1047:. As such, if a defendant is found competent to stand trial, they are also competent to waive their right to counsel. Therefore, competence to waive counsel is based on whether the criminal defendant does so knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. In order for the waiver to be knowing, the criminal defendant must understand the right that they are waiving. In order for the waiver to be intelligent, the criminal defendant should understand the disadvantages of waiving their right to counsel and representing themselves. In order for the waiver to be voluntary, there should be no presence of coercion, and a defendant should opt to waive their right due to their own free will.
759:, also known as the forced patenting act. This Act further amended the GAA to give the Secretary of the Interior the power to issue allottees a patent in fee simple to people classified ‘competent and capable.’ The criteria for this determination is unclear but meant that allottees deemed ‘competent’ by the Secretary of the Interior would have their land taken out of trust status, subject to taxation, and could be sold by the allottee.
43:
844:. Competency refers to a witness' capacity to accurately relay the details of the event, but credibility refers to the likelihood of truthfulness in his testimony. While competency to testify is determined by the trial judge, the credibility (e.g., truthfulness) of that testimony is weighed by a jury. Historically, witness competency rules in most American states prohibited testimony by slaves and free blacks.
675:
829:. Groups most likely to trigger a competency issue are children (especially under 10 years old), people with intellectual or developmental disabilities, people with mental illnesses, and people who have abused substances. Before 1975, certain populations (e.g., children) had to prove competency in order to testify, however this changed after the addition of Rule 601 in the
1034:, the Supreme Court determined that criminal defendants have a right to waive this Sixth Amendment right and represent themselves in criminal proceedings, even if it is disadvantageous to the criminal defendant to do so. In order to waive their right to counsel, a criminal defendant must be found competent to do so.
589:, is whether the accused "has sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding—and whether he has a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him." Being determined incompetent is substantially different from undertaking an
593:; competence regards the defendant's state of mind at the time of the trial, while insanity regards his state of mind at the time of the crime. In New York a hearing on competence to stand trial may be referred to as a "730 exam", after the law that governs the conduct of the exam, New York CPL Sec. 730.
861:
Witnesses must have been able to observe the event to which they testify. This standard is usually met, unless the witness has visual or hearing impairments which make observing the event difficult (see
Williams v. State (2010) where witness testimony was called into questions because of their visual
1050:
When forensic evaluators determine if a defendant is competent to waive their right to counsel and self-represent, they also pay attention to the defendant's reasoning for waiving their right to counsel. To be found competent by a forensic evaluator, criminal defendants should have a rational reason
1001:
or thought-process underscoring the patient's decision. The patient must be able to rationally weigh the benefits and risks associated with their medical condition, consenting to treatment, assessing alternative treatments, and/or refusing treatment. An evaluator may question a patient's competence
976:
how that information may apply to them. This aspect is more than understanding the information in the abstract; the patient should be able to appreciate the consequences of a) consenting to the treatment, b) investigating alternate treatment options, or c) refusing the treatment, and how they would
879:
This is related to a witness' ability to utilize language and organize the details of the event by time and space. This is more difficult for young children who do not have a mastery of the language and may have trouble recalling event details in order. For people who have physical or developmental
852:
Competency to testify is decided by the judge and rarely requires formal evaluation because the threshold is low; judges often use their own discretion without expert input. Instead, judges use several basic criteria to decide if a witness has the capacity to testify: ability to observe, ability to
775:
due to his unlawful presence in the country. In these situations, non-citizens are placed in immigration court hearings where "immigration judges determine whether respondents should be ordered removed from the United States or granted relief or protection from removal... and permitted to remain in
896:
to tell the truth in the courtroom. Most people, children included, understand that they must tell the truth on the witness stand, even though they might have different motivations for so doing. Even young children can distinguish truth and lies, and do not lie any more frequently than adults do.
