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generally only done if the sanctioned party has shown willingness to adopt certain conditions of the
Security Council. Another way sanctions can be lifted is when time limits are implemented with the initial sanction. After an extended duration, the sanction will eventually be lifted off the nation, with or without cooperation. The practice of time limitations has grown over the years and allows for a gradual removal of restrictions on nations conforming, at least in part, to conditions imposed by sanctioning bodies, such as the U.N. Security Council.
535:- the UN imposed sanctions against Iraq. As a consequence, the GDP was halved. The cost of food for a family increased by 25000% in the space of 5 years. Between 1991 and 1998, it has been estimated that the sanctions resulted in between 100,000 and 250,000 children to die. Ultimately, the sanctions did not yield concessions from Hussain's government, and some academics use this case study to bring the efficacy of such sanctions into question.
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1330:"Appeal against sanctions: Commission on Human Rights: Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, Forty-eighth session (5–30 August 1996). Agenda item 13: International peace and security as an essential condition for the enjoyment of human rights, above all the right to life"
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from 1991 to 1995. In some ways, they could be considered a success as they prevented a wider conflict in Europe. However, the sanctions had catastrophic consequences. Less than a year after the first sanctions, average household income halved from $ 3,000/year to $ 1,500/year, according to estimates
451:
The third category involves the United
Nations Security Councils condemnation of actions of a specific action or policy of a member/non-member nation. The white minority declared Rhodesian Independence on November 11, 1965. The General assemble and United Nations in a 107 to 2 vote took to condemning
447:
The second category of design is those sanctions with the purpose to contain a threat to peace within a geographical boundary. The 2010 Iran nuclear proliferation debate is a contemporary example. The current United
Nations Security Council passed on June 9, Resolution 1929 providing restrictions on
483:
There are several ways to remove and dissolve sanctions that have been imposed on a nation(s). In some cases, such as those imposed on Iraq in 1990, only a new resolution can be used to lift the sanctions. This is done when no provision is put in the resolution for the lifting of sanctions. This is
671:
This selective use of the veto power exposes a fundamental tension between national interests and international responsibility. While P5 members may argue that their actions are driven by strategic considerations, historical ties, or domestic pressures, the consequences can be felt by the civilian
667:
In scenarios where the
Security Council's permanent members, the P5, with their vetoes prioritize their own interests at the expense of collective action, the UNSC's effectiveness can be significantly hampered. This is evident in cases like Syria, where Russia's consistent vetoes have shielded the
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The three categories are a blanket explanation on the reasons sanctions are applied to nations, but it does not go as far as to say that voting members share the same political reasons for imposing them. It is often the case for many nations to be driven by self-interests in one or more categories
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against states or organizations either to protect national security interests, or to protect international law, and defend against threats to international peace and security. These decisions principally include the temporary imposition on a target of economic, trade, diplomatic, cultural or other
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is the philosophy that one party is unaware of what is in their best interests, so another party must 'save' them, like a paternal father figure. This presupposes that the paternal party is superior, and that the party in need of intervention should not have autonomy over themselves, which should
507:
describes sanctions as giving nations the "ability to 'do something' and engage in cheap moralizing but refrain from serious engagement", denouncing them as moral posturing with little impact. Jovan Babic & Aleksandar Jokic also criticise sanctions, but argue that their impact is significant:
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of the target's ports in an effort to block imported goods. The objective of the sanctioning country are to impose significant costs to the target country to coerce a change in policy or attain a specific action from the target government. However, the effectiveness of economic sanctions has been
468:
Supporters of sanctions argue that regardless of sanctions' effects on a group of people, those citizens were most likely already being oppressed by their government. Supporters also argue that sanctions are the best alternative international tool, as opposed to taking no action, and that in the
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on the nation in an attempt to prevent armed conflict. Resolution 665 and
Resolution 670 were further added creating both naval and air blockade on Iraq. The purpose of the initial sanctions was to coerce Iraq into following international law, which included the recognized sovereignty of Kuwait.
