benghazi. The country had a population of approximately one million, the majority of whom were Arabs, but with Berber, Tebu,
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978:, daughter of a wealthy Bedouin chief. The second marriage took place on 5 June 1955. Both wives then became pregnant, and each bore him a son.
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called for Libya to be granted independence. It established the United Kingdom of Libya through the unification of Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and
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For two short periods (1911–1922 and 1955–1958), King Idris kept two wives, marrying his fifth wife with a view to providing a direct heir.
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1104:(1911 Kufra – 3 October 2009, Cairo, buried in Jannat al-Baqi, Medina, Saudi Arabia), fifth daughter of Field Marshal Sayyid Ahmad as-Sharif
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Muammar Gaddafi's policies with regard to the oil industry would also be technocratic and bore many similarities with those of King Idris.
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sentiment in Libya as well as rising frustration at the country's high levels of corruption and close links with Western nations. While in
549:. By the end of the nineteenth century the Senussi Order had established a government in Cyrenaica, unifying its tribes, controlling its
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were acrimonious. The Senussi attempted to militarily extend their power into eastern Tripolitania, resulting in a pitched battle at
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was taking place, with the British and Italians fighting the Order. Idris put an end to the hostilities and, through the
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would also play a leading role in the development of the Libyan oil industry. This support was provided on a
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Islamic sect who were based largely in Cyrenaica, a region in present-day eastern Libya. The Ottoman Sultan
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from 1951 to 1963, after which the country became known as simply the Kingdom of Libya. Idris had served as
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714:—would militarily retaliate against the Senussi Order, and so he went into exile in the newly established
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614:). On taking power, Idris put a stop to these attacks. Instead he established a tacit alliance with the
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Order and the Senussi tribe in North Africa. Idris's family claimed descent from the Islamic prophet
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At Siwa, Egypt, 1931, his cousin, Sayyida Fatima al-Shi'fa binti Sayyid Ahmad as-Sharif al-Sanussi,
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939:. Many oil workers across Libya went on strike in solidarity with the Arab forces fighting Israel.
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suggested that Libya be converted from a federal to a unitary system and that Idris be proclaimed
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worked in consultation with the federal government to determine the policies of the Libyan state.
602:, abdicated his position, he was replaced by Idris, who was his cousin. Pressured to do so by the
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In 1916, Idris became chief of the Senussi order, following the abdication of his cousin Sayyid
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782:, and other Arab states. In September 1948, the question of Libya's future was brought to the
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Although the King died in exile and most Libyans were born after his reign, during the
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basis, and in return Libya granted the United States and United Kingdom usage of the
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The traditional provinces of Libya; Idris was from the eastern province of Cyrenaica
406:, Muhammad Idris bin Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi; 13 March 1890 – 25 May 1983) was
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1006:, by ship and went into exile in Egypt. After the 1969 coup, King Idris was put on
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Following the agreement, Emir Idris feared that Italy—under its new Fascist leader
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movement, on 12 March 1889 (although some sources give the year as 1890), a son of
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Operation Idris: Inside the British Administration of Cyrenaica and Libya, 1942-52
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Libya in the Arab Spring: The Constitutional Discourse since the Fall of Gaddafi
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Sayyid Muhammad bin Ali al-Sanussi al-Khattabi al-Mujahiri al-Idrisi al-Hasani
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and his third wife Aisha bint Muqarrib al-Barasa. He was a grandson of Sayyid
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921:. This reliance on the Western nations placed Libya at odds with the growing
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In 1983, at the age of 93, King Idris died in a hospital in the district of
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sentiment across the Arab world. The Arab nationalist sentiment promoted by
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763:, this force's role did not extend beyond support and gendarmerie duties.
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existence of the state and its good reputation both at home and abroad".
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At the Libyan Embassy, Cairo, 6 June 1955 (divorced 20 May 1958), Aliya
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in which the Senussi were forced to withdraw back into Cyrenaica.
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Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
1118:(1913 Guney, Egypt), daughter of Abdul-Qadir Lamlun Asadi Pasha.
