One-person operation - Knowledge (XXG)

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safety procedures – much to the dissatisfaction of the train drivers. On 17 July 2013 DSB abandoned these temporary manual safety procedures and resumed to operate the Jutlandic regional trains with guards, on the grounds that the safety of their trains was not to be cast in doubt and that this was more important than "whether or not one-man operation was implemented a month or two latter than planned". DSBs preparations of the lines permanent standard procedures for one-person operation did however prove to be more difficult than first anticipated. As of September 2015 DSB was only planning to use one-person operation at the local lines north and south of Aalborg – and far from all the way to Aarhus. DSB has also stated that the rest of the remaining timeline for implementing one-person operations will be re-evaluated DSB has pointed to a bureaucratic safety approval system with an independent safety assessor as the main reason for the lack of progress.

1009: 414:. According to a 2016 presentation, OPTO is "one of the TTC's key modernization efforts" as a cost-saving measure. The Toronto Rocket trains were altered to include a train door monitor system uses cameras to display a clear view of train doors while maintaining unobstructed views of the track and signals. The cameras replace the role of the train guard who used to observe the platform for safety. However, this system was not adequate to keep passengers safe, as there has been a 50% increase of dangerous "red light violations", or train operators not stopping for stop signals, after OPTO implementation on the Sheppard subway, due in part to the sole train operator having to both monitor the cameras and simultaneously operate the vehicle. 989: 965: 199:. At the time (and to a certain extent also today) one of the most cited arguments against one-person operation was the safety risks to passengers and bystanders if the operator fell ill. The dead man switch ensured that the tram would stop in the event of an incapacitated driver. For this reason, the Birneys were also called "safety cars". Another critical feature of the Birney in dealing with safety issues from the critics of one-person operation was its compact size which eased the driver's view of the road and reducing the number of doors to a single one. 1021: 892:" ZAT-FM (train dispatching by train driver with driver cab monitor). Officials pointed out that the one-person operation does even lower the time a train halts on a station – on the busy central lines the train on one side of the platform did often have to wait for the train in the opposite direction on the other side of the platform to be dispatched. Although most of the central lines will be converted to ZAT-FM, there will be about 20 stations left in the network that will continue to have platform dispatchers. 527: 1807: 1819: 496: 1101:). The remaining 70% employ approximately 6,800 guards. The term 'guard' is the common name used for the role which in most countries is referred to as a 'conductor'; it's also the name used in the railway's rule book. Many train companies use alternative names for the role (conductor, senior conductor, train manager), but the role is mostly the same regardless of operator. Since 1985, freight trains have steadily converted to one-person operation. 844: 758: 2197: 1564: 1321: 692: 1872:

stations are unmanned, meaning boarding or disembarking assistance for a disabled person can only be provided by the train crew, and level access between platform and train is extremely rare. If there is no Guard to put the onboard wheelchair ramp in place, or otherwise assist the disabled person in boarding/debarking, then access cannot be provided short of the driver leaving the cab. The

173: 33: 651: 1066:– who (in Sweden) is a train driver appointed by a trade union – deemed it to be an unsafe practice demanding it be stopped. An important safety check done mainly by the conductor is to check that all doors get closed without any passenger stuck in any. This is hard to check in long trains, and long trains usually have at least two conductors. 45: 425:

Corbett Communications survey of Torontonians produced similar results: 7-in-10 respondents disapproved of OPTO, and 7-in-10 disapproved of the fact that the TTC decided to not offer public consultation on the issue. This survey also revealed that 6-in-10 Torontonians would feel unsafe riding in a train operated by just one staff member.

940:) is taken when boarding the vehicle. This slip of paper has a number which corresponds to the station at which the passenger boarded; since fare is typically calculated by distance traveled, the current fare from each previous stop is shown by a screen on board. When disembarking, passengers pay at a fare collection box at the exit. 595:

before DSB has managed to obtain safety approval for other lines first. In August 2015 DSB stated that they would reevaluate whether or not they would implement one person operation on the Coastal Line. DSB stated at the same time, that they did not expect one man operation to be implemented on the Coastal Line in 2015.

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Trains with doors operated by drivers (known in the industry as 'Driver Only Operation') have been in operation in Great Britain for more than 30 years. ORR has scrutinised this approach, and our inspectors are satisfied that with suitable equipment, proper procedures and competent staff in place, it

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network should be DOO (driver-only operation), with a second member of train-crew only being provided where there is a commercial, technical or other imperative", in order to reach the overall industry goal of a "30% unit cost reduction" by around 2018. The RMT stated that "any proposed extensions of

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trains with a dead man's switch. The switch was introduced so that one person could operate in the driving cab on their own, which became standard for all train companies operating the London Underground in 1908. Even though this did not make the trains one-person operated – seeing as the trains were

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in July 2013 when a one-person operated Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway train was involved in a major and fatal accident, the Canadian Government issued an emergency order banning one-person freight trains carrying hazardous cargo. This move was criticised as rash action before the cause of the

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to the train and the train has a connection back to the (existing) loudspeakers on the platform. The system was tested since 2007 but due to safety concerns its introduction was held off for several years. With its introduction a platform may be served in one-person operation either by ZAT-oU or the

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The lines that were planned to become one-person operated were: Copenhagen-Ringsted, Copenhagen-Kalundborg, Copenhagen-Nykøbing F., Aarhus-Aalborg, Fredericia-Esbjerg and Roskild-Køge-Ringsted The one-person operation of the railway line Aarhus-Aalborg was implemented using temporary and very manual

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Disabled passengers view the introduction of Driver Only Operation as a major step backwards in accessibility due to the combination of several issues that conflict with the government's stated intent of allowing 'turn up and go' service for disabled people right across the network. Many UK railway

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We have published several research projects over the last 15 years on various aspects of DOO on passenger trains. None of these pieces of work has identified any increased risk from dispatching a train without a guard being present – providing the correct procedures have been followed. In fact, the

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to offer the sacked guards a "stay healthy bonus" of up to 5000 Danish kroner per month (about US$ 900 or GB£600). The safety approval of one-person operation on the Coastal Line is part of a joint DSB one-person operation project, which entails that the Coastal Line will not be one-person operated

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In 2020, a Mainstreet Research survey of Torontonians revealed that the public strongly opposed OPTO on Line 1 Yonge-University. More than 6-in-10 respondents disapproved of OPTO, and three-quarters disapproved of the TTC's decision not to inform the public of the plan to implement OPTO. In 2021, a

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is still present on every train, although the ticket inspectors are paid less than guards. The RMT Union called strike action in Summer 2016 when New Franchisee Abellio ScotRail announced plans to extend driver-only operation. The dispute was resolved when ScotRail agreed that a conductor would be

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rapid transit system in Berlin and Hamburg were using platform train dispatchers to ensure all doors are closed and a train can safely start for the next section. Although there were a couple of test runs since the 1970s these mass rapid transit systems were the last train systems in Germany to be