322:
Diplomatic sanctions are political measures taken to express disapproval or displeasure at a certain action through diplomatic and political means, rather than affecting economic or military relations. Measures include limitations or cancellations of high-level government visits or expelling or
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UN sanctions should not be confused with unilateral sanctions that are imposed by individual countries in furtherance of their strategic interests. Typically intended as strong economic coercion, measures applied under unilateral sanctions can range between coercive diplomatic efforts, economic
163:(Article 2,2). They serve as the international community's most powerful peaceful means to prevent threats to international peace and security or to settle them. Sanctions do not include the use of military force. However, if sanctions do not lead to the diplomatic settlement of a conflict, the
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They contend that sanctions "reinforce the position that some nations are not "adult enough" "while other nations are authorized (perhaps bound by duty) to lend a helping hand." This, they believe, contradicts the liberal notion that all peoples and nations are created equal. Babic & Jokic
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Therefore, it is crucial to acknowledge the limitations of the current system and explore potential solutions. These could include reforming the veto power to require unanimity for its use, increasing transparency around veto justifications, or empowering regional organizations to play a more
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Boutros
Boutros-Ghali, Report of the Secretary-General on the Work of the Organization, “Supplement to an Agenda for Peace: Position Paper of the Secretary-General on the Occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations", 1 January 3, 1995, para.
605:"a blunt instrument the ethical question of whether suffering inflicted on vulnerable groups in the target country is a legitimate means of exerting pressure on political leaders whose behaviour is unlikely to be affected by the plight of their subjects."
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prominent role in conflict resolution. Ultimately, overcoming the shadow of self-interest within the UNSC is essential for ensuring its continued relevance and effectiveness in a world increasingly grappling with complex and interconnected challenges.
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According to Thomas G. Weiss, the sanctions against the states of the former
Yugoslavia in the 1990s could be considered a success as they prevented a wider conflict in Europe. Ultimately, the sanctions were lifted with the signing of the
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Rhodesia on all military, economic, as well as oil and petroleum products. The international display of disapproval forced sanctions onto the
Rhodesian people, but without a clear goal as to a remedy for the economic sanctions.
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further assert that this attitude results in the sanctioned population being portrayed as incompetent and infantile people undeserving of dignity who it is morally permissible to allow to suffer as a consequence of sanctions.
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On the side of opposition, it is asserted that sanctions are a way to promote nationalistic values and diminish the culture of a state. In counterargument, support is argued on the basis that something must be done and
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Sanctions have long been the subject of controversy as scholars question their effects on citizens, the level of ethnocentrism involved when designing and implementing sanctions, and the possibility of ineffectiveness.
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The United
Nations Security Council can implement sanctions on political leaders or economic individuals. These persons usually find ways of evading their sanction because of political connections within their nation.
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commented on the objectives of imposing sanctions can often be unclear and shift over time, making it "difficult to agree upon when the objectives can be considered to have been achieved and sanctions can be lifted".
407:. Although the sanctions and laws regarding the environment are relatively new, recent concerns over the environmental issues encouraged individuals and governments to actively cooperate in dealing the problems.
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Hoskins, Eric. (1997) Humanitarian
Impacts of Sanctions and War in Iraq. In Political Gain and Civilian Pain, edited by Thomas Weiss, David Cortright, George Lopez, and Larry Minear, eds. New York: Rowman &
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1999:
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missile and weaponry materials that could be used for the creation of destructive weapons. This principle of restriction is to contain the possibility of Iranian aggression within the neighboring region.
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It is sometimes claimed that sanctions imposed by single countries or by an intergovernmental body like the United Nations are "illegal" or "criminal" due to, in the case of economic sanctions, the
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criticized sanctions as "an illegitimate form of collective punishment of the weakest and poorest members of society, the infants, the children, the chronically ill, and the elderly".
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Similarly military sanctions can range from carefully targeted military strikes to degrade a nation's conventional or non-conventional capabilities, to the less aggressive form of an
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Boutros-Ghali also highlighted the UN's duty of care to ensure that vulnerable groups are provided with humanitarian aid during the economic fallout of the sanctions they impose.
