33:
139:
541:, many of which are the result of the adoption, along with the kanji themselves, of Chinese words for concepts that either did not exist in Japanese or could not be articulated as elegantly using native words. This borrowing process is often compared to the
921:
readings, which are mistaken or changed readings of the kanji that have become accepted into the
Japanese language. In some cases, they are the actual readings that accompanied the character's introduction to Japan but do not match how the character
542:
684:) have more than one reading in Chinese representing different meanings, which is reflected in the carryover to Japanese as well. Additionally, many Chinese syllables, especially those with an
649:
2914:
2765:
2961:
1106:
545:, since Chinese-borrowed terms are often more specialized, or considered to sound more erudite or formal, than their native counterparts (occupying a higher
1708:
2760:
424:
755:
developed in
Japanese as a result of Chinese borrowings, as they are virtually unknown in words of native Japanese origin, but are common in Chinese.
3001:
2387:
1675:
276:
2382:
1647:
1622:
1866:
116:
2267:
2973:
2692:
172:
2646:
2641:
2167:
1701:
790:
2815:
417:
54:
1873:
2656:
2372:
2787:
2626:
2185:
97:
2520:
2500:
2304:
2257:
69:
50:
2636:
2510:
1694:
43:
2921:
2899:
2687:
410:
389:
354:
76:
2956:
2894:
2884:
2848:
2746:
2697:
2621:
2596:
2205:
464:
360:
339:
2262:
185:
2340:
923:
146:
83:
2357:
2838:
2727:
2200:
1746:
1736:
1068:
802:
1071:
or triplets, but they can differ significantly from each other and from modern
Chinese pronunciation.
65:
2889:
2712:
2616:
2490:
2292:
2227:
1741:
550:
346:
283:
2938:
2820:
2792:
2707:
2287:
2232:
546:
471:
based on the historical
Chinese pronunciation of the character. A single kanji might have multiple
2909:
648:
In
Chinese, most characters are associated with a single Chinese sound, though there are distinct
375:
2968:
2830:
2717:
2651:
2541:
2536:
2249:
1991:
697:
2797:
2237:
2073:
2022:
138:
2732:
2702:
2505:
2324:
2309:
2282:
2277:
2215:
2153:
2128:
2063:
1981:
1937:
1780:
1775:
1765:
1756:
1717:
1671:
1663:
1643:
1618:
926:(is prescribed to) be read according to the rules of character construction and pronunciation.
453:
205:
2926:
2904:
2682:
2478:
2319:
2121:
2111:
2106:
2094:
2042:
1986:
1947:
1883:
1839:
1824:
396:
365:
321:
2447:
748:, chosen for their approximation to the final consonants of Middle Chinese. It may be that
250:
195:
180:
2951:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2314:
2087:
1998:
1898:
1859:
1854:
1815:
1795:
2080:
830:
of China in the 7th to 9th centuries, primarily from the standard speech of the capital,
210:
190:
700:(beats), the second of which is either a lengthening of the vowel in the first mora (to
2996:
2946:
2297:
2272:
2195:
2175:
2148:
2099:
2051:
2015:
1969:
1913:
1908:
1888:
475:
pronunciations, reflecting the
Chinese pronunciations of different periods or regions.