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trains planned for the Airdrie-Bathgate line had not even been delivered with a conductor's door panel. The strikes were ultimately ended by the unions, in part because of disagreements within the RMT about which principal stand to take on one-person operations. Other sources point to a "strike

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stated in response that they had given "the RMT assurances on employing conductors in alternative customer service roles and offering a generous voluntary redundancy package to those who want it." According to RMT, the proposals to implement driver-only operations are in response to the 12.5%

1159:, already one-person operated, has one door-related incident for every seven million passengers, while the section of the network which currently uses conductors has one door-related incident for every four million passengers. On 16 August 2013, the RMT called a 48-hour strike over the August 207:

was well-organized in unions – which was the case in around half of all cities with streetcar companies – any proposal of one-person operation would generally be challenged, regardless of whether the streetcar company was in serious financial difficulties. In many cities, it took a municipal

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metropolitan rail network is configured for driver-only operation, but also operates with Passenger Service Assistants (PSA). This is a safety role, but with a focus on customer service and revenue protection. Normally, the train driver operates the doors, but PSAs are also able to.

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started implementing one-person operation on several rail lines on 29 June 2013. This led to reductions in staff, followed by widespread protest and some small illegal strikes by train drivers, who accused DSB of using rolling stock which was unsafe for one-person operation. The

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stated that they had been opposed to one-person freight trains for safety reasons since the introduction of the idea approximately a decade ago. In November 2019, eight U.S. railroads filed a federal lawsuit against the union to allow for the implementation of one-person crews.

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The RMT union disputes the independence of both the RSSB due to the involvement of train operating company representatives on the RSSB board. and says that both RSSB and ORR are disregarding wider safety issues by one-person working beyond the operation of the doors.

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On the UK light railways and tramways, conductors have all but disappeared in an operational sense and now the term 'conductor' is commonly used for revenue and customer service staff. Historically 'operational' conductors were the 'norm' on all systems including the

421:(ATC), which allows trains to be run entirely by computers to remove the need for the guard, these dates were pushed back. Line 1 was fully converted to OPTO in November 2022; however, a conversion of Line 2 to ATC and OPTO has been pushed out indefinitely. 129:, requiring a smaller investment in, for example, platform intruder detection systems and track protection (fencing, bridge-caging, CCTV etc.). In some cases, one-person operation can be seen as an intermediate step towards automatic train operation. 3005: 2275:

accident had been uncovered. Critics of the emergency order further pointed to a 1997 "Study of One-Person Train Operations", commissioned by Transport Canada which concluded that it is unlikely that two persons in the cab improves safety.

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In the US, regardless of various technological solutions to resolve the safety issues of one-person operation, there was consistent resistance towards one-person operation among the drivers and conductors of the streetcars. Whenever the

1008: 1925:, all three subway lines became completely one-person operated at the end of March 2012. This marked the ending of the gradual implementation of one-person operations that started in 1996 with parts of the subway's shortest line, the 1845:

removal of any possible miscommunication, which could exist between driver and guard could, potentially, deliver some safety benefits. If we had found evidence to suggest that DOO was not safe when done correctly, we would say so.

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breaker" clause in ScotRail's contract, which enabled ScotRail to draw compensation from Scottish taxpayers during a strike, as another factor in the union's ending of the strikes. Even though the trains are now driven without a

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since its opening in 1964. On 31 October 1993, the Orange Line began operating DOO trains as well, and this gradually spread to the entire network. As of 1998, the whole system runs with only a single crew member per train.

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British buses also once had operational conductors on most services, most buses were front-engined, meaning the passenger saloon door had to be behind the driver's cab. The last buses to have a conductor were in London on

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in Ontario operates with a conductor and engineer in the cab, as well as a conductor called a "Customer Service Ambassador" located within the train who is responsible for controlling the doors and making announcements.

583:, which led to the sacking of 50 guards. The one-person operation was set to start from 15 December 2013. Meanwhile, sickness absence among the sacked guards rose to six times the normal levels, resembling "sick-out" 1249:

route. This is the system currently used for the 10-car Class 442 used on Gatwick Express, but the union claimed that extending this to 12-car trains put too much pressure on the driver and was unsafe. The operators

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While the Birney was one of the first public transport vehicles designed for one-person operation, it was not the first public transport vehicle to be equipped with a dead man's switch. In 1903, the

1020: 307:) began one-person operation in 1993, as part of a wider reform of public transport by the newly elected Kennett government. By 22 November 1995, all suburban trains were one-person operated. 3869: 2115: 2054:. On 1 September 1997, OPTO began on the Franklin Avenue Shuttle and Rockaway Park Shuttle during all times, and on the B-West End Shuttle and 5-Dyre Avenue Shuttle during late nights. 1495:

are DCO as the employ conductors, but do not assist with the doors or any operational roles. Many systems employ some form of ticket examiner for revenue and customer service reasons.

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of railways also helped reduce the required staff in the locomotive to a sole operator – as diesel and electric traction does not require a fireman to shovel coal into a boiler.

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start using two-person train crews in the US. The US has however not issued a ban on one-person-operated freight trains. In July 2013, the 55,000-member Canadian and American

3963: 2927: 2459: 4415: 2331:, one-person operated freight trains are "very rare" in the United States because it is hard to comply with federal safety regulations with only one person on the train. 1762:

services are DCO as they have an 'on board manager' for mainly revenue and customer service duties. Mainline Services from Kent are also DCO when operating within London.

4534: 1503:– operates automatically, occasionally with a member of staff carrying out much of the role of a conductor, but also has the ability to take manual control of the train. 862:" SAT (self-dispatching by the train driver) was first introduced in 2000 and the last station was becoming unstaffed in 2006. On the bigger Berlin S-Bahn network the " 2350: 2674: 1288:(RMT) staged several strikes, claiming that the system was unsafe. ScotRail replied that they had been using one-person operated trains since the 1980s, and that the 847:

Classic platform dispatcher with central control – the operated electric switch is connected to the signal at the start of the platform that the train driver can see.

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unions over the extension of driver-only trains across the rest of the network, ASLEF Drivers accepted a deal on 8 November 2017, resulting in the implementation of

2380: 2373:"Lac-Mégantic investigation: Use of one-person train crew under scrutiny: Transport Canada says MMA one of only two railway companies to operate that way in Canada" 1666: 125:

Although extra infrastructure such as cameras and mirrors might require additional investment, one-person operation is usually faster and cheaper to implement than

3006:"Toronto-wide poll rejects TTC's 'One Person Train Operation' plan to eliminate Subway Guards before year-end. Safety and need for public input are major concerns" 1166:

According to the RMT, the proposal set forth by Transport for London would imply driver-only operations on the whole of the London Overground network and make 130

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Most British freight trains are one-person or driver-only-operated, but certain freight trains do have guards on board for operational or safety reasons (such as

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introduced in the United States in 1916. The Birney was pre-equipped with one of the most important safety devices for enabling one-person operation – the

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By 1997, more than 90 percent of all trains – both passenger and freight – operated by the then main freight and passenger rail operator in New Zealand,

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It was expected that Line 1 would have had OPTO implemented in 2019, and Line 2 would follow with OPTO in 2021. However, due to delays in implementing

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converted to a one-person operation as rapid transit requires to ensure a minimum time to call at a station especially in rush hours. In Hamburg the "

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In general all passenger trains on railways in Sweden have a driver and at least one conductor on board by rules, even it is not entirely mandatory.

