2170:
1892:), an onager stallion can adopt harem-type social groups, with several mares and foals in large home areas in the southwest, or in territory-based social groups in the south and southeast. Also, annual large hikes occur, covering 4.5 km (1.7 sq mi) to 40 km (15 sq mi), where hiking in summer is more limited than in the winter. Onagers also occasionally form large group associations of 450 to 1,200 individuals, but this usually only occurs in places with food or water sources. As these larger groups dissolve again within a day, no overarching hierarchy apart from the ranking of the individual herds seems to exist. Young male onagers also frequently form "bachelor groups" during the winter. Such a lifestyle is also seen in the wild horse, the
2145:
1215:
1455:
140:
1978:
1065:
1463:
200:
1941:
1724:
1267:
3454:
1857:
1136:
175:
2265:
430:
2056:
1788:
1606:
1493:
1401:
1659:
1932:
tend to form groups of up to five females. During rearing, a foal and dam remain close, but other animals and her own older offspring are displaced by the dam. Occasionally, stallions in territorial wild populations expel the young to mate with the mare again. Wild Asian wild asses reach an age of 14 years, but in captivity, they can live up to 26 years.
1912:
permanent or periodic water sources. The waters are usually at the edge of a coalfield and not in the center. Mares with foals sometimes find themselves in small groups, in areas up to 20 km (7.7 sq mi), which overlap with those of the other groups and dominant stallions. Such features are also seen among Grévy's zebras (
1849:
2169:
1931:
period of onagers is 11 months; the birth lasts a little more than 10 minutes. Mating and births occur from April to
September, with an accumulation from June to July. The mating season in India is in the rainy season. The foal can stand and starts to nurse within 15 to 20 minutes. Females with young
2152:
Various breeding programs have been started for the onager subspecies in captivity and in the wild, which increases their numbers to save the endangered species. The species is legally protected in many of the countries in which it occurs. The priority for future conservation measures is to ensure
1911:
Southern populations of onagers in the Middle East and South Asia tend to have a purely territorial life, where areas partly overlap. Dominant stallions have home ranges of 9 km (3.5 sq mi), but they can also be significantly larger. These territories include food and rest stops and
1961:
During the winter, onagers also eat snow as a substitute for water. When natural water sources are unavailable, the onager digs holes in dry riverbeds to reach subsurface water. The water holes dug by the onagers are often subsequently visited by domestic livestock, as well as other wild animals.
1470:
Onagers are the most horse-like of wild asses. They are short-legged compared with horses, and their coloring varies depending on the season. They are generally reddish-brown in color during the summer, becoming yellowish-brown or grayish-brown in the winter. They have a black stripe bordered in
528:
The onager weighs about 200–260 kg (440–570 lb) and reaches about 2.1 m (6.9 ft) head-body length. They are reddish-brown or yellowish-brown in color and have broad dorsal stripe on the middle of the back. The onager has never been domesticated. It is among the
1324:
2156:
Two onager subspecies, the
Persian onager and the Turkmenian kulan are being reintroduced to their former ranges, including in other regions the Syrian wild ass used to occur in the Middle East. The two subspecies have been reintroduced to the wild of
2153:
the protection of this species in particularly vulnerable parts of its range, to encourage the involvement of local people in the conservation of the onager, and to conduct further research into the behavior, ecology, and taxonomy of the species.
2116:
The greatest threat facing the onager is poaching for meat and hides, and in some areas for use in traditional medicine. The extreme isolation of many subpopulations also threatens the species, as genetic problems can result from inbreeding.
2539:
Bennett, E. Andrew; Champlot, Sophie; Peters, Joris; Arbuckle, Benjamin S.; Guimaraes, Silvia; Pruvost, Mélanie; Bar-David, Shirli; Davis, Simon J. M.; Gautier, Mathieu; Kaczensky, Petra; Kuehn, Ralph (19 April 2017). Janke, Axel (ed.).
2136:. A disease known as the "South African horse sickness" caused a major decline to the Indian wild ass population in the 1960s. However, the subspecies is no longer under threat to such disease and is continuously increasing in number.
1872:
of females, but in other studies, the dominant stallions defend territories that attract females. Differences in behaviour and social structure likely are the result of changes in climate, vegetation cover, predation, and hunting.
1146:
One of the largest subspecies of onager. It is 200–250 cm (79–98 in) long, 100–140 cm (39–55 in) tall at the withers, and weighs 200–240 kg (440–530 lb). Male onagers are larger than the females.
2042:. However, like most equids, they are known to have antipredator behaviour. Groups of stallions cooperate and try to chase off predators. If threatened, onagers defend themselves and violently kick at the incoming predator.
2128:
Habitat loss and fragmentation are also major threats to the onager, a particular concern in
Mongolia as a result of the increasingly dense network of roads, railway lines, and fences required to support mining activities.
1441:
Debates over the taxonomic identity of the onager occurred until 1980. As of 2015, four living subspecies and one extinct subspecies of the
Asiatic wild ass have been recognized. The Persian onager was formerly known as
1525:, described as zebra-like with a donkey-shaped head. The oldest fossil to date is about 3.5 million years old from Idaho, USA. The genus appears to have spread quickly into the Old World, with the similarly aged
4339:
2173:
Quadriga consists of a chariot and a charioteer with four onagers. From Tell Agrab, Iraq. Early
Dynastic period, 2600–2370 BCE. Iraq Museum. This is the oldest known model of a quadriga drawn by onagers.
1471:
white that extends down the middle of the back. The belly, the rump, and the muzzle are white in most onagers, except for the
Mongolian wild ass that has a broad black dorsal stripe bordered with white.
2121:
by livestock reduces food availability, and herders also reduce the availability of water at springs. The cutting down of nutritious shrubs and bushes exacerbates the problem. Furthermore, a series of
2215:) on both sides of the piece indicate that what appears to be a stripe may well be a harness, a trapping, or a joint in the inlay. Genetic testing of skeletons from that era shows that they were
1952:
mammals. They eat grasses, herbs, leaves, fruits, and saline vegetation when available, but browse on shrubs and trees in drier habitats. They have also been seen feeding on seed pods such as
1536:) lived around 5.6 (3.9–7.8) million years ago (Mya). Direct paleogenomic sequencing of a 700,000-year-old middle Pleistocene horse metapodial bone from Canada implies a more recent 4.07
1762:
was once found throughout the arid parts and desert steppes of northwest India and
Pakistan, but about 4,500 of them are found in a few very hot wildlife sanctuaries of Gujarat. The
831:, but recent molecular studies indicate it to be a distinct species, having diverged from the closest relative of the Mongolian wild ass's ancestor less than 500,000 years ago.
1689:. The Turkmenian kulan and Mongolian wild asses are known to live in hot and colder deserts. The IUCN estimates about 28,000 mature individuals in total remain in the wild.