288:
90:
942:
reading is well known is a common cause of reading mistakes or difficulty, such as in
2990:
2737:
2483:
2462:
2180:
2032:
1976:
1844:
1834:
1810:
1800:
1790:
685:
793:
of China during the 5th and 6th centuries, primarily from the speech of the capital
2722:
2551:
2116:
2010:
1954:
1923:
1918:
1731:
996:, as well as in some of the earliest loans, such as the Sino-Japanese numbers. The
876:
872:
847:
827:
689:
167:
871:
readings are based on the pronunciations of later dynasties of China, such as the
2777:
2005:
1585:
1064:
843:
831:
510:
32:
1546:
1513:
1478:
1443:
1408:
1377:
1346:
1307:
1268:
1229:
1196:
1151:
1114:
2806:
2772:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2452:
884:
798:
235:
767:
are classified into four types according to their region and time of origin:
2586:
2515:
2495:
2437:
880:
316:
2457:
2442:
1063:(with rare exceptions of homographs; see below), having a common origin in
263:
255:
2866:
2751:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2349:
2190:
978:
856:
835:
794:
493:
311:
242:
230:
508:
pronunciations are used for technical, compound words, while the native
2843:
2782:
2399:
1060:
749:
17:
2861:
2394:
2362:
811:
565:
487:
1686:
2856:
2404:
2367:
1590:
1018:
774:
481:
468:
160:
2414:
223:
1690:
26:
561:
are found in many personal names, especially men's names).
826:
readings come from the pronunciation utilized during the
1078:
543:
English borrowings from Latin, Greek, and Norman French
501:, roughly based on when they were borrowed from China.
2937:
2877:
2829:
2671:
2529:
2471:
2413:
2348:
2339:
2248:
2214:
2166:
2139:
2062:
1936:
1764:
1755:
1724:
789:readings derive from the pronunciation used in the
514:pronunciation is used for singular, simpler words.
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
572:, but there are exceptions, such as the character
750:palatalized consonants before vowels other than
1033:
1016:
1001:
982:
943:
905:
888:
853:
808:
771:
688:, did not fit the largely consonant-vowel (CV)
534:
437:
1040:
1025:
1008:
989:
963:
950:
914:
895:
864:
819:
782:
630:
618:
598:
574:
528:
446:
1702:
674:
666:
659:
653:
525:primarily occur in multi-kanji compound words
479:pronunciations are generally classified into
418:
8:
1000:readings occur in some later words, such as
1642:. Cambridge University Press. p. 130.
879:. They cover all readings adopted from the
458:
131:Kanji reading based on the original Chinese
2345:
2220:
1761:
1709:
1695:
1687:
425:
411:
133:
1608:
1606:
568:) would not normally be expected to have
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
930:The most common form of readings is the
616:of the phonetic component, respectively
1602:
797:(today's Nanjing). They are related to
549:). The major exception to this rule is
331:
298:
152:
145:
452:
7:
612:"—in both cases these come from the
55:adding citations to reliable sources
1668:A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology
977:readings are especially common in
675:
667:
25:
736:(historically, later merged into
692:of classical Japanese. Thus most
650:literary and colloquial readings
137:
31:
791:Northern and Southern dynasties
42:needs additional citations for
1082:(rare readings in parentheses)
955:, detoxification, anti-poison)
1:
3002:Japanese writing system terms
1670:, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter,
1638:Shibatani, Masayoshi (2008).
467:reading, is the reading of a
2853:Kanji pronunciation sources
2627:Katakana Phonetic Extensions
1615:Writing Systems of the World
938:reading in a word where the
652:. However, some homographs (
604:"gland", which has only the
2962:Speculative fiction writers
2521:Transcription into Japanese
1034:
1017:
1002:
983:
969:is usually instead read as
944:
906:
889:
854:
809:
772:
535:
438:
3018:
1880:Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka
1045:, a kind of paper lantern)
716:, or one of the syllables
2223:
1613:Coulmas, Florian (1991).
1545:
1512:
1477:
1442:
1407:
1376:
1345:
1306:
1267:
1228:
1195:
1150:
1113:
1041:
1026:
1009:
990:
964:
951:
915:
896:
865:
820:
783:
660:
654:
631:
619:
599:
580:"to work", which has the
575:
564:Kanji invented in Japan (
557:are usually used (though
529:
447:
2747:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
2206:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese
887:. This is also known as
461:"sound(-based) reading")
2693:Godan and ichidan verbs
2511:Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
1059:readings are generally
1640:The Languages of Japan
934:one, and use of a non-
900:, Tang and Song sound)
553:, in which the native
2798:Court lady language (
2268:Southern Amami Ōshima
2201:Yilan Creole Japanese
803:Shanghainese language
357: / ISO 3602
2617:Small Kana Extension
2228:Eastern Old Japanese
1867:Northern Izu Islands
981:terminology such as
919:, "customary sound")
696:are composed of two
284:Japanese punctuation
51:improve this article
2168:Pidgins and creoles
1084:
1069:linguistic doublets
547:linguistic register
277:Typographic symbols
2969:Classical Japanese
2816:Gender differences
2652:Extended shinjitai
1664:Baxter, William H.