4398: 3888: 435:, the TTC's future light rail lines under construction as of 2022, will use one-person operation. Line 5 will also use ATC in its tunneled section. 1839:

We have 30 years of data which we have analysed. We have found that the driver performing the task does not increase the risk to passengers at all.

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as it reduces the number of crew required and correspondingly reduces costs, it is for that reason controversial and is often strongly opposed by

375:: Still uses two-person crews on the entire line. Future plans include the introduction of OPTO over the next decade after the implementation of 614:

which operates in the sparsely populated most northern parts of Denmark also uses exclusively one-person operated trains. The railway companies

4675: 1754: 1651: 2701:"One-man train crews are unsafe, says union negotiating with Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway – Penobscot – Bangor Daily News – BDN Maine" 2641: 1853:(ORR) responded by letter to the Transport Select Committee's enquiry into rail safety. In their related press release an ORR spokesman said: 3882: 2752: 1795: 1787: 1747: 1581: 1338: 713: 664: 4109: 2346: 2256: 1750:

are either Driver Only or Driver Controlled Operation, as some services maintain a ticket examiner for revenue and customer service duties.

1711: 1440: 2161:'s Broad Street Subway, Market-Frankford Subway-Elevated, Media & Sharon Hill Light Rail and Norristown High-Speed Lines are all OPTO. 4278: 1730:– Operates an entirely DCO service; they do provide a 'customer service representative' on board for revenue and customer service duties. 1062:

is one-person operated. This practice is however only utilized when there is an abrupt shortage of train managers. In 2013 the company's

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ordinance to authorize one-person operation, thus also politicizing the subject. The result of all this was typically strikes and other

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has used a system where an electronic monitor is in the driver's cab. There is a camera on the platform that transmits the images via

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described DOO and unmanned stations as a "toxic combination" that potentially breaches the government's obligations under the

2339: 2119: 2088: 2078: 1585: 1342: 1155:(RMT) challenged the move, claiming passenger safety would be compromised. Transport for London replied that at the time the 1063: 944: 868:" ZAT (train dispatching by the train driver) was introduced in 2006. However it was only used on straight platforms so far. 717: 228: 3030: 1364: 3938: 3472: 3424: 1941:

is also DOO, but uses one crewmember per car; a typical train has two cars and thus requires two crewmembers. According to

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Trams and metro trains are however in general one-person operated. Freight trains are in general also one-person operated.

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Realising the potential of BG rail – Report of the Rail Value for Money Study – Summary Report (aka: the McNulty report)

1991: 1298: 832: 630: 576: 4347: 2980: 1811: 1783: 1699: 1371: 1176: 952: 479: 100: 4198: 3498: 2809: 702: 4156: 4083: 2923: 2460:"Realising the Potential of GB Rail – Final Independent Report of the Rail Value for Money Study – Detailed Report" 2335: 2271: 2051: 1799: 1627: 1476: 1423:– Has operated entirely driver-only or one-person operated services since 2000. Certain Underground trains (on the 1294: 1281: 1227: 1167: 1148: 909: 347: 1574: 1331: 1097:

On the British railway network, around 30% of all passenger services are single crewed or 'driver-only operated' (

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must be able to see the whole train to make sure that all the doors are safe for departure. On curved platforms a

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area, the subway trains over 300 feet (91 m) and with over five cars are operated by a two-person crew of a

1683: 1353: 1211: 1117:– all current UK light rail systems are of modern construction and were built as 'new' for one-person operation. 670: 380: 320: 126: 3061: 2210: 4665: 4559: 3916: 2864: 1873: 1791: 1718: 1251: 1231: 1207: 995: 443: 1758:– Operate a large network of driver-only trains on their Metro services, mainly around South East London. The 4060: 2611: 2174:

has always operated under the "one man rule" from the opening of the first line in 1976. In addition to the

2074: 1850: 1691: 1655: 1499: 588: 418: 392: 376: 366: 301: 152: 4008: 2466: 565: 3531: 2019: 1954: 1722:– Operates an entirely driver-only operated train service on the Thameslink and Great Northern sub-brands. 1707: 1695: 1687: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1618: 1534: 1289: 927:, often accompanied by a pre-recorded in-car announcement mentioning that the train is a "one man train". 304: 276: 243: 133: 49: 3257: 1230:. Additionally it has been proposed for the new Hitachi Super Express Trains which will be in use on the 1002:, while the red section is where the customer pays. A boarding voucher dispenser is pictured to the left. 835:

routes and lines are driver only operated, with 2 metro lines currently operating completely unattended.

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throughout the rest of the network which was not previously operating DOO services, excluding routes to

1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1277:'s trains are one-person operated, mainly electric services around the Glasgow and Strathclyde regions. 1137:

are single-person operated. Conversion to one-person operation began in 1984 and was completed in 2000.

560: 539: 396: 372: 297: 526: 4584: 3556: 3332: 1451:– Operates an entirely driver-only operated service and has done since the Modernisation in 1977–1980. 3724: 2316: 1514: 1509:– All bus services in the United Kingdom are one-person operated. The last regular bus services were 1480: 1455: 1140: 580: 196: 2022:) has been using one-person operation on all of its transit lines since it began operating in 1991. 180:

streetcar, one of the first public transport vehicles designed specifically for one-person operation

3031:"Torontonians' attitudes on eliminating subway guards and public consultation on TTC subway safety" 1806: 1659: 1631: 1488: 1472: 1235: 611: 2941: 1818: 1378: 1125:

double-deck buses (primarily withdrawn in 2005), otherwise, all UK buses are one-person operated.

407:(conductor). The guard is responsible for operating the doors, as well as observing the platform. 3307: 1930: 1419: 1134: 1106: 1026:

A LED fare chart on a bus. The fare to be paid corresponds to the number on the boarding voucher.

607: 388: 354: 3398: 3354: 4535:"Short-line rail operators, the 'special teams' of the railway industry, defend safety record" 4282: 3878: 3746: 3637: 3078: 2748: 1978: 1974: 1938: 1902: 1881: 1734: 1646: 1484: 1199: 1144: 1110: 975: 948: 432: 410:

On 9 October 2016, OPTO was implemented on the heavy-rail Line 4, which uses four-car sets of

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network is driver-only operated. Conversion to DOO initiated in the early 1990s when then new

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The British government has proposed the extension of driver-only trains as a part of the new

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A boarding voucher printed with the number and station where the passenger boarded the train

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When First ScotRail launched a plan to implement one-person operations on the newly opened

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Most freight trains in Canada do not allow one-person train operation for safety reasons.