2732:
1478:
at about 200 to 260 kg (440 to 570 lb) in size and 2.1 to 2.5 m (6.9 to 8.2 ft) in head-body length. Male onagers are usually larger than females.
2658:
Orlando, L.; Ginolhac, A.; Zhang, G.; Froese, D.; Albrechtsen, A.; Stiller, M.; Schubert, M.; Cappellini, E.; Petersen, B.; et al. (4 July 2013). "Recalibrating
4440:
4585:
1696:
era around 40,000 years ago, the
Asiatic wild ass ranged widely across Europe and in southwestern to northeastern Asia. The onager has been regionally extinct in
2746:
4505:
1774:
used to be widespread in central to north Asia. However, it is now found in
Turkmenistan and has been reintroduced in southern Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
4605:
1876:
The social behavior of the Asian wild ass can vary widely, depending on different habitats and ranges, and on threats by predators including humans. In
4414:
2985:
4453:
2161:
since 1982, and had been breeding hybrids there, whilst the
Persian onager alone has been reintroduced to Jordan and the deserts of Saudi Arabia.
1743:. It is the most common subspecies, but its populations have drastically decreased to a few thousand due to years of poaching and habitat loss in
2144:
1214:
4655:
2843:
2336:
2000:. A few cases of onager deaths due to predation by leopards have been recorded in Iran. Though leopards do not usually feed on equids as in
4630:
4610:
2919:
2616:
2103:
1827:
1645:
404:
4640:
4479:
4635:
3490:
4497:
2414:
2081:
1924:
The Asian wild ass is sexually mature at two years old, and the first mating usually takes place at three to four years old.
1809:
1627:
4458:
556:
subspecies ranged through Europe until the Bronze age. During early 20th century, the species lost most of its range in the
1454:
2773:
199:
4650:
4645:
3888:
2978:
1958:
and breaking up woody vegetation with their hooves to get at more succulent herbs growing at the base of woody plants.
139:
4625:
4492:
4326:
4562:
2066:
1739:
region of northern China. A few live in northern Xinjiang region of northwestern China, most of which live mainly in
4393:
2318:
4249:
2948:
2085:
2070:
1798:
1616:
4510:
4406:
2963:
1767:
1740:
803:
The Asiatic wild ass, among Old World equids, existed for more than 4 million years. The oldest divergence of
3458:
2971:
2445:"Evolution, systematics, and phylogeography of Pleistocene horses in the New World: a molecular perspective"
2314:
2207:
rather than onagers on the basis of a "shoulder stripe". However, close examination of the animals (equids,
2077:
1805:
1623:
1977:
1751:
is the onager's main stronghold. It is regionally extinct in eastern Kazakhstan, southern Siberia, and the
4620:
4615:
4266:
4239:
2900:
1532:
Molecular phylogenies indicate the most recent common ancestor of all modern equids (members of the genus
1487:
1411:
Formerly thought to be a distinct species, shown to be a subspecies of Onager by genetic studies in 2017.
789:
754:
635:, one is extinct, two are endangered, and two are near threatened; its status in China is not well known.
518:
4331:
4318:
4154:
4595:
4531:
2892:
2726:
306:
4042:
4010:
4002:
3759:
3117:
1462:
4162:
2496:
Ryder, O.A. & Chemnick, L.G. (1990). "Chromosomal and molecular evolution in Asiatic wild asses".
1064:
4362:
4212:
4146:
4114:
4034:
4026:
3420:
2896:
2800:
2671:
2553:
2542:"Taming the late Quaternary phylogeography of the Eurasiatic wild ass through ancient and modern DNA"
1663:
4050:
4304:
4090:
3879:
3844:
3808:
3483:
3310:
2389:
2254:
2004:, this may be because Persian leopards are larger and strong enough to prey on Asiatic wild asses.
1055:
164:
3914:
3902:
3213:
4180:
4138:
4130:
4106:
4018:
3599:
3268:
2816:
2767:
2695:
2521:
2248:
1732:
1039:
958:
797:
522:
442:
339:
322:
194:
4536:
3835:
1766:
is found in two subpopulations in southern and northern Iran. The larger population is found at
536:
The onager formerly had a wider range from southwest and central to northern Asia including the
359:
4445:
4220:
3646:
3277:
2925:
2915:
2839:
2687:
2612:
2589:
2571:
2513:
2478:
2342:
2332:
2264:
553:
541:
4196:
3853:
3817:
3627:
3529:
3402:
3358:
3334:
3286:
3148:
3102:
2808:
2679:
2579:
2561:
2505:
2468:
2458:
2384:
2326:
2032:
1868:
are either solitary or live in groups of two or three. The males have been observed holding
1771:
1553:
1475:
1115:
929:
778:
469:
349:
4557:
1723:
4600:
4590:
4518:
4471:
4122:
4074:
4058:
3618:
3609:
3571:
3543:
2954:
2020:
1993:
1869:
1759:
1323:
1303:
1246:
909:
848:
769:
624:
612:
530:
398:
381:
373:
179:
31:
2874:
Maekawa, K. (1979). "The Ass and the Onager in Sumer in the Late Third Millennium B.C.".
2804:
2675:
2557:
2426:
1940:
1400:
4401:
4388:
4204:
4169:
4098:
4066:
3991:
3867:
3826:
3701:
3683:
3636:
3562:
3476:
3411:
3204:
3035:
2995:
2584:
2541:
2473:
2444:
2365:
Kaczensky, P.; Lkhagvasuren, B.; Pereladova, O.; Hemami, M. & Bouskila, A. (2020).
2193:
1966:
1901:
1763:
1736:
1686:
1521:
1194:
875:
738:
387:
367:
251:
148:
1266:
4579:
4466:
3976:
3943:
3692:
3674:
3500:
3429:
3325:
3078:
2714:
2375:
2366:
2322:
2216:
1997:
1840:
Asiatic wild asses are mostly active at dawn and dusk, even during the intense heat.
1587:
1563:
773:
648:
628:
271:
184:
80:
2943:
2525:
1856:
1135:
4188:
4082:
3984:
3786:
3301:
3241:
3195:
2699:
2633:
2449:
2228:
2008:
1893:
1881:
1701:
1380:
1350:
1163:
620:
577:
561:
415:
355:
429:
4549:
2566:
2463:
4484:
4427:
4344:
4298:
3051:
2118:
2055:
2039:
1949:
1787:
1748:
1693:
1605:
1581:
1571:
1492:
1155:
557:
545:
55:
1658:
4244:
3728:
3250:
3108:
2281:
1509:
1175:
1159:
1082:
632:
573:
569:
100:
65:
4289:
3468:
2929:
2912:
Zebras, Asses, and Horses: An Action Plan for the Conservation of Wild Equids
2575:
4375:
2346:
1928:
1752:
1744:
1682:
1576:). All other modern forms including the domesticated horse (and many fossil
1515:
807:
was the onager followed by the zebras and onwards. A new species called the
596:
211:
105:
49:
2787:
Saltz, D. (1995). "Population dynamics of a reintroduced Asiatic wild ass (
2691:
2593:
2482:
2296:
for with maidenly blush, and accent mild, the jenny-ass answers "She-haw".
