Free State of Galveston - Knowledge (XXG)

330: 438:, the Sealys, and the Kempners. The Maceos' influence on the island lasted for nearly three decades. To compensate for the sometimes-ineffectual police force and judicial system on the island, Rose organized a group of vigilantes known as the Night Riders to keep the peace. Area residents considered the island and their homes entirely safe in spite of rampant criminal activity. The Maceos' bookkeeper was known to walk to the bank carrying millions in deposits without any protection. The Maceos protected the citizens of the island in many ways, such as limiting how much locals were allowed to gamble at the casinos, donating heavily to local charities, and investing in community development. 1037:(who opened the Desert Inn) and Sam Maceo had long been allies and business partners; indeed, it was the Maceos' influence in the Nevada legislature that made Dalitz's Nevada operations possible. The Las Vegas project's financing was largely facilitated by the Maceos and Moodys through ANICO (which loaned millions to known mob figures). Soon ANICO was one of the largest lenders to Las Vegas casinos. Sam and Rose Maceo transferred controlling interest of most of their Galveston empire to a new group dominated by the Fertitta family, with investments coming from business interests around the island. The Fertitta group never wielded the influence that the Maceos had (though a generation later 1101: 51: 884:). At the beginning of Prohibition, the city council originally opposed gambling and vice; though the council members were tolerant of small-scale activities which had always been a part of the city, they were more concerned about organized crime. As the Maceos reorganized vice in the city and made these businesses more respectable, the council became far more accepting of the criminal enterprises, particularly as they became linchpins of the local economy. According to some reports, this was because the Maceos bought the cooperation of the council members, taking advantage of the easily corruptible structure of the commission. 684: 243: 476: 564: 191: 1129:) gradually helped to re-establish the island's tourism industry, though in a very different form from the past. Nonbinding referendums were put forward in the 1980s regarding legalization of casinos in the city, but were defeated by the voters each time, demonstrating the changes in the city since the bygone era. Informal polls in 2008 and 2010 indicate this sentiment may be changing. Indeed, gambling aboard cruise ships leaving from Galveston is now commonplace. 499:(also known as the Miss Universe contest) in 1926, was started in Galveston by C.E. Barfield, manager of a local amusement park owned by the Maceos. The contest was part of Splash Day, the kick-off of the summer tourist season each year, and became the first international beauty contest, attracting participants from England, Russia, Turkey, and many other nations until its demise in 1932. This contest is said to have served as a model for the modern 434:), which opened in 1929. The Maceos soon controlled most of the gambling and liquor on the island. The Turf Grill/Turf Athletic Club in downtown became their headquarters. Their wealth and Sam's ability to deal with influential figures allowed them to exert increasing influence over other businesses and the government of the island. They established strong relationships with "respectable" business leaders such as the 585:, centered on Postoffice Street, was kept entirely separate from the nightclubs and other entertainment venues. It was so successful that the island for a time had the highest concentration of prostitutes in the world (one of every 62 residents), working in more than fifty bordellos in addition to other smaller establishments. The financial success of these vice industries attracted mobsters such as 467:

addition to many legitimate businesses. During much of the period, the vice industries provided the majority of employment. Two families held particular prominence on the island during this era; the Moodys controlled the largest legitimate interests, and the Maceos controlled the largest criminal enterprises. Both families were wealthy, with business empires that extended beyond the island.

4603: 5489: 1212: 166:, who ran the chief casinos and clubs on the island and were heavily involved in local politics and the tourism industry. The success of vice on the island, despite being illegal, was enabled by lax attitudes in society and in government, both on the island and in the county. In one of the more famous examples of this, a state committee, investigating gambling at the fabled 616:, known as the "King of the Rum Runners," was a significant figure during this time, helping to supply Galveston with liquor smuggled from the Caribbean. McCoy's operations were critical in sustaining the island's vice economy, particularly during Prohibition when the demand for illegal alcohol soared. Galveston became the primary supplier for Houston, Dallas, 701:

activities. His opponent then addressed the crowd as "my fellow hoodlums", which helped guarantee his victory in the election. Even decades later in 1993, when Vic C. Maceo, cousin of Sam and Rose, opened fire on a local who he believed owed him money, the incident was viewed by many in the community with nostalgia, recalling the Free State era.

800:, Hollywood Dinner Club, and other clubs featuring musical performances by major entertainers. Additionally for many years, the city held free concerts on the beach by major orchestras and other performers. The entertainment venues regularly attracted some of the biggest names in the entertainment business, including Frank Sinatra, 296:, as well as other ports, rapidly overtook Galveston as leading ports and commercial centers; by 1930, map makers were showing Houston as the major city on the Texas coast, instead of Galveston. Cotton shipping, which Galveston had thoroughly dominated on a worldwide level, began migrating to other ports in Texas and on the 1109:

1955. Many of the island's most important entertainment business leaders left the city and set up shop in Las Vegas. Neither the economy nor the culture of the city was the same afterward. Civic leaders made several failed attempts at new ventures, including the Oleander Bowl football tournament (1948) and the

524:) drew visitors, including those less interested in the city's illegal attractions. One of the most spectacular efforts by the chamber, though not one of the city's greatest successes, was the Pleasure Pier (originally known as the Brantly Harris Recreational Pier). This huge pier (later converted to the 887:

Law enforcement at the county level, and to some degree at the state level, became notoriously tolerant of the illegal activities in Galveston, in no small part because of the prosperity they generated, and the bribery and influence peddled by the Maceos. The city police very early on became entirely

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The city created the Oleander Bowl football tournament in 1948, which evolved into the Shrimp Bowl and lasted until the late 1950s. Originally a tournament between colleges in the region, it eventually became a contest between local military units. The tournament was never especially successful, only

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The city's permissive attitude was not confined to gangs, politicians, and elite businessmen. The citizenry in general took pride in the traditional Galveston approach to freedom. A notable example of this occurred at a political rally where one candidate openly blasted the "hoodlums" running illegal

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was filled with lavish casinos; other areas of town also had pockets of gambling. As late as 1950, about 300 businesses, ranging from grocery stores to barber shops, operated slot machines. Bars were even more ubiquitous; according to one report in 1927, 489 drinking establishments were in the city,

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So in a spirit of independence, so to speak, Galveston became a safe harbor to illegal gambling, prostitution and smuggling. Schooners brought in rum from Cuba, Jamaica, and the Bahamas, supplying customers from Houston to St. Louis. From 1919 to 1933, prohibition led to changes in the city's power

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Casinos offering illegal gambling and drinking were the largest tourist draws on the island. Though the Maceos operated the island's biggest casinos, they generally were very tolerant of competing clubs and casinos, provided their owners understood and respected the Maceos' authority. By the 1930s,

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A crackdown by federal law enforcement led to the arrests of the leaders of the city's gangs, which allowed the Maceo brothers to gain control of the island's underworld. The Maceos gradually invested in numerous clubs and other entertainment ventures in the city involving gambling and bootlegging.