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kept on all new trains with the driver opening the doors and the conductor shutting them.

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ended the need for a second crew member in the driving cab to assist with coupling at the

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spokesperson Joe Pesaturo, the Carmen's Union "has never embraced" one-person operation.

1835:(RSSB) has stated that its research found no increased risks from driver-only operation. 534:

looking out of the side window to make sure all the doors are safely closed for departure

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

507:. The reason given is: most of this refers to events after September 2015 as the future. 2465:. Department for Transport & Office of Rail Regulation. p. 200. Archived from 1759: 1447: 1245:

trade union refused to pick up passengers using DOO on the new Class 387 trains on the

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network as driver-only trains. The latest conversion was announced in July 2013 on the

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system in 1975. The S-train system has been completely one-person operated since 1978.

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operated services are driver-only trains, operating mostly in the Thames Valley from

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All light rail lines, and the one subway line, operate on single-person operation.

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inquiry of the rail industry in the United Kingdom, tabled a scoping report titled

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Eisuke Isobe; Jinko Cho; Itaru Morihisa; Toshihiko Sekizawa; Ryuji Tanaka (1999).

3607: 2610:. PARSONS TRANSPORTATION GROUP. 26 February 2010. p. 1&35. Archived from 2517: 2217: 1770:– Operates driver-only trains in South London and on the Brighton mainline. After 1630:

with the exception of Norwich services which are DCO. Formally trains operated by

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trade union went on strike over plans to introduce DOO on more Southern services.

3632: 2742: 1214:(ORR). The report recommended that "the default position for all services on the 943:

An increasing number of subways are becoming one-person operation, including the

4134: 3557:"Die S-Bahn führt neues Zugabfertigungssystem ein // 2014 // S-Bahn Berlin GmbH" 3525:"Scheduling of inspectors for ticket spot checking in urban rail transportation" 3476: 2015: 1563: 1538: 1320: 1215: 1195: 691: 329:

trains between Kewdale and West Merriden are occasionally driver-only operated.

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trains between Adelaide and Port Augusta are occasionally driver-only operated.

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At the start of 2013 DSB also used one-person operated trains on the two small

172: 4213: 1898: 1040: 931: 619: 615: 316: 32: 4629: 4477: 3283:"Ikke altid nemt at blive enige, men der må ikke herske tvivl om sikkerheden" 1109:(who used the term 'guard' like the mainline railway). With exception to the 4607:"U.S. railroad chief 'shocked' at Maine company's single-person train crews" 2413: 951:, which was one-person operated since its opening in the year 1990, and the 930:

Most buses are also one-person operations. In most cases, when not using an

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William F. McClellan Deputy Director – Red Line Operations (31 May 2011).

3100:"DSB: studiemateriale – milepaele-i-jernbanens-historie – S-tog år for år" 2568:

William F. McClellan Deputy Director – Red Line Operations (31 May 2011).

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Zugabfertigung durch den Triebfahrzeugführer ohne technische Unterstützung

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was the last bus route to have conductors until it was withdrawn in 2020.

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with a 'train operator' to carry out other duties such as door operation.

455: 264: 1738:– Has operated an entirely driver-only operated service since July 2013. 224:

still operated with a guard – it was one of the first steps towards it.

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vehicle that was developed specifically for one-person operation is the

4448:. Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. p. 5. Archived from 1966: 1588: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1273:

DCO was first implemented in the 1980s, and currently more than 56% of

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DOO would be fought by the union on grounds of safety and efficiency".

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Zugabfertigung durch den Triebfahrzeugführer mittels Führerraum-Monitor

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all originally operated with two-person crews of a train operator and

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Roy McNulty – Chairman of the Rail Value for Money Study (May 2011).

852: 599: 189: 177: 4579: 4577: 4323:"ORR's statement on driver only operation – Office of Rail and Road" 4304: 3939:"RMT launches Northern Rail and Transpennine Express campaign – rmt" 568:

stated in 2011 "that one-person operation wasn't their cup of tea".

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operates with two locomotive cngineers and several on-board staff.

2158: 1817: 1805: 1467:– Most tram systems in the UK are one-person operated, including: 842: 525: 357:: Complete OPTO since the beginning of operation on 22 March 1985. 275:

all feature train managers who perform a similar role, as did the

171: 43: 31: 4348:"Southern boss is key player on "independent" safety board – rmt" 4305:"Railway safety inquiry follow up | Office of Rail and Road" 1459:– Has been entirely driver-only operated since it opened in 1980. 1054:

In Sweden around two daily departures on the Swedish part of the

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has also had one-person OPTO operation from its opening in 1969.

350:(TTC), uses a mix of one-person and two-person train operation. 151:

While one-person operation is popular and on the rise among the

119: 4235:"RSSB-research-projects-find-no-increased-safety-risk-from-doo" 3231:(in Danish). Dansk Jernbaneforbund. 15 January 2013. p. 10 2091:): 4 cars (except summer weekends when extended trains operate) 1254:

took legal action, and the union ultimately dropped the claim.

2190: 2104:

train (Dyre Avenue and East 180th Street) during late nights (

1638: 1557: 1314: 751: 685: 644: 489: 3308:"Status vedr. enmandsbetjening i Nordjylland og på Kystbanen" 3154:(in Danish). Jyllands-posten.dk. 18 July 2013. Archived from 947:, which was designed to operate on one-person operation, the 3990:"Aslef drops legal action and accepts 12-car Gatwick trains" 2810:"The Underground Electric Train – 17. Deadmen and Tripcocks" 2295:

are one-person operated, however most freight trains of the

2865:"TTC launching single-operator system on subway this month" 2747:. Westport: Greenwood Press. pp. 74, 75, 77 & 78. 900:

Most trains operating in Ireland are driver-only operated.

379:(ATC) which would require new rolling stock as the current 3841:"Britain: Rail unions betray London Overground conductors" 1642:– Operates an entirely driver-only operated train service. 579:

decided to implement one-person operation on the tendered

391:

has operated with a single operator, while the heavy-rail

3530:. DSB S-tog, Dept. of Production Planning. Archived from 3126:"Kystbanen får kniven: Færre afgange og mindre personale" 2819:(November). London Underground Railway Society: 1 & 2 1634:

rolling stock required the presence of a guard/conductor.

1175:

reduction in Transport for London's funding announced in

4031:"Travellers face more rail strikes after talks collapse" 2307:

Swedish freight trains are usually one-person operated.

2065:

are used for one-person operation as of July 2018:

4110:"Row over 'strike breaker' clause in ScotRail contract" 2283:

Danish freight trains are usually one-person operated.

978:. Notice the green sign above the driver window saying 770: 559:

As a result of several years of major annual deficits,

369:: Entire line converted to OPTO since 20 November 2022. 122:

system, mirror or station dispatch staff are required.