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Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
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abdicated as leader of the Order, Idris took his position. The
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Nobility (Nishan-i-Majidieh) 2nd class (Ottoman Empire) (1918)
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On 24 December 1951, Idris announced the establishment of the
594:(the Italian Royal Army) invaded Cyrenaica in 1913 as part of
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In 1955, failing to have produced a male heir, he convinced
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that he had not truly wanted to rule over a unified Libya.
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by a group of Libyan Army officers under the leadership of
618:, which would last for half a century and accord his Order
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and permitted to administer autonomously the oases around
641:, the Ottoman Empire ceded their claims over Libya to the
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from the 1920s until 1951. He was the chief of the Muslim
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He was a recipient of the following non-Libyan honours:
974:, his wife of 20 years, to let him marry a second wife,
560:. He was recognized by the British under the new title "
1470:
Sayyid Muhammad al-Mahdi bin Sayyid Muhammad al-Sanussi
768:
under the military control of British and French forces
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After the defeat of the Italian armies, Libya was left
433:
Idris was born into the Senussi Order. When his cousin
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Flag of the Libyan Arab Republic between 1972 and 1977
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Flag of the Libyan Arab Republic between 1969 and 1972
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Journey in the Grand Sahara of Africa and Through Time
770:. They governed the area until 1949 according to the
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KING IDRIS, OUSTED IN '69 BY QADDAFI, DIES IN CAIRO
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945:Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
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1202:Imperial Order of the House of Osman 1st class (
1168:High Order of Sayyid Muhammad ibn Ali al-Senussi
516:Muhammad al-Mahdi bin Sayyid Muhammad al-Senussi
333:Muhammad Idris bin Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi
735:The Cyrenaican flag used between 1949 and 1951
484:for medical treatment, Idris was deposed in a
410:from 24 December 1951 until his ouster in the
3590:Recipients of the Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali
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1530:5. Fatima bint Ahmad bin Farajallah al-Fituri
986:On 1 September 1969, while King Idris was in
610:(formerly known, until December 1914, as the
8:
958:King Idris meeting President Nasser of Egypt
692:Following the death of Tripolitanian leader
1761:"Idris I | Libya, Biography, & History"
1300:Grand Cordon of the Order of Independence (
990:for medical treatment, he was deposed in a
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2721:. BBC News, On This Day. 1 September 1969.
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3103:24 December 1951 – 1 September 1969
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2933:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1017:and sentenced to death in November 1971.
222:Sakina bint Muhammad as-Sharif al-Sanussi
2968:Newspaper clippings about Idris of Libya
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2074:
2039:
1999:
1890:
1835:
1752:
743:in September 1939, Idris supported the
249:Nafisa bint Ahmad Abu al-Qasim al-Isawi
91:
3620:Libyan politicians convicted of crimes
2882:(revised ed.). Oxford: Oneworld.
1600:
1596:
1586:
1488:
1379:
1375:
1330:Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
900:King Idris on the cover of the Libyan
324:
3555:Prisoners sentenced to death by Libya
3550:People sentenced to death in absentia
2899:LKill Rommel!: Operation Flipper 1941
1694:
1691:
1681:
1669:
1659:
1655:
1643:
1640:
1630:
1618:
1608:
1604:
1580:
1570:
1558:
1548:
1544:
1532:
1529:
1519:
1506:
1496:
1492:
1476:
1467:
1457:
1445:
1435:
1431:
1419:
1410:
1400:
1387:
1383:
852:summer capital as Idris moved there.
7:
3575:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
3545:Libyan prisoners sentenced to death
2742:The New York Times (26 May 1983): "
1241:Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the
391:
3291:Flag of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
2542:Schiller, Jon (29 November 2009).