2289:
Have you ever harked to the jackass wild, which scientists call the onager?
2257:, the onager is identified as the animal from which comes the ass' skin or
2015:
were the main predators of onagers. They were also formerly preyed upon by
4523:
2634:"Ascent and decline of monodactyl equids: a case for prehistoric overkill"
2517:
4283:
3029:
3023:
3017:
2258:
2133:
1954:
1877:
1865:
1577:
1232:
1171:
1086:
760:
729:
The species was commonly known as Asian wild ass, in which case the term
616:
608:
585:
231:
129:
125:
95:
90:
75:
70:
60:
4354:
2683:
2294:
But do not laugh at the jackass wild, for there is method in his he-haw:
2291:
It sounds like the laugh of an idiot child, or a hepcat on a harmonager.
2177:
Onagers are notoriously difficult to tame. Equids were used in ancient
823:
relative, was previously considered to be a subspecies of the onager as
525:
in 1775. Six subspecies have been recognized, two of which are extinct.
4419:
4234:
3953:
3393:
3349:
3060:
2820:
2509:
2189:
2122:
1812: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1717:
1667:
1630: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1167:
1090:
785:
781:
644:
549:
504:
261:
110:
85:
17:
1540:
Mya for the most recent common ancestor within the range of 4.0 to 4.5
1507:, which includes all extant equines, is believed to have evolved from
665:
4432:
4313:
3799:
3777:
3750:
3552:
3520:
3157:
3142:
3011:
2836:
Horse Power: A History of the Horse and the Donkey in Human Societies
2425:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group. Archived from
2212:
2204:
2158:
2001:
1709:
1697:
1673:
The onagers' favored habitats consist of desert plains, semideserts,
1547:
1358:
1346:
1342:
764:
604:
537:
513:
283:
241:
221:
156:
4260:
2812:
2715:"Prey composition in the Persian leopard distribution range in Iran"
4380:
1969:
form an important component of the diet of the Mongolian wild ass.
1848:
30:
This article is about the Equid species. For the siege weapon, see
4544:
3938:
3740:
3719:
3660:
3376:
3189:
3175:
3128:
3087:
2609:
Mason's World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds, Types, and Varieties
2208:
2178:
2168:
2143:
2125:
years could have devastating effects on this beleaguered species.
2035:
can be great threats to onagers during migratory river crossings.
2016:
2012:
1976:
1965:
During spring and summer in Mongolia, the succulent plants of the
1939:
1855:
1847:
1722:
1713:
1674:
1657:
1557:
1491:
1461:
1453:
1399:
1354:
1322:
1280:
1265:
1213:
1134:
1078:
1063:
820:
808:
600:
589:
581:
2754:. Wildlife.ir. 2010. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016
2662:
using the genome sequence of an early Middle Pleistocene horse".
2328:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
3948:
2028:
2024:
1705:
1678:
1338:
1228:
1151:
689:
565:
508:
4367:
4264:
3472:
2967:
2438:
2436:
2049:
1781:
1599:
1544:
Mya. The oldest divergencies are the Asian hemiones (subgenus
487:
2331:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 632.
1962:
Water is also found in the plants on which the onagers feed.
697:
1735:
lives in deserts, mountains, and grasslands of Mongolia and
721:
709:
683:
671:
657:
564:. Today, onagers live in deserts and other arid regions of
481:
2235:
Who freed the wild donkey, loosed the ropes of the onager?
484:
475:
1009:
Six widely recognized subspecies of the onager include:
2914:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group.
2838:. Boston, Massachusetts, US: Harvard University Press.
1334:
Smallest subspecies, also the smallest form of Equidae
611:. Like many other large grazing animals, the onager's
533:, as they can run as fast as 64-70 km/h (40-43 mph).
478:
2027:, though they may have mostly preyed only on onager
1377:
1300:
411:
394:
4273:
3962:
3931:
3901:
3866:
3785:
3776:
3727:
3718:
3659:
3584:
3528:
3519:
3391:
3375:
3347:
3323:
3299:
3266:
3249:
3076:
3059:
741:. Until this day, the species share the same name,
715:
703:
677:
663:
651:
472:
1770:. However, it is extirpated from Afghanistan. The
2607:Ian Lauder Mason (2002). Porter, Valerie (ed.).
2231:there is a reference to the onager in Job 39:5:
2203:. Clutton-Brock (1992) suggests that these were
2007:In the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent,
1434:) has been proposed, but may be synonymous with
521:and given its binomial name by German zoologist
2286:
2233:
1992:The onager is preyed upon by predators such as
1158:, western China, Kazakhstan, southern Siberia,
2390:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T7951A166520460.en
1864:Like most equids, onagers are social animals.
1446:, as it was thought to be a distinct species.
1422:A sixth possible subspecies, the Gobi khulan (
615:has contracted greatly under the pressures of
3484:
2979:
2713:Sanei, A., Zakaria, M., Hermidas, S. (2011).
2038:Currently, the main predator for onagers are
1727:Onagers at Wadi Lotz, Negev Mountains, Israel
1560:), followed by the African zebras (subgenera
8:
2731:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2246:
1981:An Asiatic lion attacking an onager (Roman,
2132:The Asiatic wild ass is also vulnerable to
2084:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1529:documented from western Europe and Russia.
755:Evolution of the horse § Modern horses
737:subspecies, more specifically known as the
688:, 'donkey'; thus, 'half-donkey' or
4261:
3782:
3724:
3525:
3491:
3477:
3469:
3388:
3263:
3235:
3073:
3045:
2986:
2972:
2964:
2219:, a cross between an onager and a donkey.
1011:
428:
173:
138:
38:
2583:
2565:
2472:
2462:
2388:
2104:Learn how and when to remove this message
1828:Learn how and when to remove this message
1646:Learn how and when to remove this message
2263:
1592:which diverged about 4.8 (3.2–6.5) Mya.
2306:
2861:Tierbilder in der Sumerische Literatur
2765:
2724:
2360:
2358:
2356:
4586:IUCN Red List near threatened species
2409:
2407:
1944:Indian wild ass herd feeding on grass
7:
4407:ba1df3c5-32bc-46a6-8482-7c90e5827c5f
2960:at The Biodiversity Heritage Library
2082:adding citations to reliable sources
1810:adding citations to reliable sources
1685:, steppes, mountainous steppes, and
1628:adding citations to reliable sources
623:. The onager has been classified as
2719:Asia Life Sciences Supplement 7 (1)
2611:(5th ed.). Wallingford: CABI.
2443:Weinstock, J.; et al. (2005).