1042:
Faretta v. California specified that the competency to waive the right to counsel should not be determined based on the criminal defendant's understanding of legal jargon. Criminal defendants have a right to represent themselves even if they do not understand all legal jargon. In other words, a
503:
concerns the mental capacity of an individual to participate in legal proceedings or transactions, and the mental condition a person must have to be responsible for his or her decisions or acts. Competence is an attribute that is decision-specific. Depending on various factors which typically
870:
Research suggests that for witnesses, the two biggest problems that might interfere with their ability to remember the event are time and age. The more time that passes between the event and their recollection, the more difficult it will be for them to accurately recall the event. Also, young
762:
The Act of June 25, 1910 further amends the GAA to give the
Secretary of the Interior the power to sell the land of deceased allottees or issue patent and fee to legal heirs. This decision is based on a determination made by the Secretary of Interior whether the legal heirs are ‘competent’ or
792:
but in the case that there is evidence of incompetency in the non-citizen, there are two instances where it differs. The first being that the court hearing may proceed regardless if the individual lacks "the competency to participate meaningfully in them" as long as there is the appropriate
1083:
In order to obtain evidence in criminal cases, the ability for law enforcement to conduct searches and/or seizures can be implemented. The Fourth
Amendment of the United States Constitution states, "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against
780:
where they have "a rational and factual understanding of the nature and object of the proceedings, can consult with the attorney or representative if there is one, and has a reasonable opportunity to examine and present evidence and cross-examine witnesses." The language in
2498:
515:
may be appointed by a court for a person who satisfies the state's tests for general incompetence, and the guardian or conservator exercises the incompetent's rights for the incompetent. Defendants who do not possess sufficient "competence" are usually excluded from
862:
impairment). Research with children and observational capacity has found that even though young children often struggle to understand and make meaning from the complex interactions they witness, it does not inhibit their ability to report what they observed.
1054:
Despite the fact that a criminal defendant has a right to proceed pro se, if a criminal defendant is incompetent due to a severe mental illness, they will be required to accept counsel even if they do not want counsel, a ruling by the
Supreme Court in
1006:) is thought as less important than something relatively minor (e.g., hair loss). If the decision to refuse treatment appears to stem directly from mental illness, this may indicate a patient's decision-making process is not rational or reasonable.
504:
revolve around mental function integrity, an individual may or may not be competent to make a particular medical decision, a particular contractual agreement, to execute an effective deed to real property, or to execute a will having certain terms.
1043:
criminal defendant may be competent to represent him/herself even if they would do so poorly. Rather, the competency standard for the right to waive counsel is the same standard as competency to stand trial, a decision by the
Supreme Court in
1084:
unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no
Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."
776:
the country." Like in other court proceedings, competency can be raised by either parties or the judge if the non-citizen exhibits questionable capacity. In this particular setting, non-citizens are presumed to be competent as determined by
607:
A ruling of incompetence may later be reversed. A defendant may recover from a mental illness or disability, and a court may require a defendant to undergo treatment in an effort to render him competent to stand trial. For example, in 1989,
1305:
661:. The court ruled in his favor, stating that a forensic professional must make that competency evaluation and, if the inmate is found incompetent, must provide treatment to aid in his gaining competency so the execution can take place.
1087:
A search is conducted when law enforcement personnel are looking for evidence that might be useful in a case. A seizure is when law enforcement personnel actually take items from a person or scene to further investigate their case.
1075:. It is important to note, however, that pro se defendants are not required to have a standby counsel nor are they granted the right to have a standby counsel. The decision to appoint a standby counsel is in the hands of the court.
616:
was found mentally incompetent to stand trial following the murder of his estranged girlfriend. But years later, as he had attended college and received good grades, this ruling was reversed, and he was ordered to stand trial.
929:, their competence may be questioned. Still, adults from these more vulnerable populations are not incompetent by default and their competence should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. There are specific tools that a
1349:
989:, but believe that in their case, they are not mentally ill and taking this medicine would make them catatonic. In this case, the patient lacks the ability to appreciate the consequences of their decisions.