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1712:"Member States Call for Removing Veto Power, Expanding Security Council to Include New Permanent Seats, as General Assembly Debates Reform Plans for 15-Member Organ | UN Press"
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Sanctions formulations are designed into three categories. The categories are used to differentiate between the political contexts due to the global nature of the act.
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Hufbauer, Gary, Jeffrey Schott, Kimberly Elliott, and Barbara Oegg. (2007) Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 3rd edn. Washington: Institute for International Economics.
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integration, by Friedrich Lindenberg, tracking sanctions and financial restrictions on assets and "persons and companies of political, criminal, or economic interest".
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A list of people, legal entities, and companies on sanctions lists, sourced from the OpenSanctions Project. This data is sourced from the following data sources:....
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Assad regime from sanctions despite documented war crimes. Similarly, Western vetoes have protected Israel from censure for its actions in the occupied territories.
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against Russia and Belarus. The target countries are usually not allowed to host any sporting events and not allowed to have their flag and state symbol displayed.
1997:
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Chesterman, Simon; Pouligny, Béatrice (2003). "Are Sanctions Meant to Work? The Politics of Creating and Implementing Sanctions Through the United Nations".
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1964:
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Schweisfurth, Theodor (1 January 1991). "The Acceptance by the Soviet Union of the Compulsory Jurisdiction of the ICJ for Six Human Rights Conventions".
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population. Impunity for human rights abuses breeds further conflict and undermines the UNSC's legitimacy as an impartial arbiter of global affairs.
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in 1977, committed member nations to discourage contact and competition between their sportsmen and sporting organisations, teams or individuals from
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were living at or below the poverty line. Vulnerable & sick people suffered the most, and by 1993 most hospitals lacked basic medicines such as
53:
1996:
Ashouri, Mahan "The Role of transnational Private Actors in Ukrain International Flight 752 Crash in Iran Under Economic Sanctions Pressure" (2021)
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instead be given to the paternal party to act on their behalf. Jovan Babic & Aleksandar Jokic argue that sanctions are an act of paternalism.
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and restrictions on trade are the key factors since they are engaged with the problems of endangered species, ozone-depleting chemicals, and
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restrictions (sanctions measures) that are lifted when the motivating security concerns no longer apply, or when no new threats have arisen.
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In regards to the effectiveness of the sanctions, supporters concede that multilateral sanctions have been found to work 33% of the time.
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in 1977. From 1991, there was a sharp increase in their usage. The UN voted for sanctions twelve times in the 1990s alone. According to
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309:. These types of sanctions impose import duties on goods or bans on the export of certain goods to the target country, to a full naval
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challenged, as its harsh impacts cause more harm to the general population rather than the target regimes it is designed to hurt.
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Sanctions on the environment include both economic and political issues such as trade since these are all interdependent. The
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545:, "the price was worth it" (although in a 2020 interview she later retracted this statement as "totally stupid").
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Impose Additional Sanctions on Iran Due to Its Nuclear Program?" CONS. (2010). International Debates, 8(9), 41–48.
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1596:"The Security Council veto and Syria: responding to mass atrocities through the "Uniting for Peace" resolution"
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has a mandate by the international community to apply sanctions (Article 41) that must be complied with by all
508:"sanctions produce morally reprehensible consequences that undermine their often-cited moral justification".
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Condon, Bradly J, Environmental Sovereignty and the WTO : Trade Sanctions and International Law (2006)
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1662:"Who Is Targeted by the Council's Sanctions? The UN Security Council and the Principle of Proportionality"
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The evolution of UN sanctions : from a tool of warfare to a tool of peace, security and human rights
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on August 6, 1990, after the initial invasion of neighboring Kuwait. The United Nations placed an
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Garfield, Richard. (1999) Morbidity and Mortality Among Iraqi Children from 1990 Through 1998.
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883:. Rickard-Martin, Loraine,, Meister, Shawna R. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp. 454 ff.
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Measuring the success of sanctions - and when they should be lifted - is often difficult.
2003:
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1965:"What is OpenSanctions? A Fair, Affordable, and Privacy-Preserving PEP/Sanction Checking"
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The first category involves such sanctions that are designed to force cooperation with
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Ang, Adrian U-Jin; Peksen, Dursun (2 July 2016). "When Do Economic Sanctions Work?".