1507:10. Ahmad bin Farajallah al-Fituri
834:The Kingdom was established along
576:Head of the Senussi Order: 1916–22
25:
3540:Libyan people of Algerian descent
2544:Internet View of the Arabic World
2955:
2901:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
2880:Libya: From Colony to Revolution
1692:3. Aisha bint Muqarrib al-Barasa
1339:
1323:
1307:
1295:
1279:
1263:
1236:
1217:
1209:
1197:
1188:Al-Senussi Army Liberation Medal
1183:Al-Senussi National Service Star
1172:
1162:
1152:
1148:of the following Libyan orders:
537:. The Senussi were a revivalist
312:
263:
236:
1083:King Idris married five times:
784:United Nations General Assembly
458:United Nations General Assembly
308:
285:
259:
232:
211:
27:King of Libya from 1951 to 1969
3565:World War II political leaders
2709:Daily Mirror 23 September 1955
739:Following the outbreak of the
1:
3610:Libyan independence activists
3492:indicate interim officeholder
3055:1922 – 24 December 1951
3032:1920 – 24 December 1951
1065:National Transitional Council
596:their wider invasion of Libya
522:, the founder of the Senussi
367:Aisha bint Muqarrib al-Barasa
3267:Flag of the Kingdom of Libya
412:1 September 1969 coup d'Ă©tat
358:Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi
2972:20th Century Press Archives
1365:Ancestors of Idris of Libya
1314:National Order of the Cedar
1243:Order of the British Empire
1227:Order of al-Hussein bin Ali
520:Muhammad ibn Ali as-Senussi
402:
3676:
3650:20th-century Libyan people
3146:1916 – 4 August 1969
3142:Chief of the Senussi order
2856:Bearman, Jonathan (1986).
2837:Gokkent, Giyas M. (2021).
1787:Schnelzer, Nadine (2016).
1598:
1482:
1377:
507:, the headquarters of the
3660:Burials at Jannat al-Baqī
3615:Libyan resistance leaders
3605:Libyan emigrants to Egypt
3487:
3260:
3193:
3176:
3165:
3158:
3148:
3139:
3131:
3126:
3105:
3096:
3085:
3080:
3068:
3059:
3048:
3034:
3025:
3016:
3011:
2983:
2929:A History of Modern Libya
2925:Vandewalle, Dirk (2006).
1675:
1657:
1649:
1624:
1606:
1602:
1564:
1546:
1538:
1513:
1494:
1490:
1451:
1433:
1425:
1394:
1381:
332:
323:
39:
3645:20th-century Arab people
3600:Libyan Arab nationalists
3525:Leaders ousted by a coup
2897:Mortimer, Gavin (2014).
1791:. Springer. p. 31.
1388:8. Sayyid Ali al-Sanussi
904:magazine, 15 August 1965
804:King of Libya: 1951–1969
772:Hague Convention of 1907
491:by army officers led by
3520:Heads of state of Libya
3236:Heads of state of Libya
3135:Ahmed Sharif es Senussi
3074:1969 Libyan coup d'etat
2906:Synge, Richard (2015).
2719:Bloodless coup in Libya
1766:Encyclopedia Britannica
862:parliamentary democracy
858:constitutional monarchy
825:United Kingdom of Libya
718:(formerly known as the
600:Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi
558:Ahmed Sharif es Senussi
443:Modus vivendi of Acroma
435:Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi
416:United Kingdom of Libya
126:Abdul Hamid al-Bakkoush
3339:Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
3300:
3292:
3284:
3276:
3268:
3099:Head of State of Libya
3040:Countries merged into
2876:St. John, Ronald Bruce
1245:(1954 – KBE in 1946) (
1141:
959:
905:
820:
736:
628:Tripolitanian Republic
585:
564:" of the territory of
533:through his daughter,
447:Tripolitanian Republic
214:1896/97; died 1905/07)
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3179:— TITULAR —
2860:. London: Zed Books.
1641:6. Muqarrib al-Barasa
1346:Order of the Redeemer
1178:Order of Independence
1136:
1015:Libyan People's Court
957:
899:
883:Tripoli Idris Airport
812:King Idris with then-
811:
734:
583:
3319:Libyan Arab Republic
3051:Emir of Tripolitania
2964:at Wikimedia Commons
2841:. USA: G M Gokkent.