727:
Generally, in the United States, a person has the capacity or competence to make the decision to enter into a contract if he can understand and appreciate, to the extent relevant, all of the following:
948:
A patient should be able to understand any relevant information about their treatment or medical condition which would be disclosed to them during informed consent. If a patient does not possess the
209:
1887:
833:
which states “every person is competent to be a witness, except as otherwise provided in these rules." This sets a standard that individuals cannot be excluded from testifying based merely on age,
952:
to understand the information disclosed to them, they may not be competent to make treatment decisions. Some adults who may lack this ability to understand might be patients who suffer from
2499:"AAPL Practice Guideline for the Forensic Psychiatric Evaluation of Competence to Stand Trial – Mossman et al. 35 (4): S3 – Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online"
1822:
2433:
579:. If the court determines that a defendant's mental condition makes him unable to understand the proceedings, or that he is unable to help in his defense, he is found incompetent. The
2468:. John Petrila, Norman Godfrey Poythress, Christopher Slobogin, Randy K. Otto, Douglas Mossman, Lois Oberlander Condie (4th ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. pp. 162–164.
1091:
Law enforcement can request to search a person or location if they are given consent by the person in question, and a search may be conducted without consent if permitted by a
597:
1378:
837:, or mental illness. An individual may be deemed incompetent to testify as a witness if his testimony is found to be irrelevant or misleading, or if he cannot be truthful.
1019:
53:
1068:
1027:
793:
safeguards in place to ensure a fair trial. Secondly, because a non-citizen lacks the entitlements of a citizen, he is not entitled to counsel in removal proceedings.
1747:"Ensuring a Fair Hearing for Litigants with Mental Illnesses: The Law and Psychology of Capacity, Admissibility, and Credibility Assessments in Civil Proceedings"
601:
2147:
Grisso, Thomas; Appelbaum, Paul S.; Hill-Fotouhi, Carolyn (1997). "The MacCAT-T: a
Clinical Tool to Assess Patients' Capacities to Make Treatment Decisions".
805:
in a trial are generally found to be competent unless proven otherwise. However, questions of competency can be raised regarding any person who might issue a
1275:, the term "fitness to plead" is used, as in designating a person "unfit to plead". The concept is identical to "competence", although detailed law differs.
940:
If competence to make treatment decisions is questioned, the individual's understanding, appreciation, and decision-making process may be evaluated.
921:
and treatment. In the context of informed consent, most adults are assumed to be competent unless otherwise specified, but should they suffer from severe
600:
considered the legal standards for determining competence to stand trial and to waive counsel using the standards of objective unreasonableness under the
1788:
Valenti-Hein, D. C., & Schwartz, L. D. (1993). Witness competency in people with mental retardation: implications for prosecution of sexual abuse.
871:
children are more susceptible to outside influences and have a more difficult time remembering the details of the events compared to older children.
626:
486:
2473:
1577:
748:
1399:
1051:
for waiving their rights. Irrational reasons include defeatist attitudes, fantastic objectives, paranoid ideation, or irrational beliefs.
2050:
Melton, Gary B.; Petrila, John; Poythress, Norman G.; Slobogin, Christopher; Otto, Randy K.; Mossman, Douglass; Condie, Lois O. (2017).
1639:
Melton, Gary B.; Petrila, John; Poythress, Norman G.; Slobogin, Christopher; Otto, Randy K.; Mossman, Douglass; Condie, Lois O. (2017).
2059:
1648:
1015:
714:
692:
87:
738:(c) The significant risks, benefits, and reasonable alternatives involved in the decision. See, e.g., California Probate Code §812.
917:) may be identified in their stead. Competence to make treatment decisions stems from legal precedent about the right to refuse
543:
is used to describe persons who should not undergo or partake in certain judicial processes, and also for those who lack mental
1516:
1272:
696:
772:
2538:
394:
359:
262:
2182:
Wang, Shi-Bin; Wang, Yuan-Yuan; Ungvari, Gabor S.; Ng, Chee H.; Wu, Ren-Rong; Wang, Jijun; Xiang, Yu-Tao (2017-05-01).
1310:
1300:
972:
A patient should then be able to not only understand information about their treatment or medical condition, but also
934:
654:
580:
572:
909:
for medical treatment. Incompetent individuals cannot provide informed consent, so other decision-makers (such as a
69:
2184:"The MacArthur Competence Assessment Tools for assessing decision-making capacity in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis"
2548:
2543:
479:
369:
685:
830:
735:(b) The probable consequences for the decisionmaker and, where appropriate, the persons affected by the decision.
272:
161:
884:, a speech therapist was permitted to translate for a victim with cerebral palsy who had difficulty testifying.
