683:, as people in these categories may choose to have sex with people even though they are not "particularly wanting it or enjoying it themselves". Lily Zheng states that while enthusiastic consent is good theory, it is a "nightmare in real-life intimacy" and she says that since it cannot "...move beyond guesswork, cues and assumptions plays right into normative â straight, white, cisgender, middle-class â ideas about society", which means it does not work well for Asians, blacks, queer communities and other racial or sexual minorities. Zheng states that the enthusiastic consent model is "so vague" that "determining whether or not a real interaction was âenthusiasticâ or not becomes next to impossible". Julianne Ross states that consenting adults may have sex that they both want to have without giving "enthusiastic consent", such as couples having sex to get pregnant or couples who want to please each other. One challenge with getting people to give enthusiastic consent in the bedroom is that women may be reticent to speak about their sexual desires because of a fear that they may be "slut-shamed".
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instead of something that needs specific communication. The sociocultural environment includes gender norms and gender socialization. Boys are raised socially to be dominant and powerful, which affects the way men view their masculinity when their partner doesnât want to engage in sex. Gendered socialization also promotes the expectation that women should be submissive and acquiesce to their partnerâs wishes. These strict gender norms promote the use of sexual coercion by men as a normal part of heterosexual relations. These behaviors are sometimes amplified when the concept of historical sexual relations comes into play. These issues may be further exacerbated within committed relationships because of the assumption that, if someone consented to sexual activity before, they will always consent. When it comes to same-sex relationships, less research has been conducted, but in a sample of gay and lesbian participants 52% reported experiencing at least one incident of sexual coercion within their lifetime.
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about queer students at McGill
University states that in queer sexual encounters, there is not a set script of activities, as with heterosexual sex, and queer sex is more exploratory; as such, there are more discussions about consent between queer partners about every step and act. However, Rebecca Kahn states that in queer encounters where one person is cis-gender and one person is trans, the cis person may have more power in the relationship that can give the trans person "...feelings of fear, or more subtly,...a desire to please the more privileged partner" in the encounter; Kahn says that to address these power differentials, the privileged partner should make sure the marginalized person feels comfortable by letting them know that consent is not assumed. Asexual people may feel pressured to consent to having sex when they are in a relationship.
657:" where a woman says yes to an initiator in a sexual encounter when she "desperately" means "no", engaging in what she calls "begrudgingly consensual sex" because saying yes is easier than explaining a "no" or exiting the situation, and because Western culture teaches women to be "âniceâ and âquietâ and âpolite" and to "protect othersâ feelings" at the expense of the woman's own feelings and desires. Julianne Ross states that in a Western society where sexual narratives focus on male desire, what women want can be deemed less important; as such, in this context, women in heterosexual encounters may feel a pressure to say yes to certain sex acts for fear that they may be criticized as a "prude" if they do not agree, or because the women want to fit into social expectations in their group, or because they are seeking validation.
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Sexual
Assault says that while the words used in "yes means yes" may vary, the main idea is that both people are agreeing to do sex acts. She says that "yes means yes" requires a major change in how we think of sexual assault, as it requires men and women to agree to and actively participate in sex. T.K. Pritchard says that even after consent is given, participants in an encounter should be "constantly checking in", and that there should be checking in before sexual contact, during sex, and after sex, to ensure consent was given. Lauren Larson states that a person should check in with their sex partner before kissing or sex, and also, even during sex, when they change the speed of an action, switch to a different position, or move their hands to a new body area.
707:) were subsequently picked up by numerous sex educators, universities, governmental organisations, sexual violence prevention groups and rape crisis centres, and endorsed by celebrities. Praised for using simplicity, clarity and humour in tackling a serious topic, it received several awards, had been translated into 25 languages and viewed at least 75 million times by October 2016, and was later viewed approximately 150 million times across platforms according to Blue Seat Studios. Samantha Pegg argued that "Tea Consent" has its limitations, as it does not address scenarios such as drunken consent, conditional consent, youth, disability or abuse of trust, but 'the value of getting the basics of consent out to a wider audience cannot be underestimated.'
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that to work, the new law needs to have "overreach", so that it will create a "cold spike of fear" among college men about whether a sexual encounter is consensual. Klein states that cases where it is unclear whether consent was or was not given will be a necessary part of the law's effectiveness, as these cases will help to reduce sexual assaults, as students become aware of the disciplinary process and the consequences for those found guilty. Freddie deBoer states that if "yes means yes" becomes widespread, it would lead to a lower standard of proof being available to law enforcement and justice institutions which have thus far shown evidence of using racial or class-based prejudice when assessing and trying cases (e.g.,
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consent can be seen when a partner is "...happy, excited, or energized". Australia's NSW Minister for the
Prevention of Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Pru Goward has called for an enthusiastic consent, which has been defined as an approach that helps to ensure that both participants want to be in the encounter. A sexual assault survivor who supports the enthusiastic consent model states that "...if it's not an enthusiastic yes, then it's not enough." Dr Nicola Henry stated that "legislating and determining 'enthusiastic' in a court would be challenging". Benedict Brook defines "enthusiastic consent" as âyes mean yesâ with more vigour and with "constant checking in between partners that all is well."
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1335:, Alexander Cheves argues that when a person enters a dark backroom of a gay bar, "you waive a degree of consent", because "ay men go back there to get groped." Cheves states that for people going into a backroom, the onus is on them to "gently push" an unwanted hand away from their body. In "Discussing Consent in Gay Spaces Requires Nuance, Not Sex Panic", Rennie McDougall states that adding modern consent approaches to gay spaces such as gay bars and saunas would have a negative effect on gay men's sexual interactions, because non-consensual but non-threatening hands of a stranger on a bottom, chest or crotch can be a "positive part of sexual discovery" for gay men.
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age, gender, whether one is married, religion or employment, sexually transmitted infections testing status, giving the impression that one is someone's partner, or that one is single, and falsely making the person think that a sexual activity is some type of medical procedure. Examples include a
California man who snuck into the bedroom of an 18-year-old woman right after her boyfriend left the bedroom, so she thought he was her boyfriend; an Israeli man who lied and told a woman he was a pilot and a medical doctor to have sex with her; and a US man who falsely claimed to be an NFL football player as a way to get sexual encounters.
695:âbased non-profit using hand-drawn animation seeking to teach serious subjects with humour and compassion. Written by Emmeline May (alias Rockstar Dinosaur Pirate Princess), drawn by Rachel Brian, and originally voiced by Graham Wheeler, the video uses offering someone a cup of tea as an analogy to asking if someone wants to have sex, emphasising that person A should not force person B to drink tea, even if B previously wanted tea or was not sure yet if they wanted tea, and that B cannot answer the question whether they (still) want tea if they are unconscious. "Tea Consent" was originally produced for an awareness campaign of
2981:"We found that although white students correctly perceived that black women were at risk in a pre-assault situation, they tended not to feel as personally involved in the situation," the researchers at SUNY Geneseo, Jennifer Katz and Christine Merrilees, said in an interview with PsyPost. In other words, "despite their shared status as women, white female bystanders in the current study may have felt that a Black woman's plight was not as personally relevant because race has a more powerful effect than gender on intent to intervene and feelings of responsibility to intervene," they write in the study.
97:) needs to be universal, so as to avoid confusion in legal decisions. He also demonstrates how the moral notion of consent does not always align with the legal concept. For example, some adult siblings or other family members may voluntarily enter into a relationship, however the legal system still deems this as incestual, and therefore a crime. Roffee argues that the use of particular language in the legislation regarding these familial sexual activities manipulates the reader to view it as immoral and criminal, even if all parties are consenting. Similarly, some
526:(CFS) created the "No Means No" campaign in the 1990s to increase awareness by university students about "sexual assault, acquaintance rape, and dating violence" and decrease the incidence of these issues. The CFS developed a âNo Means Noâ campaign that included research on sexual assault and producing and distributing buttons, stickers, posters and postcards with the slogan and other information. According to the CFS, "No Means No" to set in place a no tolerance approach to sexual violence and harassment and educate students about these issues.
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She states that the queer female community has "butt-grabbing, dudeish remarks, and aggressive, persistent come-ons" and she says there is a sense that being aggressive or using âsexual energy to wield power is...hotâ. She says some women feel a sense of "entitlement" to touch that blurs the concept of consent. Another issue is that queer women often grow up only exposed to media representations of heterosexual dating, so young queer females may lack a vocabulary for women-on-women dating and an understanding of the social cues for consent.
1082:, the consent captain warns the person engaging in unwanted behavior that those acts are not tolerated in the venue; if the unwanted acts continue, she may "eventually ask them to leave". The consent captain also checks on people who are intoxicated, to prevent people from taking advantage of their impaired state. Since the consent captain is, in this case, a sexual health educator, she is better able to notice risk situations regarding consent and harassment that regular bouncers might not notice. Geib says that since the
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stopped participating, but the other person, who was sexually excited, continued to proceed to new sex acts, and a case in which a couple was drunk and had sex. The aim of the workshop was to consider if consent was asked for and obtained in these scenarios. While Sydney
University has introduced an online sexual consent course, Nina Funnell states that it has been criticized by students, professors and sexual assault prevention leaders as "tokenistic", inexpensive, and ineffective in changing student attitudes or actions.
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right mood to start with." In Robyn Urback's article "To McGill activists, a 'yes' doesn't mean consent", she states that the "Forum on
Consent hosted at McGill suggests that a meek âyes,â or a nonchalant âyes,â or a âyesâ without emphatic body language does not constitute consent. According to the panel âIt must be loud and clear"". Charles Sturt University's sexual consent program leader Isabel Fox, an enthusiastic consent advocate, says that "Our tag is 'It is not a yes unless it's a hell yes'."
254:. The person below the minimum age is regarded as the victim and his or her sex partner is regarded as the offender, unless both are underage. The purpose of setting an age of consent is to protect an underage person from sexual advances. Age of consent laws vary widely from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, though most jurisdictions set the age of consent in the range 14 to 18. The laws may also vary by the type of sexual act, the gender of the participants or other considerations, such as involving a
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did not wish to have, marriages to spouses who beat them, or jobs where a boss sexually harasses them, since they consented to the sex, marriage or taking the job, respectively (even if they did not want the adverse results, such as on-the-job harassment). West states that if we make consent the key ethical standard in life, then all of these negative experiences for women will be not able to be criticized, as people will say that the woman chose of her own free will to enter that situation.
136:, where the court unanimously ruled that consent has to be explicit, instead of merely "implied". In the United States, the defense may have a chance to convince the court that consent was in some way implied by the victim. Many actions can be perceived by the court as implied consent: having a previous relationship with the alleged rapist (e.g. befriending, dating, cohabitating, or marrying), consenting to sexual contact on previous occasions, flirting, or wearing "provocative" clothing.
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a man who is in private with a woman in a romantic context can undress her and penetrate her if she does not say "no", even if she is staring ahead and saying and doing nothing, which Colb says treats being quiet or not moving as an invitation to sex. She says that under a "no means no" approach, there is not a metaphorical "Do Not
Trespass" sign on a woman's body, and as such, women have to fear that accepting a date and being in private with the partner could lead to unwanted sex.
