865:
348:
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29:
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is necessary to remediate these bugs when they are found and keep the software working as the environment changes over time. New features are often added after the release. Over time, the level of maintenance becomes increasingly restricted before being cut off entirely when the product is withdrawn
556:, or the ease of modification. It is usually more cost-effective to build quality into the product from the beginning rather than try to add it later in the development process. Higher quality code will reduce lifetime cost to both suppliers and customers as it is more reliable and
338:
runs on top of the operating system and uses the computer's resources to perform a task. There are many different types of application software because the range of tasks that can be performed with modern computers is so large. Applications account for most software and require the
805:, in contrast, allow free use and redistribution of software with few conditions. Most open-source licenses used for software require that modifications be released under the same license, which can create complications when open-source software is reused in proprietary projects.
564:
can be very serious including death. By some estimates, the cost of poor quality software can be as high as 20 to 40 percent of sales. Despite developers' goal of delivering a product that works entirely as intended, virtually all software contains bugs.
849:
decided that business processes could be patented. Patent applications are complex and costly, and lawsuits involving patents can drive up the cost of products. Unlike copyrights, patents generally only apply in the jurisdiction where they were issued.
604:), without the user being aware of it. To thwart cyberattacks, all software in the system must be designed to withstand and recover from external attack. Despite efforts to ensure security, a significant fraction of computers are infected with malware.
655:
Programming languages are the format in which software is written. Since the 1950s, thousands of different programming languages have been invented; some have been in use for decades, while others have fallen into disuse. Some definitions classify
507:
and can remain in use for decades, even if there is no one left who knows how to fix it. Over the lifetime of the product, software maintenance is estimated to comprise 75 percent or more of the total development cost.
841:
672:
to other computer systems, and they are more concise and human-readable than machine code. They must be both human-readable and capable of being translated into unambiguous instructions for computer hardware.
2627:
826:
give an inventor an exclusive, time-limited license for a novel product or process. Ideas about what software could accomplish are not protected by law and concrete implementations are instead covered by
177:
can lead to system failures and security breaches. Additionally, legal issues such as software licenses and intellectual property rights play a significant role in the distribution of software products.
876:
writes that "computers and software are making profound changes to every aspect of human life: education, work, warfare, entertainment, medicine, law, and everything else". It has become ubiquitous in
552:
is defined as meeting the stated requirements as well as customer expectations. Quality is an overarching term that can refer to a code's correct and efficient behavior, its reusability and
592:
by malicious actors, and the actual risk is dependent on the nature of the vulnerability as well as the value of the surrounding system. Although some vulnerabilities can only be used for
2423:
Ulziit, Bayarbuyan; Warraich, Zeeshan Akhtar; Gencel, Cigdem; Petersen, Kai (2015). "A conceptual framework of challenges and solutions for managing global software maintenance".
330:
Offering common services, such as an interface for accessing network and disk devices. This enables an application to be run on different hardware without needing to be rewritten.
2620:
831:. In some countries, a requirement for the claimed invention to have an effect on the physical world may also be part of the requirements for a software patent to be held valid.
2613:
732:
Software is often released with the knowledge that it is incomplete or contains bugs. Purchasers knowingly buy it in this state, which has led to a legal regime where
689:. Part of the compiler's function is to link these files in such a way that the program can be executed by the hardware. Once compiled, the program can be saved as an
664:—a more human-readable alternative to machine code whose statements can be translated one-to-one into machine code—as programming languages. Programs written in the
2247:
Rahman, Hanif Ur; da Silva, Alberto
Rodrigues; Alzayed, Asaad; Raza, Mushtaq (2024). "A Systematic Literature Review on Software Maintenance Offshoring Decisions".
459:. Due to time constraints, testing cannot cover all aspects of the software's intended functionality, so developers often focus on the most critical functionality.
