379:
acceptable level of risk increase drastically. Depressurization allows considerable expansions of a mine, and can extend the life of the mine by 10 to 15 years. One technique used in depressurization is annealing. Annealing is the slow heating and cooling of a metal, alloy or glass. This slow heating and cooling relieves the internal stress of surrounding areas. Annealing will increase a material's workability and durability, which overall increases open-pit mine safety. When groundwater pressures cause problems in open-pit mines, horizontal drains are used to aid in accelerating the slope depressurization process. Which helps to prevent large scale slope failure in the mine. Horizontal drains are used to lower pore pressure by reducing groundwater head, which enhances slope stability.
375:
of an appropriate open-pit slope design, changes throughout the life of a mine. It is based mainly on an ever-increasing understanding of the rock mass conditions, including groundwater and associated pressures that may be acting within the slopes. The reduction of groundwater related to pore pressures is a crucial aspect of determining whether or not a geotechnical engineering design for open-pit slopes is attainable. Groundwater control systems, which include dewatering and depressurization wells, may also have a large impact on local groundwater. Because of this, an optimization-based version of the control system is required to ensure that local and regional hydro-geological impacts are within acceptable ranges.
182:, which describe vertical levels of the hole. The interval of the benches depends on the deposit being mined, the mineral being mined, and the size of the machinery that is being used. Generally, large mine benches are 12 to 15 metres thick. In contrast, many quarries do not use benches, as they are usually shallow. Mining can be conducted on more than one bench at a time, and access to different benches is done with a system of ramps. The width of each bench is determined by the size of the equipment being used, generally 20–40 metres wide. Downward ramps are created to allow mining on a new level to begin. This new level will become progressively wider to form the new pit bottom.
472:, and vegetation is planted to help consolidate the material. Eventually this layer will erode, but it is generally hoped that the rate of leaching or acid will be slowed by the cover such that the environment can handle the load of acid and associated heavy metals. There are no long term studies on the success of these covers due to the relatively short time in which large-scale open-pit mining has existed. It may take hundreds to thousands of years for some waste dumps to become "acid neutral" and stop leaching to the environment. The dumps are usually fenced off to prevent
57:
418:
134:
507:
38:
106:
146:
326:
These type of pollutants cause significant damage to public health and safety in addition to damaging the air quality. The inhalation of these pollutants can cause issues to the lungs and ultimately increase mortality. Furthermore, the pollutants affect flora and fauna in the areas surrounding open-pit mines.
121:. It causes significant effects to miners' health, as well as damage to the ecological land and water. Open-pit mining causes changes to vegetation, soil, and bedrock, which ultimately contributes to changes in surface hydrology, groundwater levels, and flow paths. Additionally, open-pit produces harmful
185:
Most walls of the pit are generally mined on an angle less than vertical. Waste rock is stripped when the pit becomes deeper, therefore this angle is a safety precaution to prevent and minimize damage and danger from rock falls. However, this depends on how weathered and eroded the rocks are, and the
374:
Open-pit mines operating in an area with heavy groundwater features may eventually face hydrology-related problems. This includes heaving and bursting of the mine floor due to excessive uplift pressure. A groundwater control system must be installed to fix problems caused by hydrology. The formation
325:
Open-pit mining involves the process of disrupting the ground, which leads to the creation of air pollutants. The main source of air pollutants comes from the transportation of minerals, but there are various other factors including drilling, blasting and the loading and unloading of overburden.
378:
Open Pit depressurization is the process of removing tensions or pressure from different areas of a mine. Depressurization helps to make open-pit mines more stable and secure. By using an integrated mine slope depressurization program the likelihood that mine plans can be achieved, and at an
201:
The walls are stepped. The inclined section of the wall is known as the batter, and the flat part of the step is known as the bench or berm. The steps in the walls help prevent rock falls continuing down the entire face of the wall. In some instances additional ground support is required and
162:
Miners typically drill a series of test holes to locate an underground ore body. From the extracted samples, they can determine the extent of the ore. This helps them determine the likely location of the veins or benches of ore and its commercial value. Open-pit mines that produce
263:
Open-pit mines create a significant amount of waste. Almost one million tons of ore and waste rock can move from the largest mines per day, and a couple thousand tons moved from small mines per day. There are generally four main operations in a mine that contribute to this load:
147:
149:
918:
G.E. Blight; A.B. Fourie; G.R. Wardle (1 January 1999). Geotechnics for
Developing Africa: Proceedings of the 12th regional conference for Africa on soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering, Durban, South Africa, 25–27 October 1999. CRC Press. pp. 49–.
150:
329:
Open-pit gold mining is one of the highest potential mining threats on the environment as it affects the air and water chemistry. The exposed dust may be toxic or radioactive, making it a health concern for the workers and the surrounding communities.
567:
Open-pit mining is a common method to extract minerals and samples from the Earth. Due to being cost-effective, this method is very popular and is used all over the world. Listed are the world's ten largest open-pit mines in 2015.
237:
for disposal of solid waste. Some form of water control is usually required to keep the mine pit from becoming a lake. Several former open-pit mines have been deliberately converted into artificial lakes, forming areas such as the
387:
A form of open-cast quarrying may be carried out as 'untopping'. This is done where a previous underground mine is becoming uneconomic or worked-out, but still leaves valuable rock in place, often as a result of
403:
found that earlier
Victorian workings could be kept profitable with the newly mechanised techniques for bulk excavation to extract their pillars, and more recently across a number of worked-out mines.
