454:
468:
1215:
1798:
1810:
33:
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licenses, certifications, and peer-reviewed publications, which check that source has been made correctly and permanently available under community definitions, and which validate that this has been done. These processes have become critically important due to many historical projects claiming to
696:
Foehn, Philipp; Kaufmann, Elia; Romero, Angel; Penicka, Robert; Sun, Sihao; Bauersfeld, Leonard; Laengle, Thomas; Cioffi, Giovanni; Song, Yunlong; Loquercio, Antonio; Scaramuzza, Davide (22 June 2022). "Agilicious: Open-source and open-hardware agile quadrotor for vision-based flight".
91:
Open source robotics means that information about the hardware is easily discerned, so that others can easily rebuild it. In turn, this requires design to use only easily available standard subcomponents and tools, and for the build process to be documented in detail including a
302:
Most robot sensors and actuators require software drivers. There is little standardization of open source software at this level, because each hardware device is different. Creating open drivers for closed hardware is difficult as it requires both
277:
is software which links multiple other software components together. In robotics, this specifically means real-time communication systems with standardized message passing protocols. The predominant open source middleware is
1081:
Jensen, Austin M.; Morgan, Daniel; Chen, YangQuan; Clemens, Shannon; Hardy, Thomas (1 January 2009). "Using
Multiple Open-Source Low-Cost Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) for 3D Photogrammetry and Distributed Wind Measurement".
1039:
Vrochidou, Eleni; Manios, Michail; Papakostas, George A.; Aitsidis, Charalabos N.; Panagiotopoulos, Fotis (September 2018). "Open-Source
Robotics: Investigation on Existing Platforms and Their Application in Education".
96:
and detailed ('Ikea style') step-by-step building and testing instructions. (A CAD file alone is not sufficient, as it does not show the steps for performing or testing the build). These requirements are standard to
416:, the community continues to debate precise criteria for 'ease of build'. A common standard is that designs should be buildable by a technical university student, in a few days, using typical
1848:
225:, as long as they are easily available. However many designs try to push openness down into as many subcomponents as possible, with the aim of ultimately reaching fully open designs.
2322:
1084:
Volume 3: ASME/IEEE 2009 International
Conference on Mechatronic and Embedded Systems and Applications; 20th Reliability, Stress Analysis, and Failure Prevention Conference
1204:
401:
and then true robots (being able to take decisions themselves) as the Open
Automaton Project. Several commercial companies now also produce kits for making simple robots.
427:, open source robotics typically includes a large software element, so involves software as well as hardware engineers. Open source concepts are more established in
116:. But in addition, for software components to be of practical use in real robot systems, they need to be compatible with other software, usually as defined by some
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999:
651:
Grimminger, F; Meduri, A; et, al (2020). "An Open Torque-Controlled
Modular Robot Architecture for Legged Locomotion Research".
922:
Starks, Michael; et, al (2023). "HeRoSwarm: Fully-Capable
Miniature Swarm Robot Hardware Design with Open-Source ROS Support".
236:
101:
in general, and are formalised by various licences, certifications, especially those defined by the peer-reviewed journals
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than hardware, so robotics is a field in which those concepts can be shared and transferred from software to hardware.
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254:
Open source robots are often used together with, so are designed to interface to, the open source robotics middleware
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540:"PARA: A one-meter reach, two-kg payload, three-DoF open source robotic arm with customizable end effector"
2411:
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2135:
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589:"An open-source multi-DOF articulated robotic educational platform for autonomous object manipulation"
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117:
1042:
2018 26th
International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM)
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2001:
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40:
robot mounted on a supporting frame. The robot is 104 cm high and weighs around 22 kg.
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be open source but them reverting on the promise due to commercialisation or other pressures.
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93:
385:
The first signs of the increasing popularity of building robots yourself were found with the
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are also sometimes used as simulators, when equipped with suitable middleware interfaces.
247:, as well as open source motors and drivers such as the Open Source Motor Controller and
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2006:
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conference to discuss development of ROS itself and automation components built on it.
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17:
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2011:
1991:
1946:
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1427:
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1278:
1189:
941:
803:"Evobot: An open-source, modular, liquid handling robot for scientific experiments"
390:
138:
80:
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community. What began with small competitions for remote operated vehicles (e.g.