773:
that vests the owner with the exclusive right to copy the code. The underlying ideas or algorithms are not protected by copyright law, but are often treated as a
786:
2676:
864:
685:
needed to translate them automatically into machine code. Most programs do not contain all the resources needed to run them and rely on external
424:
2510:
2472:
2453:
2413:
2394:
2375:
2356:
2334:
2315:
2296:
2277:
2237:
2218:
2199:
2180:
2161:
2142:
2123:
2104:
2085:
2066:
2047:
2025:
2006:
1984:
58:
The history of software is closely tied to the development of digital computers in the mid-20th century. Early programs were written in the
2498:
2671:
468:
978:
665:
668:
used to create software share a few main characteristics: knowledge of machine code is not necessary to write them, they can be
416:
229:
63:
932:, were enabled by the Internet. Massive amounts of knowledge exceeding any paper-based library are now available with a quick
411:
3210:
636:
588:) as well as those that have not been patched are still liable for exploitation. Vulnerabilities vary in their ability to be
1971:
648:
3125:
2484:
127:
347:
589:
516:
479:
471:, which vary from completing all steps in order to concurrent and iterative models. Software development is driven by
388:
352:
245:
154:
2327:
UX Fundamentals for Non-UX Professionals: User
Experience Principles for Managers, Writers, Designers, and Developers
785:
has been recognized since the mid-1970s and is vested in the company that makes the software, not the employees or
727:
487:
448:
162:
3180:
2718:
1832:
Gerardo Con Díaz, "The Text in the
Machine: American Copyright Law and the Many Natures of Software, 1974–1978",
798:
577:
375:
for a specific version of the software, downloaded, and run on hardware belonging to the purchaser. The rise of
174:
20:
2287:
Rosati, Pierangelo; Lynn, Theo (2020). "Measuring the
Business Value of Infrastructure Migration to the Cloud".
431:
begins by conceiving the project, evaluating its feasibility, analyzing the business requirements, and making a
2661:
2640:
2446:
Building Modern SaaS Applications with C# And . NET: Build, Deploy, and
Maintain Professional SaaS Applications
778:
632:
440:
797:
is usually sold under a restrictive license that limits copying and reuse (often enforced with tools such as
475:
taken from prospective users, as opposed to maintenance, which is driven by events such as a change request.
3253:
706:
464:
313:
233:
225:
217:
79:
266:
3190:
836:
818:
561:
2691:
2228:
Osterweil, Leon J. (2013). "What Is
Software? The Role of Empirical Methods in Answering the Question".
937:
710:
698:
644:
472:
392:
384:
360:
356:
340:
123:
83:
71:
48:
423:
Software companies aim to deliver a high-quality product on time and under budget. A challenge is that
2579:
212:
in 1958. The first programmable computers, which appeared at the end of the 1940s, were programmed in
2116:
Asset Attack
Vectors: Building Effective Vulnerability Management Strategies to Protect Organizations
802:
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111:
67:
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55:. Software can be defined broadly to include design documents, specifications, and testing suites.
3271:
3165:
3135:
3017:
2918:
2843:
2748:
1994:
1973:
Zero Days, Thousands of Nights: The Life and Times of Zero-Day
Vulnerabilities and Their Exploits
949:
782:
758:
749:
694:
197:
86:
on the architecture's hardware. Over time, software has become complex, owing to developments in
2059:
Software
Development, Design and Coding: With Patterns, Debugging, Unit Testing, and Refactoring
884:. In many cases, software augments the functionality of existing technologies such as household
3299:
3265:
3057:
3012:
2962:
2936:
2708:
2468:
2449:
2409:
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2002:
1980:
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209:
91:
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59:
44:
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859:
832:
814:
557:
524:
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432:
400:
380:
317:
221:
142:
119:
2545:
845:, software patents were generally not recognized in the United States. In that case, the
3195:
2931:
2803:
2728:
913:
885:
754:
597:
581:
520:
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623:
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in an incomplete state when the development team runs out of time or funding. Despite
3293:
3170:
2946:
2838:
2738:
2230:
Perspectives on the Future of
Software Engineering: Essays in Honor of Dieter Rombach
945:
921:
901:
877:
846:
828:
770:
762:
584:
are often released to fix identified vulnerabilities, but those that remain unknown (
467:
helps to ensure that the product meets customer expectations. There are a variety of
460:
312:
Allocating resources between different applications, deciding when they will receive
343:
provided by an operating system, and often other applications, in order to function.
3230:
3032:
2997:
2813:
2768:
2743:
2656:
2035:
929:
893:
873:
774:
657:
491:
376:
220:
across different computers. Initially, hardware resources were more expensive than
170:
2260:
985:
Software consists of computer programs that govern the operation of the computer.
463:
are used in some safety-critical systems to prove the correctness of code, while
387:(SaaS), in which the provider hosts the software (usually built on top of rented
3160:
3140:
3065:
3007:
2977:
2908:
2878:
2793:
2018:
From Mainframes to Smartphones: A History of the International Computer Industry
941:
897:
709:
instead of a compiler. An interpreter converts the program into machine code at
690:
628:
573:
452:
2211:
Concise Guide to Software Engineering: From Fundamentals to Application Methods
713:, which makes them 10 to 100 times slower than compiled programming languages.