1264:
399:
2553:
1106:
961:
926:
1294:
1206:
1118:
918:
787:
613:
585:
354:
214:
176:
156:
2533:
1762:
1230:
1142:
1031:
771:
In the United States, legal proceedings in immigration court typically revolves around the removal of a
472:
325:
229:
199:
194:
65:
335:
2465:
Psychological evaluations for the courts : a handbook for mental health professionals and lawyers
2183:
1699:
1174:
1198:
834:
310:
295:
238:
151:
146:
131:
2434:"The Role of Standby Counsel in Criminal Cases: In the Twilight Zone of the Criminal Justice System"
1422:""We Can Not Get a Living as We Used To": Dispossession and the White Earth Anishinaabeg, 1889-1920"
1330:
1190:
1072:
315:
1962:"Thinking about Fantasy: Are Children Fundamentally Different Thinkers and Believers from Adults?"
2219:
1989:
1449:
1238:
1222:
1158:
1126:
1056:
822:
658:
641:
576:
451:
300:
257:
219:
2052:
Psychological
Evaluations for the Courts: a Handbook for Mental Health Professionals and Lawyers
1641:
Psychological
Evaluations for the Courts: a Handbook for Mental Health Professionals and Lawyers
2244:"Competency and the Capacity to Make Treatment Decisions: a Primer for Primary Care Physicians"
571:, the right to not be prosecuted while one is incompetent to stand trial has been ruled by the
2479:
2469:
2281:
2263:
2211:
2203:
2164:
2055:
1997:
1981:
1842:
1754:
1750:
1727:
1719:
1644:
1583:
1573:
1441:
1214:
1134:
609:
568:
416:
379:
374:
320:
305:
204:
2271:
2255:
2195:
2156:
1973:
1834:
1711:
1433:
1258:
1182:
1166:
1044:
1023:
914:
906:
590:
528:
411:
389:
364:
267:
247:
141:
2299:
1601:
1775:
1289:
922:
893:
880:
disabilities, accommodations may be made based on the court's discretion. For example, in
826:
512:
384:
252:
185:
171:
937:
to make treatment decisions, such as the MacArthur
Competency Assessment Tool-Treatment.
751:
could use land allotted to them from the General Allotment Act (GAA), also known as the
2405:
2328:
2123:
2099:
2075:
1284:
1150:
1092:
910:
818:
556:
544:
508:
330:
224:
103:
2276:
2243:
1715:
2527:
986:
982:
732:(a) The rights, duties, and responsibilities created by, or affected by the decision.
166:
136:
27:
Ability to understand the nature and effect of the act in which the person is engaged
1071:, a court may decide to appoint a standby counsel, a ruling by the Supreme Court in
555:
and other personal matters such as consenting to medical treatment, etc. and need a
2223:
1297:, regarding the competences of the European Union versus those of its member states
930:
636:
460:
446:
31:
17:
1860:
2199:
1936:
1669:
2381:
1911:
1098:
Voluntary consent is considered to be consent given that is free from coercion.
881:
841:
674:
524:
523:, while witnesses found not to possess requisite competence cannot testify. The
520:
1067:
If a defendant is found competent to waive their right to counsel and proceeds
1838:
1745:
Cremin, Kevin M.; Philips, Jean; Sickinger, Claudia; Zelhof, Jeanette (2009).
1306:
United States federal laws governing offenders with mental diseases or defects
1110:
1003:
426:
405:
2483:
2267:
2207:
1985:
1846:
1723:
1587:
1445:
1268:
998:
810:
806:
756:
752:
650:
632:
552:
455:
126:
2285:
2215:
1746:
2463:
2168:
2160:
2001:
1731:
1567:
2357:
2259:
978:
957:
548:
436:
1569:
Forensic psychology : research, clinical practice, and applications
1474:
905:
In the United States, an individual must be deemed competent to provide
1993:
1961:
1453:
1421:
953:
814:
802:
699: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
646:
344:
281:
1492:
1977:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1437:
639:
to determine if punishment can be carried out. This is a result of
2054:(4th ed.). New York: Guilford Publications. pp. 468–486.
1643:(4th ed.). New York: Guilford Publications. pp. 468–486.