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Much of this period represented a high point in Galveston's economy. It is sometimes referred to as the "open era" or the "wide-open era" because the business owners and the community made little effort to hide the illegal activities. The tourist industry spawned by the illegal businesses helped to

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By the 1950s, gambling and prostitution were being actively repressed in most parts of Texas. In 1953, the police commissioner, Walter L. Johnston, under pressure from local citizens groups concerned about moral decline and high rates of venereal disease, shut down the red-light district. However,

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Galveston County Sheriff Frank Biaggne served from 1933 to 1957 and was known for largely disregarding the mainstream illegal activities on the island. When a state committee investigating illegal activities on the island asked the sheriff about his reluctance to raid the Balinese Room, he replied

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of waterfront workers beginning in the 19th century, although eventually this alliance fell victim to segregationist influence. Racist ideology was always an ever-present factor in the city, however, as evidenced by the name of the group which ran the Mardi Gras, the Kotton Karnival Kids (KKK, the

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Eventually the Maceos, with Quinn, opened the Hollywood Dinner Club, at the time the most elegant night club on the Gulf Coast. The club featured crystal chandeliers, a large dance floor, and air conditioning (a new technology at the time; the Hollywood was the first club in the nation to use it).

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and bootlegging became rampant. Galveston's already lax social attitudes allowed this, as well as brothels and other illegal businesses, to blossom in the city. These institutions were so accepted that at one point, the city required health inspections for prostitutes to ensure the safety of their

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Though other parts of Texas and the United States sometimes tolerated prostitution, gambling, and violations of liquor laws (e.g. Dallas is said to have had 27 casinos and numerous brothels during World War II), these communities usually at least made a pretense of trying to enforce vice laws. In

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As the island rebuilt from the 1900 storm, legitimate business interests attempted to expand the economy by rebuilding tourism and further diversifying from shipping. Important nonentertainment businesses included insurance, hotels, banks, shipping, and commercial fishing. The medical and nursing

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was emerging as an important city in its own right, Galveston was the state's cultural and economic center at the time. Vices such as prostitution and gambling, which were common throughout Texas during the 19th century, continued to be tolerated to various degrees on the island in the early 20th

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The economy continued in muted form. The three main establishment families on the island, the Moodys, the Sealys, and Kempners, had essentially unrivalled control of the island. The Splash Day celebrations restarted, drawing tourists to the coast. Many hotels, banks, and some insurance companies

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As the vice industries crashed, so did tourism, and the rest of the Galveston economy declined with it. The economy stagnated during the 1950s, and after 1957, the Free State was effectively gone. Fort Crockett, which had been used as an Army recreation center following the war, was shut down in

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Jim Simpson) began a massive campaign of raids that wrecked the gambling and prostitution industry on the island, along with liquor imports. Forty-seven clubs, brothels, and other vice establishments were reportedly closed, and 2,000 slot machines were destroyed. Though officials said they

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in 1901. Two brothers, Rosario (Rose) and Salvatore (Sam) Maceo, trained as barbers and moved to Galveston shortly before World War I to start their business. As Prohibition took hold, the brothers began to give their customers gifts of (low-quality) wine that they were able to smuggle. As their

994:, the Hollywood Dinner Club was shut down in the late 1930s. The local clubs found attracting major entertainment figures to be increasingly difficult. Gambling had been legalized in Nevada in 1931, and this distinct advantage over Galveston, and other illegal gambling centers, gradually lured 907:

Law enforcement's corrupt attitude generally was not at the expense of the people. Apart from the economic benefits provided by the Maceos, these bosses provided a high degree of protection to the island's citizens. When serious crimes were committed the local police would sometimes contact the

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The vice activities on the island and in the county were not unique in Texas. San Antonio had perhaps the second-most infamous red-light district in the early 20th century and most major cities in the state had significant vice activities until at least midcentury, though most went into decline

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The major legitimate businesses on the island, such as banking and hotels, were able to thrive in large part because of the illegal activities. Though many of these business leaders steered clear of direct involvement in the business affairs of the Maceos and the gangs, their relationships were

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did not stop Galveston's run of prosperity. Despite the financial ruin that faced much of the country during the Depression, not a single Galveston bank failed and unemployment was almost unheard of. Key business sectors in Galveston during the Free State era were casinos and prostitution, in

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Much of Galveston's success as a tourist destination was the result of E. Sid Holliday, who became the publicity and convention director of the Galveston Chamber of Commerce in 1925, and later became its head. The chamber helped promote the legitimate face of Galveston's tourism and business

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Maceos to have the matter dealt with. However, the island was not completely peaceful; threats at the point of a gun were a common means for the Maceo gang to ensure control. Though the average citizen was relatively safe, gangland slayings of potential rivals did take place on occasion.

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With this evidence, Wilson, brandishing injunctions, swooped onto the island in June 1957 and closed forty-seven clubs, bingo parlors, and brothels as public nuisances. ... They found some two thousand slot machines, illegal since 1951, that they smashed and dumped into Galveston

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article by author Gary Cartwright, "Galveston's red-light district may have been the only one in the country that thrived with the blessings of both city hall and the Catholic church." So lax were attitudes toward vice that football betting cards were openly sold in the high schools.

206:, held one of the first major settlements in the eastern part of what is now Texas. During the mid- to late 19th century, it became the largest city in the state. Galveston was also an important national commercial center and one of the busiest seaports in the United States, as the 182:, but crackdowns against gambling and prostitution in Texas during the mid-20th century made these businesses increasingly difficult to sustain. By the end of the 1950s, this era of Galveston's history had ended. As a result, its economy became stagnant for many years afterward. 449:

with the family owning more than 60 businesses, as well as slot machines throughout the county. Investments in oil speculation helped to diversify the Maceos' portfolio and add to their wealth. Law enforcement sources accused them of running the narcotics trade as far north as

146:, and other vice-oriented businesses were a major part of tourism. The "Free State" moniker embodied a belief held by many locals that Galveston was beyond what they perceived were repressive mores and laws of Texas and the United States. Two major figures of the era were the 1072:

Paul Hopkins won the 1956 election for sheriff and set about shutting down the island's illegal activities once and for all. One of the first successful busts of the gambling industry was an undercover operation by Texas Ranger Clint Peoples at the Balinese Room. In 1957,

386:" (a line of booze-laden ships from Cuba, Jamaica, and the Bahamas) became a fixture about 35 miles (56 km) beyond the coastline, where smaller boats fetched the goods and brought them to shore. Quinn was the leading figure in Galveston's vice market. Quinn's partner 1137:

Though this era in Galveston's history has not received a great deal of attention in popular culture (compared, for example, to Al Capone's Chicago), some popular fiction and true crime story-telling have centered on the era. Some notable examples include the novels

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the mayoral victory of George Roy Clough, a supporter of regulated vice, led to the district's being re-established in 1955. That year, Galveston was labeled by national anti-prostitution groups as the "worst spot in the nation as far as prostitution is concerned".

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pageant and others. At its height, the pageant tripled the island's population the weekend it ran. Even after the international contest's closing, Splash Day was revived in various forms and continued to attract tourists. Other annual events included an extravagant

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The Free State economy was not confined simply to the island, but extended through much of Galveston County. Throughout the county, substantial casino operations were developed by the Fertitta, Salvato, and Maceo families, including the casino districts in

1025:, once one of the nation's largest red-light districts, was shut down in 1941. As state investigations of the Maceos' activities became more serious, Sam and Rose began plans to move their empire to Nevada. The Maceos became major investors in the 1006:. The competition created by the up-and-coming entertainment center in the desert substantially challenged the island on the Gulf over the next several years. Still, even during its later years, the Balinese Room was able to attract the likes of 2394:

Burka (1983). "Once, at a large political rally on the Island, an antivice candidate made a speech attacking what he called the gambling hoodlums. His opponent then began his own speech with 'My fellow hoodlums' and won in a

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was able to capitalize on Texas' rapid rise in the cotton trade. Its downtown was known as the "Wall Street of the Southwest", and by 1900, the city had one of the highest per capita incomes in the U.S. Though nearby

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attitudes prevalent in many parts of the U.S. were not always as stark in Galveston's society as in some other parts of Texas. One of the most striking examples of this was the gradual establishment of biracial

315:), and other communities. Houston in particular became home to a large community of wealthy businessmen and investors. Galveston became even more tourism-focused as the city sought to attract these nearby 1092:

destroyed all of the city's gaming equipment, some locals including R.S. Maceo, nephew of Sam and Rose, claimed that most of the equipment was shipped to Las Vegas before authorities ever discovered it.