2376:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
902:
895:
868:
841:
834:
25:
4606:Extant Pliocene first appearances
3453:
3452:
2148:A Persian onager in Augsburg Zoo
2054:
1786:
1604:
1496:Skull of a giant extinct horse,
595:Other than deserts, it lives in
468:
198:
2748:Persian Leopard Newsletter No.4
1797:needs additional citations for
1615:needs additional citations for
1519:. One of the oldest species is
2834:Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1992).
1927:Breeding is seasonal, and the
1916:) and the African wild asses.
1584:forms) belong to the subgenus
1283:, southeast Iran and Pakistan
759:The onager is a member of the
1:
4656:Near threatened biota of Asia
2197:
2182:
1982:
1948:Like all equids, onagers are
696:comes from the ancient Greek
503:, is a species of the family
2567:10.1371/journal.pone.0174216
2464:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030241
792:and given its binomial name
777:and is classified under the
722:
710:
684:
672:
658:
3889:Hartmann's mountain zebra (
3574:Equus africanus somaliensis
3511:Extinct species are marked
511:. A member of the subgenus
4672:
4250:Domestication of the horse
3649:Equus hemionus hydruntinus
3565:Equus africanus atlanticus
2859:Heimpel, Wolfgang (1968).
2284:also features the onager:
1716:, and southern regions of
1513:via the intermediate form
1485:
752:
716:
704:
698:
678:
664:
652:
29:
4631:Mammals described in 1775
4230:
3586:Onager / Asiatic wild ass
3546:Equus africanus africanus
3509:
3450:
3238:
3234:
3048:
3044:
3006:
2772:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2415:"Asiatic Wild Ass
956:
927:
907:
900:
893:
873:
866:
846:
839:
448:
441:
436:
427:
335:
330:
312:
305:
195:Scientific classification
193:
171:
162:
146:
137:
41:
4611:Fauna of the Middle East
2910:Duncan, P., ed. (1992).
2165:Relationship with humans
1886:E. h. hemionus
1768:Khar Turan National Park
1741:Kalamaili Nature Reserve
1596:Distribution and habitat
1474:Onagers are larger than
1436:E. h. hemionus
714:, 'donkey', and
155:) at Rostov-on-Don Zoo,
4641:Mammals of Central Asia
3811:Equus quagga burchellii
3762:Equus ferus przewalskii
3612:Equus hemionus hemippus
3602:Equus hemionus hemionus
2949:Encyclopædia Britannica
2863:. Italy: Studia Pohl 2.
2793:Ecological Applications
1681:grasslands, savannahs,
1143:Groves and Mazák, 1967
4636:Mammals of Afghanistan
4240:Evolution of the horse
3891:Equus zebra hartmannae
3847:Equus quagga crawshayi
3661:Kiang/Tibetan wild ass
3555:Equus africanus asinus
3421:South American tapir (
2901:New King James Version
2325:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
2319:"Order Perissodactyla"
2299:
2277:
2247:
2243:
2174:
2149:
1989:
1945:
1861:
1853:
1728:
1670:
1662:An Indian wild ass in
1500:
1488:Evolution of the horse
1467:
1459:
1424:E. h. luteus
1404:
1327:
1279:Southern Afghanistan,
1270:
1218:
1139:
1068:
749:Taxonomy and evolution
735:E. h. onager
676:, 'half', and
4532:Paleobiology Database
3880:Cape mountain zebra (
3838:Equus quagga chapmani
3829:Equus quagga borensis
3695:Equus kiang holdereri
3639:Equus hemionus onager
3499:Species of the genus
3311:Sumatran rhinoceros (
2899:translation, also in
2632:Azzaroli, A. (1992).
2383:: e.T7951A166520460.
2267:
2172:
2147:
1980:
1943:
1890:E. h. kulan
1859:
1851:
1726:
1661:
1495:
1465:
1457:
1414:Europe, Western Asia
1403:
1367:(Milne-Edwards, 1869)
1326:
1269:
1217:
1138:
1067:
733:was reserved for the
631:in 2015. Of the five
153:Equus hemionus onager
4402:Fauna Europaea (new)
3856:Equus quagga selousi
3760:Przewalski's horse (
3743:Equus ferus caballus
3704:Equus kiang polyodon
3630:Equus hemionus kulan
3600:Mongolian wild ass (
3118:Przewalski's horse (
2998:(Odd-toed ungulates)
2897:Common English Bible
2429:on 20 December 2012.
2078:improve this section
1806:improve this article
1778:Biology and behavior
1664:Little Rann of Kutch
1624:improve this article
1021:Trinomial authority
796:by German zoologist
4651:Mammals of Pakistan
4646:Mammals of Mongolia
4155:Equus parastylidens
3820:Equus quagga boehmi
3802:Equus quagga quagga
3647:European wild ass (
3621:Equus hemionus khur
3278:Indian rhinoceros (
3001:species by suborder
2882:. Hiroshima: 35–62.
2805:1995EcoAp...5..327S
2684:10.1038/nature12323
2676:2013Natur.499...74O
2558:2017PLoSO..1274216B
2268:Israeli stamp, 1971
1527:Equus livenzovensis
1056:Nominate subspecies
768:, belonging to the
165:Conservation status
4626:Fauna of West Asia
4181:Equus semiplicatus
4172:Equus simplicidens
4139:Equus occidentalis
4131:Equus niobrarensis
4107:Equus mauritanicus
4019:Equus conversidens
3992:Giant Cape zebra (
3845:Crawshay's zebra (
3809:Burchell's zebra (
3628:Turkmenian kulan (
3359:Black rhinoceros (
3335:White rhinoceros (
3287:Javan rhinoceros (
3149:African wild ass (
2641:Ann. Zool. Finnici
2510:10.1007/BF00774690
2278:
2249:La Peau de Chagrin
2175:
2150:
1990:
1946:
1862:
1854:
1852:A group of onagers
1733:Mongolian wild ass
1729:
1671:
1522:Equus simplicidens
1501:
1468:
1460:
1458:A Turkmenian kulan
1426:, also called the
1405:
1328:
1271:
1219:
1140:
1069:
1040:Mongolian wild ass
959:Mongolian wild ass
798:Peter Simon Pallas
726:, 'wild'.
552:; the prehistoric
523:Peter Simon Pallas
4573:
4572:
4267:Taxon identifiers
4258:
4257:
4221:Equus yunnanensis
4043:Equus dalianensis
4011:Equus complicatus
4003:Equus cedralensis
3927:
3926:
3882:Equus zebra zebra
3836:Chapman's zebra (
3772:
3771:
3753:Equus ferus ferus
3714:
3713:
3677:Equus kiang kiang
3619:Indian wild ass (
3610:Syrian wild ass (
3572:Somali wild ass (
3544:Nubian wild ass (
3466:
3465:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3385:
3371:
3370:
3260:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3120:E. f. przewalskii
3093:
3070:
2999:
2876:Acta Sumerologica
2845:978-0-674-40646-9
2338:978-0-8018-8221-0
2276:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2033:mugger crocodiles
1838:
1837:
1830:
1755:region of China.