853:
remember, ability to communicate, and ability to remain truthful.
517:
1888:"Testimonial Competence of Children | Office of Justice Programs"
892:
Witnesses must be able to distinguish between truth and lies and
2503:
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online
1026:. However, some defendants want to waive this right and proceed
441:
1541:
30:
For the concept of authority to make legal pronouncements, see
1912:"People v. Miller, 247 A.D.2d 674 | Casetext Search + Citator"
668:
111:
36:
52:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
2248:
Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
1861:"Williams v. State, 416 Md. 670 | Casetext Search + Citator"
1113:
in the United States. The landmark cases are the following:
801:
In the United States, individuals who want to testify as a
755:. The practice was used after 1906 with the passing of the
1354:
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
1400:"California Probate Code Part 17. Legal Mental Capacity"
981:
which are out of touch with reality may understand that
1572:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
1010:
Competence to waive right to counsel and self-represent
61:
1937:"Rule 603. Oath or Affirmation to Testify Truthfully"
2352:
2350:
2348:
1823:"Free Black Witnesses in the Antebellum Upper South"
747:
Competency was used to determine whether individual
598:
United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
1704:
Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry
1700:"The Child as Witness: Competency and Credibility"
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2358:"Waiver/Forfeiture of Right to Counsel | NC PRO"
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1693:
1691:
1689:
977:be directly impacted. A patient who experiences
635:has a right to be evaluated for competency by a
1517:"Unlawful Presence and Inadmissibility | USCIS"
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2427:
2425:
1882:
1880:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
2323:
2321:
2319:
602:Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
480:
50:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
2329:"Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975)"
2076:"Sell v. United States, 539 U.S. 166 (2003)"
1670:"Rule 601. Competency to Testify in General"
1002:if some substantial consequence (e.g., limb
997:This aspect of competence is related to the
2237:
2235:
2233:
1808:The Florida Bar's Evidence: Ch. 5 Witnesses
1350:"Standards for Determination of Competence"
763:‘incompetent’ to manage their own affairs.
2406:"McKaskle v. Wiggins, 465 U.S. 168 (1984)"
1079:Competence to consent to search or seizure
985:medication is a traditional treatment for
487:
473:
99:
2275:
2100:"Jackson v. Indiana, 406 U.S. 715 (1972)"
1542:"Executive Office for Immigration Review"
715:Learn how and when to remove this message
88:Learn how and when to remove this message
2124:"Riggins v. Nevada, 504 U.S. 127 (1992)"
1331:"People v Hasenflue, 48 AD3d 888 (2008)"
1322:
657:, declaring he was not competent to be
627:Capital punishment in the United States
424:
343:
280:
237:
184:
118:
102:
1771:
1760:
1348:Kissin, Miriam; Towers, Karin (2007).
901:Competence to make treatment decisions
2509:(Supplement 4). www.jaapl.org: S3–S72
1109:has been developed through a body of
840:Witness competency is different from
7:
697:adding citations to reliable sources
848:Criteria for Determining Competency
665:Competence to enter into a contract
499:In United States and Canadian law,
2497:Mossman, Douglas (December 2007).
993:Reasonable decision-making process
25:
2386:LII / Legal Information Institute
2304:LII / Legal Information Institute
1941:LII / Legal Information Institute
1806:Burhans, Glenn; Smitha, Bridget.
1674:LII / Legal Information Institute
1379:"Ford v. Wainwright 477 U.S. 399"
1821:Eisner, Eric (12 October 2023).
1481:. Indian Land Tenure Foundation.
785:is similar and holds aspects to
673:
41:
1960:Woolley, Jacqueline D. (1997).
743:Competence and Native Americans
684:needs additional citations for
2438:New York University Law Review
1935:Staff, L. I. I. (2011-11-30).
1698:Nurcombe, BARRY (1986-07-01).
1426:The American Historical Review
1:
1716:10.1016/S0002-7138(10)60004-0
1602:"BIA Precedent Chart REF-END"
1022:grants criminal defendants a
2200:10.1016/j.schres.2016.11.020
395:Declaration against interest
263:Self-authenticating document
1301:Suitable age and discretion
655:United States Supreme Court
575:to be guaranteed under the
573:United States Supreme Court
64:, discuss the issue on the
2570:
1420:Meyer, Melissa L. (1991).