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1870:"OpenCorporates identifiers now in OpenSanctions: A win for the open data ecosystem"
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259:– preventing one country's people and teams from competing in international events.
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Lopez, George A.; Cortright, David (2004). "Containing Iraq: Sanctions Worked".
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279:, which are applied for purely economic reasons, and typically take the form of
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271:, international environmental protection efforts have been increased gradually.
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1557:"Domestic Institutional Constraints, Veto Players, and Sanction Effectiveness"
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to comply with requests to inspect Iraq's nuclear capability - or to invoke a
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A notable case of sanctions having a catastrophic impact on civilians is in
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are political and economic decisions that are part of diplomatic efforts by
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785:. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics. pp.
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1171:"Rhodesia and the United Nations: The Lawfulness of International Concern"
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is cited as sound reasoning despite any possible cultural insensitivity.
1053:. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics. p. 1.
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Some policymakers view the civilian impact as necessary. In the words of
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can be authorized by the Security Council separately under Article 42.
1364:"'A trailblazer': political leaders pay tribute to Madeleine Albright"
993:"Sanctions Sometimes Smart: Targeted Sanctions in Theory and Practice"
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absence of sanctions, oppressive regimes have no incentive to reform.
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1792:"OpenSanctions: An Open-Source Project About Financial Restrictions"
1464:"The Worst Episode of Hyperinflation in History: Yugoslavia 1993-94"
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Hufbauer, Gary Clyde; Schott, Jeffrey J.; Elliott, Kimberly (2007).
948:"Sanctions as a Foreign Policy Tool: Weighing Humanitarian Impulses"
375:. However, it was not binding and unable to stop events such as the
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2015:
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At the 50th anniversary of the UN in January 1995, the incumbent
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1896:"OpenScreening : A free PEP & Sanctions screening tool"
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The sanctions decade : assessing UN strategies in the 1990s
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224:
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1300:"The Ethics of International Sanctions: The Case of Yugoslavia"
29:
1637:"A history of the US blocking UN resolutions against Israel"
1532:"Boutros Boutros-Ghali on the Negative Effects of Sanctions"
862:"Assembly of the African Union Fourteenth Ordinary Session"
178:' history, sanctions were only imposed twice: once against
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due to lack of heat, food, or medicine. In the same year,
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McDougal, Myres S.; Reisman, W. Michael (January 1968).
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estimated that approximately 3 million people living in
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239:– the reduction or removal of diplomatic ties, such as
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when voting on whether or not to implement sanctions.
591:reported that suicide rates had increased by 22%.
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SANCTIONS CRIPPLE SERBIA, BUT NOT ITS MONEY PRESSES
198:to "intrude in issues that were once off-limits".
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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269:United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
381:1981 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand
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1399:Yugoslavs Face Hard Winter as the Blockade Bites
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283:or similar measures, rather than bans on trade.
194:, where there was a "newfound willingness" from
1555:Jeong, Jin Mun; Peksen, Dursun (January 2019).
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603:
601:highlighted the negative effects of sanctions:
581:devices. In November 1994, 87 patients died in
335:to cut off supplies of arms or dual-use items.
688:is an open-source project, with OpenSanctions-
550:sanctions against former Yugoslavian republics
431:. This can be seen in the sanctions placed on
219:, possibly limited to certain sectors such as
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1921:International Institute for Strategic Studies
1594:Melling, Graham; Dennett, Anne (2017-12-01).
663:Limitations of the United Nations Sanctioning
8:
496:or, in the case of military sanctions, the
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610:Boutros-Ghali, former UN Secretary General
323:withdrawing diplomatic missions or staff.
275:Economic sanctions are distinguished from
27:Punitive economic measures between nations
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1178:The American Journal of International Law
235:
153:Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1298:Babic, Jovan; Jokic, Aleksandar (2000).
912:Cortright, David; Lopez, George (2000).
769:
377:1980 British Lions tour to South Africa
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548:Some scholars also highlight the UN's
223:, or with certain exceptions (such as
206:There are several types of sanctions.