4640:(152). United States Government Printing Office: 48218 3583:"S-Bahn will auf 50 Bahnhöfen die Aufsicht abschaffen" 3178:"Medlemsinformation nr. 14_2013/enmandsbetjening igen" 2777:"Not the First Time the 'Dead-Man' Switch Did Its Job" 1714:

via the Cotswolds are operated with a guard/conductor.

1286:

National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers

1153:

National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers

610:

to operate the lines in 2003. The small train company

3719: 3717: 3662:"Linear Metro Transport Systems for the 21st Century" 1226:

and has left it optional to the new operators of the

4061:"Fresh peace moves in long-running ScotRail dispute" 3818:"London Overground guards to strike on bank holiday" 2291:

Irish freight trains operated by locomotives of the

629:

On all Danish one-person operated passenger trains,

4416:"MBTA cuts down to single-operator Red Line trains" 3863: 3861: 2894:"TTC forging ahead with one-operator subway trains" 2694: 2692: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 1345:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2744:Urban Mass Transit: The Life Story of a Technology 1849:In December 2016, the overall rail regulator, the 1771: 819:is entirely operated using driver-only operation. 478:All Canadian light rail systems are either DOO or 140:freight trains are almost exclusively crewed by a 4628:Federal Railroad Administration (7 August 2013). 4182:London's New Routemaster buses cut 300 conductors 4003: 4001: 3999: 3504:(in Danish). HUR Trafik. 15 April 2013. p. 9 3423:(in Danish). Epn.dk. 10 July 2013. Archived from 3302: 3300: 3152:"DSB: Enmandsbetjente tog er kommet for at blive" 1698:. For operational reasons, Networker services to 626:, use solely one-person operated trains as well. 606:have been one-person operated since Arriva won a 542:started implementing one-person operation on the 4560:"Study of one-person train operations – Summary" 4478:""L" To the Southwest Side: A New Way to Midway" 4261:"RSSB: 'No evidence of increased risk' from DOO" 3523:Thorlacius, Per; Jens Clausen (17 August 2010). 3449:(in Danish). Nordjyske Jernbaner. Archived from 3200:"Togene kører igen ved Københavns Hovedbanegård" 3180:(in Danish). Dansk Jernbaneforbund. 28 June 2013 2351:Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen 2263:are the only two railways in Canada approved by 2018:, the city's rapid transit system (known as the 363:: Entire line converted to OPTO in October 2016. 159:, often claiming that it is an unsafe practice. 36:A freight train driver on a one-person operated 27:Operation of a train, bus, or tram by one person 4520:OPTO One Parson Train Operation Shuttle Service 4443:"Red Line Single Person Train Operation (SPTO)" 4009:"Second rail strike likely as talks break down" 3787:"RMT announces London Overground strike action" 3377:"Minister om Kystbanen: Vi sparer 25 millioner" 2570:"Red Line Single Person Train Operation (SPTO)" 1855: 1842: 1837: 1658:are driver-only operated with the exception of 955:, which became driver-only operated from 2009. 913: 859:Selbstabfertigung durch den Triebfahrzeugführer 212:whenever one-person operation was implemented. 103:, is operation of a train, bus, or tram by the 48:A platform mirror for driver-only operation at 4196:TfL axes remaining heritage Routemaster route 3917:"McNulty: union declares war on DOO proposals" 3727:(in Swedish). Sekotidningen. 29 September 2013 3258:"DSBs plan om enmandsbetjente tog koster dyrt" 2888: 2886: 2636: 2634: 2632: 935: 920: 633:still board the train now and then to perform 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 2599: 2597: 2543:"Lokofører: Skal jeg slå passagererne ihjel?" 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 1977:– has been using one-person operation on the 1933:in 2010 and ended with the longest line, the 1878:Disabled Persons Transport Advisory Committee 136:are normally one-person operated, the larger 114:On one-person operated passenger trains, the 8: 4410: 4408: 4373:"Rail dispute: are driver-only trains safe?" 3911: 3909: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3780: 3778: 3277: 3275: 2920:"Line 1 (Yonge-University)–Service increase" 1990:Cleveland's only heavy rail metro line, the 887: 881: 865:Zugabfertigung durch den Triebfahrzeugführer 863: 857: 538:In Denmark, the state owned railway company 4472: 4470: 3333:"Enmandsbetjente tog er stadig kun en plan" 1541:that had their conductors removed in 2016. 1306:Current driver-only / one-person operations 720:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 679:Learn how and when to remove these messages 387:Since its opening in 1985, the light-metro 4630:"FRA Emergency Order No. 28, Notice No. 1" 3696:. Tokyo Metro Press Release. 28 March 2009 3475:(in Danish). Regionstog.dk. Archived from 2220:. Please do not remove this message until 1943:Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority 1921:On the Boston subway, also referred to as 1257:In the summer of 2016, guards working for 3421:"Arriva: Kun gode erfaringer med solotog" 3379:(in Danish). ekstrabladet.dk. 9 July 2013 3335:(in Danish). Berlingske.dk. 20 March 2015 3260:(in Danish). Berlingske.dk. 31 March 2014 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2436:The dictionary of transport and logistics 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2240:Learn how and when to remove this message 1626:are driver-only operated as far north as 1604:Learn how and when to remove this message 1405:Learn how and when to remove this message 795:Learn how and when to remove this message 740:Learn how and when to remove this message 622:, operating the single-track railways of 556:lines Svendborgbanen and Aarhus nærbane. 4135:"Travel delays as ScotRail staff strike" 3706:"Study of One-person Train Operations". 2216:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1241:In April 2016, drivers belonging to the 3401:(in Danish). berlingske.dk. 9 July 2013 3357:(in Danish). berlingske.dk. 9 July 2013 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2363: 2261:Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway 1043:, had only one person in the loco cab. 960: 807:Several systems within France are DOO. 4609:. Main Sunday Telegram. 23 August 2013 4418:. Metro. 21 March 2012. Archived from 4157:"Scotrail industrial dispute resolved" 4082:Henderson, Damien (20 December 2012). 2942:"One-Person Train Operation on Line 1" 2930:from the original on 19 November 2022. 1746:– Most electric train services in the 1089:systems are all driver-only operated. 602:on the rural single-track railways of 238:On the London Underground, the use of 4587:(in Danish). TV2 Nord. 31 August 2011 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2677:. Guardian-series.co.uk. 19 July 2013 2642:"No more one-man crews on oil trains" 908:In Japan, passenger trains without a 7: 3725:"Kräver stopp för ensamma lokförare" 2605:"COPENHAGEN S-BANE AUTOMATION STUDY" 2347:Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway 2257:Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway 1586:adding citations to reliable sources 1343:adding citations to reliable sources 718:adding citations to reliable sources 4585:"Mogens kom forbi – Britt og toget" 3839:Barnes, Michael (15 January 2014). 3399:"DSB betaler togførere for at møde" 3355:"DSB betaler togførere for at møde" 3102:(in Danish). Dsb.dk. Archived from 227:Besides the dead man's switch, the 3968:Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard 3710:(May). Transport Canada: 28. 1997. 3473:"Regionstog – Billetter og priser" 2379:. Montreal, Quebec. Archived from 2267:to run one-person freight trains. 1831:The UK rail safety regulator, the 1204:Realising the potential of GB rail 25: 4108:Henderson, Damien (22 May 2012). 