1656:
1655:
1648:
1498:Equus eisenmannae
1420:
1419:
1392:E. h. hydruntinus
1381:European wild ass
1001:
1000:
992:
991:
983:
982:
974:
973:
945:
944:
554:European wild ass
542:Arabian Peninsula
517:, the onager was
495:), also known as
460:
459:
416:E. h. hydruntinus
188:
27:Species of mammal
16:(Redirected from
4663:
4566:
4565:
4553:
4552:
4540:
4539:
4527:
4526:
4514:
4513:
4501:
4500:
4488:
4487:
4475:
4474:
4462:
4461:
4449:
4448:
4436:
4435:
4423:
4422:
4410:
4409:
4397:
4396:
4384:
4383:
4371:
4370:
4358:
4357:
4348:
4347:
4335:
4334:
4322:
4321:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4262:
4197:Equus sivalensis
4170:Hagerman horse (
4163:Equus pectinatus
3868:Mountain zebra (
3827:Maneless zebra (
3783:
3725:
3702:Southern kiang (
3684:Northern kiang (
3637:Persian onager (
3563:Atlas wild ass (
3530:African wild ass
3526:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3470:
3456:
3455:
3412:Mountain tapir (
3389:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3264:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3236:
3205:Mountain zebra (
3129:Domestic horse (
3092:
3091:
3083:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3046:
2997:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2965:
2933:
2903:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2771:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2730:
2722:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2587:
2569:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2476:
2466:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2392:
2362:
2351:
2350:
2311:
2280:A short poem by
2270:
2255:Honoré de Balzac
2252:
2241:
2202:
2199:
2187:
2184:
2109:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2089:
2058:
2050:
2021:Asiatic cheetahs
1994:Persian leopards
1987:
1984:
1860:A group of khurs
1844:Social structure
1833:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1790:
1782:
1772:Turkmenian kulan
1692:During the late
1651:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1608:
1600:
1552:, including the
1379:
1368:
1302:
1291:
1185:
1184:(Matschie, 1911)
1116:Turkmenian kulan
1103:
1012:
930:Turkmenian kulan
903:
896:
869:
842:
835:
828:
816:
725:
719:
718:
713:
707:
706:
701:
700:
687:
681:
680:
675:
669:
668:
661:
655:
654:
501:Asiatic wild ass
494:
493:
490:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
455:
454:(Boddaert, 1785)
432:
421:
413:
408:
396:
391:
377:
363:
345:
318:
298:E. hemionus
203:
202:
182:
177:
176:
142:
132:
122:
52:
45:Temporal range:
39:
21:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4561:
4556:
4548:
4543:
4535:
4530:
4522:
4519:Observation.org
4517:
4509:
4504:
4496:
4491:
4483:
4478:
4470:
4465:
4457:
4452:
4444:
4439:
4431:
4426:
4418:
4413:
4405:
4400:
4392:
4387:
4379:
4374:
4366:
4361:
4353:
4351:
4343:
4338:
4330:
4325:
4317:
4312:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4269:
4259:
4254:
4226:
4213:Equus uralensis
4147:Equus pacificus
4123:Equus namadicus
4115:Equus mexicanus
4075:Equus giganteus
4059:Equus fraternus
4035:Equus cumminsii
4027:Equus crinidens
3964:
3958:
3923:
3915:Grévy's zebra (
3903:Grévy's zebra (
3897:
3862:
3854:Selous' zebra (
3818:Grant's zebra (
3768:
3710:
3693:Eastern kiang (
3686:Equus kiang chu
3675:Western kiang (
3662:
3655:
3587:
3580:
3534:Equus africanus
3531:
3515:
3505:
3497:
3467:
3462:
3438:
3430:Malayan tapir (
3403:Baird's tapir (
3381:
3380:
3367:
3343:
3319:
3295:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3245:
3222:
3214:Grévy's zebra (
3085:
3084:
3082:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3055:
3040:
3002:
2996:Perissodactyla
2992:
2940:
2922:
2909:
2906:
2891:
2887:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2813:10.2307/1942025
2786:
2785:
2781:
2764:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2723:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2660:Equus evolution
2657:
2656:
2652:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2552:(4): e0174216.
2538:
2537:
2533:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2442:
2441:
2434:
2413:
2412:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2364:
2363:
2354:
2339:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2275:
2269:
2242:
2239:
2225:
2200:
2185:
2181:to pull wagons
2167:
2142:
2110:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2075:
2059:
2048:
2023:, and possibly
1985:
1975:
1938:
1922:
1902:mountain zebras
1846:
1834:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1803:
1791:
1780:
1760:Indian wild ass
1737:Inner Mongolian
1687:mountain ranges
1652:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1621:
1609:
1598:
1490:
1484:
1452:
1450:Characteristics
1396:
1363:
1331:Geoffroy, 1855
1319:
1304:Syrian wild ass
1290:(Sclater, 1862)
1286:
1262:
1247:Indian wild ass
1222:Boddaert, 1785
1210:
1180:
1131:
1106:
1102:(Matschie 1911)
1098:
1060:
1007:
1002:
993:
984:
975:
946:
910:Indian wild ass
849:Syrian wild ass
826:
814:
757:
751:
641:
625:Near Threatened
531:fastest mammals
471:
467:
453:
420:(Regalia, 1907)
419:
402:
385:
371:
353:
343:
326:
320:
314:
301:
197:
189:
180:Near Threatened
178:
174:
167:
133:
123:
121:
120:
119:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
47:
46:
43:
35:
32:Onager (weapon)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4669:
4667:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4578:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4554:
4541:
4528:
4515:
4502:
4489:
4476:
4463:
4450:
4437:
4424:
4411:
4398:
4389:Fauna Europaea
4385:
4372:
4359:
4349:
4345:equus-hemionus
4336:
4323:
4319:equus-hemionus
4310:
4305:Equus hemionus
4295:
4279:
4277:
4275:Equus hemionus
4271:
4270:
4265:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4216:
4208:
4205:Equus stenonis
4200:
4192:
4184:
4176:
4166:
4158:
4150:
4142:
4134:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4102:
4099:Equus lenensis
4094:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4067:Equus gallicus
4062:
4054:
4051:Equus excelsus
4046:
4038:
4030:
4022:
4014:
4006:
3998:
3994:Equus capensis
3988:
3980:
3971:
3969:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3911:
3909:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3886:
3876:
3874:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3851:
3842:
3833:
3824:
3815:
3806:
3795:
3793:
3787:Plains zebra (
3780:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3757:
3747:
3737:
3735:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3699:
3690:
3681:
3671:
3669:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3643:
3634:
3625:
3616:
3606:
3596:
3594:
3590:Equus hemionus
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3569:
3559:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3473:
3464:
3463:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3427:
3418:
3409:
3399:
3397:
3386:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3355:
3353:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3331:
3329:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3313:D. sumatrensis
3307:
3305:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3284:
3274:
3272:
3261:
3257:(Rhinoceroses)
3251:Rhinocerotidae
3247:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3211:
3202:
3196:Plains zebra (
3183:
3182:
3173:
3164:
3155:
3136:
3135:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3096:
3094:
3071:
3067:(Horse family)
3057:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3036:Laurasiatheria
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2956:Equus hemionus
2952:
2939:
2938:External links
2936:
2935:
2934:
2920:
2905:
2904:
2885:
2866:
2851:
2844:
2826:
2799:(2): 327–335.