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1432:David B. Ottoway (October 20, 1993).
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1128:European Journal of International Law
659:in 1995 which saw the end of combat.
583:Belgrade's Institute of Mental Health
557:. In October 1993, the office of the
387:, many sporting bodies imposed sport
343:Sport sanctions are used as a way of
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1660:Jong, Daniëlla Dam-de (2020-11-12).
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58:adding citations to reliable sources
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1600:Indian Journal of International Law
1304:The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs
518:International Progress Organization
577:and functioning equipment such as
561:High Commissioner for Refugees in
25:
1926:Arms Sales and Regional Stability
1790:Erdl, Alexander (11 April 2023).
297:Economic sanctions can vary from
848:European External Action Service
171:warfare, or as preludes to war.
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1395:Paul Lewis (October 29, 1992).
1154:United Nations Security Council
1050:Economic Sanctions Reconsidered
781:Economic Sanctions Reconsidered
267:– since the declaration of the
45:needs additional citations for
1561:Journal of Conflict Resolution
1488:Embargo Leaves Serbia Thriving
1362:Oladipo, Gloria (2022-03-23).
353:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
174:For the first 45 years of the
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1484:Roger Cohen (May 29, 1994).
1221:Political Research Quarterly
1025:. 2011-08-07. Archived from
997:International Studies Review
395:Sanctions on the environment
264:Sanctions on the environment
2109:Russian invasion of Ukraine
1842:"Global Sanctions Database"
991:Drezner, Daniel W. (2011).
385:Russian invasion of Ukraine
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733:Sanctions involving Russia
527:. In the hopes of forcing
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1679:10.1163/15718107-89030007
1613:10.1007/s40901-018-0084-9
1097:10.1163/19426720-00904008
952:Journal of Peace Research
946:Weiss, Thomas G. (1999).
810:Cortright, David (2000).
728:Humanitarian intervention
182:in 1966 and then against
69:"International sanctions"
1900:resources.linkurious.com
1573:10.1177/0022002717728105
1536:archive.globalpolicy.org
1233:10.1177/1065912906298632
879:Enrico, Carisch (2017).
411:Sanctions on individuals
355:, 1992–1995, enacted by
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2057:International sanctions
777:Hufbauer, Gary (2007).
743:United States sanctions
540:US ambassador to the UN
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420:Reasons for Sanctioning
369:Commonwealth of Nations
349:international sanctions
251:– military intervention
133:International sanctions
1462:Thayer Watkins, Ph.D.
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307:financial transactions
305:, and restrictions on
145:regional organizations
1777:"Papa Abdoulaye Seck"
1023:"Sanctions/Embargoes"
599:Boutros Boutros-Ghali
498:Right of self-defense
345:psychological warfare
215:– typically a ban on
2021:sanctions.lursoft.lv
1931:Taylor & Francis
1817:"About this project"
1796:Neo4j Developer Blog
1140:10.1093/ejil/2.1.110
914:The Sanctions Decade
645:UN Secretary General
596:UN Secretary General
494:right to development
365:Gleneagles Agreement
318:Diplomatic sanctions
236:Diplomatic sanctions
54:improve this article
2104:Russo-Ukrainian War
1750:"OpenSanctions.org"
1442:The Washington Post
680:Sanctions databases
512:Impact on Civilians
357:UN Security Council
157:UN Security Council
2002:2021-10-01 at the
1971:. January 20, 2022
1498:The New York Times
1494:The New York Times
1409:The New York Times
1405:The New York Times
844:"Sanctions policy"
588:The New York Times
543:Madeleine Albright
405:environmental laws
383:. During the 2022
327:Military sanctions
293:Economic sanctions
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248:Military sanctions
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1940:978-1-000-95660-3
1923:(28 April 2023).
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718:Enforcement
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621:Paternalism
575:antibiotics
533:coup d'etat
155:, only the
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2126:Yugoslavia
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389:sanctions
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110:July 2008
2000:Archived
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697:See also
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192:Cold War
180:Rhodesia
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441:embargo
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