511:
Completing a software project involves various forms of expertise, not just in
141:
The process of developing software involves several stages. The stages include
3115:
3095:
2883:
2788:
2723:
933:
596:
attacks that compromise a system's availability, others allow the attacker to
87:
33:
28:
2528:
736:
for software products is significantly curtailed compared to other products.
395:) and provides the use of the software to customers, often in exchange for a
3145:
3110:
3105:
3085:
2853:
2833:
2818:
2798:
2783:
2763:
2651:
936:. Most creative professionals have switched to software-based tools such as
681:
The invention of high-level programming languages was simultaneous with the
528:
237:
95:
868:
Computer-generated simulations are one of the advances enabled by software.
2596:
3249:
3130:
3047:
2898:
2863:
2758:
889:
682:
640:
135:
75:
52:
2562:
3120:
3042:
3022:
2992:
2972:
2967:
2823:
2808:
2778:
2465:
Unraveling Software Maintenance and Evolution: Thinking Outside the Box
702:
601:
553:
241:
108:, which manage hardware resources and provide services for applications
3100:
3037:
3027:
3002:
2903:
2873:
2858:
2753:
2436:
823:
669:
327:
details (like physical memory) to make things easier for programmers.
2173:
Guide to Software Development: Designing and Managing the Life Cycle
842:
State Street Bank & Trust Co. v. Signature Financial Group, Inc.
789:
who wrote it. The use of most software is governed by an agreement (
403:—had become the primary method that companies deliver applications.
309:". There are three main purposes that an operating system fulfills:
3150:
2982:
2868:
909:
863:
753:
622:
410:
346:
265:
249:
191:
27:
660:—the exact instructions directly implemented by the hardware—and
1517:
1515:
925:
917:
419:
from 1988. The numbers represent the typical cost of each phase.
192:
131:
2609:
323:
Providing an interface that abstracts the details of accessing
1108:
1106:
1104:
905:
2504:
2387:
Software Evolution and Maintenance: A Practitioner's Approach
1780:
1778:
1580:
1578:
1195:
1193:
568:
The rise of the Internet also greatly increased the need for
200:
is an essential invention to produce modern software systems.
66:
in 1958 allowed for more human-readable instructions, making
1919:
1917:
705:
on the computer hardware. Some programming languages use an
697:(part of the operating system) can take this saved file and
305:
that manages a computer's resources for its users and their
2404:
Tucker, Allen; Morelli, Ralph; de Silva, Chamindra (2011).
1597:
1595:
1593:
1569:
1211:
576:
remotely. If a bug creates a security risk, it is called a
399:. By 2023, SaaS products—which are usually delivered via a
101:
Software can generally be categorized into two main types:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1880:
1878:
892:. Software also spawned entirely new technologies such as
439:
or incorporating existing software, either in the form of
371:. Traditional applications are purchased with a perpetual
2016:
Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Garcia-Swartz, Daniel D. (2015).
952:. Almost every complex device is controlled by software.
494:
where the system does not work as intended. Post-release
236:
the details of the hardware and expressed the underlying
2135:
The Technical and Social History of Software Engineering
435:. Most software projects speed up their development by
1270:
1268:
74:. Software in a programming language is run through a
2482:
2291:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 19–37.
1458:
282:. The application software layer interfaces with the
1079:
1077:
3078:
3056:
2945:
2917:
2707:
2700:
2385:Tripathy, Priyadarshi; Naik, Kshirasagar (2014).
1068:
1056:
1044:
1032:
216:. Machine language is difficult to debug and not
169:are critical aspects of software development, as
2040:Big Breaches: Cybersecurity Lessons for Everyone
971:Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
351:Comparison of on-premise hardware and software,
2289:Measuring the Business Value of Cloud Computing
2078:Programming Languages: Principles and Paradigms
1625:
1613:
122:has introduced the new software delivery model
2076:Gabbrielli, Maurizio; Martini, Simone (2023).
1148:
1136:
1112:
1095:
367:Software can also be categorized by how it is
126:(SaaS). In SaaS, applications are hosted by a
62:specific to the hardware. The introduction of
2621:
2406:Software Development: An Open Source Approach
1442:
793:) between the copyright holder and the user.