4248: 4098: 1117:, moved to Houston in 1959; the telephone company headquarters and many other businesses relocated off the island, as well. To make matters worse, some of the island's attractions were destroyed by 311:

and refineries on the island itself (though for a time oil was shipped through the island). Nevertheless, wealth brought on by the boom transformed nearby Houston, Texas City, Goose Creek (modern

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rail system in the country. Galveston's port was also rebuilt quickly, and by 1912, had become the second-leading exporter in the nation, behind New York. Nevertheless, after the 1900 storm and

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During the 1950s, more dangerous criminal elements took advantage of Galveston's lax law enforcement and the absence of the Maceo brothers' influence. Non-vice crime increased in the city. The

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is often referred to as the "father" of organized gambling on the island because he established organized poker games in 1910. Quinn's main casino, the Deluxe Club, was an island landmark.

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celebration in spring. The grand Buccaneer Hotel was constructed in 1929 creating an additional hotel landmark to compete with the Galvez (in addition to many other smaller hotel venues).

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before Galveston's did. During the open era, Galveston's vice industries dominated, while most other areas of the state were at times forced to crack down on vice due to public pressure.

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The 1900 Galveston hurricane was an unparalleled disaster. Estimates of the death toll range from 6,000 to 12,000 people, in addition to many more on the Gulf Coast and along the

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In Galveston on 'Splash Day' (which annually opens the Gulfside bathing season), 50,000 Texans gathered to honor the newest and most modern of American institutions: the car-hop girl.

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all helped pump money into the local economy, as did military shipments at the port and shipbuilding. The soldiers and sailors were a steady stream of customers for area businesses.

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during the 19th century, and a new wave of immigration came through the port in the early 20th century. For a time, it was known as "Little Ellis Island". In contrast to the heavily

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customers became more interested in the liquor, the Maceos gradually became more serious bootleggers. They allied themselves with the Beach Gang, opened a "cold drink place" (i.e.,

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By the late 1940s, corruption in Texas at the state and county levels was in decline, while pressure against vice across the state and across the nation was on the rise. Even

4073: 223:. Immediately after the hurricane, Galveston worked to revive itself as a port and an entertainment center, including the construction of tourist destinations such as the 350:) made most forms of gambling illegal in most communities. Gambling continued illegally in many places, though, creating new opportunities for criminal enterprises. The 2947: 4591: 4078: 3990: 864:

team was created. Galveston won the championship in 1953, but the team then faded and was disbanded in 1955 as the rest of Galveston's economy was collapsing.

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began in 1901, with oil wells and refineries constructed throughout the state. Galveston's direct role in this boom was minimal, as investors avoided building

4991: 4058: 628:; indeed some shipments reached as far north as Detroit. This traffic helped to offset the gradual loss of shipping traffic in the cotton and sulfur trades. 904:, a local justice of the peace would readily issue search warrants for local clubs to the Rangers, but would immediately telephone the owners to warn them. 321:. Though, the city had some success in re-establishing tourism and shipping, its economy struggled to rise to the level it had been before the 1900 storm. 2469: 426:. The club, the first venue in the nation to offer high-class gaming, dining, entertainment, and air conditioning under one roof, was unique at the time. 5582: 4807: 4397: 4165: 3951: 540: 2821: 663:(featuring the Silver Moon and the Emmite Brothers’ Dickinson Social Club). Houstonians often humorously referred to the Galveston County line as the " 5587: 5001: 636:, actually welcomed illegal gambling because it brought tourists who filled up his hotels. He was even known to make loans to the Maceos' syndicate. 4360: 748:

Galveston's red-light district may have been the only one in the country that thrived with the blessings of both city hall and the Catholic church.

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and Sam was even charged, but authorities were never able to make the charges stick, and indeed some sources claim that they were genuinely false.

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performed for the club's opening, and Sam attracted a steady stream of celebrity performers thereafter. The club hosted one of the nation's first

4329: 1014:, among others. And as late as 1950, the annual income of the Maceo empire was reportedly $ 3.84 million ($ 48.6 million in today's terms). 488:, were a stable sector on the island throughout the 20th century. The Moody family built one of the largest hotel empires in the U.S., and their 228: 4817: 4355: 4322: 1913: 1639: 5026: 4791: 4728: 4312: 3851: 3809: 3788: 3746: 3725: 3681: 3660: 3618: 3594: 3571: 3550: 3479: 3458: 3437: 3395: 3357: 3268: 3188: 3132: 3105: 3078: 3049: 2995: 2924: 2758: 2057: 277:), and others who came to settle in many parts of the country, including some who remained on the island itself. Of particular note are the 5572: 5547: 5107: 4984: 4712: 2253: 1998: 1193: 496: 4334: 382:

became big business; liquor was imported from overseas and distributed throughout the city, the state, and other parts of the country. A "

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community (though it cooperated heavily with the criminal enterprises). Legitimate amusements such as an amusement park that included a

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remained, as did the medical and nursing schools, and the hospitals. Efforts at historical preservation (notably including those of

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Galveston wasn't the only place in Texas where you could gamble, but it was the only place you didn't have to know where to look.

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production centers on the arrival of the Maceo brothers and the empire they created during this period of the island's history.

856:. The Buccaneers won the league championship in 1934, but the team was sold in 1937 after Moody's death. After the war, the new 4979: 4901: 4868: 4646: 900:

were similarly complicit (Commissioner Johnston once bragged about being on the payroll of 46 brothels). According to a former

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during the early-to-mid-20th century. Today, the term is sometimes used to describe the culture and history of that era.

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US Anti Gaming Laws and Regulations Handbook: Federal Anti Gaming Laws, Gaming Laws of Selected States - Alabama-Montana

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In the entertainment sector, various ploys were used to attract tourists. In 1920, an annual beauty contest, named the

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league, was founded in the 1800s, temporarily discontinued, and then restarted in the early 1900s evolving into a

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High society in the city regularly attracted some of the biggest names in the entertainment business, including

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Their other big venture, besides the Hollywood, was a club and casino called Maceo's Grotto (later renamed the

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The beach was a year-round carnival, with roller coasters and Ferris wheels and countless bathing girl revues.

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bridge (1956) for access to a new industrial park, which never materialized. The city's television station,

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that he had not raided the establishment because it was a "private club" and because he was not a "member".

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About this time, the Maceo family became important to Galveston's history. The family had immigrated from

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Galveston became a major port of entry for illegal liquor from Mexico and Canada, shipped through the

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came to be major entertainment magnates themselves). Sam Maceo died in 1951, and Rose died in 1954.