3581:Fülling, Thomas (19 April 2013). 3285:(in Danish). DSB.dk. 17 July 2013 1172:London Overground Rail Operations 660:This section has multiple issues. 3608:"Transportation in Japan: Buses" 3313:(in Danish). DSB. 18 August 2015 3202:(in Danish). Dr.dk. 28 June 2013 2493:"CCTV and passenger information" 2414:"MTA One-Person Train Operation" 2195: 1822:Driver Dispatch Screen side view 1562: 1319: 1064:health and safety representative 1019: 1007: 987: 963: 912:are indicated by a sign reading 756: 690: 649: 494: 470:operates with one-person crews. 2699:Sambides, Nick (17 July 2013). 2648:. Pressherald.com. 23 July 2013 2371:Bagnall, Janet (11 July 2013). 2329:Federal Railroad Administration 2299:are operated by two engineers. 1833:Rail Safety and Standards Board 1573:needs additional citations for 1330:needs additional citations for 668:or discuss these issues on the 184:One of the first examples of a 4533:Deveau, Scott (13 July 2013). 4037:. 8 April 2010. Archived from 3747:"Skyddsombud/arbetsmiljöombud" 2340:Federal Railroad Administrator 2096:Part-time one-person operation 2069:Full-time one-person operation 1622:– All trains operating out of 945:Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line 1: 4676:Automated track-bound traffic 4522:, New York City Transit, 1996 4084:"Rail union U-turn on strike" 3761:"London Underground Glossary" 3708:5.2.2 Tranzrail (New Zealand) 2116:Ozone Park–Lefferts Boulevard 2059:New York City Subway services 1208:Department of Transport (DfT) 1184:Comprehensive Spending Review 998:train. The blue section is a 217:Metropolitan District Railway 85:single person train operation 4199:Bus & Coach Preservation 4011:. BBC News. 24 February 2010 3222:"På bekostning af trygheden" 2974:"One Person Train Operation" 2839:"Victorian railways history" 2518:"Track To Train CCTV System" 1992:Red Line (RTA Rapid Transit) 1858:is a safe method of working. 1814:, used for closing the doors 577:Danish Ministry of Transport 3868:Roy McNulty (15 May 2011). 2775:Newman, Andy (7 May 2010). 2222:conditions to do so are met 2118:branch during late nights ( 2032:Miami-Dade County Metrorail 1810:Driver Dispatch Screens at 1784:Driver Controlled Operation 1177:Chancellor of the Exchequer 953:Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line 914: 530:A Danish train driver on a 480:driver-controlled operation 383:is not compatible with ATC. 101:driver-controlled operation 4692: 3820:. BBC News. 16 August 2013 2924:Toronto Transit Commission 2841:. Mark Bau. Archived from 2006:are driver-only operated. 1477:Nottingham Express Transit 1282:Airdrie-Bathgate Rail Link 1149:Gospel Oak to Barking line 412:Bombardier Toronto Rockets 348:Toronto Transit Commission 93:one-person train operation 4671:Rail transport operations 4063:. Railnews. 19 March 2010 3992:. BBC News. 23 June 2016. 3694:東京メトロ丸ノ内線全線ワンマン運転実施のお知らせ 1994:, is operated using DOO. 1670:– Most 'Networker' Class 1212:Office of Rail Regulation 1143:now operates 100% of its 1113:, London Underground and 936: 921: 833:Tramways in Île-de-France 503:This section needs to be 153:train operating companies 127:automatic train operation 4562:. Transport Canada. 1997 4212:TheJMR (25 March 2013). 3132:(in Danish). 7 June 2013 2741:Post, C. Robert (2007). 2549:(in Danish). 7 June 2013 1874:Department for Transport 1719:Govia Thameslink Railway 1650:– Services operating to 1543:London heritage route 15 1252:Govia Thameslink Railway 996:Shigaraki Kohgen Railway 298:suburban railway network 4279:"Driver only operation" 3919:. Railnews. 20 May 2011 2336:Lac-Mégantic derailment 2272:Lac-Mégantic derailment 2075:Franklin Avenue Shuttle 1851:Office of Rail and Road 1500:Docklands Light Railway 1228:Trans Pennine franchise 880:ZAT-FM, being the old " 598:The trains operated by 589:train operating company 419:automatic train control 393:Line 1 Yonge-University 377:Automatic Train Control 367:Line 1 Yonge-University 302:train operating company 300:(currently operated by 3785:RMT (16 August 2013). 2808:Connor, Piers (2006). 1955:Bay Area Rapid Transit 1905:are both DOO systems. 1860: 1847: 1841: 1823: 1815: 1680:British Rail Class 387 1652:Aylesbury Vale Parkway 1619:Abellio Greater Anglia 1354:"One-person operation" 934:, a boarding voucher ( 888: 882: 864: 858: 848: 535: 305:Metro Trains Melbourne 244:terminal train station 181: 57: 41: 3789:. RMT. Archived from 3499:"lokalplan 2006-2015" 3079:"OPERATIONAL FACTORS" 2703:. Bangordailynews.com 2646:Maine Sunday Telegram 2491:Transport, Faiveley. 2085:Rockaway Park Shuttle 2004:US light rail systems 1929:, continued with the 1821: 1809: 1796:Ashford International 1788:Milton Keynes Central 1706:and services west of 1667:Great Western Railway 1545:that was operated by 1456:Tyne & Wear Metro 1261:and belonging to the 1198:, chair of the major 1194:By 21 July 2010, Sir 846: 831:lines and all of the 587:. This compelled the 529: 397:Line 2 Bloor-Danforth 373:Line 2 Bloor-Danforth 344:Toronto subway system 175: 69:driver-only operation 47: 35: 4223:– via YouTube. 4214:"FCC Train Dispatch" 3749:. Arbetsmiljöverket. 2986:on 11 September 2018 2926:. 20 November 2022. 2434:Lowe, David (2002), 1582:improve this article 1481:Manchester Metrolink 1441:driven automatically 1339:improve this article 1206:commissioned by the 714:improve this section 575:On 7 June 2013, the 566:Danish Railway Union 439:Greater Toronto Area 219:equipped two of its 61:One-person operation 18:One person operation 4311:. 25 November 2016. 3633:"運行について>列車の利用方法" 2869:OHS Canada Magazine 2334:In the wake of the 2209:of this section is 1660:'locomotive hauled' 1632:'locomotive hauled' 1489:Sheffield Supertram 1473:West Midlands Metro 1058:system operated by 612:Nordjyske Jernbaner 3453:on 5 November 2013 3086:onlinepubs.trb.org 2781:The New York Times 2617:on 20 January 2016 1824: 1816: 1678:and 'Electrostar' 1420:London Underground 1224:Northern franchise 1135:London Underground 1133:All trains on the 1107:London Underground 849: 769:. You can help by 536: 389:Line 3 Scarborough 355:Line 3 Scarborough 346:, operated by the 182: 58: 42: 4379:. 6 December 2016 4285:on 3 October 2017 4267:. 18 August 2016. 4241:on 3 October 2017 3970:. 19 January 2015 3894:on 22 August 2014 3884:978-1-84864-123-5 3793:on 17 August 2013 3675:(3). Hitachi: 148 3067:on 20 April 2022. 2754:978-0-313-33916-5 2522:Ogier Electronics 2472:on 3 January 2014 2383:on 17 August 2013 2327:According to the 2319:nuclear trains). 2250: 2249: 2242: 2147:Philadelphia Area 2034:is DOO operated. 1957:is entirely DOO. 1903:Atlanta Streetcar 1882:Equality Act 2010 1735:London Overground 1684:London Paddington 1647:Chiltern Railways 1614: 1613: 1606: 1485:Blackpool Tramway 1415: 1414: 1407: 1389: 1190:England and Wales 1145:London Overground 976:Muroran Main Line 805: 804: 797: 787: 786: 750: 749: 742: 683: 631:ticket inspectors 524: 523: 433:Line 6 Finch West 323:were introduced. 210:industrial action 197:dead man's switch 107:alone, without a 77:one-man operation 67:), also known as 16:(Redirected from 4683: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4634:Federal Register 4625: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4581: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4474: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4454: 4447: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4422:on 7 August 2013 4412: 4403: 4402: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4281:. 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Archived from 3059: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3035: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2985: 2979:. Archived from 2978: 2970: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2900:. 2 October 2016 2890: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2871:. 