2789:Equus Hemionus
2779:
2738:
2705:
2670:(7456): 74–8.
2650:
2624:
2617:
2599:
2531:
2488:
2432:
2417:Equus hemionus
2403:
2369:Equus hemionus
2352:
2337:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2287:
2271:
2261:of the title.
2237:
2224:
2221:
2201: 2550 BC
2194:Standard of Ur
2186: 2600 BC
2166:
2163:
2141:
2138:
2112:
2111:
2062:
2060:
2053:
2047:
2044:
1998:striped hyenas
1974:
1971:
1967:Zygophyllaceae
1937:
1934:
1921:
1918:
1914:E. grevyi
1898:E. quagga
1845:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1794:
1792:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1764:Persian onager
1654:
1653:
1612:
1610:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1556:, onager, and
1483:
1480:
1451:
1448:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1408:Regalia, 1907
1406:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1337:Western Iran,
1335:
1332:
1329:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1315:E. h. hemippus
1312:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1195:Persian onager
1190:
1187:
1186:
1178:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1095:
1093:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1051:E. h. hemionus
1048:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1006:
1003:
999:
998:
995:
994:
990:
989:
986:
985:
981:
980:
977:
976:
972:
971:
968:
967:
963:E. h. hemionus
955:
952:
951:
948:
947:
943:
942:
939:
938:
926:
923:
922:
919:
918:
906:
901:
899:
894:
892:
889:
888:
885:
884:
876:Persian onager
872:
867:
865:
862:
861:
858:
857:
853:E. h. hemippus
845:
840:
838:
833:
829:hemionus kiang
794:Equus hemionus
753:Main article:
750:
747:
739:Persian onager
640:
637:
458:
457:
446:
445:
439:
438:
434:
433:
425:
424:
423:
422:
409:
399:E. h. hemippus
392:
378:
364:
346:
344:(Pallas, 1775)
340:E. h. hemionus
333:
332:
328:
327:
321:
316:Equus hemionus
310:
309:
303:
302:
295:
293:
289:
288:
281:
277:
276:
269:
265:
264:
259:
255:
254:
252:Perissodactyla
249:
245:
244:
239:
235:
234:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
191:
190:
172:
169:
168:
163:
160:
159:
149:Persian onager
144:
143:
135:
134:
116:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
53:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4668:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4621:Fauna of Iraq
4619:
4617:
4616:Fauna of Iran
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4263:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4091:Equus latipes
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3977:Equus alaskae
3973:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3920:
3918:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3857:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3765:
3763:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3707:
3705:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3583:
3577:
3575:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3494:
3489:
3487:
3482:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3461:
3460:
3449:
3435:
3433:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3423:T. terrestris
3419:
3417:
3415:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3387:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3362:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3326:Ceratotherium
3322:
3316:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3262:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3237:
3233:
3219:
3217:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3089:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2921:9782831700526
2917:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2750:
2749:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2625:
2620:
2618:0-85199-430-X
2614:
2610:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2418:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2223:In literature
2222:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2195:
2191:
2180:
2171:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2146:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2108:
2105:
2097:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2063:This section
2061:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:Asiatic lions
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1986: AD 150
1979:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1906:E. zebra
1903:
1899:
1895:
1894:plains zebras
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1858:
1850:
1843:
1841:
1832:
1829:
1821:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1795:This section
1793:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1650:
1647:
1639:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1613:This section
1611:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1564:Dolichohippus
1559:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1464:
1456:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1274:Lesson, 1827
1273:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:Afghanistan,
1226:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1150:Northeastern
1149:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1072:Pallas, 1775
1071:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1004:
997:
996:
988:
987:
979:
978:
970:
969:
966:
964:
960:
954:
953:
950:
949:
941:
940:
937:
935:
931:
925:
924:
921:
920:
917:
915:
911:
905:
904:
898:
897:
891:
890:
887:
886:
883:
881:
877:
871:
870:
864:
863:
860:
859:
856:
854:
850:
844:
843:
837:
836:
832:
830:
822:
818:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
780:
776:
775:
771:
767:
766:
762:
756:
748:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
724:
712:
702:, again from
695:
691:
686:
674:
667:
660:
650:
649:Ancient Greek
646:
645:specific name
638:
636:
634:
630:
629:IUCN Red List
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
532:
526:
524:
520:
516:
515:
510:
506:
502:
498:
492:
465:
456:
452:
447:
444:
440:
437:Onager range
435:
431:
426:
418:
417:
410:
406:
401:
400:
393:
389:
384:
383:
379:
375:
370:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
351:
347:
342:
341:
337:
336:
334:
329:
324:
319:
317:
311:
308:
307:Binomial name
304:
300:
299:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
282:
279:
278:
275:
274:
270:
267:
266:
263:
260:
257:
256:
253:
250:
247:
246:
243:
240:
237:
236:
233:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
201:
196:
192:
186:
181:
170:
166:
161:
158:
154:
150:
145:
141:
136:
131:
127:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
51:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4596:EDGE species
4274:
4218:
4210:
4203:
4194:
4189:Equus scotti
4186:
4178:
4171:
4160:
4152:
4144:
4136:
4128:
4120:
4112:
4104:
4096:
4088:
4083:Equus lambei
4080:
4072:
4064:
4056:
4048:
4040:
4032:
4024:
4016:
4008:
4000:
3993:
3985:Equus andium
3982:
3974:
3965:
3916:
3904:
3890:
3881:
3869:
3855:
3846:
3837:
3828:
3819:
3810:
3801:
3789:Equus quagga
3788:
3761:
3752:
3742:
3730:
3729:Wild horse (
3703:
3694:
3685:
3676:
3664:
3648:
3638:
3629:
3620:
3611:
3601:
3589:
3585:
3573:
3564:
3554:
3545:
3533:
3512:
3501:
3457:
3431:
3422:
3414:T. pinchaque
3413:
3404:
3392:
3360:
3348:
3336:
3324:
3312:
3302:Dicerorhinus
3300:
3289:R. sondaicus
3288:
3280:R. unicornis
3279:
3267:
3242:Ceratomorpha
3240:
3215:
3206:
3197:
3188:
3186:
3177:
3168:
3166:
3159:
3151:E. africanus
3150:
3141:
3139:
3130:
3119:
3110:
3109:Wild horse (
3101:
3099:
3077:
3050:
2958:bibliography
2955:
2947:
2911:
2888:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2860:
2854:
2835:
2829:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2756:. Retrieved
2747:
2741:
2727:cite journal
2718:
2708:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2644:
2640:
2627:
2608:
2602:
2549:
2545:
2534:
2504:(1): 67–72.