995:; she states the signing of the legal contract before sex could help to avoid uncertainty in sexual encounters. In Emma Green's article about the film, entitled "Consent Isn't Enough: The Troubling Sex of Fifty Shades", she disagrees with consent contracts as a solution on the grounds that "even explicit consent" may not be enough in hard-drinking college dorm environments where most students have little experience with negotiating sexual permission.
854:, and thus provides decent protection to the legal position and social reputation of suspects who are innocent. The consent-based model has been advocated as a better alternative for enhanced legal protection of victims, and to place a larger responsibility on potential perpetrators to actively verify or falsify before initiating sex whether a potential victim actually consents to initiating sex or not, and abstaining from it as long as they do not.
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sex is not being met, shows passive-aggressive behaviour, or persistently asks again and again until they get a "yes". Conn Caroll states that social conservatives may support the "yes means yes" laws, as the increased risk of being found guilty of sexual misconduct will lessen student interest in "hook up culture" and create an incentive for men to form long-term, committed relationships with women, rather than just seeking out one-night stands.
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330:
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1264:. It is an agreement where comprehensive consent is given in advance, with the intent of it being irrevocable under most circumstances. This often occurs without foreknowledge of the exact actions planned. Even if two participants in a BDSM encounter agree that they consent to violence, in Canada, the law limits what violent sexual act people can consent to; specifically, Canadians cannot consent to getting seriously injured.
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alcohol or drugs. The
Supreme Court of Canada has ruled that a person drunk to the point of unconsciousness cannot consent to sex; the court ruled that once a person loses consciousness, they cannot consent. There was public outrage after a Canadian judge ruled that an intoxicated person can consent; however, a legal expert interviewed by CBC stated that "a drunken consent is still a consent" under Canadian law.
1238:. It can include lying about use of contraception or sabotaging birth control (such as by poking holes in a condom), or self-inseminating with sperm retrieved from a condom. It raises interesting questions in that regard â in normal stealthing, the victim can still seek an abortion, while here, the male partner ends up being victimized twice over as he cannot force her to end her pregnancy, or refuse to make
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of court trials, as they are based on an allegation, an investigation is done, a hearing is held, evidence is brought forward, sentences are handed down, and there is an appeal that can be made. Shibley states that accused do not have core protections and he states that the college does the investigation, judges the case in the trial, and hears the appeal, which means there is not a separation of functions.
1042:, sexual health educators, domestic violence prevention advocates, and theater professionals. SAI's hiring for the consent educator positions is inclusive of diverse "gender identities, racial backgrounds, sexual orientations, and sexual experiences." Yale University hires Communication and Consent Educators, who are students who lead workshops and training and start conversations about sex and consent.
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intoxication perspective, for consent; however, the app was removed from sale because both men and women did not like clicking on a smartphone in the bedroom to record their consent. A lawyer states that legally, apps are redundant and could only serve as circumstantial evidence, because they generally do not take into account a person's right to withdraw consent at any point in the sexual interaction.
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agreed-upon sexual activity." Claremont McKenna
College Dean of Students Mary Spellman says "yes means yes" can be expressed nonverbally by determining "s the person actively participating?...Are they touching me when I am touching them? Are they encouraging me when I'm doing various different things? Those would all be signs that the person is an active participant in whatever is going on."
1249:" posted online or otherwise disseminated by former partners without permission and âleaked celebrity photosâ that are hacked or stolen from stars' phones are "non-consensual pornography". She says that these two activities are a "form of sexual assault and should be treated as such", noting that revenge porn is an offence in 34 US states with legislation pending (in 2017) in other states.
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for bar patrons experiencing unwanted sexual attention. Some activists on campus hold "consent days" where there are panels and discussions on sexual consent and hand out t-shirts and condom packages with pro-consent messaging to build awareness. At
Whitman College, students founded All Students for Consent, which answers students' questions about seeking consent in intimate encounters.
194:, a psychologist and neuroscientist, states that in a sexual consent context, "ace and body movements aren't a language" that participants can rely on, because the human "brain is always guessing" about how to interpret smiles and expressions; as such, "...facial movements are terrible indicators of consent, rejection and emotion in general" and they are "not a replacement for words."
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introduced a revised Sex Ed curriculum to Toronto schools, including new discussions of sex and affirmative consent, healthy relationships and communication. Many universities have instituted campaigns about consent. Creative campaigns with attention-grabbing slogans and images that market consent can be effective tools to raise awareness of campus sexual assault and related issues.
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957:(BrÄ) reported that the number of rape convictions had increased from 190 in 2017 to 333 in 2019, a rise of 75% after Sweden adopted a consent-based definition of rape in May 2018. BrÄ was positively surprised by this greater-than-expected impact, saying 'this has led to greater justice for victims of rape,' and hoping it would improve social attitudes towards sex.
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sexual encounter. To address these concerns, there was a shift from 'no means no' to 'yes means yes' (affirmative consent), to ensure that people were not having sexual actions taken on them due to not speaking up or not resisting. Amanda Hess states that a person may not be able to say no, or they may be intoxicated or passed out, or they may freeze up from fear.
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sentiment." Hickman and Muehlenhard state that consent should be "free verbal or nonverbal communication of a feeling of willingness' to engage in sexual activity." Affirmative consent may still be limited since the underlying, individual circumstances surrounding the consent cannot always be acknowledged in the "yes means yes", or in the "no means no", model.
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study has shown that white female students are less likely to intervene in a hypothetical situation where they see an intoxicated black woman being led towards a bedroom at a party by a non-intoxicated male, as white students feel "less personal responsibility" to help women of colour and they feel that the black woman is deriving pleasure from the situation.
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Antioch College, students must "...get explicit verbal permission before making any sexual advance", asking "'Can I do this?' And the person has to respond verbally, 'Yes.' And if they don't, it's considered nonconsent, and that's a violation of... policy"; a pre-arranged hand signal can also be used if the students made a "prior verbal agreement".
1187:, or exploiting somebody's incapacitation. By their strict definition, non-consensual situations only imply a disagreement, and thus, they can be resolved by simply walking away. Therefore, in Rubenfeld's view, the defenselessness of a person, or the use (or threat) of force, is the only criterion which can define rape in a logical way.
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consent contracts could give participants the mistaken sense that once the consent contract is signed, they cannot withdraw consent and stop the encounter. Llewellyn states that even with a signed consent contract, both partners should ensure ongoing enthusiastic consent to sex, because he says consent is fluid and changeable.
1133:" to ensure that actors' and actresses' consent is obtained before shooting romantic scenes and simulated sex scenes. To address concerns about the "vulnerability...and the massive power balance that can happen when a powerful showrunner or director asks an actress or actor...to get naked and simulate sex for the camera",
435:, the standard for coercion in law is "a direct or implied threat of force, violence, danger, or retribution sufficient to coerce a reasonable person of ordinary susceptibilities to perform an act which otherwise would not have been performed, or acquiesce in an act to which one otherwise would not have submitted".
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But the sanitization of gay spacesâa total cleaning up of our sometimes messy brushes with desireâwould be a profound loss. What arguments like these make clear is that when it comes to the language of assault, we should not generalize. A "strange hand on our butts" in a gay club, as Henry writes, is
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calling for "stealthing" to be legally considered as a kind of sexual assault, but also reviewed the difficulties in doing so: In all legal areas, breaking an agreement usually is not considered a crime, and that misrepresenting one's true intentions does not make a sexual act illegal. Thus, the most
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The Victoria Event Center has hired Tanille Geib, a sexual health educator/intimacy coach, to serve as Canada's first âconsent captainâ and stop sexual harassment and sexual assault at social activities. The consent captain intervenes if she sees people who are getting stared at, harassed, or touched
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and sexual consent. Friedman called for the need to "better educate young people in this country about sex, consent, and pleasure" by using consent education to teach about sexual communication, awareness of body language, and the need for checking in (if it not clear that the partner is enjoying the
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Even in a "yes means yes" paradigm, if a partner asks in a way where there is not room for a "no", or if they get a no and then use guilt to manipulate the person, that can be considered sexual coercion rather than consent; other examples include if a partner seeking sex complains that their need for
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Sherry Colb criticizes the "no means no" approach on the grounds that it makes sexual contact the "default" option when two people have agreed to be in private in a date-like situation, at least until the woman says "no" to the other person's advances. Colb says that under the "no means no" approach,
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Activists and educators promote "consent culture" by setting up consent education programs to publicize issues and provide information, hiring consent educators (or volunteers), using consent captains or consent guardians in entertainment venues, and introducing initiatives such as safety code words
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and sets out each person's terms and conditions, such as requiring condom use or agreeing to specific acts. However, concerns have been raised about these "consent apps". The Good2Go app gives a record of sexual consent that the company claims can be used as evidence of consent and capacity, from an
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Toronto sexual consent educator Farrah Khan disagrees with the idea of consent involving a signature on a contract, as she argues that it is an "ongoing conversation" that involves listening to one's sexual partner. David Llewellyn, who started the Good Lad Initiative at Oxford University, says that
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Robert Shibley notes that Jonathan Chait has expressed concern that colleges with "yes means yes" rules are removing due process; Shibley argues that fairness and consistency are needed in disciplinary systems; he states that even though college tribunals are not law courts, they still have elements
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asked a lawmaker how an innocent accused person could prove that he obtained consent, she was told âYour guess is as good as mine.â A judge overruled a University of Tennessee-Chattanooga ruling that a male student did not obtain consent; the judge wrote that "...bsent the tape recording of a verbal
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states that verbal consent is best because both participants can clearly indicate what they want, ask questions and seek clarification; in contrast, nonverbal consent may not be clear, as people "...have different understandings of gestures, âvibes,â and nonverbal cues", which can lead to "ambiguity
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In "Why Yes Can Mean No", Jordan Bosiljevac states that "yes" does not necessarily mean consent for "...poor, disabled, queer, non-white, trans, or feminine" people; she states that consent approaches are a form of privilege created for well-to-do, hetero, cis, White, able-bodied people. An article
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Jo Jackson says that in the queer female community she has had experiences where venue participants put their hands on her body (near her thigh) and touching her breasts without consent, but she said nothing because she felt at the time that these actions were part of "a soft charade of seduction".