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more than any other city on the Gulf Coast and among the highest concentrations in the nation. The

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immigrants who formed a significant community in Galveston County, as well as the nearby city of

274: 220: 3180: 2261: 520:(the Mountain Speedway), in addition to the beaches and upscale shopping districts (notably the 5409: 5352: 5325: 5279: 5097: 5082: 5077: 5047: 4756: 4636: 4550: 4307: 4155: 4068: 4028: 3893: 3872: 3847: 3826: 3805: 3784: 3763: 3742: 3721: 3700: 3677: 3656: 3635: 3614: 3590: 3567: 3546: 3525: 3500: 3475: 3454: 3433: 3412: 3391: 3353: 3332: 3285: 3264: 3243: 3184: 3128: 3101: 3074: 3045: 3018: 2991: 2880: 2574: 2551: 2107: 1942: 1854: 1482: 1426: 1272: 797: 577: 462:

Like much of the country, and particularly Texas, Galveston boomed in the 1920s, but even the

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At the beginning of Prohibition, two main gangs divided the city: the Beach Gang led by

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offset Galveston's decline as a commercial and shipping center following a devastating

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This article is about a historical period. For the wider history of Galveston, see

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The heyday of the Free State was over by the 1940s. Because of conflicts with the

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The city had numerous venues for the arts, including the State Theater (today the

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Galveston's attitudes toward race were at times unique in the region. The strict

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hardly antagonistic. Some, such as financier, hotelier, and insurance executive

602: 379: 367: 359: 143: 139: 1061:, ran guns to Cuba through the island. Fugitives such as suspected JFK plotter 5245: 5160: 5115: 4877: 2328: 1207: 1179: 1163: 1034: 1026: 813: 809: 789: 688: 419: 293: 232: 124: 5521: 5508: 3524:. Vol. 1. International Business Publications, Inc. 2013. pp. 6–7. 3336: 3496: 1175: 1114: 1011: 612:

and distributed from the island throughout Texas and to other destinations.

598: 492:

was so successful that it actually grew—tremendously—during the Depression.

410:

Because of Sam's smooth personality, he became the "face" of the nightclub.

403: 398: 159: 601:, who tried to enter Galveston's market without success. Capone's enforcer 344:

During the early 20th century, reform movements in the U.S. (the so-called

4481: 3610:

Energy metropolis: an environmental history of Houston and the Gulf Coast

841: 728: 358:

and initiated the Prohibition era. The new law was widely unpopular, and

3801:

Ultimate sacrifice: John and Robert Kennedy, the plan for a coup in Cuba

3408:

The Money and the Power: The Making of Las Vegas and Its Hold on America

445:

soon extended beyond Galveston Island and gradually expanded throughout

5344: 4489: 4448: 1859:. Retrieved October 13, 2009., Texas State Historical Association. 1487:. Retrieved October 13, 2009., Texas State Historical Association. 1104:

Trube Castle, one of the many historic structures preserved in the city

594: 383: 2579:. Retrieved October 13, 2009. Texas State Historical Association. 2556:. Retrieved October 13, 2009. Texas State Historical Association. 1947:. Retrieved November 4, 2009. Texas State Historical Association. 5321: 5235: 1431:. Retrieved October 30, 2009. Texas State Historical Association 1183: 659:(featuring the Chili Bowl and White House casinos, among others) and 617: 3929: 3281:

Galveston's Maceo Family Empire: Bootlegging & the Balinese Room

3278:

Boatman, T. Nicole; Belshaw, Scott H.; McCaslin, Richard B. (2014).

2885:. Retrieved April 18, 2010. Texas State Historical Association. 261:

immigration of the 19th century, the new arrivals in Galveston were

531:

A significant contributor to the economy through the 1940s was the

4881: 4656: 4602: 4507: 2686:(2). University of Texas at Arlington Library: 1–3. Archived from 1252: 1099: 682: 562: 474: 328: 241: 189: 128: 55:

Postcard view of Beach Boulevard and the Hotel Galvez, early 1940s

4846: 892:

only that it was a "private club" and he was not a "member". The

731:. The clubs were regularly visited by famous Houstonians such as 4471: 4453: 1715: 1713: 1192:

opened in 2003 at Galveston's Strand Theatre and in 2011 at the

1029:, which was the largest and most elaborate casino resort on the 571:

was once the premier restaurant and casino of the wide-open era.

4850: 4573: 3933: 3695:

Neon metropolis: how Las Vegas started the twenty-first century

1457:. Vol. 39, no. 7. Time Inc. August 1955. p. 26. 1085: 687:

The State Theater (now called the Grand Opera House), a major

3302:

Island Empire: The Influence of the Maceo Family in Galveston

3175:

The last resort: success and failure in campaigns for casinos

3121:

Cunningham, Bill; Davis, Steven L.; Newsom, Rollo K. (2007).

142:, attracting celebrities from around the country. Gambling, 3924: 3914: 1174:. Galveston's Balinese Room was also the subject of a 1975 253:

Galveston had been a major port of entry for Texas and the

2444: 2442: 1817: 1815: 1813: 705:

Galveston, vice was conducted openly; according to a 1993

333:

Murdoch's Bathhouse, once a popular Galveston attraction (

3257:

Baird, David; Peterson, Eric; Schlecht, Neil E. (2007).

3676:. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. 3352:. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 3124:

Lone Star Sleuths: An Anthology of Texas Crime Fiction

2807: 2805: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1665: 1663: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1168:

Lone Star Sleuths: An Anthology of Texas Crime Fiction

292:

in 1915 further challenged the port city. Houston and

3432:. Austin, Texas: Texas State Historical Association. 2235: 2233: 1993: 1991: 1908: 1906: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1371: 1369: 796:. Less formally, entertainment could be found at the 3920:

The Balinese Room, Galveston, Texas (Texas Explorer)

3429:

Biracial Unions on Galveston's Waterfront, 1865–1925

2971:"Galveston Begins Latest Push For Casinos With Poll" 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1350: 1348: 303:

As Galveston's traditional economy declined, Texas'

98:

Republic of Galveston Island / Open Era of Galveston

5466: 5254: 5106: 5040: 4900: 4800: 4726: 4665: 4614: 4520: 4498: 4480: 4462: 4441: 4423: 4416: 4373: 4348: 4298: 4262: 4174: 4123: 3968: 3492:

Mythic Galveston: reinventing America's third coast

2630: 2628: 2028: 2026: 2024: 922: 406:), and invested in the gang's gambling operations. 94: 83: 60: 4249:1861 United States Customs and Federal Court House 4099:1861 United States Customs and Federal Court House 4074:Sts. Constantine and Helen Serbian Orthodox Church 3741:. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. 3692: 3582: 3386:. Issue 18 of Chisholm Trail. New York: Macmillan/ 3345: 3172: 3066: 2673:"The San Antonio Blue Book: Proof of a Secret Era" 2429:"In Galveston, Texas, Ike Hits Historic Buildings" 1329: 1327: 1325: 1245:Other illegal gambling empires of the 1920s–1950s: 876:Following the 1900 hurricane, Galveston adopted a 3171:Dombrink, John; Thompson, William Norman (1990). 2564: 2562: 2247: 2245: 2134: 2132: 1513: 1511: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1305: 981:there was testimony of additional hidden profits. 3889:Galveston Chronicles: The Queen City of the Gulf 3545:(5th ed.). Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing. 1869: 1867: 1865: 746: 639: 3822:Galveston's the Elissa: The Tall Ship of Texas 3714:Salvant, Joan Usner; McComb, David G. (1999). 3613:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. 2196:"Miss America was once Pageant of Pulchritude" 2035:"Miss America was once Pageant of Pulchritude" 1443: 1441: 1439: 227:, which opened in 1911. In the same year, the 4862: 4585: 4059:Ocean Star Offshore Drilling Rig & Museum 3945: 2780:. Nielsen Business Media: 43. March 27, 1954. 1936: Sullivan, Sandia; Boydston, Philip: 1803: 1801: 1799: 8: 4383:Galveston National Biocontainment Laboratory 3871:. Sacramento, CA: California State Library. 3720:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. 3589:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. 3566:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. 3471:Passionate nation: the epic history of Texas 3348:Historic Hotels of Texas: A Traveler's Guide 1543: 1541: 979:According to the syndicate's records, though 231:opened and became recognized as the fastest 43: 2422: 2420: 1850:Mitchell Energy and Development Corporation 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1084:head Homer Garrison (with help from former 202:The island of Galveston, which lies on the 4997:National Register of Historic Places Sites 4869: 4855: 4847: 4808:Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas 4592: 4578: 4570: 4420: 4345: 4166:Scholes International Airport at Galveston 3952: 3938: 3930: 3863:"History of Gambling in the United States" 3738:The Texas Sheriff: Lord of the County Line 3652:Mr. Mob: The Life and Crimes of Moe Dalitz 3150:"'Galveston, The Musical' to open July 11" 42: 3843:The Moodys of Galveston and Their Mansion 2177:"Galveston piers weather history's tides" 2106:. New York: Books Inc. (Hastings House). 852:baseball team, a successor to the former 484:schools, as well as the hospitals of the 198:, a popular 19th-century Galveston resort 4084:Schlitterbahn Galveston Island Waterpark 3915:Visit Galveston's Historic Balinese Room 3148:Gillogly-Torres, Carla (June 29, 2003). 3041:No Greater Deception: A True Texas Story 2824:. Humanities Texas. 2007. Archived from 2822:"The Balinese Room: Farewell to an Icon" 1152:No Greater Deception: A True Texas Story 239:, many avoided investing in the island. 138:, Galveston Island emerged as a popular 4533:List of museums in the Texas Gulf Coast 4009:Galveston Island Historic Pleasure Pier 3798:Waldron, Lamar; Hartmann, Thom (2006). 3542:A Marmac Guide to Houston and Galveston 2969:Connelly, Richard (September 1, 2010). 1999:"Miss United States Began In Galveston" 1290: 868:bringing in modest crowds at its peak. 352:18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution 4818:Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas 3673:Black unionism in the industrial South 3179:. University of Nevada Press. p. 2948:"Wanna bet? Readers vote for gambling" 2925:"Beaches bring out island's diversity" 2895:Communications, Emmis (October 1981). 2058:"Isle bathing beauty tradition reborn" 1449:"Wide-Open Galveston Mocks Texas Laws" 4335:Texas A&M University at Galveston 3759:Beauty Queen: Here She Comes ... 3405:Denton, Sally; Morris, Roger (2002). 3206:"Before Las Vegas, there was Newport" 2498:Cartwright (1998), pp. 220–221. 2239:Boatman (Island Empire, 2014), p. 24. 2103:Texas: a guide to the lone star state 2080:"50,000 Texans Hail Queen of the Car" 1740:"Cronkite's Texas (In his own words)" 7: 4330:O'Connell College Preparatory School 3447:Gooding, Ed; Nieman, Robert (2001). 3411:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 2897:"Failure: Boosterism That Went Bust" 2845:"Gambling advocates not cashing out" 2470:"History of Mardi Gras in Galveston" 2427:Burnett, John (September 28, 2009). 249:mansion, built by George Sealy, 1891 112:) was a satirical name given to the 4254:Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway 4131:American National Insurance Company 3453:. Longview, TX: Ranger Publishing. 2303:Rumrunning: Legacies of Prohibition 2175:Anders, Helen (February 12, 2008). 1938:American National Insurance Company 1922:. September 6, 1954. Archived from 490:American National Insurance Company 4408:University of Texas Medical Branch 4340:University of Texas Medical Branch 3861:Wiesenberg, Michael (March 1997). 3846:. Texas A&M University Press. 3383:Galveston: A History of the Island 2946:Taylor, Heber (December 3, 2008). 2547:Commission form of city government 2252:Rice, Harvey (December 22, 2008). 648:Galveston: A History of the Island 486:University of Texas Medical Branch 229:Galveston–Houston Electric Railway 25: 5583:Populated coastal places in Texas 5002:Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks 4813:Congress of the Republic of Texas 3450:Ed Gooding: Soldier, Texas Ranger 3242:. Edison, NJ: Hunter Publishing. 3204:Beall, Joel M. (April 27, 2015). 2405:Cartwright, Gary (October 1991). 2216:McComb (1986), pp. 154–155. 2194:Cherry, Bill (October 25, 2004). 2139:Cartwright, Gary (October 2002). 2100:Federal Writers' Project (1940). 2033:Cherry, Bill (October 25, 2004). 1236:History of the Galveston Bay Area 34:. For the city of Galveston, see 5588:Prohibition in the United States 5487: 4601: 3762:San Francisco: Chronicle Books. 3634:. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing. 3474:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 3299:Boatman, Tabitha Nicole (2014). 3014:Last Dance on the Starlight Pier 2843:Thompson, Carter (May 9, 2004). 2765:. March 29, 1954. Archived from 2724:Cartwright, Gary (August 1987). 1210: 1148:Last Dance on the Starlight Pier 1065:used Galveston as a safe haven. 998:figures such as New York City's 828:, Duke Ellington, and Bob Hope. 49: 3777:Utley, Robert Marshall (2007). 3670:Obadele-Starks, Ernest (2000). 2056:Brown, Bridget (May 17, 2009). 1914:"Corporations: Executive Suite" 1719:Cartwright (1998), pp. 213–214. 1597:Cartwright (1998), pp. 209–210. 925:Income of the Maceo operations* 549:Camp Wallace and the blimp base 27:Era in Galveston, Texas history 4398:Shriners Hospital for Children 3717:The historic seacoast of Texas 3489:Hardwick, Susan Wiley (2002). 3367:Cartwright, Gary (June 1993). 3038:Dotson, Sydney Newman (2003). 1606:Cartwright (1998), pp. 211–212 1333:Burka (1983), pp. 167–8. 880:(in 1960 the city switched to 872:Government and law enforcement 108:(sometimes referred to as the 1: 3426:Farrington, Clifford (2007). 3313:Burka, Paul (December 1983). 3127:. University of Texas Press. 1420: Humphrey, David C.: 1231:Gambling in the United States 334: 4792:Timelines of cities in Texas 4403:Transitional Learning Center 4393:Sealy & Smith Foundation 3655:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. 3308:. University of North Texas. 2984:Blake, James Carlos (2004). 2923:Davis, Peter (May 2, 2008). 2726:"The Sleaziest Man In Texas" 2535:. October 1981. p. 158. 1958:Obadele-Starks (2000), p. 4. 