8:
1923:
1908:
1757:
1697:
1649:
1637:
1406:
1394:
1370:
1124:
1869:
1857:
1820:
1796:
1784:
1769:
1733:
1601:
1584:
1557:
1545:
1521:
1506:
1358:
1346:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1286:
1259:
1247:
1199:
677:Compilation, interpretation, and execution
228:became the bottleneck. The introduction of
2704:
2628:
2614:
2606:
2425:Journal of Software: Evolution and Process
1999:Operating Systems: Principles and Practice
1223:
908:. New methods of communication, including
572:as it enabled malicious actors to conduct
70:easier and more portable across different
2677:List of mobile app distribution platforms
996:
639:that explain the program to humans. When
515:but also testing, documentation writing,
114:, which performs specific tasks for users
2349:Modern Operating Systems, Global Edition
1952:
1884:
240:into the code . Early languages include
2517:
2489:
2114:Haber, Morey J.; Hibbert, Brad (2018).
2097:Software Quality: Concepts and Practice
1745:
1570:Campbell-Kelly & Garcia-Swartz 2015
1212:Campbell-Kelly & Garcia-Swartz 2015
961:
290:. The arrows indicate information flow.
2154:Code/space: Software and Everyday Life
1808:
1382:
1274:
425:software development effort estimation
294:There are two main types of software:
286:, which in turn communicates with the
1970:Ablon, Lillian; Bogart, Andy (2017).
1940:
1896:
1845:
1721:
1709:
1685:
1673:
1661:
1533:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1430:
1418:
1298:
1184:
1172:
1160:
1083:
1020:
1008:
451:is typically a combination of manual
7:
2370:. Morgan & Claypool Publishers.
2270:Software Maintenance Success Recipes
2152:Kitchin, Rob; Dodge, Martin (2011).
1235:
407:Software development and maintenance
2672:Digital distribution of video games
2249:Information and Software Technology
1459:Tucker, Morelli & de Silva 2011
16:Instructions a computer can execute
490:, virtually all software contains
469:software development methodologies
14:
2308:Concepts of Programming Languages
777:and concealed by such methods as
455:by other engineers and automated
3270:
3260:
3259:
2588:
2571:
2554:
2537:
2520:
2492:
666:high-level programming languages
230:high-level programming languages
64:high-level programming languages
2310:(10 ed.). Addison-Wesley.
2001:(2 ed.). Recursive Books.
600:and run their own code (called
417:software development life cycle
3211:Windows Marketplace for Mobile
2232:. Springer. pp. 237–254.
224:. As programs became complex,
1:
3126:Games for Windows Marketplace
2499:Free and open-source software
2368:Software: A Technical History
1069:Gabbrielli & Martini 2023
1057:Gabbrielli & Martini 2023
1045:Gabbrielli & Martini 2023
1033:Gabbrielli & Martini 2023
499:from the market. As software
208:is credited to mathematician
2261:10.1016/j.infsof.2024.107475
2020:. Harvard University Press.
769:Source code is protected by
2306:Sebesta, Robert W. (2012).
1626:Daswani & Elbayadi 2021
1614:Daswani & Elbayadi 2021
647:, it will give the output "
353:infrastructure as a service
3316:
2268:Reifer, Donald J. (2012).
2171:Langer, Arthur M. (2016).
2080:(2nd ed.). Springer.
2038:; Elbayadi, Moudy (2021).
1997:; Dahlin, Michael (2014).
1836:57 (October 2016), 753–79.
1149:Anderson & Dahlin 2014
1137:Anderson & Dahlin 2014
1113:Anderson & Dahlin 2014
1096:Anderson & Dahlin 2014
857:
837:historically controversial
812:
743:
728:Software product liability
725:
631:for a computer program in
616:
538:
449:Software quality assurance
415:Diagram for a traditional
270:A diagram showing how the
259:
204:The first use of the word
185:
163:Software quality assurance
18:
3244:
2719:Amazon Digital Game Store
2647:
2389:. John Wiley & Sons.
2099:. John Wiley & Sons.
799:digital rights management
779:non-disclosure agreements
21:Software (disambiguation)
2662:Content delivery network
2209:O'Regan, Gerard (2022).
2057:Dooley, John F. (2017).
1924:Kitchin & Dodge 2011
1909:Kitchin & Dodge 2011
1758:Kitchin & Dodge 2011
1698:Kitchin & Dodge 2011
1650:Kitchin & Dodge 2011
1638:Haber & Hibbert 2018
1407:Tripathy & Naik 2014
1395:Tripathy & Naik 2014
1371:Tripathy & Naik 2014
1125:Tanenbaum & Bos 2023
969:Stair, Ralph M. (2003).