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2373:
2368:
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2185:
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1951:
1910:
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1516:
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1432:
1422:
1385:
1302:
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720:
343:, many standard algorithms have open source software implementations, mostly in
72:
68:
604:
282:, the robot operating system. Other alternatives include YARP -- used in the
864:
838:"OpenFish: Biomimetic design of a soft robotic fish for high speed locomotion"
837:
555:
449:
172:
64:
881:"MACARONS: A Modular and Open-Sourced Automation System for Vertical Farming"
728:
674:
2431:
2016:
1680:
1574:
1273:
102:
60:
32:
1091:
736:
573:
618:
Carter, Sam; Tsagkopoulos, Nikolaos; Clawson, Garry; Fox, Charles (2023).
232:, are often used as starting points and extended with automation systems.
228:
Open hardware manual-drive vehicles and their subcomponents, such as from
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1915:
1720:
1670:
1145:
48:
821:
802:
2441:
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1231:
515:
Building Open Source
Hardware: DIY Manufacturing for Hackers and Makers
240:
1971:
1705:
1256:
1251:
758:
Camara, Fanta; Waltham, Chris; Churchill, Grey; Fox, Charles (2023).
420:
tools, but definitions of all of these subterms can also be debated.
417:
324:
244:
185:
973:
932:
907:
897:
880:
854:
836:
van den Berg, Sander; Scharff, Rob; Rusák, Zoltan; Wu, Jun (2022).
786:
776:
759:
711:
665:
636:
619:
1675:
1223:
924:
2023 IEEE/SICE International
Symposium on System Integration (SII)
760:"OpenPodcar: An Open Source Vehicle for Self-Driving Car Research"
263:
31:
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291:
287:
283:
151:
37:
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1118:
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112:
Licensing requirements for software are the same as for any
1114:
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1025:
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definitions allow non-open subcomponents to be used in
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1982:
1934:
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1562:
1525:
1480:
1378:
1222:
1152:
801:Faina, Andres; Nejati, Brian; Stoy, Kasper (2020).
1000:"DIY Roomba preposition on Arduino motherboard"
620:"OpenScout: Open Source Hardware Mobile Robot"
593:Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing
517:. New York: Addison-Wesley. pp. 253–277.
1842:
1130:
8:
879:Wichitwechkarn, Vijja; Fox, Charles (2023).
258:and various open source simulators such as
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2033:
1874:
1849:
1835:
1827:
1137:
1123:
1115:
434:The software community is centered around
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906:
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863:
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820:
785:
775:
710:
664:
635:
563:
141:such as the Open Dynamic Robot Initiative
327:. Open source 3d game engines such as
319:Open source robotics simulators include
505:
1544:Simultaneous localization and mapping
393:), soon developed to the building of
135:Wheeled mobile robots. e.g. OpenScout
7:
653:IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters
460:Free and open-source software portal
71:. It is thus closely related to the
493:Timeline of computing 2020–present
25:
169:such as chemical liquid handling
1808:
1797:
1796:
1213:
466:
452:
51:where robots are developed with
1809:
587:Manzoor, Sarah; al, et (2014).
363:Arm inverse kinematics such as
235:Open subcomponents can include
942:10.1109/SII55687.2023.10039174
357:Mobile robot planning such as
347:. Major components include:
237:open-source computing hardware
128:Applications to date include:
27:Open-source branch of robotics
1:
2427:Open-source software movement
2156:Free and open-source software
1885:Commons-based peer production
1050:10.23919/SOFTCOM.2018.8555860
974:"DIY commercial vacuum robot"
262:, running on the open source
57:free and open-source software
538:Tai, Albert; al, et (2021).
181:Swarm robots, e.g. HeRoSwarm
1554:Vision-guided robot systems
721:10.1126/scirobotics.abl6259
423:Compared to other forms of
2561:
2505:Open educational resources
1774:Technological unemployment
605:10.1016/j.rcim.2013.11.003
438:and meets annually at the
404:The community has adopted
239:as subcomponents, such as
2293:Open Knowledge Foundation
2283:Open Architecture Network
2100:Open-door academic policy
1792:
1762:Workplace robotics safety
1211:
865:10.1016/j.ohx.2022.e00320
556:10.1016/j.ohx.2021.e00209
2278:Free Software Foundation
2191:Open-source architecture
885:Journal of Open Hardware
764:Journal of Open Hardware
675:10.1109/LRA.2020.2976639
624:Journal of Open Hardware
144:UAV quadcopters such as
107:Journal of Open Hardware
2241:Politics and governance
1610:Human–robot interaction
412:As with other forms of
395:autonomous telepresence
195:Robot sports including
2412:Free software movement
2303:Open Source Initiative
2253:Open-source governance
2136:Open-source journalism
1092:10.1115/DETC2009-87586
978:The Red Ferret Journal
256:Robot Operating System
213:Hardware subcomponents
161:Personal rapid transit
150:Humanoid robots, e.g.