1848: Kleiner, Diana J.: 1746:. Texas Exes. Archived from 1638:Nieman, Robert (Fall 2008). 1478:Electric interurban railways 1476: Rieder, Robert A.: 110:Republic of Galveston Island 5573:History of Galveston, Texas 5548:Culture of Galveston, Texas 4992:National Historic Landmarks 4823:Texas Historical Commission 4219:Galveston Hurricane of 1915 4214:Galveston Hurricane of 1900 4079:St. Mary Cathedral Basilica 4014:Galveston Island State Park 3607:; Pratt, Joseph A. (2007). 3154:Galveston County Daily News 2952:Galveston County Daily News 2849:Galveston County Daily News 2759:"Milestones, Mar. 29, 1954" 2597:Sitton (2006), pp. 145–146. 2568: McComb, David G.: 2545: Rice, Bradley R.: 2529:"Boosterism That Went Bust" 2518:Willett (2013), pp.179-180. 2367:Draper, Robert (May 1997). 2200:Galveston County Daily News 1640:"Galveston's Balinese Room" 1550:Stone & Webster Journal 1548:"Galveston, Tex. March 2". 1166:, as well as the anthology 1121:in 1961 and never rebuilt. 1082:Department of Public Safety 1055:New Orleans crime syndicate 543:, the Navy Section Base on 32:History of Galveston, Texas 5609: 4194:Second Battle of Galveston 4184:Battle of Galveston Harbor 3991:East End Historic District 3925:The Grand 1894 Opera House 2721:Cartwright (1998), p. 273. 2671:Morgan, Lael (Fall 2007). 2643:Cartwright (1998), p. 250. 2588:Cartwright (1998), p. 217. 2448:Cartwright (1998), p. 241. 2385:Cartwright (1998), p. 215. 2318:"Galveston: a closer look" 2225:Cartwright (1998), p. 241. 1976:Cartwright (1998), p. 201. 1956:Cartwright (1998), p. 208. 1821:Cartwright (1998), p. 329. 1728:Cartwright (1998), p. 213. 1556:. Boston: 254. March 1922. 1496:Cartwright (1998), p. 193. 1342:Cartwright (1998), p. 243. 667:" (a pun referring to the 325:Prohibition and the Maceos 29: 5483: 5476:List of counties in Texas 4888: 4831: 4189:First Battle of Galveston 4024:Galveston Railroad Museum 3804:. New York: Basic Books. 3581:McComb, David G. (1989). 3560:McComb, David G. (1986). 3380:Cartwright, Gary (1998). 3315:"Grande Dame of the Gulf" 2466:Cartwright (1998), p. 199 2181:Austin American Statesman 1891:Boatman (2014), pp. 75-76 1873:Newton (2009), pp. 40–41. 1566:Wiesenberg (1997), Ch. 2. 1263:Atlantic City, New Jersey 976: 48: 5593:Seaside resorts in Texas 4244:Strand Historic District 4094:Strand Historic District 4034:Galveston Island Trolley 3886:Willett, Donald (2013). 3649:Newton, Michael (2009). 3468:Haley, James L. (2006). 3236:Abbott, Mary Lu (2003). 3065:Morris, Suzanne (1976). 2305:. Naval Institute Press. 2086:. May 1931. p. 36. 1241:History of vice in Texas 1033:when it opened in 1950. 860:was established and the 634:William Lewis Moody, Jr. 170:, was told by the local 5553:Galveston County, Texas 4239:Free State of Galveston 4044:Lone Star Flight Museum 3840:Wiencek, Henry (2010). 3585:Texas, a modern history 3515:, registration required 3239:Romantic Weekends Texas 3211:The Cincinnati Enquirer 3100:. New York: Macmillan. 2874: Darst, Maury: 2790:Waldron (2006), p. 313. 2622:McCombs (1986), p. 163. 2509:Carmack (2007), p. 169. 2316:Lee, Lori (Fall 2008). 2301:Albert L. Salt (2000). 1967:Kearney (2005), p. 230. 1900:Gooding (2001), p. 107. 1649:(27): 4. Archived from 1517:Hardwick (2002), p. 13. 1433:McCombs (1986), p. 151. 1299:Kearney (2005), p. 230. 1297:Gooding (2001), p. 107. 1190:Galveston, The Musical! 1158:by Suzanne Morris, and 539:, the Army Air Base at 416:remote radio broadcasts 106:Free State of Galveston 44:Free State of Galveston 4544:A Weekend in September 4039:Grand 1894 Opera House 3892:. Arcadia Publishing. 3868:Gambling in California 3825:. Arcadia Publishing. 3819:Voss, Kurt D. (2009). 3756:Stein, Elissa (2006). 3631:Ray Miller's Galveston 3263:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 2913:Miller (1993), p. 148. 2865:McComb (1986), p. 154. 2811:Sitton (2006), p. 146. 2799:McComb (1986), p. 158. 2746:Denton (2002), p. 239. 2712:Rothman (2003), p. 16. 2634:McComb (1986), p. 185. 2507:Sitton (2006), p. 146. 2291:Salvant (1999), p. 26. 2282:McComb (1989), p. 136. 2227:McComb (1986), p. 156. 2126:Wiencek (2010), p. 52. 2005:. 2006. Archived from 1882:McComb (1986), p. 163. 1839:Boatman (2014), p. 64. 1793:Sitton (2006), p. 145. 1770:McComb (1986), p. 161. 1669:McComb (1986), p. 161. 1608:McComb (1989), p. 135. 1575:McComb (1986), p. 157. 1535:McComb (1986), p. 151. 1505:McComb (1986), p. 105. 1467:McComb (1986), p. 137. 1375:Melosi (2007), p. 202. 1363:Melosi (2007), p. 201. 1105: 992:United States Treasury 882:council-manager system 750: 692: 643: 572: 497:Pageant of Pulchritude 480: 341: 250: 199: 5522:29.28111°N 94.82583°W 3735:Sitton, Thad (2006). 3691:Rothman, Hal (2003). 3539:Kearney, Syd (2005). 3344:Carmack, Liz (2007). 3284:. The History Press. 2828:on December 5, 2009. 2769:on November 16, 2010. 2755:Miller (1993), p. 14. 2703:Boatman (2014), p. 84 2661:Utley (2007), p. 218. 2613:Burka (1983), p. 216. 2474:The Islander Magazine 2433:National Public Radio 2357:Abbott (2003), p. 24. 2348:Boatman (2014), p. 83 2334:on November 8, 2009. 2325:Texas Planning Review 2003:The Islander Magazine 1830:Boatman (2014), p. 68 1768:McComb (1989), p. 135 1656:on February 10, 2011. 1617:Haley (2006), p. 475. 1526:Haley (2006), p. 393. 1402:Haley (2006), p. 438. 1384:Baird (2007), p. 208. 1354:Utley (2007), p. 217. 1268:Hot Springs, Arkansas 1103: 878:commission government 772:same initials as the 686: 566: 478: 471:Legitimate businesses 332: 245: 193: 18:Open Era of Galveston 3783:. New York: Oxford. 3628:Miller, Ray (1993). 3563:Galveston: a history 3329:Emmis Communications 3094:Braun, Matt (2003). 3011:Bird, Sarah (2022). 2929:Galveston Daily News 2407:"Benny and the Boys" 2206:on October 21, 2009. 2062:Galveston Daily News 2045:on October 21, 2009. 2039:Galveston Daily News 1985:Stein (2006), p. 37. 1926:on November 4, 2012. 1779:Miller (1993), p. 6. 1278:Phenix City, Alabama 972:$ 48.6 million 950:$ 41.1 million 862:Galveston White Caps 850:Galveston Buccaneers 792:acts in addition to 665:Maceo-Dickinson line 347:Progressive movement 290:Houston Ship Channel 5527:29.28111; -94.82583 5518: / 5027:Tourist attractions 4388:John Sealy Hospital 4151:Moody National Bank 4019:Galveston Pirate SC 2935:on August 11, 2011. 2774:"The Final Curtain" 2264:on October 16, 2012 2009:on October 19, 2009 1647:The Ranger Dispatch 929: 898:police commissioner 356:alcoholic beverages 288:The opening of the 45: 5131:Blackland Prairies 4528:Galveston Causeway 4224:Galveston Movement 4209:Galveston Railroad 4136:Galveston Railroad 3160:on August 7, 2011. 2855:on March 16, 2005. 2480:on August 24, 2021 1393:Voss (2009), p. 8. 1154:by Sydney Dotson, 1144:James Carlos Blake 1133:In popular culture 1127:George P. Mitchell 1106: 961:$ 44 million 923: 788:), which featured 753:—Gary Cartwright, 693: 646:—Gary Cartwright, 583:red-light district 573: 481: 376:Johnny Jack Nounes 342: 275:Galveston Movement 251: 200: 5558:Gambling in Texas 5501: 5500: 5216:Rio Grande Valley 4844: 4843: 4801:Government agency 4637:Republic of Texas 4567: 4566: 4551:Battle on the Bay 4516: 4515: 4369: 4368: 4308:Galveston College 4234:Karankawa Indians 4156:Port of Galveston 4069:Rosenberg Library 4029:Galveston Seawall 3853:978-1-60344-182-7 3811:978-0-7867-1441-4 3790:978-0-19-515444-3 3748:978-0-8061-3471-0 3727:978-0-292-77741-5 3683:978-0-89096-912-0 3662:978-0-7864-3516-6 3620:978-0-8229-4335-8 3605:Melosi, Martin V. 3596:978-0-292-74665-7 3573:978-0-292-72053-4 3552:978-1-58980-322-0 3481:978-0-684-86291-0 3460:978-0-9673319-1-1 3439:978-0-87611-217-5 3397:978-0-87565-190-3 3359:978-1-58544-608-7 3270:978-0-470-08298-0 3190:978-0-87417-140-2 3134:978-0-292-71737-4 3107:978-0-312-98172-3 3080:978-0-553-10606-0 3051:978-1-4140-0977-3 2997:978-0-06-054243-6 2990:. HarperCollins. 2958:on April 5, 2012. 2881:Handbook of Texas 2652:IBP (2013), p. 7. 2575:Handbook of Texas 2552:Handbook of Texas 2457:Farrington (2007) 2258:Houston Chronicle 2068:on July 16, 2011. 