478:Frequently, software is
441:commercial off-the-shelf
175:security vulnerabilities
32:Software written in the
2347:; Bos, Herbert (2023).
2194:. Bloomsbury Academic.
1602:Ablon & Bogart 2017
1558:Ablon & Bogart 2017
1289:, pp. 18, 110–111.
973:. Thomson. p. 16.
839:. Before the 1998 case
562:safety-critical systems
560:. Software failures in
465:user acceptance testing
316:(CPU) time or space in
314:central processing unit
226:programmer productivity
3191:Ubuntu Software Center
3038:PureOS Software Center
2874:PureOS Software Center
2366:Tracy, Kim W. (2021).
2325:Stull, Edward (2018).
2192:Software Takes Command
2190:Manovich, Lev (2013).
2133:Jones, Capers (2014).
2095:Galin, Daniel (2018).
1834:Technology and Culture
1224:Rosati & Lynn 2020
869:
819:Software patent debate
766:
652:
608:Encoding and execution
503:, it becomes known as
420:
364:
291:
201:
72:computer architectures
37:
2692:Software distribution
2639:digital distribution
2509:at Knowledge (XXG)'s
2463:Varga, Ervin (2018).
2351:. Pearson Higher Ed.
2137:. Pearson Education.
938:computer-aided design
867:
858:Further information:
757:
635:. The gray lines are
626:
613:Programming languages
427:is often inaccurate.
414:
385:software as a service
383:enabled a new model,
361:software as a service
357:platform as a service
350:
269:
195:
124:Software as a Service
31:
2345:Tanenbaum, Andrew S.
1979:. Rand Corporation.
1799:, pp. 394, 404.
1139:, pp. 7, 9, 13.
803:Open-source licenses
795:Proprietary software
619:Programming language
535:Quality and security
513:software programmers
496:software maintenance
445:open-source software
429:Software development
336:Application software
276:application software
112:application software
68:software development
19:For other uses, see
3216:Windows Phone Store
3206:Windows Marketplace
2682:Over-the-air update
2444:Watt, Andy (2023).
2213:. Springer Nature.
1772:, pp. 394–396.
1724:, pp. 122–123.
1688:, pp. 118–119.
1676:, pp. 118–120.
1509:, pp. 68, 117.
1313:, pp. 117–118.
1214:, pp. 156–157.
1047:, pp. 520–521.
882:developed countries
531:, and fundraising.
262:Software categories
188:History of software
3166:Opera Mobile Store
3018:Meta Horizon Store
2844:Meta Horizon Store
1524:, pp. 3, 268.
1301:, pp. 43, 76.
1011:, pp. 19, 22.
950:computer animation
870:
783:Software copyright
767:
750:Software copyright
653:
558:easier to maintain
517:project management
421:
365:
292:
202:
198:integrated circuit
47:that instruct the
38:
3285:
3284:
3074:
3073:
3013:Huawei AppGallery
2937:PlayStation Store
2474:978-3-319-71303-8
2455:978-1-80461-087-9
2415:978-1-4398-8460-7
2396:978-0-470-60341-3
2377:978-1-4503-8724-8
2358:978-1-292-72789-9
2336:978-1-4842-3811-0
2317:978-0-13-139531-2
2298:978-3-030-43198-3
2279:978-1-4398-5167-8
2239:978-3-642-37395-4
2220:978-3-031-07816-3
2201:978-1-62356-745-3
2182:978-1-4471-6799-0
2163:978-0-262-04248-2
2144:978-0-321-90342-6
2125:978-1-4842-3627-7
2106:978-1-119-13449-7
2087:978-3-031-34144-1
2068:978-1-4842-3153-1
2049:978-1-4842-6654-0
2027:978-0-674-28655-9
2008:978-0-9856735-2-9
1986:978-0-8330-9761-3
1943:, p. xxviii.
1811:, pp. 44–45.
1760:, pp. 36–37.
1628:, pp. 26–27.
1473:, pp. 24–25.
1397:, pp. 4, 27.