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Philip Henry states that the male gay community tolerates and even encourages non-consenting grabbing and groping of butts and crotches in gay venues because the boundaries of consent are blurred in the gay club environment, particularly when there is drinking and semi-nude patrons dancing. He says
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Michael Segalov states that young gay men do not learn much about consent and sexual boundaries because most "were never taught the language with which to explain or understand" their experiences and there are typically few LGBT+ role models in their community or family to seek advice from. Segalov
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Legal scholar Robin West stated in a 2000 article that the use of consent as an ethical premise for life decisions may increase happiness in the world, except for women. She states that women technically consent to many of the life experiences that lead to misery for women, such as pregnancies they
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wrote that "enthusiasm, the unmistakable sense of not being able to keep your hands off each other ...is harder to mistake for anything else. And if it was there, but suddenly evaporates â well, you could always ask what's wrong. If those two words kill the mood dead, it almost certainly wasn't the
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states that the California "yes means yes" law is unlikely to make sexual predators less likely to attack or keep victims safe; she says it creates unclear and capricious rules on sexual activity and moves the burden of proof to those who are accused, who are typically male. Young states that when
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writer Kae Burdo, the maxim "only verbal consent counts" is limited, in that it fails to accommodate parties that can only consent non-verbally, such as people with disabilities and those in BDSM communities . Dartmouth College's rules on consent state that a communication in intimate encounters is
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For years, my female friends and I have spoken, with knowing nods, about a sexual interaction we call "the place of no return." It is a kind of sexual nuance that most women instinctively understand: the situation you thought you wanted, or maybe you actually never wanted, but somehow here you are
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But, from a social conservative viewpoint, is this really all that bad? Why on earth are we so concerned about protecting those who participate in the hook up culture? Shouldn't we want to create an incentive structure for men that encourage them to invest in long-term emotional relationships with
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Level 1 includes nonverbal sexual arousal tactics, such as persistent touching and kissing and clothing removal, that are intended to change the receiver's mind about saying no to sex Level 2 consists of tactics of emotional manipulation and lies. This category includes tactics that are typically
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supports California's "yes means yes" law for the state's colleges on the grounds that there are too many sexual assaults; as such, he endorses broad new legal measures like California's newly created law. While he acknowledges that the law impinges on the personal sexual lives of people, he says
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Kate Lockwood Harris argues that consent initiatives, such as "no means no" and "yes means yes" use views about communication which she sees as false myths, such as the claim that communication during sex can and should be a binary, unambiguous "no" or "yes". Harris states that by calling for this
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In Reina Gattuso's article entitled "Seven reasons consent apps are a terrible idea", she criticizes consent apps on the grounds that: a person can withdraw consent at any point, including minutes after clicking yes on the app; the binary yes or no approach of the apps simplifies the complexity of
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that are signed before some marriages. Dr. Cadell says that like a prenup, a sex contract can reduce litigation. The advocacy group named The Affirmative Consent Project is providing 'sexual consent kits' at US universities. The kits include a contract which the parties can sign, stating that they
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According to Yoon-Hendricks, a staff writer for Sex, Etc., "Instead of saying 'no means no,' 'yes means yes' looks at sex as a positive thing." Ongoing consent is sought at all levels of sexual intimacy regardless of the parties' relationship, prior sexual history or current activity ("Grinding on
438:
Tactics primarily used in an attempt to convince someone to have sexual relations with the perpetrator are persistent kissing and touching, repeated requests, emotional manipulation, and intoxication. Some of these tactics alone would be considered sexual harassment. Although someone can use these
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Donna Oriowo states that "...when we talk about consent, we very rarely are talking about black women or women of color", and the focus is usually on white women, with black women accusers continuing to face doubt and blame due to tropes depicting black women as "...over-sexed and only want sex."
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For bar patrons who are feeling uncomfortable with the behavior of their date, such as a person who is getting touched without their consent, some venues have a safety code system that enables patrons to alert staff. Some bars have posters in washrooms and drink coasters informing patrons that if
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The House of Yes nightclub hired a "consenticorn", a staffer who acts as a "dance-floor monitor" (also called a "consent guardian") for the venue. The consenticorns roam the venue during the sex-themed party wearing a lighted unicorn horn (to aid guests in finding the consent staffer), distribute
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The US non-profit organization Speak About It (SAI) hires consent educators to lead workshops on "sex, sexuality, relationships, consent, and sexual assault" for high-school and college students. SAI consent educators have included gender studies and women's studies students, university graduates
710:
By contrast, an April 2021 video called "Moving the Line" by the Good Society commissioned by the Australian government for sex education in schools, which uses milkshake to explain consent, was widely criticised by experts, campaigners and politicians. Key elements in the negative responses were
558:
Affirmative consent ("yes means yes") is when both parties agree to sexual conduct, either through clear, verbal communication or nonverbal cues or gestures. With "yes means yes", a person can still say "no" after an initial yes. "Yes means yes" was developed by a group of women at the US liberal
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Sexual encounters where one party uses deception or deceit to obtain consent could be non-consensual. As such, if A gives consent to have sex with B, but B has lied about a pertinent issue, A has not given fully informed consent. Deception could include false statements about using contraception,
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to sexual relations even with their spouse. New York does not consider it to be consent in cases where people have a physical disability that makes them unable to communicate that they do not consent, either using words or physically or if they have a mental illness or other mental condition that
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A 1998 study showed that both men and women "consen to unwanted sexual activity" in heterosexual dating; in these cases, they consented to unwanted sex to satisfy their partner, "promote intimacy", or avoid tension in the relationship. The authors argue that estimates of "unwanted (nonconsensual)
1312:. Brodie Turner, the organizer of a 2019 Consent Festival, says that the lengthy history of "LGBTIQA+ silencing" and erasure from sex education and the lack of media depictions of "healthy relationships" mean that LGBTIQA+ people do not know about consent or have a sense that it is their right.
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A variant of "yes means yes" consent is enthusiastic consent. Project Respect states that "'positive sexuality' needs to start with enthusiastic consent" in which a person is as "excited and into someone else's enjoyment" as they are, an engaged partner. Planned Parenthood says that enthusiastic
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programs that teach people to intervene when they see potential sexual misconduct situations, for example, by moving a male friend at a party away from an intoxicated woman he is talking to, if she seems unable to consent to his advances. One challenge with bystander education programs is that a
442:
There is an increase in prevalence of sexual coercion due to the sociocultural environment with people, especially adolescents, having constant exposure to sex and sexual themes through mainstream media and the internet. This results in sex and consent being seen as more of an informal activity,
181:
Mary Spellman, the dean of students at Claremont McKenna College, states that her college allows either verbal or non-verbal consent, with non-verbal consent being assessed by looking at whether the other person is "actively participating" and touching the other person when he is touching her or
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may knowingly and willingly choose to be in a sexual relationship. However, the law does not view this as legitimate. While there is a necessity for an age of consent, it does not allow for varying levels of awareness and maturity. Here it can be seen how a moral and a legal understanding do not
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Level 3 includes tactics related to alcohol and drug intoxication such as taking advantage of someone who is already drunk or purposely getting someone intoxicated to obtain sexual contact Level 4, tactics of physical force and harm, is the highest level of exploitation because the receiver is
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To obtain affirmative consent, rather than waiting to say or for a partner to say "no", one gives and seeks an explicit "yes". This can come in the form of a smile, a nod or a verbal yes, as long as it is unambiguous, enthusiastic and ongoing. Denice Labertew of the California Coalition Against
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Concerns about the "no means no" approach developed, however, because some people cannot say no, either because they are not conscious, intoxicated or facing threats or coercion, with the coercion issue being especially important in cases where there is a power imbalance between two people in a
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In Canada, intoxication is a factor that affects whether a person can legally consent to sexual activity. However, the level of intoxication that will make consent impossible varies according to circumstances, which include how intoxicated the person is and whether they voluntarily consumed the
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consent; the app cannot legally confer agreement to each change in sex acts; they make consent too much about legal proofs and setting down evidence; and they change what should be a continuous process of communication into a quick action. Cricket Epstein states that using consent apps have a "
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in 1991, who "...successfully petitioned for a conduct-code amendment that explicitly defined sexual consent as requiring an enthusiastic âyesâ from everyone involved. Prior to this, sex was considered consensual as long as neither party said âno.â" (the "no means no" approach). As of 2014, at
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reported that Oxford and Cambridge have added sexual consent workshops; one such workshop included a "quiz about the rates of sexual or gender crimes" and a discussion of three fictional "scenarios of sexual contact", including a story of groping at a party, a relationship in which one partner
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delivers sexual education workshops to pupils aged 11â18, covering topics such as harassment, revenge porn and sexting. In the U.S., California-Berkeley University has implemented affirmative and continual consent in education and in the school's policies. In Canada, the Ontario government has
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Unwanted sexual activity can involve rape or other sexual assault, but it may also be distinguished from them. Jesse Ford, the author of a 2018 study that showed that men are having unwanted sex with women to "prove they are not gay", states that "ll sexual assault is unwanted sex, but not all
59:
In the late 1980s, academic Lois Pineau argued that society must move towards a more communicative model of sexuality so that consent becomes more explicit and clear, objective and layered, with a more comprehensive model than "no means no" or "yes means yes". Many universities have instituted
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states that the consenticorn approach does not understand "human sexuality" as these venues are "creating spaces that fail to acknowledge the nuances of intimacy and pleasure" by enforcing "tight control" that is delegated to an "external hired controller". As well, ĆœiĆŸek asks how the consent
1020:" mentality that suggests that the person who is asked to click on the app may become a false accuser; as well, she says the app may protect perpetrators, because once agreement is clicked on the app, it will be harder for a complainant to say that she or he had sex acts done without consent.
71:
Since the late 1990s, new models of sexual consent have been proposed. Specifically, the development of "yes means yes" and affirmative and ongoing models of consent, such as Hall's definition: "the voluntary approval of what is done or proposed by another; permission; agreement in opinion or
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of those involved" and it turns sex into a contractual activity in a manner akin to the way marriage traditionally provided contractual consent to sex. Sarah Nicole Prickett criticizes affirmative consent because these rules are premised on the idea of feminine passivity; under this cultural
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Initiatives in sex education programs are working towards including and foregrounding topics of and discussions of sexual consent, in primary, high school and college Sex Ed curricula. In the UK, the Personal Social Health and Economic Education Association (PSHEA) is working to produce and
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Professors Cindy Struckman-Johnson, David Struckman-Johnson, and Peter B. Anderson define sexual coercion as when an individual engages in sexual activity as a result of âcontinual arguments, pressure, or abused authorityâ even with little to no genuine desire to do so. They state that their
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Christopher Robinson states that some queer "spaces continue to normalize, and even encourage, sexual violence", including "groping, drunk affection, and blatant sexual assault", because the "direct sexualization" in these venues leads some men to view the sexual harassment they commit as a
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is punishable, it usually does not refer to honesty in relationship matters. Likewise, laws do not offer any recourse in case sexual consent has been given based on false premises. His second point is that rape laws intend to protect sexual autonomy, but yet the only thing that can override
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The "yes means yes" approach involves communication and the active participation of people involved. This is the approach endorsed by colleges and universities in the U.S., who describe consent as an "affirmative, unambiguous, and conscious decision by each participant to engage in mutually
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When determining if a sexual encounter was consensual, Canadian courts will consider if the accused was in a "position of trust or authority" regarding the complainant, as this undermines consent. While this general principle is part of Canadian law, the courts are debating exactly what the
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requires transgender people to tell partners about their gender history as part of its requirements that people making sexual consent decisions have access to information so that they can make informed consent about whether to have sex; trans activist Sophie Cook states that the law is an
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Some individuals are unable to give consent, or even if they can verbally indicate that they consent, they are deemed to lack the ability to make informed or full consent (e.g., minors below the age of consent or an intoxicated person). People may also consent to unwanted sexual activity.