1943:Handbook of Texas 1855:Handbook of Texas 1707:Cartwright (1993) 1483:Handbook of Texas 1427:Handbook of Texas 1273:Newport, Kentucky 1023:Sporting District 986: 985: 927:(1948–1950) 858:Gulf Coast League 854:Galveston Pirates 786:Grand Opera House 578:Seawall Boulevard 221:shores of the bay 208:Port of Galveston 180:hurricane in 1900 102: 101: 16:(Redirected from 5600: 5578:History of Texas 5533: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5494:Texas portal 5492: 5491: 5490: 4871: 4864: 4857: 4848: 4642:Texas annexation 4608:History of Texas 4606: 4605: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4571: 4558:Mythic Galveston 4454:KTMD (Telemundo) 4421: 4346: 4275:Galveston Island 4204:Fort Point Light 4161:Texas First Bank 4146:Moody Foundation 3954: 3947: 3940: 3931: 3903: 3882: 3857: 3836: 3815: 3794: 3780:Lone Star Lawmen 3773: 3752: 3731: 3710: 3698: 3687: 3666: 3645: 3624: 3600: 3588: 3577: 3556: 3535: 3510: 3485: 3464: 3443: 3422: 3401: 3376: 3363: 3351: 3340: 3309: 3307: 3295: 3274: 3253: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3178: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3156:. Archived from 3145: 3139: 3138: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3072: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2973:. Houston Press. 2966: 2960: 2959: 2954:. Archived from 2943: 2937: 2936: 2931:. Archived from 2920: 2914: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2892: 2886: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2851:. Archived from 2840: 2834: 2833: 2818: 2812: 2809: 2800: 2797: 2791: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2770: 2753: 2747: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2719: 2713: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2693:on June 4, 2011. 2692: 2680:The Compass Rose 2677: 2668: 2662: 2659: 2653: 2650: 2644: 2641: 2635: 2632: 2623: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2580: 2570:Galveston, Texas 2566: 2557: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2510: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2476:. Archived from 2464: 2458: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2437: 2436: 2424: 2415: 2414: 2402: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2364: 2358: 2355: 2349: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2333: 2322: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2260:. Archived from 2249: 2240: 2237: 2228: 2223: 2217: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2202:. Archived from 2191: 2185: 2184: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2158: 2153:on April 6, 2012 2149:. Archived from 2141:"Fantasy Island" 2136: 2127: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2064:. Archived from 2053: 2047: 2046: 2041:. Archived from 2030: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2014: 1995: 1986: 1983: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1959: 1954: 1948: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1910: 1901: 1898: 1892: 1889: 1883: 1880: 1874: 1871: 1860: 1846: 1840: 1837: 1831: 1828: 1822: 1819: 1808: 1805: 1794: 1791: 1780: 1777: 1771: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1750:on July 25, 2011 1735: 1729: 1726: 1720: 1717: 1708: 1705: 1670: 1667: 1658: 1657: 1655: 1644: 1635: 1618: 1615: 1609: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1576: 1573: 1567: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1545: 1536: 1533: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1515: 1506: 1503: 1497: 1494: 1488: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1459: 1458: 1445: 1434: 1418: 1403: 1400: 1394: 1391: 1385: 1382: 1376: 1373: 1364: 1361: 1355: 1352: 1343: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1300: 1295: 1220: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1196:in Houston. The 1075:Attorney General 982: 939:Today's dollars 930: 928: 764:segregationalist 758: 737:Diamond Jim West 691:stage of the era 669:Mason-Dixon line 650: 591:Albert Anastasia 479:The Hotel Galvez 464:Great Depression 447:Galveston County 339: 336: 136:Roaring Twenties 88:Galveston, Texas 79: 77: 71: 69: 53: 46: 36:Galveston, Texas 21: 5608: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5563:Greater Houston 5538: 5537: 5526: 5524: 5520: 5517: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5497: 5488: 5486: 5479: 5462: 5357:Greater Houston 5308:College Station 5257: 5250: 5221:Southeast Texas 5186:Northeast Texas 5171:Golden Triangle 5166:Edwards Plateau 5102: 5036: 4896: 4884: 4875: 4845: 4840: 4827: 4796: 4722: 4678:Border disputes 4661: 4610: 4600: 4598: 4568: 4563: 4512: 4494: 4476: 4458: 4437: 4412: 4375: 4365: 4344: 4294: 4258: 4199:The Beach Hotel 4170: 4119: 3986:Bishop's Palace 3964: 3958: 3911: 3906: 3900: 3885: 3879: 3860: 3854: 3839: 3833: 3818: 3812: 3797: 3791: 3776: 3770: 3755: 3749: 3734: 3728: 3713: 3707: 3690: 3684: 3669: 3663: 3648: 3642: 3627: 3621: 3603: 3597: 3580: 3574: 3559: 3553: 3538: 3532: 3518: 3507: 3488: 3482: 3467: 3461: 3446: 3440: 3425: 3419: 3404: 3398: 3379: 3369:"One Last Shot" 3366: 3360: 3343: 3312: 3305: 3298: 3292: 3277: 3271: 3260:Frommer's Texas 3256: 3250: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3081: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3044:. Authorhouse. 3037: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3010: 3009: 3005: 2998: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2772: 2771: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2675: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2567: 2560: 2544: 2540: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2483: 2481: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2440: 2426: 2425: 2418: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2331: 2320: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2267: 2265: 2251: 2250: 2243: 2238: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2156: 2154: 2138: 2137: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2114: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2055: 2054: 2050: 2032: 2031: 2022: 2012: 2010: 1997: 1996: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1935: 1931: 1912: 1911: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1863: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1811: 1806: 1797: 1792: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1753: 1751: 1738:Carleton, Don. 1737: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1711: 1706: 1673: 1668: 1661: 1653: 1642: 1637: 1636: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1547: 1546: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1447: 1446: 1437: 1432: 1419: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1216: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1198:musical theater 1170:by Bill Davis, 1150:by Sarah Bird, 1135: 1119:Hurricane Carla 1098: 1059:Carlos Marcello 1051: 1049:Free State ends 1031:Las Vegas Strip 980: 978: 926: 924: 919: 914: 894:county attorney 874: 834: 802:Sammy Davis Jr. 794:motion pictures 782: 760: 752: 721:Jayne Mansfield 698: 681: 652: 645: 561: 559:Vice businesses 473: 460: 424:Walter Cronkite 418:, and featured 395:Palermo, Sicily 337: 327: 237:another in 1915 188: 90:, United States 75: 73: 67: 65: 56: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5606: 5604: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5568:Gulf of Mexico 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5540: 5539: 5499: 5498: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5472: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5421: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5360: 5342: 5337: 5319: 5317:Corpus Christi 5314: 5305: 5296: 5287: 5284:Greater Austin 5273: 5268: 5262: 5260: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5181:Llano Estacado 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5112: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5034: 5032:Transportation 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4924:Climate change 4917: 4912: 4906: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4866: 