1079:
844:Han Chinese people
2984:
2983:
2688:Verb conjugations
2667:
2666:
2335:
2334:
2216:Japonic languages
2162:
2161:
2154:Okinawan Japanese
1718:Japanese language
1677:978-3-11-012324-1
1577:
1576:
1083:
1067:, and hence form
454:[oɰ̃jomi]
435:
434:
127:
126:
119:
101:
16:(Redirected from
3009:
2927:Polivanov system
2788:Honorific speech
2683:Japanese grammar
2346:
2221:
1762:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1688:
1681:
1680:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1610:
1549:
1516:
1481:
1446:
1411:
1380:
1349:
1310:
1271:
1232:
1199:
1154:
1117:
1085:
1081:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1005:
995:
993:
992:
986:
968:
967:
966:
956:
954:
953:
947:
920:
918:
917:
911:
901:
899:
898:
892:
870:
868:
867:
861:
825:
823:
822:
816:
788:
786:
785:
779:
678:
670:
663:
662:
657:
656:
635:
634:
633:
623:
622:
621:
603:
602:
601:
579:
578:
577:
540:
538:
532:
531:
462:
460:
456:
450:
449:
443:
427:
420:
413:
397:Polivanov system
378:(keyboard input)
147:Japanese writing
141:
134:
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
100:
59:
35:
27:
21:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2933:
2878:Transliteration
2873:
2849:Sound symbolism
2825:
2807:Role language (
2766:from Portuguese
2698:Irregular verbs
2676:
2674:
2663:
2612:Kana Supplement
2607:Kana Extended-B
2602:Kana Extended-A
2525:
2501:Historical kana
2467:
2409:
2388:by stroke count
2379:Kanji radicals
2373:by stroke count
2331:
2244:
2210:
2186:Hawaiian Creole
2158:
2135:
2058:
1932:
1751:
1720:
1715:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1617:. p. 125.
1612:
1611:
1604:
1599:
1582:
1172:
1163:
1077:
1038:
1023:
1006:
987:
962:
948:
912:
893:
869:, "Tang sound")
862:
817:
780:
761:
646:
644:Characteristics
629:
617:
597:
573:
526:
520:
444:
431:
402:
401:
392:
382:
381:
372:
351:
342:
332:Transliteration
327:
326:
307:
294:
293:
279:
269:
268:
260:
247:
226:
216:
215:
202:
177:
163:
132:
123:
112:
106:
103:
60:
58:
48:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3015:
3013:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2989:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2804:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2749:
2744:
2738:Native words (
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2343:
2341:Writing system
2337:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2254:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2196:Pseudo-Chinese
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2176:Bamboo English
2172:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2149:Amami Japanese
2145:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2070:
2068:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1944:
1942:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1655:
1649:978-0521369183
1648:
1630:
1624:978-0631180289
1623:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1107:Middle Chinese
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1076:
1073:
928:
927:
903:
851:
824:, "Han sound")
806:
760:
759:Classification
757:
645:
642:
519:
516:
433:
432:
430:
429:
422:
415:
407:
404:
403:
400:
399:
393:
388:
387:
384:
383:
380:
379:
371:
370:
369:
368:
363:
350:
349:
343:
338:
337:
334:
333:
329:
328:
325:
324:
319:
314:
308:
305:
304:
301:
300:
296:
295:
292:
291:
289:Iteration mark
286:
280:
275:
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:
259:
258:
253:
246:
245:
240:
239:
238:
227:
222:
221:
218:
217:
214:
213:
208:
206:Jinmeiyō kanji
201:
200:
199:
198:
193:
188:
176:
175:
170:
164:
159:
158:
155:
154:
150:
149:
143:
142:
130:
125:
124:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3014:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2922:Cyrillization
2920:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:Wāpuro rōmaji
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
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2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2740:yamato kotoba
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2728:Counter words
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
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2699:
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2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2463:Kana ligature
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
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2359:
2358:Script reform
2356:
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2347:
2344:
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2326:
2323:
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2308:
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2299:
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2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
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2247:
2239:
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2229:
2226:
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2222:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:Bonin English
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
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2090:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2078:
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2069:
2067:
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2061:
2055:
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2038:
2034:
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2030:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
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1968:
1961:
1958:
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1946:
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1925:
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1754:
1748:
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1727:
1725:Earlier forms
1723:
1719:
1712:
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1698:
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1673:
1669:
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1234:
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1125:
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849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
815:
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813:
807:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:, "Wu sound")
778:
777:
776:
770:
769:
768:
766:
758:
756:
754:
753:
747:
744:), or moraic
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
712:), the vowel
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
686:entering tone
683:
679:
677:
671:
669:
651:
643:
641:
639:
627:
615:
611:
607:
595:
591:
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583:
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512:
507:
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500:
496:
495:
490:
489:
484:
483:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:Sino-Japanese
455:
442:
441:
428:
423:
421:
416:
414:
409:
408:
406:
405:
398:
395:
394:
391:
390:Cyrillization
386:
385:
377:
374:
373:
367:
364:
362:
359:
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356:
353:
352:
348:
345:
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323:
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297:
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273:
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265:
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257:
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244:
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229:
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212:
209:
207:
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197:
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157:
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136:
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121:
118:
110:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
2915:In Esperanto
2885:Romanization
2839:Pitch accent
2821:Dictionaries
2808:
2800:nyōbō kotoba
2799:
2753:
2752:Loan words (
2739:
2723:Topic marker
2637:ARIB STD B24
2383:by frequency
2263:Amami Ōshima
2140:
2129:
2088:
2074:
2064:
2052:
2039:East San'in
2023:
1999:
1970:
1948:
1938:
1874:
1825:
1781:
1766:
1747:Early Modern
1737:Early Middle
1667:
1658:
1639:
1633:
1614:
1571:
1560:
1555:
1538:
1527:
1522:
1505:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1470:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1435:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1400:
1395:
1369:
1364:
1338:
1333:
1324:
1317:
1299:
1295:
1283:
1277:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1221:
1210:
1205:
1188:
1179:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1143:
1134:
1128:
1123:
1056:
1052:
1048:
997:
974:
970:
958:
939:
935:
931:
929:
907:
855:
848:China proper
839:
828:Tang dynasty
810:
773:
764:
762:
751:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
693:
690:phonotactics
681:
680:, Japanese:
673:
665:
647:
637:
625:
613:
609:
605:
593:
589:
585:
581:
569:
563:
558:
554:
551:family names
522:
521:
509:
505:
503:
498:
492:
486:
480:
476:
472:
439:
436:
355:Kunrei-shiki
306:Syllabograms
211:Hyōgai kanji
191:Kyōiku kanji
168:Stroke order
128:
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
2895:Nihon-shiki
2778:Wasei-kango
2713:Possessives
2673:Grammar and
2506:Modern kana
2491:Punctuation
2472:Orthography
2293:Tokunoshima
1905:Gifu-Aichi
1875:Tōkai–Tōsan
1742:Late Middle
1065:Old Chinese
1030:, mattress)
994:, paradise)
763:Generally,
682:an, gō, gyō
664:(Mandarin:
504:Generally,
361:Nihon-shiki
2991:Categories
2939:Literature
2809:yakuwarigo
2793:Honorifics
2773:Wasei-eigo
2761:from Dutch
2708:Adjectives
2675:vocabulary
2453:Hentaigana
2448:Man'yōgana
2288:Okinoerabu
1992:Okuyoshino
1597:References
1352:masculine
1313:transport
1103:Kan'yō-on
885:Edo period
842:refers to
799:Wu Chinese
658:) such as
588:" and the
586:hatara(ku)
251:Man'yōgana
236:Hentaigana
196:Tōyō kanji
181:Jōyō kanji
153:Components
107:March 2024
77:newspapers
2831:Phonology
2718:Particles
2657:Half/Full
2587:Shift JIS
2516:Yotsugana
2496:Kanazukai
2438:Okurigana
2350:Logograms
1962:Shiramine
1807:Southern
1787:Northern
1080:Examples
961:), where
908:Kan'yō-on
881:Heian era
838:). Here,
499:kan'yō-on
463:, or the
317:Okurigana
66:"On'yomi"
2754:gairaigo
2733:Numerals
2703:Pronouns
2642:Enclosed
2622:Katakana
2597:Hiragana
2593:Unicode
2548:ISO/IEC
2530:Encoding
2433:Furigana
2428:Katakana
2423:Hiragana
2325:Yonaguni
2305:Southern
2283:Okinawan
2278:Kunigami
2258:Northern
2250:Ryukyuan
2191:Kyowa-go
2122:Tsushima
2112:Nagasaki
2107:Kumamoto
2095:Chikuzen
1959:Kanazawa
1949:Hokuriku
1884:Shizuoka
1851:Eastern
1840:Kanagawa
1831:Western
1776:Hokkaidō
1757:Dialects
1666:(1992),
1586:Kun'yomi
1580:See also
1519:soldier
1484:capital
1202:extreme
1091:Meaning
1075:Examples
1013:, chair)
984:gokuraku
979:Buddhist
924:"should"
834:(modern
832:Chang'an
801:and the
795:Jiankang
582:kun'yomi
555:kun'yomi