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condoms and ensure that guests comply with the rules on condom use and mandatory "express, verbal consent" for all physical contact. The consenticorns were trained by Emma Kaywin, a sexual-health educator; the goal is not to "police but to educate" the clubgoers. Arwa Mahdawi from
2965:"White Women Less Likely to Help Sexual Assault Victim If She's Black Bystander intervention is seen as one of the most powerful tools in preventing on-campus sexual assaultsâbut a new study shows that white students feel "less personal responsibility" to help their black peers"
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not necessarily an act of sexual violence. To lump the two ends of a spectrum together under one category of assault trivializes the seriousness of aggressive acts and ignores the fact that unexpectedâbut non-threateningâencounters can be a positive part of sexual discovery
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they need to signal a bartender that they feel unsafe with their date (or any other bar patron), they can use a codeword (a fictional mixed drink name, for example), and then bar staff will escort the patron out of the venue to make sure they get safely to their taxi.
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movement, people have become aware that "there's this whole grey cloud area around what acting in consent and consensual relationships are.â Geib says that her role is not to police the patrons, but is rather to start conversations about creating a "consent culture".
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In some jurisdictions, individuals who are intoxicated from alcohol or drugs cannot consent. For example, Michigan Criminal Sexual Conduct Laws states that it is a crime to have sex with a âmentally incapacitatedâ person who cannot control their conduct or consent.
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Jennifer A. Drobac, who teaches law at Indiana University, states that young adults aged 16 to 21 should only be able to "offer âassentâ to sex with a significantly older person", rather than consent, but then "permit them to revoke that assent at any time".
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of unprotected intercourse. The women who experienced "stealthing" had to pay for emergency contraception and faced concerns about pregnancy or sexually transmitted infections, and some women felt that it was a type of rape. Stealthing is a type of
4570:"'Sexual consent contracts' are now a thing. Would you sign? 'Consent kits', complete with contracts, are being distributed to students at US universities with the intention of ensuring that both parties have agreed to sex. Olivia Goldhill reports"
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1296:"compliment" to the recipient. Robinson says that the "transgressions as charm" by the harassers, with the recipients of the unwanted contact being expected to "ignore and endure" the groping. Robinson says that this atmosphere may undermine the
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The idea continues to be perpetuated that black women cannot be raped because of our supposed want or need for sex, that is almost masculine in nature â giving the assailant a pass because they believe they are just giving black women what they
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often nonverbal cues such as smiling, nodding, and touching another person; however, it states that "...body language often isn't enough" because interpreting body language is risky, so the best option is to use "explicit verbal communication".
178:), but women typically wait till a partner verbally asks them before they indicate consent (only 10 percent say they indicate consent through body language), a differing approach that may lead to confusion in heterosexual couples' encounters.
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Performers of Catharsis Productions act out scenarios in which a man acts inappropriately toward a woman during the play 'Sex Signals.' The goal of the play is to also help armed forces members understand what consent is and that 'no means
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confusion, lack of clarity and no explicit mention of sex, leading the video's humour and message to be misunderstood. Several commentators argued that "Tea Consent" set a much better example. The milkshake video was subsequently removed.
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Gay bars and gay venues offer a safe environment to celebrate our sexuality, free of judgment. Yet as we've built fences to protect us from the hatred of the outside world, we've forgotten the need to protect the people inside of it as
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disagrees, arguing that it is "...precisely the dynamics of powerâof status, money, appearance, age, talentâthat create desire" between people in a sexual context, with desire being one of the elements Kipnis thinks we should focus on.
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activities). The Consent Academy in Seattle is a collective of sex therapists, counsellors and educators who teach "consent culture", provide one-one-one consultations, review consent policies, and provide "consent advocates" for hire.
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states that hookup apps may create consent challenges because some men have a feeling of "entitlement" when they arrive at the hookup partner's place, and a sense that the encounter's sexual interaction has been "prearranged" online.
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and it's happening and you desperately want out, but you know that at this point exiting the situation would be more difficult than simply lying there and waiting for it to be over. In other words: saying yes when we really mean no.
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In Canada, "consent means the voluntary agreement of the complainant to engage in sexual activity" without abuse or exploitation of "trust, power or authority", coercion or threats. Consent can also be revoked at any moment. The
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Consent often isn't clearly defined among men who engage in chemsex. Various men have told me that consent is given up upon using drugs. "When I went into these situations, I went in with the knowledge that anything goes," says
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She gave no particulars of how he forced, coerced, or manipulated her. At best, her evidence was that the defendant badgered her to engage in sexual activity and that she eventually relented, gave into, or agreed to such
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John Voutos states that for queer people, there are number of challenges with communicating consent, including "ex-on-premises venues, queer clubs", online dating, the "non-verbal, semi-ambiguous communication of the
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wrote in a review that consent should not be the main criterion to judge whether a sexual contact is legal or not. First, in stark contrast to other legal areas (e.g. qualification for a mortgage or an insurance, see
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to tell the other participant to stop the sexual contact, such as "Code Red". She says the words "no" and "stop" "have been used frivolously, playfully, and teasingly in the past and are not always taken seriously.â
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It is widely accepted that non-human animals are unable to give consent. Consent is generally not considered with respect to its legality. Instead, laws that address this make it illegal with exceptions given for
1141:(who makes sure that scenes look realistic) and an advocate for actors and actresses who ensures that the onscreen performers' boundaries are respected and that their physical and emotional comfort is protected.
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argues that people with some types of mental challenges should be able to consent to sex; she says they "...have the right to do so, and unnecessarily broad and moralistic restrictions infringe upon that right".
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calls "yes means yes" laws "drearily puritanical" and totalitarian. In "Consent: It's Not Sexy", Victoria Campbell criticizes affirmative consent on the grounds that it "...values proof and evidence over the
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Rather than seeing participants as potential victims or perpetrators, such "bystander education" programmes aim to empower individuals not only proactively to intervene to prevent sexual assaults from being
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of 2017, Part IV, recommendation no. #33: 'Ensure that the definition of sexual crimes, including marital and acquaintance/date rape is based on lack of freely given consent, and takes account of coercive
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contains a consent-based definition of sexual violence in Article 36. This mandates all Parties that have ratified the Convention to amend their legislation from a coercion-based to a consent-based model.
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By forcing transgender people to disclose their history to prospective partners the law is not only infringing their human rights it's also reinforcing the bigoted idea that trans people are in some way
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Hickman, S.E. and Muehlenhard, C.L. (1999) '"By the Semi-mystical Appearance of a Condom": How Young Women and Men Communicate Sexual Consent in Heterosexual Situations', The Journal of Sex Research 36:
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definition of a position of trust and authority is. Some examples of people in positions of trust or authority include a teacher, employer or boss, camp counselor, health care professional, or coach.
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In the 2010s, smartphone apps have been developed to give couples the ability to electronically consent to sexual relations. Apps include We-Consent, Sa-Sie, LegalFling and Good2Go. LegalFling uses
250:. Consequently, an adult who engages in sexual activity with a minor younger than the age of consent cannot claim that the sexual activity was consensual, and such sexual activity may be considered
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campaigns about consent. Creative campaigns with attention-grabbing slogans and images that market consent can be effective tools to raise awareness of campus sexual assault and related issues.
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the dance floor is not consent for further sexual activity," a university policy reads). By definition, affirmative consent cannot be given if a person is intoxicated, unconscious or asleep.
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Roffee James A., 'When Yes Actually Means Yes: Confusing Messages and Criminalising Consent' in Rape Justice: Beyond the Criminal Law eds. Powell A., Henry N., and Flynn A., Palgrave, 2015
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There are three pillars often included in the description of sexual consent, or "the way we let others know what we're up for, be it a good-night kiss or the moments leading up to sex."
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type of response, anti-assault advocates are lowering the complexity of communication competence between the two people and lessening the opportunities to make consent a political act.
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Do People Comment on Social Networks About Sexual Consent in TV Series? Rethinking Consent (or not) in Real Situations: Contributions from Debates in Social Media.
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that when a gay man does experience unwanted groping and expresses concern, he is often told to "calm down" or that groping "comes with the territoryâ in a gay venue. Gay men in the
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Thomas KA, Sorenson SB, Joshi M. "Consent is good, joyous, sexy": A banner campaign to market consent to college students. Journal of American College Health. 2016; 64(8):639â650
900:(AU) in 2003 (in effect since 2005), which recognised 'unwanted sex' separately from 'forced sex' as a form of violence against women that is to be effectively prohibited by all
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consent or other independent means to demonstrate that consent was given, the ability of an accused to prove the complaining party's consent strains credulity and is illusory".
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Harris, Kate Lockwood (12 February 2018). "Yes means yes and no means no, but both these mantras need to go: communication myths in consent education and anti-rape activism".
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As these spaces continue to normalize, and even encourage, sexual violence, they undermine their mission to provide safe and comfortable spaces for queer people to interact.
5103:"When We Talk About Consent, Who Are We Really Talking About?: "Somehow, when black female voices are raised up in anger, in disbelief and in pain, they are easily ignored.""
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Katz, J., & Wigderson, S. (2012). âPut out or get outâ: Understanding young womenâs experiences of verbal sexual coercion by male dating partners. In M. A. Paludi (Ed.),
5440:"An Appalling Case for Affirmative-Consent Laws: Ezra Klein expresses hope for "a haze of fear and confusion" on college campuses and "a cold spike of fear" in college men"
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prior to extensive sex, have stated that consent is not clearly defined and there can be a perception that anyone at a "party and play" get-together is assumed to consent.
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4857:"I'm a sexual consent educator. Here's what's missing in the Aziz Ansari conversation. How demanding female sexual pleasure makes us all better at understanding consent"
4252:"How is consent-based legislation on rape providing more protection for individuals in comparison to coercion-based legislation? â Comparison between Finland and Sweden"
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While different consent policies have differing views on whether non-verbal cues count as consent, some rules do permit seeking consent through non-verbal communication.
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1308:" (in which a color-coded system indicates preferred sexual fetishes, what kind of sex they are seeking, and whether they are a top/dominant or bottom/submissive) and
950:. However, there were no internationally agreed upon legal definitions of what constitutes sexual consent; such definitions were absent in human rights instruments.
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Wicktom, Cynthia Ann. "Focusing on the Offender's Forceful Conduct: A Proposal for the Redefiniton of Rape Laws." George Washington Law Review 56.2 (1988): 399â430.
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In Seattle, the Consent Academy hires out "consent advocates" for events and parties, who act to deter incidents and to help those who experience unwanted contact.
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According to the Indian Evidence Act, in a rape trial, if a woman claims there was no consent to the sexual act then the Court presumes that consent was absent.
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without consent. She talks to the person who is feeling uncomfortable and then, if the first person agrees, speaks to the individual whose conduct is unwanted.
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introduce Sex Ed lesson plans in British schools that include lessons on "consensual sexual relationships," "the meaning and importance of consent" as well as "
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In Alexandra Sims' article entitled "Trans people could 'face rape charges' if they don't declare sexual history, warns trans activist", she states that the UK
2795:
5419:
Jian Ghomeshi says that what he does in the bedroom is done with consent. This assertion invites a legal question: just how does consent work in Canadian law?