1312:Grand Cordon of the
1268:Grand Cordon of the
1140:of the King of Libya
870:, which contained a
749:British protectorate
414:. He ruled over the
311: 1955;
298:Aliya Khanum Effendi
262: 1911;
235: 1907;
153:Tripolitania Vilayet
122:Abdul Qadir al-Badri
3403:Transitional period
3308:Libya under Gaddafi
3191:1–2 September 1969
3092:Libyan independence
1344:Grand Cross of the
1328:Grand Cross of the
1284:Grand Cross of the
1032:. He was buried at
982:Overthrow and exile
976:Aliya Abdel Lamloun
839:effectively in the
814:U.S. Vice-president
800:Libyan nationhood.
547:scramble for Africa
110:Muhammad Osman Said
62:24 December 1951 –
3635:Dethroned monarchs
3301:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3197:Crown Prince Hasan
3160:Titles in pretence
3152:Crown Prince Hasan
3081:Political offices
3022:New states created
2910:. Silphium Press.
2789:. 24 February 2011
2475:, pp. 45, 52.
2442:, pp. 44, 45.
2134:, pp. 20–21;
2042:, pp. 15–16;
2002:, pp. 14–15;
1142:
960:
906:
891:President for Life
821:
737:
720:Sultanate of Egypt
687:Legge Fondamentale
659:Accord of al-Rajma
651:Legge Fondamentale
637:At the end of the
612:Khedivate of Egypt
608:Sultanate of Egypt
586:
503:Idris was born at
94:Mahmud al-Muntasir
46:King Idris in 1960
3497:
3496:
3397:
3396:
3203:
3202:
3194:Succeeded by
3181:
3172:Libyan revolution
3149:Succeeded by
3127:Religious titles
3122:
3106:Succeeded by
3036:Titles dissolved
3028:Emir of Cyrenaica
2960:Media related to
2889:978-1-85168-919-4
2867:978-0-86232-434-6
2848:978-1-73712-988-2
2700:, pp. 71–72.
2520:, pp. 53–55.
2487:, pp. 69–70.
2430:, pp. 44–45.
2276:, pp. 40–41.
2046:, pp. 32–33.
1946:, pp. 66–67.
1798:978-3-658-11381-0
1738:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1474:2nd Grand Sanussi
1417:1st Grand Sanussi
1270:Order of the Nile
1254:Order of Muhammad
1102:Fatimah el-Sharif
1034:Al-Baqi' Cemetery
887:Mustafa Ben Halim
841:national interest
776:Bevin-Sforza plan
757:Libyan Arab Force
663:Emir of Cyrenaica
572:on 28 July 1922.
420:Emir of Cyrenaica
400:
381:
380:
337:
336:
185:Al-Baqi' Cemetery
106:Abdul Majid Kubar
102:Mustafa Ben Halim
16:(Redirected from
3667:
3655:Hashemite people
3473:
3458:
3315:
3244:Kingdom of Libya
3229:
3222:
3215:
3206:
3177:
3132:Preceded by
3112:
3042:Kingdom of Libya
3007:
3000:
2981:
2959:
2944:
2932:
2921:
2902:
2893:
2871:
2852:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2625:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2402:
2396:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2358:
2352:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2310:
2304:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2203:
2197:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2160:
2154:
2139:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2047:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1972:
1966:
1947:
1937:
1931:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1898:
1888:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1757:
1371:
1362:
1343:
1327:
1311:
1299:
1286:Legion of Honour
1283:
1267:
1240:
1221:
1213:
1201:
1176:
1166:
1158:Order of Idris I
1156:
1067:as the official
1061:Libyan Civil War
923:Arab nationalist
919:al-Adem Air Base
915:Wheelus Air Base
741:Second World War
716:Kingdom of Egypt
712:Benito Mussolini
706:Exile: 1922–1951
694:Ramadan Asswehly
643:Kingdom of Italy
474:Arab nationalist
454:Second World War
439:Senussi campaign
405:
395:
393:
325:
316:
314:
310:
289:
287:
277:Fatima el-Sharif
267:
265:
261:
240:
238:
234:
215:
213:
169:
130:Wanis al-Qaddafi
114:Mohieddin Fikini
98:Muhammad Sakizli
82:
65:
64:1 September 1969
44:
32:
21:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3630:Muslim monarchs
3560:Senussi dynasty
3500:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3483:
3468:
3453:
3405:
3393:
3341:
3333:
3321:
3310:
3302:
3258:
3246:
3238:
3233:
3199:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3169:
3154:
3145:
3137:
3119:leader of Libya
3111:
3109:Muammar Gaddafi
3102:
3094:
3089:
3076:
3065:
3054:
3044:
3038:
3031:
3023:
3020:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2986:
2985:Idris of Libya
2952:
2947:
2941:
2924:
2918:
2905:
2896:
2890:
2874:
2868:
2858:Qadhafi's Libya
2855:
2849:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2820:Vandewalle 2006
2818:
2814:
2808:Vandewalle 2006
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2768:Vandewalle 2006
2766:
2762:
2756:Vandewalle 2006
2754:
2750:
2741:
2737:
2731:Vandewalle 2006
2729:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2698:Vandewalle 2006
2696:
2692:
2686:Vandewalle 2006
2684:
2680:
2674:Vandewalle 2006
2672:
2655:
2649:Vandewalle 2006
2647:
2643:
2637:Vandewalle 2006
2635:
2628:
2622:Vandewalle 2006
2616:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2594:Vandewalle 2006
2592:
2585:
2579:Vandewalle 2006
2577:
2573:
2567:Vandewalle 2006
2565:
2561:
2554:
2546:. CreateSpace.
2541:
2540:
2536:
2530:Vandewalle 2006
2528:
2524:
2518:Vandewalle 2006
2512:
2508:
2502:Vandewalle 2006
2500:
2491:
2485:Vandewalle 2006
2483:
2479:
2473:Vandewalle 2006
2467:
2463:
2457:Vandewalle 2006
2455:
2446:
2440:Vandewalle 2006
2438:
2434:
2428:Vandewalle 2006
2426:
2422:
2416:Vandewalle 2006
2414:
2405:
2399:Vandewalle 2006
2397:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2370:Vandewalle 2006
2368:
2361:
2355:Vandewalle 2006
2353:
2344:
2338:Vandewalle 2006
2336:
2332:
2324:
2313:
2307:Vandewalle 2006
2305:
2292:
2286:Vandewalle 2006
2284:
2280:
2274:Vandewalle 2006
2272:
2268:
2262:Vandewalle 2006
2260:
2256:
2250:Vandewalle 2006
2244:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2222:Vandewalle 2006
2220:
2216:
2210:Vandewalle 2006
2204:
2200:
2194:Vandewalle 2006
2188:
2184:
2178:Vandewalle 2006
2176:
2163:
2157:Vandewalle 2006
2155:
2142:
2136:Vandewalle 2006
2130:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2108:Vandewalle 2006
2102:
2098:
2092:Vandewalle 2006
2090:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2063:Vandewalle 2006
2061:
2050:
2044:Vandewalle 2006
2038:
2034:
2028:Vandewalle 2006
2026:
2022:
2016:Vandewalle 2006
2014:
2010:
2004:Vandewalle 2006
1998:
1994:
1988:Vandewalle 2006
1986:
1975:
1969:Vandewalle 2006
1967:
1950:
1940:Vandewalle 2006
1938:
1934:
1924:Vandewalle 2006
1922:
1918:
1912:Vandewalle 2006
1910:
1901:
1895:Vandewalle 2006
1889:
1878:
1872:Vandewalle 2006
1870:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1848:Vandewalle 2006
1846:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1824:Vandewalle 2006
1822:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1473:
1416:
1359:
1144:Idris was
1131:
1077:
1050:
996:Muammar Gaddafi
984:
965:Dirk Vandewalle
872:chef de cabinet
829:Sephardi Jewish
806:
797:Selim Muntasser
708:
639:First World War
578:
501:
493:Muammar Gaddafi
319:
318:
315: 1958)
306:
302:
299:
291:
288: 1931)
283:
279:
269:
266: 1915)
257:
253:
250:
242:
239: 1922)
230:
226:
223:
209:
195:
171:
167:
147:
134:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
90:
89:
81:Prime ministers
80:
63:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3673:
3671:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3640:Exiled royalty
3637:
3632:
3627:
3625:Libyan royalty
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3595:Kings of Libya
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3535:Libyan Muslims
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3502:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3446:
3439:
3434:
3427:
3422:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3406:(2011–present)
3399:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3312:
3304:
3303:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3209:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3192:
3175:
3170:
3163:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3147:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3107:
3104:
3095:
3090:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3057:
3056:
3046:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3024:
3021:
3014:
3013:
3012:Regnal titles
3009:
3008:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2965:
2962:Idris of Libya
2951:
2950:External links
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:978-0521615549
2939:
2922:
2917:978-1900971256
2916:
2903:
2894:
2888:
2872:
2866:
2853:
2847:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2824:
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2800:
2772:
2760:
2748:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2702:
2690:
2678:
2653:
2641:
2626:
2620:, p. 35;
2610:
2598:
2583:
2571:
2559:
2552:
2534:
2522:
2516:, p. 29;
2506:
2489:
2477:
2471:, p. 25;
2461:
2444:
2432:
2420:
2403:
2386:
2374:
2359:
2342:
2330:
2311:
2290:
2278:
2266:
2254:
2248:, p. 22;
2238:
2226:
2214:
2208:, p. 19;
2198:
2192:, p. 21;
2182:
2161:
2140:
2124:
2112:
2106:, p. 20;
2096:
2079:
2067:
2048:
2032:
2020:
2008:
1992:
1973:
1948:
1942:, p. 27;
1932:
1926:, p. 27;
1916:
1899:
1893:, p. 14;
1876:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1814:, p. 111.
1804:
1797:
1779:
1751:
1750:
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1731:
1729:
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1701:
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1607:
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1601:
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1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:Idris of Libya
1579:
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1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1337:
1321:
1305:
1293:
1277:
1261:
1252:Collar of the
1250:
1247:United Kingdom
1234:
1215:
1207:
1204:Ottoman Empire
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1170:
1160:
1138:Royal Standard
1130:
1127:
1120:
1119:
1109:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1076:
1073:
1049:
1046:
983:
980:
927:Arab socialist
848:also became a
805:
802:
745:United Kingdom
725:Regio Esercito
707:
704:
616:British Empire
604:Ottoman Empire
591:Regio Esercito
577:
574:
543:Abdul Hamid II
500:
497:
478:Arab socialist
466:federal system
452:Following the
379:
378:
373:
369:
368:
365:
361:
360:
355:
351:
350:
345:
339:
338:
335:
334:
330:
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275:
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255:
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228:
224:
221:
220:
219:
218:
216:
207:
203:
201:
197:
196:
183:
181:
177:
176:
170:(aged 93)
164:
160:
159:
157:Ottoman Empire
144:
140:
139:
136:
135:
133:
132:
87:
86:
85:
83:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
60:
56:
55:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3672:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3530:Libyan exiles
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3472:
3469:contested by
3467:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3454:contested by
3452:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3299:Flag of Libya
3297:
3289:
3281:
3273:
3265:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3225:
3223:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3186:King of Libya
3180:
3173:
3168:
3167:Loss of title
3164:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3144:
3143:
3136:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3110:
3101:
3100:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3063:
3062:King of Libya
3058:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3030:
3029:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:12 March 1889
2998:
2993:
2991:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2822:, p. 72.
2821:
2816:
2813:
2810:, p. 53.
2809:
2804:
2801:
2788:
2787:
2786:The Economist
2782:
2776:
2773:
2770:, p. 61.
2769:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2733:, p. 75.
2732:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2688:, p. 66.
2687:
2682:
2679:
2676:, p. 65.
2675:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2651:, p. 71.
2650:
2645:
2642:
2639:, p. 60.
2638:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2624:, p. 59.
2623:
2619:
2614:
2611:
2608:, p. 32.