662:assembly language
594:denial of service
570:computer security
545:Computer security
488:quality assurance
303:layer of software
299:Operating systems
210:John Wilder Tukey
106:operating systems
92:operating systems
45:computer programs
3307:
3274:
3263:
3262:
3248:§ Also includes
3236:Zune Marketplace
3226:Xbox Live Arcade
3221:Xbox Games Store
3201:Wii Shop Channel
3186:Ubuntu App Store
3176:Stardock Central
3091:BlackBerry World
2988:Epic Games Store
2774:Epic Games Store
2734:Chrome Web Store
2705:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2607:
2601:
2600:from Wikiversity
2593:
2592:
2591:
2584:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2559:
2558:
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2513:
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2478:
2459:
2440:
2437:10.1002/smr.1720
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2400:
2381:
2362:
2340:
2321:
2302:
2283:
2264:
2243:
2224:
2205:
2186:
2167:
2148:
2129:
2110:
2091:
2072:
2053:
2031:
2012:
1995:Anderson, Thomas
1990:
1978:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1927:
1921:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
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1830:
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1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
987:
966:
833:Software patents
791:software license
746:Software license
582:Software patches
550:Software quality
541:Software quality
527:, user support,
457:software testing
397:subscription fee
284:operating system
280:desktop computer
214:machine language
60:machine language
3315:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3256:
3252:and standalone
3240:
3070:
3052:
2963:Apple App Store
2958:Amazon Appstore
2948:
2941:
2927:Microsoft Store
2913:
2894:Ubisoft Connect
2849:Microsoft Store
2710:
2696:
2687:Package manager
2667:Digital library
2643:
2634:
2604:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2512:sister projects
2511:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2462:
2456:
2443:
2431:(10): 763–792.
2422:
2416:
2403:
2397:
2384:
2378:
2365:
2359:
2343:
2337:
2324:
2318:
2305:
2299:
2286:
2280:
2267:
2246:
2240:
2227:
2221:
2208:
2202:
2189:
2183:
2170:
2164:
2151:
2145:
2132:
2126:
2113:
2107:
2094:
2088:
2075:
2069:
2056:
2050:
2034:
2028:
2015:
2009:
1993:
1987:
1976:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1930:
1922:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1640:, pp. 5–6.
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1591:
1583:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1151:, pp. 6–7.
1147:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1003:
995:
991:
981:
968:
967:
963:
958:
862:
860:Information Age
856:
821:
815:Software patent
813:Main articles:
811:
752:
744:Main articles:
742:
730:
724:
719:
679:
621:
615:
610:
547:
539:Main articles:
537:
525:user experience
505:legacy software
433:software design
409:
401:web application
381:cloud computing
274:interacts with
264:
258:
222:human resources
190:
184:
143:software design
120:cloud computing
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3313:
3311:
3303:
3302:
3292:
3291:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3268:
3257:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3196:Vodafone live!
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2932:Nintendo eShop
2929:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2804:GNOME Software
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2729:Big Fish Games
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2610:
2603:
2602:
2585:
2583:from Wikibooks
2568:
2566:from Wikiquote
2551:
2534:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2460:
2454:
2441:
2420:
2414:
2401:
2395:
2382:
2376:
2363:
2357:
2341:
2335:
2322:
2316:
2303:
2297:
2284:
2278:
2265:
2244:
2238:
2225:
2219:
2206:
2200:
2187:
2181:
2168:
2162:
2149:
2143:
2130:
2124:
2111:
2105:
2092:
2086:
2073:
2067:
2054:
2048:
2032:
2026:
2013:
2007:
1991:
1985:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:, p. 329.
1945:
1928:
1913:
1901:
1889:
1887:, p. 333.
1874:
1872:, p. 399.
1862:
1860:, p. 398.
1850:
1838:
1825:
1823:, p. 395.
1813:
1801:
1789:
1787:, p. 403.
1774:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1736:, p. 375.
1726:
1714:
1712:, p. 121.
1702:
1690:
1678:
1666:
1664:, p. 117.
1654:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1606:
1589:
1587:, p. 266.
1574:
1572:, p. 164.
1562:
1550:
1548:, p. 119.
1538:
1526:
1511:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1449:, p. 764.
1435:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1339:
1337:, p. 267.
1327:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1204:
1202:, p. 386.
1189:
1177:
1165:
1163:, p. 121.
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1100:
1088:
1073:
1071:, p. 521.
1061:
1059:, p. 522.
1049:
1037:
1035:, p. 519.
1025:
1013:
1001:
997:Osterweil 2013
989:
979:
960:
959:
957:
954:
855:
852:
810:
807:
741:
738:
726:Main article:
723:
720:
718:
715:
678:
675:
617:Main article:
614:
611:
609:
606:
536:
533:
521:graphic design
461:Formal methods
408:
405:
389:infrastructure
345:
344:
333:
332:
331:
328:
321:
257:
254:
186:Main article:
183:
180:
116:
115:
109:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3312:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3288:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3171:PlayNow Arena
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:Mac App Store
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2739:Digital River
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2552:
2549:from Wikinews
2548:
2547:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2500:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:. CRC Press.