41:
2417:Open science movement
2407:Free-culture movement
2085:Educational resources
2044:Collaborative writing
1921:Participatory culture
1716:Starship Technologies
513:Gibb, Alicia (2015).
305:low level programming
192:and automated mowing.
159:, e.g. OpenPodcar (→
132:Robot arms, e.g. PARA
35:
2196:Open-source hardware
2174:Open-design movement
2167:Open-source software
1935:Research and science
1666:Energid Technologies
1086:. pp. 629–634.
429:open source software
425:open source hardware
414:open source hardware
406:open source hardware
372:systems such as the
219:open source hardware
120:community standard.
114:open source software
99:open source hardware
53:open-source hardware
45:Open-source robotics
18:Open source robotics
2478:Free Cultural Works
2422:Open Source Ecology
2308:Open Web Foundation
2205:Economic principles
2162:Free/libre software
2059:Participatory media
1757:Powered exoskeleton
822:10.3390/app10030814
335:Automation software
315:Simulation software
309:reverse engineering
275:Robotics middleware
230:Open Source Ecology
167:Laboratory robotics
118:robotics middleware
59:, publicly sharing
2540:Open-source robots
2344:Alexandra Elbakyan
2288:Openmod Initiative
2125:Citizen journalism
2002:Open communication
1983:Data, information,
1906:Open collaboration
1726:Universal Robotics
1701:Intuitive Surgical
1691:Harvest Automation
1656:Barrett Technology
1438:Robotic spacecraft
1284:Audio-Animatronics
1006:on 3 December 2010
266:operating system.
139:four-legged robots
42:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2515:Open Web movement
2500:Open Data Indices
2354:Peter Murray-Rust
2298:Open Rights Group
2261:
2260:
2144:
2143:
1997:Knowledge commons
1824:
1823:
1767:Robotic tech vest
1696:Honeybee Robotics
1512:Electric unicycle
1465:remotely-operated
1101:978-0-7918-4900-2
1059:978-9-5329-0087-3
980:. 30 October 2007
951:979-8-3503-9868-7
524:978-0-321-90604-5
157:Self-driving cars
94:bill of materials
16:(Redirected from
2552:
2510:Open music model
2474:Definition docs
2463:Creative Commons
2448:
2364:Richard Stallman
2359:Douglas Rushkoff
2273:Creative Commons
2049:Democratic media
2034:
1957:Notebook science
1875:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1828:
1812:
1811:
1800:
1799:
1784:Fictional robots
1752:Critique of work
1401:Unmanned vehicle
1217:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1116:
1106:
1105:
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1072:
1071:
1044:. pp. 1–6.
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1030:
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1022:
1016:
1015:
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1011:
1002:. Archived from
996:
990:
989:
987:
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935:
926:. pp. 1–7.
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857:
833:
827:
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808:Applied Sciences
798:
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755:
749:
748:
714:
705:(67): eabl6259.
699:Science Robotics
693:
687:
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659:(2): 3650–3657.
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376:object detector.
339:At the level of
184:Domestic tasks:
178:Vertical farming
124:Hardware systems
21:
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2349:Lawrence Lessig
2339:Tim Berners-Lee
2327:
2257:
2248:Open government
2236:
2232:Sharing economy
2217:Open innovation
2200:
2140:
2129:Wiki journalism
2108:
2068:
2054:Open publishing
2029:
2023:
1984:
1978:
1942:Citizen science
1930:
1870:
1864:
1855:
1825:
1820:
1788:
1740:
1661:Boston Dynamics
1646:Amazon Robotics
1634:
1558:
1549:Visual odometry
1539:Motion planning
1521:
1476:
1396:Continuum robot
1379:Classifications
1374:
1237:Anthropomorphic
1218:
1209:
1205:AI competitions
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550:(209): e00209.
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488:Standardization
474:Internet portal
472:
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397:robots such as
383:
337:
317:
300:
298:Driver software
272:
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186:vacuum cleaning
126:
89:
47:is a branch of
36:An open source
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2080:Open education
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2007:Open knowledge
2004:
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1779:Terrainability
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1391:Cloud robotics
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599:(3): 351–362.