2501:
2497:
2491:
2454:
2450:PLOS Biology
2448:
2427:the original
2422:
2416:
2394:. Retrieved
2380:
2374:
2368:
2327:
2323:Wilson, D.E.
2309:
2288:
2279:
2272:
2244:
2234:
2229:Hebrew Bible
2226:
2176:
2155:
2151:
2140:Conservation
2131:
2127:
2115:
2100:
2094:January 2022
2091:
2076:Please help
2064:
2037:
2031:. In India,
2006:
1991:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1947:
1926:
1923:
1920:Reproduction
1913:
1910:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1882:Central Asia
1875:
1863:
1839:
1824:
1818:January 2022
1815:
1804:Please help
1799:verification
1796:
1757:
1730:
1702:Saudi Arabia
1691:
1672:
1642:
1636:January 2022
1633:
1622:Please help
1617:verification
1614:
1585:
1569:
1561:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1473:
1469:
1466:The skeleton
1444:Equus onager
1443:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1391:
1385:
1376:
1364:
1351:Saudi Arabia
1314:
1308:
1299:
1287:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1206:E. h. onager
1205:
1199:
1193:
1181:
1164:Turkmenistan
1126:
1120:
1114:
1099:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1024:Description
1008:
962:
957:
933:
928:
913:
908:
880:E. h. onager
879:
874:
852:
847:
824:
812:
804:
802:
793:
772:
763:
758:
742:
734:
730:
728:
693:
647:is from the
642:
621:habitat loss
594:
578:Turkmenistan
562:Eastern Asia
535:
527:
512:
500:
496:
463:
461:
451:Equus onager
450:
449:
414:
397:
380:
368:E. h. onager
366:
348:
338:
315:
313:
297:
296:
284:
272:
152:
36:
4428:iNaturalist
4299:Wikispecies
3963:Prehistoric
3917:Equus grevy
3905:Equus grevy
3870:Equus zebra
3731:Equus ferus
3665:Equus kiang
3361:D. bicornis
3190:Hippotigris
3169:E. hemionus
3131:E. caballus
3086:(including
3052:Hippomorpha
3034:Superorder
3028:Infraclass
2457:(8): e241.
2396:19 November
2188:, and then
2119:Overgrazing
2040:gray wolves
1950:herbivorous
1749:Gobi Desert
1694:Pleistocene
1582:Pleistocene
1572:Hippotigris
1170:, Northern
1156:Afghanistan
1154:, Northern
1127:E. h. kulan
1015:Subspecies
934:E. h. kulan
692:. The term
558:Middle East
546:Afghanistan
350:E. h. kulan
331:Subspecies
48:4.5–0
4580:Categories
4245:Wild horse
3432:T. indicus
3405:T. bairdii
3269:Rhinoceros
2647:: 151–163.
2302:References
2282:Ogden Nash
1753:Manchurian
1683:shrublands
1510:Dinohippus
1503:The genus
1486:See also:
1386:hydruntine
1258:E. h. khur
1176:Uzbekistan
1160:Tajikistan
1083:Kazakhstan
1081:, eastern
1005:Subspecies
914:E. h. khur
633:subspecies
597:grasslands
574:Uzbekistan
570:Kazakhstan
507:native to
382:E. h. khur
280:Subgenus:
3377:Tapiridae
3216:E. grevyi
3198:E. quagga
3187:Subgenus
3160:E. asinus
3140:Subgenus
3100:Subgenus
2930:468402451
2791:) herd".
2768:cite book
2576:1932-6203
2315:Grubb, P.
2065:does not
1973:Predation
1929:gestation
1866:Stallions
1745:East Asia
1516:Plesippus
1482:Evolution
1432:dziggetai
1077:Northern
1030:Synonyms
800:in 1775.
790:described
639:Etymology
609:savannahs
519:described
292:Species:
218:Kingdom:
212:Eukaryota
4545:Species+
4498:14100020
4446:10856093
4284:Wikidata
3800:Quagga (
3751:Tarpan (
3553:Donkey (
3459:Category
3382:(Tapirs)
3337:C. simum
3207:E. zebra
3178:E. kiang
3167:Onager (
3158:Donkey (
3111:E. ferus
3030:Eutheria
3024:Mammalia
3018:Chordata
3012:Animalia
3010:Kingdom
2893:Job 39:5
2721:: 19−30.
2692:23803765
2594:28422966
2546:PLOS ONE
2526:12351710
2498:Genetica
2483:15974804
2347:62265494
2317:(2005).