839:'requires that the sexual act was done by coercion, violence, physical force or threat of violence or physical force in order for the act to amount to rape';
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2184:"Does the law say a drunk can consent? The answer is yes: A look at what the Criminal Code and courts say about consent and a person's ability to give it"
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But she believes that the "leakiness" and "idiocy" of sexual desire cannot be contained by regulation; people need to learn to deal with it themselves.
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Don't just check in before you kiss, go down on, or have sex with your partner. Check in when you change speeds, switch positions, and move your hands.
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2210:
1275:); this could lead to "yes means yes" charges and punishments falling disproportionately on students of color or those from working-class backgrounds.
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Quinn-Nilas, C, Goncalves, M, Grant, A, & Kennett, D. (2018). '"A thematic analysis of men's sexual compliance with unwanted, non-coercive sex."
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paradigm, she says that if a woman shows sexual interest during an encounter, she is seen as "slutty or crazy" or as showing "too much" sexuality.
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and how it should be communicated have been contradictory, limited or without consensus. Dr James Roffee, a senior lecturer in criminology in the
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and Thames Valley Sexual Violence Prevention Group, and several versions of it (especially with a British accent, leading to connections with
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5133:"Laura Kipnis's Battle Against Vulnerability: The Northwestern University professor strengthens her polemic against campus sexual culture"
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4149:"How French Fries Can Be Used To Explain Consent. Planned Parenthood Graphic Uses Fries To Explain Consent In A Way Anyone Can Understand"
1900:
740:. Anyone can change their mind about what they want to do, at any time. Even if you've done it before or are in the middle of having sex.
242:, are deemed not able to give valid consent by law to sexual acts. The age of consent is the age below which a minor is considered to be
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1933:
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4955:"Could a 'Consent Captain' be the solution to sexual assault in bars?: The superhero we wish we didn't need, but are sure glad to have"
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734:. Doing something sexual with someone is a decision that should be made without pressure, force, manipulation, or while drunk or high.
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The reversed scenario, in which a woman attempts to become pregnant without the man's consent, is known as "Reverse stealthing" or
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techniques to manipulate a prospective partner into sexual activity, men are more likely to use these techniques than women.
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reports that men typically use nonverbal indicators to determine consent (61 percent say they perceive consent through a partner's
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2443:
Depending upon the sexual outcome, behaviors in Levels 3 and 4 meet the legal definition of rape in many states (Kosset al., 1987)
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Some younger feminists argue that consent is not truly possible when there is a power disparity between partners in an encounter;
4543:"Dr. Ava Cadell to Kobe Bryant: 'Get It In Writing' Before 'Getting It On'; Leading Sex Therapist Warns Celebrities and Athletes"
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Roffee, J. A. (2014). "No Consensus on Incest? Criminalisation and Compatibility with the European Convention on Human Rights".
919:, considers that sexual violence consists of actions with a sexual nature committed with a person without their consent (...)'.
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has a 10-year penalty for a person who has sex with a person who is mentally challenged or incapable of movement. Law professor
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stated the following: 'The Court, following the line of international jurisprudence and taking into account that stated in the
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classification of sexual coercion Levels 3 and 4, purposely intoxicating or using physical force, meet the legal definition of
4602:"Consent Isn't Enough: The Troubling Sex of Fifty Shades: The blockbuster fantasy has become a big movieâand a bigger problem"
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431:, while Levels 1 and 2, such as changing the receiver's mind through persistent touching or repeated requests, do not. In the
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There can be verbal or nonverbal consent, or a mix of the two types, depending on different policies and laws. According to
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termed verbal or psychological pressure in the literature, such as repeated requests, questions about a person's sexualityâŠ
258:; some jurisdictions may also make allowances for minors engaged in sexual acts with each other, rather than a single age.
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4419:"Right to be free from rape. Overview of legislation and state of play in Europe and international human rights standards"
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1206:
758:. Saying yes to one thing (like going to the bedroom to make out) doesn't mean they've said yes to others (like oral sex).
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encouraging the first person", signs which indicate that a "...person is an active participant in whatever is going on."
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Balos, Beverly, and Mary Louise Fellows. "Guilty of the Crime of Trust: Nonstranger Rape." Minn. L. Rev. 75 (1990): 599.
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As of 2018, a consensus is emerging in international law that the consent-based model is to be preferred, stimulated by
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consent to having sexual relations. The kits suggest that the couple take a photo of themselves holding the contracts.
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Dr. Ava Cadell suggests that women in sexual encounters tell their partner that they want to use a code expression or
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praised the House of Yes' initiative, saying the "...stricter we are about consent, the more fun everyone can have.â
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A widely-acclaimed educational video about sexual consent is "Tea Consent", created in 2015 by Blue Seat Studios, a
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ruled that badgering alone, followed by an agreement, does not meet the threshold of coercion to vitiate consent.
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Tchen, Christina M. "Rape Reform and a Statutory Consent Defense." J. Crim. L. & Criminology 74 (1983): 1518.
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suggested that celebrities and professional athletes ask partners in sexual encounters (she uses the slang term "
704:
2144:
846:'requires that for the act to qualify as rape there must be a sexual act that the other one did not consent to'.
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Beres. A, Melanie (18 January 2007). "'Spontaneous' Sexual Consent: An Analysis of Sexual Consent Literature".
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guardians will be able to tell the difference between "consensual sadomasochism" and "exploitative" behaviour.
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Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)
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692:
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297:
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3794:"Teaching young people about sex is too important to get wrong. Here are 5 videos that actually hit the mark"
3773:"The 'milkshake video' missed the mark when it comes to teaching sex and consent. Here are five alternatives"
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1260:", also called meta-consent and blanket consent, a mutual agreement to be able to act as if consent has been
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In legal theory, there are two main models in legislation against rape and other forms of sexual violence:
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Brodsky, Alexandra (2017). "'Rape-Adjacent': Imagining Legal Responses to Nonconsensual Condom Removal".
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Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)
5747:"Talking about queer consent: The dynamics of consent in queer relationships merit their own discussion"
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Roffee, James A. (2014). "The Synthetic Necessary Truth Behind New Labour's Criminalisation of Incest".
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746:. Be honest. For example, if someone says they'll use a condom and then they don't, that's not consent.
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Rawlinson, Kevin (9 March 2015). "Plans for sexual consent lessons in schools 'do not go far enough'".
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Philip Henry states that non-consensual groping of bottoms and crotches is tolerated in some gay bars.
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1806:"Feigning sexual desire: Consenting to unwanted sexual activity in heterosexual dating relationships"
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5046:"Apparently, clubs now need to hire consent guardians â clearly we've misunderstood human sexuality"
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2270:"Trans people could 'face rape charges' if they don't declare sexual history, warns trans activist"
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that is called "reproductive coercion"; it includes taking off condoms or poking holes in condoms.
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5534:"'CONSENT IS A RIGHT OFTEN WITHHELD FROM LGBTIQ+ PEOPLE': MELBOURNE'S INAUGURAL CONSENT FESTIVAL"
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4095:"'Confusing' milkshake consent video pulled from campaign that cost Australian government $ 3.8m"
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2659:"The Relationship Between Heteronormative Beliefs and Verbal Sexual Coercion in College Students"
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Hall, David S. (10 August 1998). "Consent for Sexual Behavior in a College Student Population".
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5076:"HBO now requiring all of its shows to have an "intimacy coordinator" on set during sex scenes"
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4352:"Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa"
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In "When Saying âYesâ Is Easier Than Saying âNoâ", Jessica Bennett says that one challenge is "
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Livingston, Jennifer A.; Buddie, Amy M.; Testa, Maria; VanZile-Tamsen, Carol (December 2004).
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808: Mixed legislation; rape without coercion considered a lesser crime; marital rape illegal
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814: Coercion-based on vaginal sex, consent-based on anal and oral sex; marital rape illegal
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1725:
1676:
1645:
1618:
1493:
1458:
1416:
1309:
1178:), there is generally no requirement to be truthful before obtaining sexual consent. Though
989:
NYU law professor Amy Adler commented about the depiction of consent contracts in the novel
889:
646:
465:
210:
4379:
Tools for the Protection of Human Rights. Summaries of Jurisprudence: Gender-based Violence
3271:
2589:
5377:
4297:
4283:
3168:
3024:
2839:
2789:
2769:
1357:
1170:
1058:
1045:
939:
893:
850:
The primary advantage of the coercion-based model is that it makes it difficult to make a
560:
470:
119:
40:
3694:"Consent program changing sexual assault, harassment culture at Charles Sturt University"
1222:
successful argument for making stealthing punishable would be the inherent pregnancy and
1129:
In the television and film industry, in 2018, some production companies began hiring an "
981:") to sign a sexual consent form, which she calls the sexual encounter equivalent of the
2705:
2506:
2455:
Struckman-Johnson, Cindy; Struckman-Johnson, David; Anderson, Peter B. (February 2003).
2405:
Struckman-Johnson, Cindy; Struckman-Johnson, David; Anderson, Peter B. (February 2003).
2351:
Struckman-Johnson, Cindy; Struckman-Johnson, David; Anderson, Peter B. (February 2003).
2304:
Struckman-Johnson, Cindy; Struckman-Johnson, David; Anderson, Peter B. (February 2003).
2122:
1287:
1137:
hires an intimacy coordinator for these scenes. The intimacy coordinator is a mix of an
456:
5823:
5320:
5298:"What is spurgling and why do experts have concerns about the sperm stealing practice?"
2151:. University of Michigan Sexual Assault Prevention and Awareness Center. Archived from
1384:
1352:
1039:
1017:
700:
641:
473:
encourages students to establish ongoing and reciprocal consent during sexual activity.
280:
251:
235:
226:
123:
102:
48:
4918:"Dancing clean: the woman helping clubbers deal with consent in the post-#MeToo world"
3965:"Video: A very British take on sexual consent makes the case usingâyou guessed itâtea"
3185:"'No means no' to 'yes means yes': How our language around sexual consent has changed"
5869:
5858:
5182:
4251:
4069:"Sexual consent really isn't like a cup of tea â but at least we're talking about it"
3583:"'Enthusiastic consent': What is it, how do you prove it, and will it work in court?"
2563:
1657:
1505:
1470:
1239:
1166:
897:
876:(CoE) to take a consent-based approach to cases of sexual violence on the grounds of
284:
175:
2527:. Retrieved February 20, 2024 from https://www.rainn.org/articles/legal-role-consent
1776:"Men admit to having unwanted sex with women to 'prove they are not gay' or 'weird'"
5474:
5404:"Canadian law imposes some limits on freedom to consent to violent sexual activity"
4989:
4922:
3644:
2883:
2706:"Sexual Coercion in Gay/Lesbian Relationships: Descriptives and Gender Differences"
1988:"Why Men Need to Stop Relying on Non-Verbal Consent, According to a Neuroscientist"
1325:
1246:
1155:
1138:
862:
671:
510:
239:
214:
132:
5174:
4629:"Kavanaugh Allegations Reveal Lack Of Comprehensive Sex Ed, Consent Educator Says"
3435:
17:
4208:
4174:
5216:"Inside The Online Community Of Men Who Preach Removing Condoms Without Consent"
3052:"Why a law meant to protect college students from rape has become so polarizing"
1960:
1379:
1235:
1062:
627:
231:
98:
2013:
1680:
518:
activist holds a sign reading "Non=Non", French for "no=no", at a 2012 protest.