4 October 2016 2861: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2817:Underground News 2814: 2805: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2738: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2696: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2671: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2638: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2616: 2609: 2601: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2581: 2574: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2497: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2471: 2464: 2455: 2440: 2439: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2410: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2368: 2265:Transport Canada 2245: 2238: 2234: 2231: 2225: 2199: 2198: 2191: 2172:Washington Metro 2166:Washington, D.C. 1969:the city's main 1748:Strathclyde area 1727:Heathrow Express 1624:Liverpool Street 1609: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1589: 1566: 1558: 1547:AEC Routemasters 1539:New Routemasters 1410: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1390: 1388: 1347: 1323: 1315: 1299:ticket inspector 1157:East London line 1111:Blackpool system 1060:Veolia Transport 1023: 1011: 994:A fare box on a 991: 967: 939: 938: 926: 924: 923: 917: 891: 885: 867: 861: 800: 793: 782: 779: 760: 752: 745: 738: 734: 731: 725: 694: 686: 675: 653: 652: 645: 519: 516: 510: 498: 497: 490: 327:Pacific National 283:Pacific National 260:Adelaide Metro's 186:public transport 163:Passenger trains 99:), similarly to 40:train in Denmark 38:DB Schenker Rail 21: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4666:Bus terminology 4656: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4643: 4641: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4610: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4590: 4588: 4583: 4582: 4575: 4565: 4563: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4543: 4541: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4476: 4475: 4468: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4425: 4423: 4414: 4413: 4406: 4401:. 28 July 2022. 4397: 4396: 4392: 4382: 4380: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4356: 4354: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4288: 4286: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4244: 4242: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4218: 4216: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4195: 4191: 4180: 4176: 4166: 4164: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4140: 4138: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4114:Herald Scotland 4107: 4106: 4102: 4092: 4090: 4088:Herald Scotland 4081: 4080: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4041:on 9 April 2010 4035:Herald Scotland 4029: 4028: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4007: 4006: 3997: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3947: 3945: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3922: 3920: 3915: 3914: 3907: 3897: 3895: 3891: 3885: 3874: 3867: 3866: 3859: 3849: 3847: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3816: 3815: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3784: 3783: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3723: 3722: 3715: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3664: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3644: 3642: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3616: 3614: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3565: 3563: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3537:on 30 June 2011 3534: 3527: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3479:on 30 July 2013 3471: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3428: 3427:on 30 July 2013 3419: 3418: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3360: 3358: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3338: 3336: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3305: 3298: 3288: 3286: 3281: 3280: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3256: 3255: 3244: 3234: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3183: 3181: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3158:on 7 April 2014 3150: 3149: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3106:on 7 April 2014 3098: 3097: 3093: 3081: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3057: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3014: 3012: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2972: 2971: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2892: 2891: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2848: 2846: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2812: 2807: 2806: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2740: 2739: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2673: 2672: 2661: 2651: 2649: 2640: 2639: 2630: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2595: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2572: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2552: 2550: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2524: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2462: 2457: 2456: 2443: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2411: 2396: 2386: 2384: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2343:Joseph C. Szabo 2325: 2313: 2305: 2289: 2281: 2246: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2215: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2184: 2168: 2153:PATCO Speedline 2149: 2132:) : 5 cars 2098: 2071: 2040: 2028: 2012: 2000: 1988: 1963: 1951: 1919: 1911: 1895: 1890: 1869: 1829: 1704:Gatwick Airport 1610: 1599: 1593: 1590: 1579: 1567: 1556: 1493:Edinburgh Trams 1469:London Tramlink 1411: 1400: 1394: 1391: 1348: 1346: 1336: 1324: 1313: 1308: 1271: 1247:Gatwick Express 1200:value for money 1192: 1131: 1123:AEC Routemaster 1095: 1079:Barcelona Metro 1075: 1049: 1037: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1015: 1012: 1003: 992: 983: 968: 918: 906: 898: 871:Since 2014 the 841: 825: 817:Marseille Metro 813: 801: 790: 789: 788: 783: 777: 774: 767:needs expansion 761: 746: 735: 729: 726: 711: 695: 654: 650: 643: 520: 514: 511: 508: 499: 495: 488: 476: 464: 453: 441: 429:Line 5 Eglinton 401:Line 4 Sheppard 361:Line 4 Sheppard 340: 335: 321:A-series trains 313: 291: 257: 252: 229:electrification 170: 165: 144:as well as the 132:While European 50:Vykhino station 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4689: 4687: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4651: 4620: 4598: 4573: 4551: 4539:Financial Post 4525: 4511: 4490: 4466: 4455:on 13 May 2013 4433: 4404: 4390: 4364: 4339: 4314: 4309:www.orr.gov.uk 4296: 4270: 4252: 4226: 4204: 4189: 4174: 4148: 4137:. 21 June 2016 4126: 4100: 4074: 4052: 4022: 3995: 3981: 3955: 3930: 3905: 3883: 3877:. p. 61. 