2607:
2602:
2599:
2596:, p. 54.
2595:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2581:, p. 58.
2580:
2575:
2572:
2569:, p. 57.
2568:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2553:9781439263266
2549:
2545:
2538:
2535:
2532:, p. 44.
2531:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2504:, p. 70.
2503:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2462:
2459:, p. 45.
2458:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2421:
2418:, p. 63.
2417:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2401:, p. 50.
2400:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2375:
2372:, p. 48.
2371:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2357:, p. 49.
2356:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2340:, p. 46.
2339:
2334:
2331:
2328:, p. 24.
2327:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2309:, p. 47.
2308:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2267:
2264:, p. 51.
2263:
2258:
2255:
2252:, p. 45.
2251:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2227:
2224:, p. 43.
2223:
2218:
2215:
2212:, p. 44.
2211:
2207:
2202:
2199:
2196:, p. 40.
2195:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2180:, p. 42.
2179:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2159:, p. 39.
2158:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2138:, p. 39.
2137:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2122:, p. 20.
2121:
2116:
2113:
2110:, p. 38.
2109:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2094:, p. 37.
2093:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2077:, p. 18.
2076:
2071:
2068:
2065:, p. 36.
2064:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2030:, p. 31.
2029:
2024:
2021:
2018:, p. 30.
2017:
2012:
2009:
2006:, p. 29.
2005:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1990:, p. 29.
1989:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1971:, p. 28.
1970:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1944:St. John 2012
1941:
1936:
1933:
1930:, p. 66.
1929:
1928:St. John 2012
1925:
1920:
1917:
1914:, p. 27.
1913:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1897:, p. 27.
1896:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1874:, p. 26.
1873:
1868:
1865:
1862:, p. 35.
1861:
1860:Mortimer 2014
1856:
1853:
1850:, p. 19.
1849:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1826:, p. 18.
1825:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1812:St. John 2012
1808:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1780:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1746:
1741:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
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1710:
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1706:
1704:
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1700:
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1688:
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1678:
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1123:
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1114:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1075:Personal life
1074:
1072:
1070:
1069:flag of Libya
1066:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1001:
1000:Kamena Vourla
997:
993:
989:
981:
979:
977:
973:
972:Queen Fatimah
968:
966:
956:
952:
948:
946:
940:
938:
934:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
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903:
898:
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892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
869:
868:
863:
859:
853:
851:
847:
842:
837:
832:
830:
826:
818:
817:Richard Nixon
815:
810:
803:
801:
798:
793:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
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713:
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703:
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664:
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656:
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648:
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635:
633:
629:
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621:
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582:
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571:
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554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
525:
521:
517:
514:
510:
506:
498:
496:
494:
490:
489:
483:
479:
475:
471:
470:unitary state
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
428:Senussi Order
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:King of Libya
404:
398:
389:
385:
377:
374:
370:
366:
362:
359:
356:
352:
349:
346:
344:
340:
331:
326:
322:
293:
292:
278:
271:
270:
244:
243:
217:
208:
205:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
165:
161:
158:
154:
150:
146:13 March 1890
145:
141:
137:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:Hussein Maziq
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:
84:
78:
75:
72:
70:Heir apparent
68:
61:
57:
54:
53:King of Libya
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3489:
3441:
3429:
3417:
3253:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3166:
3140:
3114:
3113:
3097:
3086:
3069:
3060:
3049:
3035:
3026:
3017:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2928:
2907:
2898:
2879:
2857:
2838:
2830:Bibliography
2815:
2803:
2791:. Retrieved
2784:
2775:
2763:
2758:, p. 5.
2751:
2738:
2726:
2714:
2705:
2693:
2681:
2644:
2618:Bearman 1986
2613:
2606:Bearman 1986
2601:
2574:
2562:
2543:
2537:
2525:
2514:Bearman 1986
2509:
2480:
2469:Bearman 1986
2464:
2435:
2423:
2384:, p. 1.
2382:Bearman 1986
2377:
2333:
2326:Bearman 1986
2288:, p. 4.