2273:WILD ASS
2259:shagreen
2240:Job 39:5
2238:—
2190:chariots
2134:diseases
1955:Prosopis
1878:Mongolia
1578:Pliocene
1428:chigetai
1365:syriacus
1233:Pakistan
1172:Mongolia
1100:bedfordi
1087:Mongolia
761:subgenus
659:hēmíonos
617:poaching
586:Mongolia
540:region,
443:Synonyms
405:Geoffroy
374:Boddaert
258:Family:
242:Mammalia
232:Chordata
228:Phylum:
222:Animalia
208:Domain:
185:IUCN 3.1
130:Holocene
126:Pliocene
4485:1006125
4420:2440893
4290:Q180960
4235:Equidae
3968:species
3954:Zebroid
3932:Hybrids
3741:Horse (
3394:Tapirus
3350:Diceros
3176:Kiang (
3061:Equidae
3016:Phylum
2994:Extant
2821:1942025
2801:Bibcode
2700:4318227
2672:Bibcode
2585:5396879
2554:Bibcode
2518:2090563
2474:1159165
2227:In the
2205:donkeys
2192:on the
2123:drought
2086:removed
2071:sources
2046:Threats
1718:Siberia
1668:Gujarat
1476:donkeys
1309:hemippe
1288:indicus
1182:finschi
1168:Ukraine
1091:Siberia
821:Tibetan
786:species
782:Equidae
699:ὄναγρος
662:, from
653:ἡμίονος
627:on the
605:steppes
550:Siberia
505:Equidae
497:hemione
407:, 1855)
390:, 1827)
376:, 1785)
362:, 1967)
268:Genus:
262:Equidae
248:Order:
238:Class:
183: (
117:↓
18:Onagers
4601:Asinus
4591:Onager
4537:104801
4524:200580
4459:624993
4394:305550
4381:EQUUHE
4368:311507
4352:ECOS:
4332:462359
4314:ARKive
3778:Zebras
3720:Horses
3143:Asinus
3088:Zebras
3022:Class
2928:
2918:
2842:
2819:
2758:3 July
2698:
2690:
2664:Nature
2615:
2592:
2582:
2574:
2524:
2516:
2481:
2471:
2345:
2335:
2217:kungas
2213:cattle
2159:Israel
2017:dholes
2013:tigers
2002:Africa
1900:) and
1870:harems
1747:. The
1710:Jordan
1698:Israel
1568:, and
1548:Asinus
1542:
1538:
1359:Turkey
1357:, and
1347:Jordan
1343:Israel
1174:, and
1089:, and
1045:khulan
1027:Range
1018:Image
827:
815:
784:. The
779:family
765:Asinus
743:onager
731:onager
723:ágrios
717:ἄγριος
694:onager
607:, and
601:plains
538:Levant
514:Asinus
464:onager
388:Lesson
356:Groves
325:, 1775
323:Pallas
285:Asinus
157:Russia
124:Early
42:Onager
4550:11193
4441:IRMNG
4433:43333
3966:Equus
3944:Kunga
3939:Hinny
3521:Asses
3502:Equus
3103:Equus
3079:Equus
2944:"Ass"
2817:JSTOR
2752:(PDF)
2696:S2CID
2637:(PDF)
2522:S2CID
2321:. In
2209:sheep
2179:Sumer
2029:foals
2025:bears
1714:Syria
1675:oases
1588:Equus
1558:kiang
1554:kulan
1534:Equus
1505:Equus
1355:Syria
1281:India
1121:kulan
1079:China
819:), a
817:kiang
809:kiang
805:Equus
774:Equus
770:genus
673:hēmi-
613:range
590:China
582:India
360:Mazák
273:Equus
4563:6617
4511:9794
4506:NCBI
4472:7951
4467:IUCN
4454:ITIS
4415:GBIF
4376:EPPO
4355:3237
4327:BOLD
3949:Mule
2926:OCLC
2916:ISBN
2840:ISBN
2774:link
2760:2016
2733:link
2688:PMID
2613:ISBN
2590:PMID
2572:ISSN
2514:PMID
2479:PMID
2423:IUCN
2398:2021
2381:2020
2343:OCLC
2333:ISBN
2211:and
2069:any
2067:cite
2011:and
1996:and
1936:Diet
1888:and
1880:and
1758:The
1731:The
1706:Iraq
1679:arid
1586:E. (
1580:and
1570:E. (
1562:E. (
1546:E. (
1339:Iraq
1252:khur
1231:and
1229:Iran
1152:Iran
788:was
711:ónos
705:ὄνος
690:mule
685:ónos
679:ὄνος
666:ἡμι-
643:The
619:and
588:and
566:Iran
560:and
548:and
509:Asia
462:The
358:and
56:PreꞒ
4558:TSA
4493:MSW
4480:MDD
4363:EoL
4340:CMS
2809:doi
2680:doi
2668:499
2580:PMC
2562:doi
2506:doi
2469:PMC
2459:doi
2385:doi
2253:by
2245:In
2080:by
1908:).
1808:by
1626:by
1430:or
1200:gur
568:,
499:or
4582::
4560::
4547::
4534::
4521::
4508::
4495::
4482::
4469::
4456::
4443::
4430::
4417::
4404::
4391::
4378::
4365::
4342::
4329::
4316::
4301::
4286::
3194::
3147::
3107::
2924:.
2895::
2878:.
2815:.
2807:.
2795:.
2770:}}
2766:{{
2729:}}
2725:{{
2717:.
2694:.
2686:.
2678:.
2666:.
2645:28
2643:.
2639:.
2588:.
2578:.
2570:.
2560:.
2550:12
2548:.
2544:.
2520:.
2512:.
2502:83
2500:.
2477:.
2467:.
2453:.
2447:.
2435:^
2421:.
2406:^
2379:.
2373:.
2355:^
2341:.
2198:c.
2196:,
2183:c.
2019:,
1983:c.
1720:.
1712:,
1708:,
1704:,
1700:,
1677:,
1666:,
1438:.
1353:,
1349:,
1345:,
1341:,
1235:.
1166:,
1162:,
1085:,
965:)
936:)
916:)
882:)
855:)
825:E.
813:E.
745:.
720:,
708:,
682:,
670:,
656:,
603:,
599:,
592:.
584:,
580:,
576:,
572:,
544:,
488:ər
485:dʒ
147:A
128:–
106:Pg
50:Ma
4219:†
4211:†
4202:†
4195:†
4187:†
4179:†
4174:)
4168:†
4161:†
4153:†
4145:†
4137:†
4129:†
4121:†
4113:†
4105:†
4097:†
4089:†
4081:†
4073:†
4065:†
4057:†
4049:†
4041:†
4033:†
4025:†
4017:†
4009:†
4001:†
3996:)
3990:†
3983:†
3975:†
3919:)
3907:)
3893:)
3884:)
3872:)
3858:)
3849:)
3840:)
3831:)
3822:)
3813:)
3804:)
3798:†
3791:)
3764:)
3755:)
3749:†
3745:)
3733:)
3706:)
3697:)
3688:)
3679:)
3667:)
3663:(
3651:)
3645:†
3641:)
3632:)
3623:)
3614:)
3608:†
3604:)
3592:)
3588:(
3576:)
3567:)
3561:†
3557:)
3548:)
3536:)
3532:(
3513:†
3492:e
3485:t
3478:v
3434:)
3425:)
3416:)
3407:)
3363:)
3339:)
3315:)
3291:)
3282:)
3218:)
3209:)
3200:)
3180:)
3171:)
3162:)
3153:)
3133:)
3122:)
3113:)
3090:)
2987:e
2980:t
2973:v
2946:—
2932:.
2880:I
2848:.
2823:.
2811::
2803::
2797:5
2776:)
2762:.
2735:)
2702:.
2682::
2674::
2621:.
2596:.
2564::
2556::
2528:.
2508::
2485:.
2461::
2455:3
2419:"
2400:.
2387::
2371:"
2367:"
2349:.
2107:)
2101:(
2096:)
2092:(
2088:.
2074:.
1988:)
1904:(
1896:(
1884:(
1831:)
1825:(
1820:)
1816:(
1802:.
1649:)
1643:(
1638:)
1634:(
1620:.
1590:)
1574:)
1566:)
1550:)
1388:)
1384:(
1378:†
1311:)
1307:(
1301:†
1254:)
1250:(
1202:)
1198:(
1123:)
1119:(
1047:)
1043:(
961:(
932:(
912:(
878:(
851:(
811:(
491:/
482:ə
479:n
476:ɒ
473:ˈ
470:/
466:(
412:†
403:(
395:†
386:(
372:(
354:(
187:)
151:(
111:N
101:K
96:J
91:T
86:P
81:C
76:D
71:S
66:O
61:Ꞓ
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