1256:
1016:United States Constitution
888:Ability to remain truthful
624:
507:Depending on the state, a
29:
1839:10.1017/S0738248023000408
1566:Huss, Matthew T. (2014).
1265:laws of England and Wales
962:intellectual disabilities
927:intellectual disabilities
831:Federal Rules of Evidence
767:Competence and Immigrants
653:who took his case to the
621:Competence to be executed
563:Competence to stand trial
559:to handle their affairs.
273:Hague Evidence Convention
162:Eyewitness identification
2462:Melton, Gary B. (2018).
2242:Leo, Raphael J. (1999).
1790:Sexuality and Disability
1402:. California Legislature
821:) and can occur in both
400:Present sense impression
210:Public policy exclusions
1107:Adjudicative competence
882:People v. Miller (1988)
2188:Schizophrenia Research
1827:Law and History Review
1770:Cite journal requires
1295:Principle of conferral
1119:Dusky v. United States
919:psychiatric medication
875:Ability to communicate
788:Dusky v. United States
614:Stratford, Connecticut
586:Dusky v. United States
177:Consciousness of guilt
2432:Poulin, Anne (2000).
2161:10.1176/ps.48.11.1415
1311:Competency evaluation
1231:Sell v. United States
1143:Faretta v. California
1032:Faretta v. California
797:Competence to Testify
581:competency evaluation
326:Recorded recollection
2382:"Indiana v. Edwards"
2260:10.4088/PCC.v01n0501
2149:Psychiatric Services
1381:. Cornell Law School
1207:Medina v. California
1199:Washington v. Harper
835:cognitive impairment
773:non-citizen national
693:improve this article
645:, a case filed by a
360:in United States law
70:create a new article
62:improve this article
2539:Forensic psychology
1191:McKaskle v. Wiggins
1102:Competency case law
1073:McKaskle v. Wiggins
1038:Competency standard
935:evaluate competence
866:Ability to remember
583:, as determined in
200:Laying a foundation
18:Legally incompetent
1239:Indiana v. Edwards
1223:Cooper v. Oklahoma
1159:Ford v. Wainwright
1127:Jackson v. Indiana
1057:Indiana v. Edwards
857:Ability to observe
642:Ford v. Wainwright
577:due process clause
456:trusts and estates
336:Dead Man's Statute
301:Direct examination
258:Best evidence rule
2549:Criminal defenses
2544:Mental health law
2475:978-1-4625-3266-7
2362:ncpro.sog.unc.edu
2300:"Sixth Amendment"
2155:(11): 1415–1419.
1966:Child Development
1749:. Rochester, NY.
1579:978-1-118-55413-5
1215:Riggins v. Nevada
1135:Drope v. Missouri
915:health care proxy
725:
724:
717:
610:Kenneth L. Curtis
569:United States law
497:
496:
417:Implied assertion
380:Dying declaration
375:Excited utterance
321:Proffer agreement
306:Cross-examination
119:Types of evidence
98:
97:
90:
72:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
2561:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2459:
2446:
2445:
2429:
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2419:
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1259:Fitness to plead
1183:Estelle v. Smith
1175:Pate v. Robinson
1167:Godinez v. Moran
1045:Godinez v. Moran
1024:right to counsel
960:, or those with
923:mental illnesses
907:informed consent
749:Native Americans
720:
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669:
591:insanity defense
529:fitness to plead
489:
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390:Ancient document
370:Business records
268:Ancient document
248:Chain of custody
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2009:
1978:10.2307/1132282
1972:(6): 991–1011.
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1600:
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1546:www.justice.gov
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1290:Age of majority
1281:
1261:
1255:
1246:Matter of M-A-M
1104:
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1063:Standby counsel
1040:
1020:Sixth Amendment
1012:
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903:
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859:
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783:Matter of M-A-M
778:Matter of M-A-M
769:
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678:
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629:
623:
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551:, handle their
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385:Party admission
253:Judicial notice
195:Burden of proof
137:Real (physical)
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2254:(5): 131–141.
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2007:
1952:
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1876:
1852:
1833:(2): 297–317.