2721:
2674:
2472:
2422:
2368:
2321:
2036:"Age-of-consent laws don't reflect teenage psychology. Here's how to fix them"
1821:
1297:
1267:
1008:
974:
680:
428:
3222:
2729:
2682:
2613:
2605:
2571:
2480:
2430:
2376:
2329:
1829:
1649:
1462:
2658:
2457:"Tactics of sexual coercion: When men and women won't take no for an answer"
2407:"Tactics of sexual coercion: When men and women won't take no for an answer"
2353:"Tactics of sexual coercion: When men and women won't take no for an answer"
2306:"Tactics of sexual coercion: When men and women won't take no for an answer"
1420:
654:
538:
479:
203:
5389:
2690:
2621:
2488:
2438:
2384:
2337:
2092:"WHEN CONSENT CAN'T BE GIVEN: WHAT TO KNOW ABOUT SEX & DISABILITY LAWS"
679:
The "enthusiastic consent" model has been criticized by asexual people and
3640:"Consent is not enough: if you want a sexual partner, look for enthusiasm"
3610:"Affirmative consent: The two words blokes need to get their heads around"
2737:
1673:
Roffee, James (2015). When Yes Actually Means Yes in Rape Justice. 72 â 91
1622:
1190:
4466:
3999:
Intentional Integrity: How Smart Companies Can Lead an Ethical Revolution
1214:
1209:, also called "stealthing", is the practice of a man covertly removing a
1184:
907:
In the 2006 Miguel Castro-Castro Prison v. Peru case, applying to all 35
4521:
3930:
3393:"What Ezra Klein Gets Wrong about the 'Yes Means Yes' Law in California"
2590:"What Is Nonconsensual Sex? Young Women Identify Sources of Coerced Sex"
1934:"A Campus Dilemma: Sure, 'No' Means 'No,' But Exactly What Means 'Yes'?"
1497:
1317:
978:
618:
video on consent, endorsing the "only yes means yes" approach on campus
316:
case that a person who is asleep or unconscious cannot consent to sex.
149:
sexual experiences" may confound nonconsensual sex and consensual sex.
86:
43:. In many jurisdictions, sexual activity without consent is considered
36:
3525:
1256:
encounters, particularly in settings where the participants agree to "
1051:
Yes Means Yes: Visions of Female Sexual Power and a World Without Rape
723:
coined the acronym "FRIES" to sum up essential elements of consent:
4385:. Center for Justice and International Law. p. 9. Archived from
2152:
2063:"Iowa Man Found Not Guilty of Sexually Abusing Wife With Alzheimer's"
1261:
1210:
763:
By 2020, several British universities had adopted the FRIES concept.
312:
4826:
4303:
The Secret Mulroney Tapes: Unguarded Confessions of a Prime Minister
4043:"The very British video helping Americans understand sexual consent"
917:
Convention to Prevent, Punish, and Eradicate Violence against Women
5695:"The reality of harassment and abuse in the queer female community"
4497:"Rape conviction rates rise 75% in Sweden after change in the law"
1286:
1189:
1083:
1044:
752:. If someone isn't excited, or really into it, that's not consent.
599:
549:
515:
509:
464:
455:
411:
infringement on trans peoples' human rights and on their privacy.
156:
5659:"Discussing Consent in Gay Spaces Requires Nuance, Not Sex Panic"
5198:"The Riddle of Rape-by-Deception and the Myth of Sexual Autonomy"
3668:"Robyn Urback: To McGill activists, a 'yes' doesn't mean consent"
942:, the UN Handbook for Legislation on Violence against Women, the
5317:"Germany: Woman sentenced for poking holes in partner's condoms"
3001:
1253:
1217:
condom-protected sex. Alexandra Brodsky wrote an article in the
1195:
421:
44:
5774:"Why asexual people belong at Pride and in all LGBTQIA+ spaces"
3245:"Event works to inform students on consent in various contexts"
1049:
Jaclyn Friedman is a sexual consent educator known for editing
5550:
The importance of consent is often overlooked in queer spaces.
4885:
2243:"Rape by Deception: Sexual misconduct by lying or withholding"
1300:
that gay bars were supposed to be providing for queer people.
1134:
1061:
wrote an article about the news commentary regarding comedian
323:
4656:"People are talking about sexual consent. Would an app help?"
2704:
Waldner-Haugrud, Lisa K.; Gratch, Linda V. (1 January 1997).
93:
School of Social Sciences, argues that legal definition (see
5851:, 270â292 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-023-10115-w
5632:"Straight Folks, There Are Some Spaces You Don't Belong In"
4737:"Nick Cannon's "Consent App" Gets Consent Completely Wrong"
4683:"Why Consent Apps Won't Work According to Criminal Lawyers"
3864:"Consent, for kids: Cute video aims to explain and empower"
3363:"One year in, 'yes-means-yes' policies begin to fall apart"
1194:
Affirmative consent approaches are not always practiced in
2907:"Sydney University's Consent Matters Course is tokenistic"
1198:, because in some BDSM encounters, participants agree to "
3737:"How to ace sex: Why enthusiastic consent doesn't cut it"
3500:"What the Conversation Around "Yes Means Yes" Is Missing"
2932:
Westmarland, Nicole; Doyle, Jennifer (19 November 2015).
2548:"The Role of Sexual Precedence in Verbal Sexual Coercion"
2211:"No consent in unconscious sex case, Supreme Court rules"
85:
Within the scholarly literature, definitions surrounding
3900:"Tea is analogy for sex in police consent YouTube video"
1671:
Roffee, James A. (2015). "When Yes Actually Means Yes".
1411:
Roffee, James A. (2015). "When Yes Actually Means Yes".
1252:
Concepts of affirmative consent are more challenging in
802: Coercion-based legislation, and marital rape legal
4121:"Milkshake video the final straw in consent discontent"
1804:
O'Sullivan, Lucia F.; Allgeier, Elizabeth Rice (1998).
1484:
Pineau, Lois (1989). "Date Rape: A Feminist Analysis".
796: Consent-based legislation, but marital rape legal
727:
Understanding consent is as easy as FRIES. Consent is:
348:
5346:"7 Types Of Sexual Assault We Need To Stop Minimizing"
2657:
Eaton, Asia A.; Matamala, Alejandra (1 October 2014).
2390:
forced to engage in behaviors against her or his will.
1848:"What Nobody Talks About When They Talk About Consent"
790: Coercion-based legislation; marital rape illegal
5380:, Informed Consent dictionary, Accessed 12 June 2012.
4179:. Portland, Oregon: Thorntree Press. pp. 22â23.
784: Consent-based legislation; marital rape illegal
279:
makes them unable to understand the sexual activity.
4173:
Stryker, Kitty; Queen, Carol; Penny, Laurie (2017).
3925:
3923:
3921:
2879:"What I learned in a sexual consent class at Oxford"
909:
Member states of the Organization of American States
719:
In August 2016, the U.S. sex education organisation
5470:"Why hasn't the gay community had a #MeToo moment?"
4985:"#MeToo doesn't mean an end to socializing and fun"
4880:
4878:
2588:French, Bryana H.; Neville, Helen A. (March 2017).
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
1961:"A plain and simple guide to understanding consent"
5392:, "Consensual Non-Consent", Accessed 12 June 2012.
5272:""Stealthing" Is Not a Trend. It's Sexual Assault"
4459:Handbook for Legislation on Violence against Women
4213:. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. p. 133.
4210:Unsafe Spaces: Ending Sexual Abuse in Universities
3302:"A Conservative Case for Affirmative Consent Laws"
3272:"Your Gnarliest Questions About Consent, Answered"
1901:"Affirmative Consent: Are Students Really Asking?"
339:deal primarily with Canada and do not represent a
3025:"Creating a consent culture beyond 'no means no'"
3000:. Canadian Federation of Students. Archived from
2085:
2083:
1799:
1797:
1582:Supreme Court of British Columbia Justice Giaschi
582:Knowing exactly what and how much I'm agreeing to
5830:. September 2001, Volume 4, Issue 3, pp 201â218.
5560:
5558:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5427:
4791:
4789:
4710:"Seven reasons consent apps are a terrible idea"
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3493:
3491:
3489:
27:Voluntary agreement to engage in sexual activity
4948:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4522:"Section 114A in The Indian Evidence Act, 1872"
3399:. Foundation for Individual Rights in Education
3336:"Campus Rape: The Problem With 'Yes Means Yes'"
2645:The psychology of love: Research and literature
2014:"2006 Senate Bill 6417: Prohibiting bestiality"
725:
5818:Representing Rape: Language and Sexual Consent
5688:
5686:
5684:
5265:
5263:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
3829:. New York: Greenhaven Publishing. p. 8.
3463:"When Saying 'Yes' Is Easier Than Saying 'No'"
3329:
3327:
2994:"No means no, in every way, in every language"
2400:
2398:
1927:
1925:
1923:
588:Deciding freely and voluntarily to participate
274:or similar disabilities may be unable to give
5598:"It's Time to Talk About Chemsex and Consent"
955:Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention
337:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
5840:Pulido, C., Cañaveras, P., Redondo-Sama, G.
5494:
5492:
4850:
4848:
4760:
4758:
3857:
3855:
3853:
5501:"Opinion: Leave Some Space in Queer Spaces"
5463:
5461:
5339:
5337:
4978:
4976:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4237:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3419:Free Women, Free Men: Sex, Gender, Feminism
3319:the women they want physical intimacy from?
3148:"Enthusiastic yes in sex consent education"
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
2819:"Enthusiastic yes in sex consent education"
2236:
2234:
2232:
1213:when his sex partner has only consented to
888:; this was the result of its ruling in the
861:under the direction of Minister of Justice
5625:
5623:
5527:
5525:
5069:
5067:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3429:
3427:
3421:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, p. 273
3386:
3384:
2872:
2870:
2856:"In Ontario sex ed, consent the hot issue"
2209:Mahoney, Jill; Makin, Kirk (27 May 2011).
1959:Dimeo-Ediger, Winona (13 September 2017).
5826:. "Sexual Morality: Is Consent Enough?".
5163:Journal of Applied Communication Research
5039:
5037:
4424:. Amnesty International. 24 November 2018
3818:
3816:
3211:"Opinion | Affirmative consent: A primer"
2507:"California Code, Penal Code - PEN § 261"
2123:"Sexuality, Rape, and Mental Retardation"
1057:In January 2018, sexual consent educator
375:Learn how and when to remove this message
5740:
5738:
5009:
5007:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3730:
3728:
3105:
3103:
2783:Greenfield, Nathalie (2 November 2016).
2034:Drobac, Jennifer A. (20 November 2017).