2281:
2269:
2257:
2246:Bearman 1986
2241:
2236:, p. 3.
2234:Bearman 1986
2229:
2217:
2206:Bearman 1986
2201:
2190:Bearman 1986
2185:
2132:Bearman 1986
2127:
2120:Bearman 1986
2115:
2104:Bearman 1986
2099:
2075:Bearman 1986
2070:
2040:Bearman 1986
2035:
2023:
2011:
2000:Bearman 1986
1995:
1935:
1919:
1891:Bearman 1986
1867:
1855:
1843:
1836:Gokkent 2021
1831:
1819:
1807:
1788:
1782:
1772:12 September
1770:. Retrieved
1764:
1755:
1582:
1192:
1146:grand master
1143:
1124:
1121:
1082:
1078:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1042:Saudi Arabia
1023:
1019:
1009:
985:
969:
961:
949:
941:
930:
911:quid pro quo
910:
907:
901:
880:
875:
871:
865:
854:
849:
833:
822:
819:(March 1957)
788:
780:Soviet Union
765:
738:
723:
709:
691:
686:
650:
636:
619:
589:
587:
570:Tripolitania
555:
502:
487:
451:
432:
424:Tripolitania
383:
382:
193:Saudi Arabia
168:(1983-05-25)
29:
18:King Idris I
3515:1983 deaths
3510:1889 births
3342:(1977–2011)
3322:(1969–1977)
3311:(1969–2011)
3247:(1951–1969)
3006:25 May 1983
2793:26 February
1010:in absentia
992:coup d'Ă©tat
937:Six-Day War
932:Radio Cairo
753:Transjordan
488:coup d'Ă©tat
376:Sunni Islam
166:25 May 1983
3504:Categories
3456:Abusahmain
3437:Abusahmain
1742:References
632:Bani Walid
588:After the
551:pilgrimage
505:Al-Jaghbub
499:Early life
3464:al-Sarraj
3374:az-Zanati
3354:al-Obeidi
3087:New title
3018:New title
1747:Citations
624:at Akrama
566:Cyrenaica
397:romanized
3479:al-Menfi
3425:Magariaf
3369:as-Sawsa
3117:de facto
2878:(2012).
1357:Ancestry
1206:) (1918)
917:and the
902:Al Iza'a
850:de facto
792:Cold War
761:Benghazi
751:akin to
683:Ajdabiya
620:de facto
531:Muhammad
372:Religion
88:See list
3490:Italics
3389:al-Zwai
3384:Shamekh
3349:Gaddafi
3329:Gaddafi
2992:dynasty
2990:Senussi
2974:of the
2970:in the
1318:Lebanon
1302:Tunisia
1258:Morocco
1225:of the
1129:Honours
1116:Effendi
1013:in the
836:federal
699:Gharyan
675:Jaghbub
535:Fatimah
509:Senussi
468:with a
399::
348:Senussi
317:
305:
301:
290:
282:
268:
256:
252:
241:
229:
225:
175:, Egypt
149:Jaghbub
3431:Atigha
3070:Vacant
3002:
2937:
2914:
2886:
2864:
2845:
2550:
1795:
1350:Greece
1290:France
1231:Jordan
1223:Collar
1113:Khanum
1048:Legacy
1038:Medina
1008:trial
1004:Greece
988:Turkey
681:, and
679:Awjila
524:Muslim
513:Sayyid
482:Turkey
462:Fezzan
456:, the
388:Arabic
364:Mother
354:Father
200:Spouse
189:Medina
180:Burial
3443:Baira
3419:Salim
3413:Jalil
3379:K'eba
3359:Rajab
3254:Idris
3004:Died:
2997:Born:
1334:Italy
1274:Egypt
1106:Pasha
1089:Kufra
1030:Cairo
1026:Dokki
876:diwan
867:diwan
846:Bayda
667:Kufra
647:Italy
539:Sunni
486:1969
403:Idrīs
392:إدريس
384:Idris
343:House
328:Names
307:(
303:
284:(
280:
258:(
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