4859: 4851: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4838: 4836:Years in Texas 4832: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4752:Corpus Christi 4749: 4744: 4739: 4733: 4731: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4693:Jewish history 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4657:State of Texas 4654: 4652:Reconstruction 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4599: 4597: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4574: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4561: 4554: 4547: 4540: 4538:Bolivar Bridge 4535: 4530: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4504: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4486: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4468: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4449:KLTJ (Daystar) 4445: 4443: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4432:The Daily News 4427: 4425: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4379: 4377: 4376:& research 4371: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4352: 4350: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4310: 4304: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4280:Gulf of Mexico 4277: 4272: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4229:Jewish history 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4180: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4141:Island Transit 4138: 4133: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4117: 4109: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3965: 3959: 3957: 3956: 3949: 3942: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3910: 3909:External links 3907: 3905: 3904: 3898: 3883: 3877: 3858: 3852: 3837: 3832:978-0738578552 3831: 3816: 3810: 3795: 3789: 3774: 3768: 3753: 3747: 3732: 3726: 3711: 3705: 3688: 3682: 3667: 3661: 3646: 3640: 3625: 3619: 3601: 3595: 3578: 3572: 3557: 3551: 3536: 3530: 3516: 3505: 3486: 3480: 3465: 3459: 3444: 3438: 3423: 3417: 3402: 3396: 3377: 3364: 3358: 3341: 3310: 3296: 3290: 3275: 3269: 3254: 3248: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3224: 3196: 3189: 3163: 3140: 3133: 3113: 3106: 3086: 3079: 3057: 3050: 3030: 3023: 3003: 2996: 2987:Under the Skin 2976: 2961: 2938: 2915: 2906: 2887: 2867: 2858: 2835: 2813: 2801: 2792: 2783: 2748: 2739: 2714: 2705: 2696: 2663: 2654: 2645: 2636: 2624: 2615: 2599: 2590: 2581: 2558: 2538: 2520: 2511: 2500: 2491: 2459: 2450: 2438: 2416: 2397: 2387: 2378: 2359: 2350: 2341: 2308: 2293: 2284: 2275: 2241: 2229: 2218: 2209: 2186: 2167: 2128: 2119: 2112: 2092: 2071: 2048: 2020: 1987: 1978: 1969: 1960: 1949: 1929: 1902: 1893: 1884: 1875: 1861: 1841: 1832: 1823: 1809: 1795: 1781: 1772: 1761: 1730: 1721: 1709: 1671: 1659: 1619: 1610: 1599: 1577: 1568: 1559: 1537: 1528: 1519: 1507: 1498: 1489: 1469: 1460: 1435: 1404: 1395: 1386: 1377: 1365: 1356: 1344: 1335: 1301: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1226:American Mafia 1222: 1221: 1205: 1202: 1140:Under the Skin 1134: 1131: 1111:Pelican Island 1097: 1094: 1050: 1047: 1043:Frank Fertitta 988: 987: 984: 983: 974: 973: 970: 969:$ 3.84 million 967: 963: 962: 959: 958:$ 3.43 million 956: 952: 951: 948: 947:$ 3.24 million 945: 941: 940: 937: 934: 918: 917:Maceos move on 915: 913: 910: 896:and the local 873: 870: 833: 830: 781: 778: 745: 741:Glenn McCarthy 725:Duke Ellington 697: 694: 680: 677: 638: 560: 557: 545:Pelican Island 526:Flagship Hotel 518:roller coaster 472: 469: 459: 456: 326: 323: 204:Gulf of Mexico 187: 184: 144:illegal liquor 100: 99: 96: 92: 91: 85: 81: 80: 62: 58: 57: 54: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5605: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5496: 5495: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5458:Wichita Falls 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5419:New Braunfels 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5349:The Woodlands 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5206:Permian Basin 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5156:Cross Timbers 5154: 5152: 5151:Concho Valley 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5141:Central Texas 5139: 5137: 5136:Brazos Valley 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5039: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4893: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4867: 4865: 4860: 4858: 4853: 4852: 4849: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4725: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4713:Texas Rangers 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4647:Civil War era 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4632:Mexican Texas 4630: 4628: 4627:Spanish Texas 4625: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4595: 4590: 4588: 4583: 4581: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4372: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4314: 4313:Galveston ISD 4311: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4285:San Luis Pass 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4270:Galveston Bay 4268: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 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Routledge. 3697: 3696: 3689: 3685: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3654: 3653: 3647: 3643: 3641:0-89123-032-7 3637: 3633: 3632: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3612: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3587: 3586: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3537: 3533: 3531:9781577515524 3527: 3523: 3522: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3506:0-8018-6887-4 3502: 3498: 3495:. Baltimore: 3494: 3493: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3452: 3451: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3424: 3420: 3418:9780375414442 3414: 3410: 3409: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3384: 3378: 3375:. Austin, TX. 3374: 3373:Texas Monthly 3370: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3350: 3349: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3320:Texas Monthly 3316: 3311: 3304: 3303: 3297: 3293: 3291:9781626197534 3287: 3283: 3282: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3262: 3261: 3255: 3251: 3249:1-55650-834-4 3245: 3241: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3228: 3213: 3212: 3207: 3200: 3197: 3192: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3176: 3167: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3141: 3136: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3117: 3114: 3109: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3090: 3087: 3082: 3076: 3073:. Doubleday. 3071: 3070: 3061: 3058: 3053: 3047: 3043: 3042: 3034: 3031: 3026: 3024:9781250265548 3020: 3017:. Macmillan. 3016: 3015: 3007: 3004: 2999: 2993: 2989: 2988: 2980: 2977: 2972: 2965: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2902: 2901:Texas Monthly 2898: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2882: 2877: 2876:Fort Crockett 2871: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2817: 2814: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2779: 2778:The Billboard 2775: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2752: 2749: 2743: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2730:Texas Monthly 2727: 2718: 2715: 2709: 2706: 2700: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2674: 2667: 2664: 2658: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2637: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2594: 2591: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2576: 2571: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2553: 2548: 2542: 2539: 2534: 2533:Texas Monthly 2530: 2524: 2521: 2515: 2512: 2504: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2484:September 29, 2479: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2411:Texas Monthly 2408: 2401: 2398: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2374: 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