1841:
1839:
1576:Giaschi, Christopher (6 February 2023).
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
770:
554:A logo for the "yes means yes" campaign.
5438:Friedersdorf, Conor (16 October 2014).
5016:"Is 2019 the Year of the Consenticorn?"
4797:"Do you want to be a Consent Educator?"
3633:
3631:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3243:Bouchard, Nathalie (14 February 2018).
3075:
3073:
1517:
1515:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1396:
1320:scene, where couples or groups consume
5657:McDougall, Rennie (19 December 2017).
5567:"How Gay Men Normalize Sexual Assault"
4469:. 2012. pp. 24â25. Archived from
4279:
4268:
3434:Alvarez, Ana Cecilia (29 April 2015).
3164:
3153:
2835:
2824:
2798:from the original on 15 September 2017
2765:
2754:
1552:
1550:
874:Member states of the Council of Europe
5499:Robinson, Christopher (14 May 2018).
5131:Smallwood, Christine (2 April 2017).
4765:Kitroeff, Natalie (7 February 2014).
4207:Tutchell, Eva; Edmonds, John (2020).
3461:Bennett, Jessica (16 December 2017).
2854:Rushowy, Kristin (25 February 2015).
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2583:
2581:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2299:
2297:
2295:
1986:Feldman Barrett, Lisa (11 May 2018).
1559:Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality
310:In Canada, a judge ruled in the 2011
7:
5835:Sexual Harassment and Sexual Consent
5715:Bosiljevac, Jordan (30 April 2015).
5402:Hasselback, Drew (27 October 2014).
4855:Friedman, Jaclyn (19 January 2018).
4320:Positive Obligations in Criminal Law
3963:Olivia Goldhill (16 November 2015).
3792:Louise Moana Kolff (22 April 2021).
3771:Louise Moana Kolff (22 April 2021).
2241:Brogaard, Berit (26 December 2017).
913:Inter-American Court of Human Rights
865:passed a no-means-no bill into law.
5630:Cheves, Alexander (8 August 2017).
5596:Zane, Zachary (11 September 2017).
5074:Hughes, William (27 October 2018).
4654:Petrow, Steven (20 February 2018).
4323:. A&C Black. pp. 345â346.
3692:Ferguson, Kathleen (26 June 2018).
3608:Brook, Benedict (24 January 2018).
3209:Emba, Christine (28 October 2021).
3183:Mettler, Katie (15 February 2018).
3110:Demarco, Justin (14 January 2016).
2877:Fenton, Siobhan (28 October 2014).
886:European Convention on Human Rights
852:false accusation of rape or assault
585:Expressing my intent to participate
497:Some UK universities are launching
5565:Henry, Philip (17 November 2017).
5242:Columbia Journal of Gender and Law
5214:Hatch, Jenavieve (21 April 2017).
5044:ĆœiĆŸek, Slavoj (31 December 2018).
4983:Mahdawi, Arwa (22 December 2018).
4306:. Random House Canada. p. 12.
4250:Koljonen, Camilla (15 July 2019).
4067:Samantha Pegg (20 November 2015).
3862:Lisa Heffernan (11 October 2016).
3666:Urback, Robyn (27 February 2014).
3638:Hinsliff, Gaby (29 January 2015).
3391:Shibley, Robert (7 October 2014).
3146:Grinberg, E. (29 September 2014).
2817:Grinberg, E. (29 September 2014).
1874:"How Do I Know If I Have Consent?"
1219:Columbia Journal of Law and Gender
447:Education initiatives and policies
25:
5828:Ethical Theory and Moral Practice
5468:Segalov, Michael (7 March 2018).
4953:Hatzitolios, Chloe (9 May 2018).
4627:Khan, Farrah (6 September 2018).
4568:Goldhill, Olivia (15 July 2015).
3082:"Making Sense of "Yes Means Yes""
3023:Mahoney, Neve (17 October 2017).
2905:Funnell, Nina (30 January 2018).
2121:Denno, Deborah (1 January 1997).
1774:Franklin, Lauren (15 July 2018).
1705:Psychology Of Men And Masculinity
266:Mental disabilities or conditions
145:unwanted sex is sexual assault."
66:Supreme Court of British Columbia
5532:Voutos, John (17 January 2019).
5014:Witt, Emily (11 February 2019).
4803:. Speak About It. Archived from
4600:Green, Emma (10 February 2015).
4119:Katrina Marson (20 April 2021).
4041:Deirdra O'Regan (10 June 2016).
3826:Rape Culture: How Can We End It?
3300:Carroll, Conn (7 October 2014).
3080:Colb, Sherry (29 October 2014).
2564:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2004.00146.x
2268:Sims, Alexandra (11 June 2016).
2090:Gray, Jacquelyn (1 March 2016).
1718:"No still means "no": Editorial"
328:
5693:Jackson, Jo (18 January 2018).
3735:Zheng, Lily (4 November 2014).
3498:Ross, Julianne (8 April 2015).
3334:Young, Cathy (29 August 2014).
524:Canadian Federation of Students
292:Unconsciousness or intoxication
5811:Making Sense of Sexual Consent
5772:Leary, Alaina (19 June 2018).
4916:Kassam, Ashifa (25 May 2018).
4681:Petter, Olivia (14 May 2018).
3361:Schow, Ashe (13 August 2015).
3270:Larson, Lauren (30 May 2018).
3050:Jackson, Abby (31 July 2015).
2145:"Alcohol & Sexual Assault"
1899:Keenan, Sandy (28 July 2015).
870:European Court of Human Rights
320:Position of trust or authority
55:Academic discussion of consent
1:
5175:10.1080/00909882.2018.1435900
4549:. Business Wire. 31 July 2003
4444:General recommendation No. 35
4357:. African Union. 11 July 2003
4176:Ask: Building Consent Culture
4147:Lily Feinn (11 August 2016).
4093:Naaman Zhou (20 April 2021).
4004:St. Martin's Publishing Group
3532:. Yes Means Yes. 4 March 2015
3112:"Do you need a sex agreement"
2963:Bess, Gabby (13 March 2017).
2934:"We can't run away from rape"
2552:Psychology of Women Quarterly
2061:Pam Belluck (22 April 2015).
1932:Smith, Tovia (13 June 2014).
1363:Non-consensual condom removal
1207:Non-consensual condom removal
5344:Mercado, Mia (11 May 2017).
5101:Oriowo, Donna (March 2018).
2938:www.timeshighereducation.com
2785:"Why Sex Ed Really Is Power"
2098:. Crime Feed. Archived from
1846:Burdo, Kae (25 April 2016).
944:International Criminal Court
857:On 15 June 1992, the second
546:Affirmative: "yes means yes"
81:Moral and legal perspectives
5315:Sinico, Sean (5 May 2022).
4708:Gattuso, Reina (May 2018).
4495:Emma Batha (22 June 2020).
4317:Ashworth, Andrew J (2014).
3589:. Triple J Hack. 8 May 2018
2663:Archives of Sexual Behavior
973:In 2003, sex therapist Dr.
777:sexual violence legislation
669:Gaby Hinsliff, writing for
351:, discuss the issue on the
122:has not been a defence for
5891:
5270:Doyle, Sady (1 May 2017).
3367:www.washingtonexaminer.com
1681:10.1057/9781137476159.0009
1638:Social & Legal Studies
1122:
824:
818:
633:San Gabriel Valley Tribune
395:
295:
224:
201:
4126:The Sydney Morning Herald
3931:"About Blue Seat Studios"
3823:Denton, Michelle (2017).
3556:www.plannedparenthood.org
3173:Retrieved March 10, 2015.
2864:Retrieved March 10, 2015.
2844:Retrieved March 13, 2015.
2722:10.1891/0886-6708.12.1.87
2675:10.1007/s10508-014-0284-4
2473:10.1080/00224490309552168
2423:10.1080/00224490309552168
2369:10.1080/00224490309552168
2322:10.1080/00224490309552168
1822:10.1080/00224499809551938
1544:Retrieved March 13, 2015.
1451:Feminism & Psychology
1245:Mia Mercado states that "
5390:Dictionary of BDSM Terms
5371:"Consensual non-consent"
4831:cce.yalecollege.yale.edu
3996:Chesnut, Robert (2020).
3436:"Consent: It's Not Sexy"
3116:www.muscleandfitness.com
2940:. Times Higher Education
2606:10.1177/1077801216641517
1650:10.1177/0964663913502068
1532:"Canadian Criminal Code"
1463:10.1177/0959353507072914
693:Providence, Rhode Island
298:Drugs and sexual consent
140:Unwanted sexual activity
95:Legal concept of consent
5846:Sexuality & Culture
5806:. Westview Press, 1998.
5538:www.starobserver.com.au
3056:www.businessinsider.com
2647:(pp. 112â129). Praeger.
2461:Journal of Sex Research
2411:Journal of Sex Research
2357:Journal of Sex Research
2310:Journal of Sex Research
2247:www.psychologytoday.com
2215:www.theglobeandmail.com
1810:Journal of Sex Research
1611:Human Rights Law Review
1421:10.1057/9781137476159_5
1183:somebody's autonomy is
1070:Consent staff in venues
484:Schools Consent Project
270:Likewise, persons with
190:and misunderstanding".
128:Supreme Court of Canada
4801:speakaboutitonline.com
4376:Tojo, Liliana (2010).
4278:Cite journal requires
3163:Cite journal requires
2834:Cite journal requires
2764:Cite journal requires
2594:Violence Against Women
1538:. 2015. Archived from
1536:Canadian Criminal Code
1292:
1258:consensual non-consent
1203:
1200:consensual non-consent
1101:Slovenian philosopher
1054:
827:Consent (criminal law)
816:
761:
619:
555:
519:
499:bystander intervention
474:
462:
162:
5717:"Why Yes Can Mean No"
5050:www.independent.co.uk
4886:"The Consent Academy"
4767:"Making Consent Cool"
4687:www.independent.co.uk
4256:Maastricht University
3741:www.stanforddaily.com
3720:The Psychology of Sex
3369:. Washington Examiner
2525:Legal role of consent
2274:www.independent.co.uk
1375:Reproductive coercion
1290:
1193:
1048:
983:prenuptial agreements
821:Sexual consent in law
774:
613:
553:
513:
468:
459:
296:Further information:
236:age of sexual consent
234:below a certain age,
202:Further information:
160:
5833:Refinetti, Roberto.
4547:www.businesswire.com
4442:For example, in its
3778:ABC News (Australia)
3558:. Planned Parenthood
3118:. Muscle and Fitness
3029:www.eurekastreet.com
2710:Violence and Victims
1131:intimacy coordinator
1125:Intimacy coordinator
1119:Intimacy coordinator
992:Fifty Shades of Grey
837:coercion-based model
697:Thames Valley Police
661:Enthusiastic consent
392:Deception and deceit
357:create a new article
349:improve this article
192:Lisa Feldman Barrett
153:Verbal vs. nonverbal
114:Implied and explicit
5701:. Matador Network.