3857: 3831: 3804: 3774: 3763:. trainweb.org 3752: 3738: 3713: 3698: 3686: 3669:Hitachi Review 3652: 3638:Ōigawa Railway 3624: 3599: 3573: 3548: 3515: 3490: 3464: 3438: 3412: 3390: 3368: 3346: 3324: 3296: 3271: 3242: 3213: 3191: 3169: 3143: 3117: 3091: 3070: 3046: 3022: 2997: 2958: 2933: 2911: 2882: 2856: 2845:on 30 May 2008 2830: 2793: 2767: 2753: 2714: 2688: 2659: 2628: 2593: 2582:on 13 May 2013 2560: 2534: 2509: 2483: 2441: 2426: 2394: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2345:demanded that 2338:in July 2013, 2324: 2321: 2312: 2311:United Kingdom 2309: 2304: 2301: 2288: 2285: 2280: 2277: 2270:Following the 2248: 2247: 2203: 2201: 2194: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2182:Freight trains 2180: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2162: 2156: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2133: 2123: 2109: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2082: 2070: 2067: 2057:The following 2039: 2036: 2027: 2024: 2011: 2008: 1999: 1996: 1987: 1984: 1962: 1959: 1950: 1947: 1918: 1915: 1910: 1907: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1868: 1865: 1828: 1825: 1804: 1803: 1774:with both the 1763: 1751: 1739: 1731: 1723: 1715: 1663: 1643: 1635: 1612: 1611: 1570: 1568: 1561: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1504: 1496: 1460: 1452: 1448:Glasgow Subway 1444: 1413: 1412: 1327: 1325: 1318: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1270: 1267: 1191: 1188: 1180:George Osborne 1130: 1127: 1115:Glasgow Subway 1094: 1093:United Kingdom 1091: 1074: 1071: 1048: 1045: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1006: 1004: 1000:change machine 993: 986: 984: 969: 962: 959: 958: 957: 949:Toei Ōedo Line 905: 902: 897: 894: 840: 837: 824: 821: 812: 809: 803: 802: 785: 784: 764: 762: 755: 748: 747: 698: 696: 689: 684: 658: 657: 655: 648: 642: 639: 522: 521: 502: 500: 493: 487: 484: 475: 472: 468:Montreal Metro 463: 462:Montreal Metro 460: 452: 449: 440: 437: 385: 384: 370: 364: 358: 339: 338:Toronto subway 336: 334: 331: 312: 309: 290: 287: 277:Great Southern 269:Indian Pacific 256: 253: 251: 248: 240:multiple units 169: 166: 164: 161: 138:North American 134:freight trains 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4688: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4621: 4608: 4602: 4599: 4586: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4526: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4500: 4494: 4491: 4479: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4451: 4444: 4437: 4434: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4394: 4391: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4340: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4300: 4297: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4253: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4227: 4215: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4200: 4193: 4190: 4186: 4183: 4178: 4175: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4101: 4089: 4085: 4078: 4075: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4010: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3985: 3982: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3956: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3931: 3918: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3890: 3886: 3880: 3873: 3872: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3832: 3819: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3762: 3756: 3753: 3748: 3742: 3739: 3726: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3687: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3656: 3653: 3641:(in Japanese) 3640: 3639: 3634: 3628: 3625: 3613: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3588: 3587:morgenpost.de 3584: 3577: 3574: 3562: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3516: 3500: 3494: 3491: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3452: 3448: 3447:"Salgssteder" 3442: 3439: 3426: 3422: 3416: 3413: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3378: 3372: 3369: 3356: 3350: 3347: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3309: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3284: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3259: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3230: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3201: 3195: 3192: 3179: 3173: 3170: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3131: 3130:Ekstra Bladet 3127: 3121: 3118: 3105: 3101: 3095: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3063: 3056: 3055:"Poll Report" 3050: 3047: 3032: 3026: 3023: 3011: 3007: 3001: 2998: 2982: 2975: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2912: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2831: 2818: 2811: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2768: 2756: 2750: 2746: 2745: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2702: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2676: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2613: 2606: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2578: 2571: 2564: 2561: 2548: 2547:Ekstra Bladet 2544: 2538: 2535: 2523: 2519: 2513: 2510: 2494: 2487: 2484: 2468: 2461: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438:, p. 172 2437: 2430: 2427: 2415: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2367: 2364: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2330: 2323:United States 2322: 2320: 2318: 2310: 2308: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2286: 2284: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2244: 2241: 2233: 2223: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2202: 2193: 2192: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2165: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2114:train on the 2113: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2063:rolling stock 2060: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2044:New York City 2038:New York City 2037: 2035: 2033: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1971:rapid transit 1968: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1937:in 2012. The 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1916: 1914: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1892: 1888:United States 1887: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1866: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1836: 1834: 1826: 1820: 1813: 1808: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1654:and south of 1653: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1608: 1605: 1597: 1594:November 2020 1587: 1583: 1577: 1576: 1571:This section 1569: 1565: 1560: 1559: 1554:National Rail 1553: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1416: 1409: 1406: 1398: 1395:December 2023 1387: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1356: – 1355: 1351: 1350:Find sources: 1344: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1328:This article 1326: 1322: 1317: 1316: 1311:Metro systems 1310: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1284:in 2010, the 1283: 1278: 1276: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1253: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1236:Great Western 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1136: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1102: 1100: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1034: 1022: 1017: 1010: 1005: 1001: 997: 990: 985: 981: 977: 974:train on the 973: 966: 961: 956: 954: 950: 946: 941: 933: 928: 916: 911: 903: 901: 895: 893: 890: 884: 878: 874: 873:Berlin S-Bahn 869: 866: 860: 854: 845: 838: 836: 834: 830: 822: 820: 818: 810: 808: 799: 796: 781: 778:November 2020 772: 768: 765:This section 763: 759: 754: 753: 744: 741: 733: 730:November 2020 723: 719: 715: 709: 708: 704: 699:This section 697: 693: 688: 687: 682: 680: 673: 672: 667: 666: 661: 656: 647: 646: 640: 638: 636: 632: 627: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 596: 593: 590: 586: 585:strike action 582: 578: 573: 569: 567: 562: 557: 555: 554:regional rail 550: 548: 545: 544:commuter rail 541: 533: 528: 518: 515:November 2020 506: 501: 492: 491: 485: 483: 481: 473: 471: 469: 461: 459: 457: 450: 448: 445: 438: 436: 434: 430: 426: 422: 420: 415: 413: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 382: 378: 374: 371: 368: 365: 362: 359: 356: 353: 352: 351: 349: 345: 337: 332: 330: 328: 324: 322: 318: 310: 308: 306: 303: 299: 296: 288: 286: 284: 280: 278: 274: 270: 266: 261: 254: 249: 247: 245: 241: 236: 234: 233:dieselisation 230: 225: 222: 218: 213: 211: 206: 200: 198: 194: 191: 187: 179: 174: 167: 162: 160: 158: 154: 149: 147: 143: 139: 135: 130: 128: 123: 121: 117: 112: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 55: 51: 46: 39: 34: 30: 19: 4642:. 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