254:, because in these traditional methods it is not allowed to go back to a previous phase. In open-source software development, requirements are rarely gathered before the start of the project; instead they are based on early releases of the software product, as Robbins describes. Besides requirements, often volunteer staff is attracted to help develop the software product based on the early releases of the software. This networking effect is essential according to Abrahamsson et al.: âif the introduced prototype gathers enough attention, it will gradually start to attract more and more developersâ. However, Abrahamsson et al. also point out that the community is very harsh, much like the business world of closed-source software: âif you find the customers you survive, but without customers you dieâ.
89:
of time dealing with and creating bug reports, as well as handling feature requests. This time is spent on creating and prioritizing further development plans. This leads to part of the development team spending a lot of time on these issues, and not on the actual development. Also, in closed-source projects, the development teams must often work under management-related constraints (such as deadlines, budgets, etc.) that interfere with technical issues of the software. In open-source software development, these issues are solved by integrating the users of the software in the development process, or even letting these users build the system themselves.
85:. In this book, Raymond makes the distinction between two kinds of software development. The first is the conventional closed-source development. This kind of development method is, according to Raymond, like the building of a cathedral; central planning, tight organization and one process from start to finish. The second is the progressive open-source development, which is more like "a great babbling bazaar of differing agendas and approaches out of which a coherent and stable system could seemingly emerge only by a succession of miracles." The latter analogy points to the discussion involved in an open-source development process.
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271:, for example is suitable for open-source software development because of the distributed development principle it adopts. Internet-Speed Development uses geographically distributed teams to âwork around the clockâ. This method, mostly adopted by large closed-source firms, (because they're the only ones which afford development centers in different time zones), works equally well in open source projects because a software developed by a large group of volunteers shall naturally tend to have developers spread across all time zones.
393:(CVS) was a prominent example of a source code collaboration tool being used in OSS projects. CVS helps manage the files and codes of a project when several people are working on the project at the same time. CVS allows several people to work on the same file at the same time. This is done by moving the file into the usersâ directories and then merging the files when the users are done. CVS also enables one to easily retrieve a previous version of a file. During mid 2000s,
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164:). To start a successful project it is very important to investigate what's already there. The process starts with a choice between the adopting of an existing project, or the starting of a new project. If a new project is started, the process goes to the Initiation phase. If an existing project is adopted, the process goes directly to the Execution phase.
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Differences between the two styles of development, according to Bar and Fogel, are in general the handling (and creation) of bug reports and feature requests, and the constraints under which the programmers are working. In closed-source software development, the programmers are often spending a lot
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Finally, there is the book or standalone document project. These items usually do not ship as part of an open-source software package. The Linux
Documentation Project hosts many such projects that document various aspects of the Linux operating system. There are many other examples of this type of
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Several types of open-source projects exist. First, there is the garden variety of software programs and libraries, which consist of standalone pieces of code. Some might even be dependent on other open-source projects. These projects serve a specified purpose and fill a definite need. Examples of
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Since OSS projects undergo frequent integration, tools that help automate testing during system integration are used. An example of such tool is
Tinderbox. Tinderbox enables participants in an OSS project to detect errors during system integration. Tinderbox runs a continuous build process and
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Fuggetta argues that ârapid prototyping, incremental and evolutionary development, spiral lifecycle, rapid application development, and, recently, extreme programming and the agile software process can be equally applied to proprietary and open source softwareâ. He also pinpoints
116:. A diagram displaying the process-data structure of open-source software development is shown on the right. In this picture, the phases of open-source software development are displayed, along with the corresponding data elements. This diagram is made using the
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Distributions are another type of open-source project. Distributions are collections of software that are published from the same source with a common purpose. The most prominent example of a "distribution" is an operating system. There are many
465:. A memory leak is a particular kind of unnecessary memory consumption by a computer program, where the program fails to release memory that is no longer needed. Examples of memory leak detection tools used by Mozilla are the
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In OSS development the participants, who are mostly volunteers, are distributed amongst different geographic regions so there is need for tools to aid participants to collaborate in the development of source code.
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are used to make sure e-mail messages are delivered to all interested parties at once. This ensures that at least one of the members can reply to it. In order to communicate in real time, many projects use an
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methods are applicable to open-source software development, because of their iterative and incremental character. Other Agile methods are equally useful for both open and closed source software development:
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system; developing the entire system together as a single team. These operating system development projects closely integrate their tools, more so than in the other distribution-based systems.
450:(GDB) is an example of a debugger used in open-source software development. This debugger offers remote debugging, what makes it especially applicable to open-source software development.
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Many open-source projects are now using distributed revision control systems, which scale better than centralized repositories such as SVN and CVS. Popular examples are
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Developers and users of an open-source project are not all necessarily working on the project in proximity. They require some electronic means of communications.
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is a collection of tools to automate the process of installing, upgrading, configuring, and removing software packages from a computer. The
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Memory Leak tools. Validation tools are used to check if pieces of code conform to the specified syntax. An example of a validation tool is
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Most large-scale projects require a bug tracking system to keep track of the status of various issues in the development of the project.
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etc.) which ship the Linux kernel along with many user-land components. There are other distributions, like
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666:. Making Sense of the Bazaar: Perspectives on Open Source and Free Software, Fall 2003.
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file format, are package management systems used by a number of Linux distributions.
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Adopting Open Source
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There are several ways in which work on an open-source project can start:
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Fuggetta, Alfonso (2003). "Open source softwareââan evaluation".
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A framework for creating hybrid-open source software communities
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The source code of a mature project is released to the public.
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Freely accessible creation and refinement of computer programs
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Sharma, S., Sugumaran, V. & Rajagopalan, B. (2002).
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Agile software development methods: Review and
Analysis
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Process-Data Model for open-source software development
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174:List of free and open-source software packages
145:A well-established open-source project can be
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313:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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611:. O'Reilly Retrieved from
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33:is the process by which
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662:Robbins, J. E. (2003).
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487:Red Hat Package Manager
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260:Extreme Programming
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749:2023-08-25
595:References
516:Articles:
493:(APT) for
213:ActivePerl
172:See also:
1219:Languages
410:Mercurial
294:does not
205:Slackware
77:In 1997,
1329:Category
1314:Category
1180:ER model
1046:Ontology
958:Software
884:Concepts
726:Wired UK
530:See also
444:debugger
323:May 2013
201:Mandriva
65:and the
1304:Commons
1129:V-model
315:removed
300:sources
246:Methods
73:History
59:Android
1065:Models
815:DevOps
803:Fields
636:
471:Splint
414:Python
408:, and
221:Cygwin
215:, the
209:Ubuntu
193:Debian
147:forked
81:wrote
1241:SysML
1165:SPICE
1158:Other
1119:Scrum
1079:Agile
1031:Agile
1015:CI/CD
467:XPCOM
369:Wikis
352:Email
275:Tools
189:Linux
93:Model
1226:IDEF
1170:CMMI
1056:SDLC
634:ISBN
509:The
495:.deb
461:and
298:any
296:cite
120:and
1236:USL
1231:UML
1109:RAD
1084:EUP
699:doi
402:git
365:IRC
309:by
232:BSD
1331::
1139:XP
1114:UP
742:.
724:.
711:^
695:66
693:.
481:A
473:.
442:A
227:.
207:,
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199:,
195:,
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61:,
57:,
53:,
788:e
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774:v
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