5444:www.theatlantic.com
4890:www.consent.academy
4606:www.theatlantic.com
4574:www.telegraph.co.uk
4047:The Washington Post
3937:. Blue Seat Studios
3935:blueseatstudios.com
3552:"All About Consent"
3530:www.yesmeansyes.com
2190:. CBC. 8 March 2017
1623:10.1093/hrlr/ngu023
1273:driving while black
948:Istanbul Convention
896:was adopted by the
859:Mulroney government
844:consent-based model
616:Green River College
433:State of California
408:Sexual Offences Act
272:Alzheimer's disease
244:legally incompetent
76:Elements of consent
5837:. Routledge, 2018.
5820:. Routledge, 2003.
5813:. Routledge, 2017.
5699:matadornetwork.com
5376:2009-09-01 at the
4827:"Yale CCE Program"
4772:The New York Times
4735:Epstein, Cricket.
3722:. Routledge, 2018.
3718:Barker, Meg John.
3468:The New York Times
3058:. Business Insider
2249:. Psychology Today
2067:The New York Times
1906:The New York Times
1780:www.pinknews.co.uk
1728:. 13 November 2015
1498:10.1007/BF00160012
1486:Law and Philosophy
1415:. pp. 72â91.
1293:
1204:
1055:
953:In June 2020, the
817:
775:World overview of
721:Planned Parenthood
705:Britishness of tea
703:and the perceived
620:
556:
520:
475:
469:A flyer posted at
463:
172:The New York Times
163:
18:Only yes means yes
5304:. 15 August 2019.
5137:www.newyorker.com
5052:. The Independent
5020:www.newyorker.com
4892:. Consent Academy
3906:. 28 October 2015
3442:. The New Inquiry
3440:thenewinquiry.com
3417:Paglia, Camille.
3086:verdict.justia.co
1878:www.dartmouth.edu
1707:, 19(2): 203â211.
1430:978-1-349-57052-2
1368:Rape by deception
1331:In an article in
1229:domestic violence
1180:rape by deception
1176:misrepresentation
1110:Safety code words
1033:Consent educators
969:Consent contracts
924:Council of Europe
611:
398:Rape by deception
385:
384:
377:
359:, as appropriate.
256:position of trust
91:Monash University
16:(Redirected from
5882:
5816:Ehrlich, Susan.
5802:Archard, David.
5790:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5778:hellogiggles.com
5769:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5742:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5703:16 February 2019
5690:
5679:
5678:
5672:
5670:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5636:www.advocate.com
5627:
5618:
5617:
5611:
5609:
5602:www.advocate.com
5593:
5587:
5586:
5580:
5578:
5562:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5545:
5529:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5512:
5505:ucsdguardian.org
5496:
5487:
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5435:
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5041:
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5011:
5002:
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4980:
4971:
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4899:
4897:
4882:
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4870:
4868:
4852:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4807:on 16 April 2019
4793:
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4779:
4762:
4753:
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4726:
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4678:
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4667:
4660:www.usatoday.com
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4364:
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4356:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4298:Newman, Peter C.
4294:
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4287:
4281:
4276:
4274:
4266:
4264:
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4232:
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4110:
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4105:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4073:The Conversation
4064:
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4055:
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3993:
3982:
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3878:
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3859:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3820:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3799:The Conversation
3789:
3787:
3785:
3768:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3743:. Stanford Daily
3732:
3723:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3689:
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3663:
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3199:
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3098:
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3095:
3093:
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3065:
3063:
3047:
3041:
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3038:
3036:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2976:
2969:broadly.vice.com
2960:
2954:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2874:
2865:
2863:
2860:The Toronto Star
2851:
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2780:
2774:
2773:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2669:(7): 1443â1457.
2654:
2648:
2641:
2626:
2625:
2585:
2576:
2575:
2543:
2528:
2521:
2515:
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2283:
2281:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2238:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2217:. Globe and Mail
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2180:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1965:www.dailydot.com
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1929:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1896:
1890:
1889:
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1885:
1870:
1864:
1863:
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1859:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1726:The Toronto Star
1714:
1708:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1554:
1545:
1543:
1542:on 3 April 2015.
1528:
1522:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1492:(217): 217â243.
1481:
1475:
1474:
1446:
1435:
1434:
1408:
1310:cruising for sex
902:55 member states
890:M.C. v. Bulgaria
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
647:lived experience
612:
380:
373:
369:
366:
360:
332:
331:
324:
211:Animal husbandry
101:under the legal
21:
5890:
5889:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5875:Human sexuality
5855:
5854:
5824:Primoratz, Igor
5809:Cowling, Mark.
5799:
5797:Further reading
5794:
5793:
5783:
5781:
5780:. Hello Giggles
5771:
5770:
5766:
5756:
5754:
5751:mcgilldaily.com
5745:Kahn, Rebecca.
5744:
5743:
5736:
5726:
5724:
5714:
5713:
5709:
5692:
5691:
5682:
5668:
5666:
5665:. Slate/Outward
5656:
5655:
5651:
5641:
5639:
5629:
5628:
5621:
5607:
5605:
5595:
5594:
5590:
5576:
5574:
5564:
5563:
5556:
5543:
5541:
5540:. Star Observer
5531:
5530:
5523:
5510:
5508:
5507:. UCSD Guardian
5498:
5497:
5490:
5480:
5478:
5467:
5466:
5459:
5449:
5447:
5437:
5436:
5425:
5412:
5410:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5388:
5384:
5378:Wayback Machine
5369:
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5309:
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5269:
5268:
5261:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5224:
5222:
5220:Huffington Post
5213:
5212:
5208:
5200:
5196:Jed Rubenfeld.
5195:
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5190:
5160:
5159:
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5142:
5140:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5111:
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5100:
5099:
5095:
5085:
5083:
5080:news.avclub.com
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4756:
4746:
4744:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4719:
4717:
4714:feministing.com
4707:
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4680:
4679:
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4653:
4652:
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4626:
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4598:
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4550:
4541:
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4526:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4505:
4503:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4479:
4477:
4476:on 8 March 2020
4473:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4447:circumstances.'
4441:
4437:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4405:
4395:
4393:
4392:on 17 June 2016
4389:
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3648:
3637:
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3629:
3619:
3617:
3614:www.news.com.au
3607:
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3397:www.thefire.org
3390:
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3333:
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3309:
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3279:
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3254:
3252:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3215:Washington Post
3208:
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3203:
3193:
3191:
3189:Washington Post
3182:
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3119:
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3089:
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3049:
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3034:
3032:
3031:. Eureka Street
3022:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3005:
3004:on 12 June 2018
2992:
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2987:
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2911:www.news.com.au
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2799:
2790:Huffington Post
2782:
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2703:
2702:
2698:
2656:
2655:
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2642:
2629:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2545:
2544:
2531:
2523:RAINN. (n.d.).
2522:
2518:
2505:
2504:
2500:
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2449:
2404:
2403:
2396:
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2220:
2218:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2168:
2158:
2156:
2155:on 15 June 2018
2149:sapac.umich.edu
2143:
2142:
2138:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2102:on 23 June 2018
2089:
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2018:
2016:
2012:
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2007:
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1768:
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1759:
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1750:
1745:
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1729:
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1520:
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1483:
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1478:
1448:
1447:
1438:
1431:
1410:
1409:
1398:
1393:
1358:Implied consent
1349:
1281:
1171:Yale Law School
1147:
1127:
1121:
1112:
1078:Like a regular
1072:
1059:Jaclyn Friedman
1035:
1026:
1024:Consent culture
1005:
971:
966:
940:CEDAW Committee
872:ordered all 47
829:
823:
815:
811:
809:
805:
803:
799:
797:
793:
791:
787:
785:
781:
769:
717:
689:
663:
600:
561:Antioch College
548:
508:
471:Oberlin College
454:
449:
417:
415:Sexual Coercion
400:
394:
381:
370:
364:
361:
346:
333:
329:
322:
300:
294:
268:
229:
223:
206:
200:
155:
142:
126:since the 1999
120:implied consent
116:
83:
78:
57:
41:sexual activity
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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5867:
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5807:
5804:Sexual consent
5798:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5764:
5753:. McGill Daily
5734:
5707:
5680:
5649:
5619:
5588:
5554:
5521:
5488:
5457:
5446:. The Atlantic
5423:
5394:
5382:
5363:
5350:www.bustle.com
5333:
5321:Deutsche Welle
5307:
5289:
5259:
5232:
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5188:
5169:(2): 155â178.
5153:
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5063:
5033:
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4972:
4959:www.theloop.ca
4936:
4903:
4874:
4844:
4833:. Yale College
4818:
4785:
4754:
4727:
4700:
4673:
4646:
4619:
4608:. The Atlantic
4587:
4560:
4534:
4513:
4487:
4449:
4435:
4403:
4368:
4343:
4329:
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4280:|journal=
4233:
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4111:
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4006:. p. 81.
3983:
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3698:www.abc.net.au
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3569:
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2985:
2971:. Broadly/Vice
2955:
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2846:
2836:|journal=
2809:
2775:
2766:|journal=
2743:
2696:
2649:
2627:
2600:(3): 368â394.
2577:
2558:(4): 287â297.
2529:
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2498:
2447:
2394:
2343:
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2260:
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2201:
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2136:
2127:U. Ill. L. Rev
2113:
2079:
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1891:
1865:
1852:www.bustle.com
1835:
1816:(3): 234â243.
1793:
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1696:
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1663:
1628:
1617:(3): 541â572.
1601:
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1523:
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1476:
1436:
1429:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1385:Statutory rape
1382:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1353:Age of consent
1348:
1345:
1280:
1277:
1224:infection risk
1146:
1143:
1123:Main article:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1071:
1068:
1040:social justice
1038:interested in
1034:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1018:victim-blaming
1004:
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819:Main article:
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741:
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701:British humour
688:
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642:Camille Paglia
590:
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396:Main article:
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383:
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343:of the subject
341:worldwide view
336:
334:
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321:
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293:
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281:South Carolina
267:
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252:statutory rape
246:to consent to
227:Age of consent
225:Main article:
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199:
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154:
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141:
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124:sexual assault
115:
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106:always align.
103:age of consent
82:
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74:
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49:sexual assault
33:Sexual consent
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9:
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5865:Sexual ethics
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5663:www.slate.com
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5409:
5408:National Post
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4689:. Independent
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3672:National Post
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2276:. Independent
2275:
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2096:crimefeed.com
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1578:"R. v. O.V.O"
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1240:child support
1237:
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1197:
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1167:Jed Rubenfeld
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724:
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714:
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698:
694:
687:"Tea Consent"
686:
684:
682:
677:
674:
673:
667:
660:
658:
656:
655:gray zone sex
651:
648:
643:
637:
634:
629:
625:
617:
598:
594:
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581:
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579:
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540:
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506:"No means no"
505:
503:
500:
495:
492:
488:
485:
482:", while the
481:
472:
467:
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451:
446:
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319:
317:
315:
314:
308:
304:
299:
291:
289:
286:
285:Deborah Denno
282:
277:
276:legal consent
273:
265:
263:
259:
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249:
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241:
237:
233:
228:
220:
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197:
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176:body language
173:
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121:
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