2407:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:. CRC Press.
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:. MIT Press.
2155:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2036:Daswani, Neil
2033:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1954:
1953:Manovich 2013
1949:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1911:, p. iv.
1910:
1905:
1902:
1899:, p. 32.
1898:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1885:Manovich 2013
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1848:, p. 19.
1847:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1748:, p. 28.
1747:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1700:, p. 26.
1699:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1652:, p. 37.
1651:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1616:, p. 25.
1615:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1536:, p. 12.
1535:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1497:, p. 26.
1496:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1409:, p. 89.
1408:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1385:, p. 22.
1384:
1379:
1376:
1373:, p. 26.
1372:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1349:, p. 20.
1348:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1328:
1325:, p. 54.
1324:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1226:, p. 23.
1225:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1187:, p. 72.
1186:
1181:
1178:
1175:, p. 66.
1174:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1002:
999:, p. 61.
998:
993:
990:
986:
982:
980:0-619-06489-7
976:
972:
965:
962:
955:
953:
951:
947:
946:image editing
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
922:microblogging
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
902:mobile phones
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
878:everyday life
875:
866:
861:
853:
851:
848:
847:Supreme Court
844:
843:
838:
834:
830:
829:copyright law
825:
820:
816:
808:
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804:
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796:
792:
788:
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771:copyright law
764:
763:free software
760:
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649:Hello, world!
646:
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56:
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50:
46:
42:
35:
30:
26:
22:
3287:
3231:Yahoo! Games
2998:Galaxy Store
2829:MacGameStore
2814:Humble Store
2744:Direct2Drive
2657:Cloud gaming
2636:
2595:
2578:
2561:
2544:
2532:from Commons
2527:
2506:
2467:. Springer.
2464:
2445:
2428:
2424:
2405:
2386:
2367:
2348:
2326:
2307:
2288:
2269:
2252:
2248:
2229:
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2191:
2175:. Springer.
2172:
2153:
2134:
2115:
2096:
2077:
2058:
2039:
2017:
1998:
1972:
1948:
1926:, p. 5.
1904:
1892:
1870:O'Regan 2022
1865:
1858:O'Regan 2022
1853:
1841:
1833:
1828:
1821:O'Regan 2022
1816:
1804:
1797:O'Regan 2022
1792:
1785:O'Regan 2022
1770:O'Regan 2022
1765:
1753:
1746:Sebesta 2012
1741:
1734:O'Regan 2022
1729:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1604:, p. 2.
1585:O'Regan 2022
1565:
1560:, p. 1.
1553:
1546:O'Regan 2022
1541:
1529:
1522:O'Regan 2022
1507:O'Regan 2022
1502:
1490:
1485:, p. 3.
1478:
1466:
1461:, p. 7.
1454:
1444:
1438:
1433:, p. 6.
1426:
1421:, p. 3.
1414:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1361:, p. 9.
1359:O'Regan 2022
1354:
1347:O'Regan 2022
1342:
1335:O'Regan 2022
1330:
1323:O'Regan 2022
1318:
1311:O'Regan 2022
1306:
1294:
1287:O'Regan 2022
1282:
1277:, p. 1.
1262:, p. 5.
1260:O'Regan 2022
1255:
1250:, p. 7.
1248:O'Regan 2022
1243:
1238:, p. 4.
1231:
1219:
1207:
1200:O'Regan 2022
1180:
1168:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1127:, p. 5.
1120:
1115:, p. 7.
1098:, p. 6.
1091:
1086:, p. 1.
1064:
1052:
1040:
1028:
1023:, p. 2.
1016:
1004:
992:
984:
970:
964:
942:3D modeling
930:social media
894:the Internet
874:Capers Jones
871:
840:
822:
775:trade secret
768:
731:
717:Legal issues
680:
658:machine code
654:
574:cyberattacks
567:
548:
510:
477:
473:requirements
422:
377:the Internet
366:
359:(PaaS), and
307:applications
293:
205:
203:
140:
118:The rise of
117:
100:
57:
43:consists of
40:
39:
25:
3254:VR headsets
3161:Nokia Store
3141:Intel AppUp
3066:NESiCAxLive
3008:Google Play
2978:Cafe Bazaar
2909:WildTangent
2879:Robot Cache
2794:Gamesplanet
1809:Langer 2016
1383:Reifer 2012
1275:Dooley 2017
898:video games
787:contractors
707:interpreter
691:object file
629:source code
554:portability
453:code review
341:environment
159:maintenance
147:programming
80:interpreter
3116:GameShadow
3096:Club Nokia
2884:Snap Store
2789:GamersGate
2724:Battle.net
2563:Quotations
2329:. Apress.