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483:OpenStructures
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2384:John Wilbanks
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2227:Open standard
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2120:Citizen media
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2030:and learning
2028:Communication
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2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2003:
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1998:
1995:
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1985:and knowledge
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1890:Crowdsourcing
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1153:Main articles
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351:SLAM such as
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197:combat robots
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190:floor washing
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46:
39:
34:
30:
19:
2393:Projects and
2379:Aaron Swartz
2313:Pirate Party
2212:Gift economy
2178:
1992:Free content
1967:Science data
1947:Open science
1899:
1895:
1878:Key concepts
1869:Concepts and
1862:open content
1858:Free culture
1813:
1801:
1589:
1570:Evolutionary
1517:Robotic fins
1470:Robotic fish
1455:Telerobotics
1428:Nanorobotics
1418:Mobile robot
1355:Food service
1350:Agricultural
1200:Competitions
1185:Hall of Fame
1111:
1083:
1076:
1041:
1034:
1020:
1010:13 September
1008:. Retrieved
1004:the original
994:
984:13 September
982:. Retrieved
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391:Robot combat
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273:
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234:
227:
216:
127:
111:
90:
87:Requirements
81:open science
44:
43:
29:
2493:Open Source
2437:OpenWetWare
2374:Peter Sunde
2369:Peter Suber
2222:Open patent
2186:Open gaming
2064:Peer review
1911:Open source
1590:Open-source
1443:Space probe
1433:Necrobotics
1423:Microbotics
1386:Biorobotics
1315:Educational
1298:Articulated
1279:Animatronic
1264:Claytronics
199:and racing
73:open design
69:source code
2534:Categories
2113:Journalism
2095:Admissions
2090:University
1630:Ubiquitous
1620:Perceptual
1527:Navigation
1482:Locomotion
1460:Underwater
1345:Disability
1293:Industrial
933:2211.03014
898:2210.04975
855:2108.12285
848:: e00320.
842:Hardware X
815:(3): 814.
777:2205.04454
712:2307.06100
666:1910.00093
500:References
270:Middleware
173:Robot fish
146:Agilicious
65:schematics
61:blueprints
2432:OpenCores
2395:movements
2332:Activists
2073:Education
1871:practices
1681:Figure AI
1639:Companies
1615:Paradigms
1600:Adaptable
1580:Simulator
1274:Automaton
1269:Companion
1180:Geography
1026:"f1tenth"
960:253384613
745:249955269
729:2470-9476
683:203610542
544:HardwareX
381:Community
359:move_base
202:Education
103:HardwareX
2545:Robotics
2458:Licenses
2179:Robotics
2149:Products
1962:Research
1916:Openness
1803:Category
1721:Symbotic
1671:FarmWise
1625:Situated
1595:Software
1563:Research
1507:Climbing
1330:Military
1325:Juggling
1310:Domestic
1242:Humanoid
1165:Glossary
1146:Robotics
1068:54438146
737:35731886
574:35607683
446:See also
353:gmapping
49:robotics
2442:Sci-Hub
2158:(FOSS)
2012:Content
1926:Sharism
1898:versus
1815:Outline
1745:Related
1736:Yaskawa
1651:Anybots
1531:mapping
1500:Hexapod
1495:Walking
1340:Service
1335:Medical
1247:Android
1232:Aerobot
1175:History
1160:Outline
565:9123426
241:Arduino
2402:DIYbio
1972:Plan S
1952:Access
1896:Gratis
1706:IRobot
1490:Tracks
1411:ground
1406:aerial
1360:Retail
1257:Gynoid
1252:Cyborg
1190:Ethics
1098:
1066:
1056:
958:
948:
743:
735:
727:
681:
572:
562:
521:
440:RosCon
418:fablab
399:Sparky
365:moveIt
325:Webots
321:Gazebo
290:, and
260:Gazebo
249:ODrive
245:RISC-V
67:, and
2451:Tools
2323:SPARC
2037:Media
1900:libre
1676:FANUC
1585:Suite
1450:Swarm
1224:Types
1170:Index
1064:S2CID
956:S2CID
928:arXiv
893:arXiv
891:(1).
850:arXiv
772:arXiv
770:(1).
741:S2CID
707:arXiv
679:S2CID
661:arXiv
630:(1).
329:Godot
264:Linux
217:Most
2488:Open
2318:PLOS
2127:and
2017:Data
1860:and
1711:KUKA
1575:Kits
1529:and
1195:Laws
1096:ISBN
1054:ISBN
1012:2014
986:2014
946:ISBN
733:PMID
725:ISSN
570:PMID
519:ISBN
374:YOLO
323:and
307:and
292:Orca
288:URBI
284:iCub
243:and
152:iCub
105:and
79:and
55:and
38:iCub
2468:GPL
1303:arm
1088:doi
1046:doi
938:doi
903:doi
860:doi
817:doi
782:doi
717:doi
671:doi
632:doi
601:doi
560:PMC
552:doi
436:ROS
387:DIY
345:ROS
280:ROS
205:3D
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341:AI
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