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1432:(2): 368–394.
1412:
1391:
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1335:Google Scholar
1321:
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1257:Main article:
1254:
1253:United Kingdom
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1093:search warrant
1080:
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355:in English law
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54:worldwide view
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1796:(4), 287-294.
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987:schizophrenia
984:
983:antipsychotic
980:
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959:
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944:Understanding
943:
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932:
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920:
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900:
898:
895:
894:swear an oath
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682:This section
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631:An inmate on
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535:United States
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167:Genetic (DNA)
165:
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157:Demonstrative
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78:December 2010
71:
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48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2534:Evidence law
2511:. Retrieved
2506:
2502:
2492:
2464:
2441:
2437:
2413:. Retrieved
2409:
2400:
2389:. Retrieved
2385:
2376:
2365:. Retrieved
2361:
2336:. Retrieved
2332:
2307:. Retrieved
2303:
2294:
2251:
2247:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2131:. Retrieved
2127:
2118:
2107:. Retrieved
2103:
2094:
2083:. Retrieved
2079:
2070:
2051:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1944:. Retrieved
1940:
1930:
1919:. Retrieved
1916:casetext.com
1915:
1906:
1895:. Retrieved
1891:
1868:. Retrieved
1865:casetext.com
1864:
1855:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1807:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1763:cite journal
1740:
1707:
1703:
1677:. Retrieved
1673:
1640:
1610:. Retrieved
1608:. 2015-01-13
1605:
1596:
1568:
1561:
1550:. Retrieved
1548:. 2014-03-02
1545:
1536:
1525:. Retrieved
1523:. 2022-06-24
1520:
1511:
1500:. Retrieved
1496:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1457:. Retrieved
1429:
1425:
1415:
1404:. Retrieved
1394:
1383:. Retrieved
1373:
1362:. Retrieved
1360:(3): 386–388
1357:
1353:
1343:
1334:
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1090:
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1082:
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1053:
1049:
1041:
1013:
996:
973:
971:
968:Appreciation
949:
947:
939:
931:psychologist
904:
891:
878:
869:
860:
851:
839:
827:civil trials
800:
786:
782:
777:
770:
761:
746:
726:
711:
702:
691:Please help
686:verification
683:
640:
637:psychologist
630:
606:
595:
584:
566:
540:
538:
506:
500:
498:
461:Criminal law
404:
290:
230:Similar fact
110:Part of the
84:
75:
51:
32:Jurisdiction
1892:www.ojp.gov
1497:www.ice.gov
933:may use to
842:credibility
705:August 2016
541:incompetent
521:prosecution
513:conservator
365:Confessions
316:Impeachment
205:Materiality
152:Inculpatory
147:Exculpatory
132:Documentary
2528:Categories
2513:2008-02-21
2415:2022-10-20
2410:Justia Law
2391:2022-10-20
2367:2022-10-20
2338:2022-10-20
2333:Justia Law
2309:2022-10-20
2133:2022-10-09
2128:Justia Law
2109:2022-10-09
2104:Justia Law
2085:2022-10-09
2080:Justia Law
1946:2022-12-06
1921:2022-12-06
1897:2022-12-06
1870:2022-12-06
1679:2022-11-07
1612:2022-12-05
1552:2022-12-05
1527:2022-12-05
1502:2022-12-05
1459:8 November
1406:2017-04-16
1385:2007-10-03
1364:2007-10-19
1111:common law
1004:amputation
974:appreciate
649:inmate on
625:See also:
501:competence
427:common law
406:Res gestae
291:Competence
215:Spoliation
2484:985073538
2268:1523-5998
2208:0920-9964
2194:: 56–63.
1986:0009-3920
1847:0738-2480
1724:0002-7138
1588:828481957
1493:"Removal"
1446:0002-8762
1317:Footnotes
999:cognition
979:delusions
815:witnesses
811:defendant
807:testimony
757:Burke Act
753:Dawes Act
651:death row
633:death row
553:financial
549:contracts
539:The word
296:Privilege
282:Witnesses
220:Character
186:Relevance
127:Testimony
66:talk page
2286:15014674
2216:27876273
1279:See also
1269:Scotland
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