511:kun'yomi
312:Furigana
243:Katakana
231:Hiragana
173:Radicals
2957:Writers
2890:Hepburn
2844:Rendaku
2783:Engrish
2479:Braille
2400:Ryakuji
2320:Yaeyama
2238:grammar
2233:Hachijō
2130:Satsugū
2089:Hichiku
2075:Hōnichi
2029:San'yō
2024:Chūgoku
2000:Shikoku
1939:Western
1899:Nagaoka
1895:Echigo
1860:Tochigi
1855:Ibaraki
1816:Nairiku
1796:Tsugaru
1767:Eastern
1552:strong
1471:tshjeng
1274:degree
1120:bright
1097:Kan-on
1061:cognate
945:ge-doku
890:Tōsō-on
883:to the
765:on'yomi
694:on'yomi
614:on'yomi
606:on'yomi
596:", and
590:on'yomi
570:on'yomi
559:on'yomi
523:On'yomi
506:on'yomi
477:On'yomi
473:on'yomi
440:On'yomi
347:Hepburn
322:Braille
91:scholar
2952:Poetry
2900:Kunrei
2862:Kan-on
2633:Other
2542:EUC-JP
2458:Sōgana
2443:Gojūon
2395:Kokuji
2363:Kanbun
2315:Tarama
2310:Miyako
2100:Hakata
2065:Kyūshū
2053:Umpaku
2016:Sanuki
1982:Banshū
1971:Kansai
1914:Mikawa
1909:Nagoya
1889:Narada
1782:Tōhoku
1674:
1646:
1621:
1572:gjangX
1539:pjaeng
1506:kjaeng
1463:(shin)
1449:clear
1414:child
1401:hjuwng
1370:hjuwng
1235:pearl
1189:haengH
1100:Tō-on
1094:Go-on
1088:Kanji
1055:, and
1053:kan-on
1047:. The
1032:, and
973:. The
940:kan-on
936:kan-on
932:kan-on
812:Kan-on
628:" and
566:kokuji
536:jukugo
488:kan-on
376:Wāpuro
340:Rōmaji
264:Gojūon
256:Sōgana
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
18:Onyomi
2997:Kanji
2974:texts
2947:Books
2867:Tō-on
2857:Go-on
2484:Kanji
2405:Ateji
2368:Kanji
2298:Yoron
2273:Kikai
2141:Other
2043:Inshū
2033:Bingo
1987:Kishū
1977:Awaji
1845:Tokyo
1835:Gunma
1826:Kantō
1811:Kesen
1801:Akita
1791:Nanbu
1591:Kanji
1498:(kin)
1383:bear
1211:kyoku
1144:mjang
1057:tō-on
1049:go-on
1035:andon
1019:futon
998:tō-on
975:go-on
959:go-on
857:Tō-on
836:Xi'an
775:Go-on
708:, or
698:morae
518:Usage
494:tō-on
482:go-on
469:kanji
161:Kanji
98:JSTOR
84:books
2582:0213
2577:0212
2572:0211
2567:0208
2562:0201
2558:JIS
2552:2022
2415:Kana
2117:Saga
2081:Ōita
2011:Tosa
1955:Kaga
1924:Hida
1919:Mino
1672:ISBN
1644:ISBN
1619:ISBN
1436:tsiX
1261:tsyu
1206:goku
877:Ming
875:and
873:Song
740:and
676:xíng
668:háng
497:and
459:lit.
299:Uses
224:Kana
186:list
70:news
2905:JSL
2647:EIS
2537:EUC
2006:Iyo
1732:Old
1561:kyō
1528:hei
1523:hyō
1493:kei
1488:kyō
1458:sei
1453:shō
1423:shi
1418:shi
1339:syu
1325:shu
1318:shu
1300:dak
1296:duH
1244:shu
1239:shu
1222:gik
1161:gyō
1157:go
1135:min
1129:mei
1124:myō
1003:isu
971:kai
916:慣用音
897:唐宋音
846:or
840:Kan
730:chi
726:tsu
672:or
655:多音字
640:".
638:sen
610:sen
448:音読み
366:JSL
53:by
2993::
1605:^
1568:—
1565:—
1556:gō
1535:—
1532:—
1502:—
1467:—
1432:—
1428:su
1396:yū
1392:—
1389:—
1386:—
1365:yū
1361:—
1358:—
1355:—
1334:yu
1330:—
1327:)
1320:)
1298:,
1292:—
1289:—
1286:)
1284:to
1278:do
1257:)
1255:zu
1249:ju
1218:—
1215:—
1185:—
1182:)
1180:an
1174:kō
1170:kō
1165:gō
1140:—
1137:)
1051:,
1042:行灯
1027:布団
1015:,
1010:椅子
991:極楽
952:解毒
866:唐音
821:漢音
784:呉音
734:fu
732:,
728:,
724:,
722:ki
720:,
718:ku
704:,
702:ei
626:dō
594:dō
533:,
530:熟語
491:,
485:,
457:,
451:,
2811:)
2802:)
2756:)
2742:)
1710:e
1703:t
1696:v
1652:.
1627:.
1547:強
1514:兵
1479:京
1444:清
1409:子
1378:熊
1347:雄
1323:(
1316:(
1308:輸
1282:(
1269:度
1253:(
1230:珠
1197:極
1178:(
1152:行
1133:(
1115:明
1039:(
1024:(
1007:(
988:(
965:解
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949:(
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894:(
863:(
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818:(
805:.
781:(
752:i
746:n
742:ū
738:ō
714:i
710:ū
706:ō
661:行
636:"
632:泉
624:"
620:動
608:"
600:腺
592:"
584:"
576:働
539:)
527:(
445:(
426:e
419:t
412:v
120:)
114:(
109:)
105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
47:.
20:)
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