2255:: 107475.
2118:. Apress.
2061:. Apress.
2042:. Apress.
1941:Jones 2014
1897:Jones 2014
1846:Jones 2014
1722:Tracy 2021
1710:Tracy 2021
1686:Tracy 2021
1674:Tracy 2021
1662:Tracy 2021
1534:Varga 2018
1495:Galin 2018
1483:Galin 2018
1471:Stull 2018
1431:Varga 2018
1419:Tracy 2021
1299:Tracy 2021
1185:Tracy 2021
1173:Tracy 2021
1161:Jones 2014
1084:Tracy 2021
1021:Tracy 2021
1009:Jones 2014
956:References
944:, digital
934:web search
886:appliances
835:have been
443:(COTS) or
260:See also:
238:algorithms
88:networking
34:JavaScript
3250:Smart TVs
3146:Kartridge
3111:GameAgent
3106:Download!
3086:Allmyapps
3033:OpenStore
2854:MSN Games
2834:MacUpdate
2819:IndieGala
2799:Game Jolt
2784:GameHouse
2764:DMM Games
2711:computers
2709:Personal
2652:App store
2641:platforms
2597:Resources
2580:Textbooks
2448:. Packt.
1236:Watt 2023
890:elevators
872:Engineer
734:liability
722:Liability
687:libraries
683:compilers
590:exploited
586:zero days
529:marketing
393:platforms
301:are "the
134:over the
96:databases
49:execution
3300:Software
3294:Category
3266:Category
3131:Handango
3048:Viveport
2919:Consoles
2899:Viveport
2864:Pogo.com
2759:Discover
2637:Software
2507:Software
801:(DRM)).
740:Licenses
711:run time
701:it as a
693:and the
641:compiled
637:comments
480:released
369:deployed
355:(IaaS),
325:hardware
288:hardware
232:in 1958
218:portable
206:software
167:security
136:Internet
132:accessed
128:provider
76:compiler
53:computer
41:Software
36:language
3136:Impulse
3121:GameTap
3079:Defunct
3043:SlideME
3023:MiKandi
2993:F-Droid
2973:Aptoide
2968:Appland
2949:devices
2947:Mobile
2824:itch.io
2809:GOG.com
2779:Flathub
2749:Discord
1963:Sources
1443:Ulziit
824:Patents
809:Patents
765:program
759:Blender
703:process
699:execute
602:malware
484:testing
437:reusing
373:license
242:Fortran
182:History
155:release
151:testing
84:execute
3277:Portal
3275:
3264:
3181:Triton
3156:N-Gage
3101:Desura
3058:Arcade
3028:Nutaku
3003:GetJar
2904:WeGame
2859:Nutaku
2754:DLsite
2701:Active
2485:Portal
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1983:
1445:et al.
977:
948:, and
928:, and
914:forums
904:, and
854:Impact
695:loader
670:ported
598:inject
363:(SaaS)
318:memory
248:, and
157:, and
94:, and
3151:Kazaa
2983:Cydia
2889:Steam
2869:Pokki
2529:Media
1977:(PDF)
926:wikis
918:blogs
910:email
256:Types
250:COBOL
51:of a
2546:News
2469:ISBN
2450:ISBN
2410:ISBN
2391:ISBN
2372:ISBN
2353:ISBN
2331:ISBN
2312:ISBN
2293:ISBN
2274:ISBN
2234:ISBN
2215:ISBN
2196:ISBN
2177:ISBN
2158:ISBN
2139:ISBN
2120:ISBN
2101:ISBN
2082:ISBN
2063:ISBN
2044:ISBN
2022:ISBN
2003:ISBN
1981:ISBN
1447:2015
975:ISBN
888:and
817:and
761:, a
748:and
643:and
627:The
543:and
501:ages
492:bugs
486:and
379:and
272:user
246:Lisp
196:The
173:and
171:bugs
165:and
130:and
2433:doi
2257:doi
2253:172
906:GPS
880:in
645:run
580:.
391:or
234:hid
82:to
78:or
3296::
2769:EA
2429:27
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2251:.
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