1167:
Stephen P. White; Ashley L. Creighton; Paul F. Bixley; Warwick M. Kissling (August 2004). "Modeling the dewatering and depressurization of the Lihir open-pit gold mine, Papua New Guinea".
148:
363:
955:
Huertas, JosĂ© I.; Huertas, MarĂa E.; Izquierdo, Sebastián; González, Enrique D. (January 2012). "Air quality impact assessment of multiple open pit coal mines in northern
Colombia".
506:
359:
492:. To mitigate the problem of acid mine drainage mentioned above, flooding is often done with the water of nearby rivers instead of using groundwater alone. In some cases,
1238:
Walter Geller; Helmut
Klapper; Wim Salomons (6 December 2012). Acidic Mining Lakes: Acid Mine Drainage, Limnology and Reclamation. Springer Science & Business Media.
210:
are used. De-watering bores may be used to relieve water pressure by drilling horizontally into the wall, which is often enough to cause failures in the wall by itself.
609:
533:
is generally extracted in open-pit mines at 1 to 5 ppm (parts per million) but in certain cases, 0.75 ppm gold is economical. This was achieved by bulk
233:
is exhausted, or an increasing ratio of overburden to ore makes further mining uneconomic. After open-pit mines are closed, they are sometimes converted to
1353:
1084:
1066:
1202:
S. Mohan; P.K. Sreejith; S.K. Pramada (July 1, 2007). "Optimization of Open-Pit Mine
Depressurization System Using Simulated Annealing Technique".
786:
1255:
Vasudevan
Rajaram; Subijoy Dutta; Krishna Parameswaran (30 June 2005). Sustainable Mining Practices: A Global Perspective. CRC Press. pp. 207–.
886:
Mark A. Prelas; Galina
Popovici; Louis K. Bigelow (23 September 1997). Handbook of Industrial Diamonds and Diamond Films. CRC Press. pp. 496–.
392:. Untopping removes the overburden from above this, opens up the mine from above, and then allows the previously 'trapped' minerals to be won.
1287:
1260:
1243:
1120:
924:
891:
747:
808:
Chen, Jianping; Li, Ke; Chang, Kuo-Jen; Sofia, Giulia; Tarolli, Paolo (2015-10-01). "Open-pit mining geomorphic feature characterisation".
513:
343:
1346:
230:
275:
Waste rock is hauled to a waste dump. Waste dumps can be piled at the surface of the active pit, or in previously mined pits.
52:, United States. Note the size of the excavators for scale (foreground, left), and that the bottom of the mine is not visible.
1437:
1432:
1102:
1326:
422:
243:
1409:
1339:
351:
347:
1304:
186:
type of rocks involved. It also depends on the amount of structural weaknesses occur within the rocks, such as a
98:
Open-pit mines are used when deposits of commercially useful ore or rocks are found near the surface where the
705:
56:
1567:
1562:
484:. In arid areas it may not fill due to deep groundwater levels. In Germany, the world's largest producer of
317:. If proper environmental protections are not in place, this toxicity can harm the surrounding environment.
155:
1048:
1491:
672:
430:
389:
239:
61:
138:
49:
45:
133:
1176:
1003:
763:
602:
588:
574:
441:
417:
412:
195:
31:
102:
is relatively thin. In contrast, deeper mineral deposits can be reached using underground mining.
1029:
488:(virtually all of which these days is mined open-pit), the former mines are usually converted to
465:
247:
444:. Waste dumps are contoured to flatten them out, to further stabilize them. If the ore contains
246:
or the Upper
Palatinate Lake District. A particular concern in the formation of these lakes is
1256:
1239:
1146:
1021:
972:
920:
887:
835:
743:
663:
355:
164:
118:
1526:
1404:
1184:
1011:
964:
825:
817:
735:
651:
400:
314:
1221:
1531:
1496:
1473:
657:
538:
489:
191:
187:
179:
168:
936:
125:
depending on the type of mineral being mined, and the type of mining process being used.
1180:
1007:
1521:
1501:
1389:
1371:
630:
342:
has led to environmental degradation and pollution in developing countries such as the
88:
84:
1188:
1556:
1541:
1463:
1394:
616:
534:
493:
461:
434:
41:
1272:
1458:
1453:
1033:
903:
623:
481:
287:
968:
660:
applied to open-pit mines for optimal extraction (not related to closing the mine)
666: – Location where earth is removed to make way for a road, railway, or canal
1536:
1399:
396:
339:
290:
or settling pond, where the water is reused or evaporated. Tailings dams can be
213:
A haul road is usually situated at the side of the pit, forming a ramp up which
105:
1121:"How 'modern-day slavery' in the Congo powers the rechargeable battery economy"
860:
64:
in the German
Rhineland coal mines are among the world's biggest land vehicles.
17:
1016:
991:
821:
517:
110:
99:
37:
1025:
839:
637:
546:
473:
207:
203:
122:
1067:"Land grabs and vanishing forests: Are 'clean' electric vehicles to blame?"
976:
729:
1085:"Indonesia's massive metals build-out is felling the forest for batteries"
1468:
830:
595:
581:
496:
or other basic chemicals have to be added to the water to neutralize the
445:
399:
workings in the 1930s and 2000s, where Martyn
Williams-Ellis, manager at
298:
279:
265:
234:
172:
92:
1147:"Open Pit Slope Depressurization using Horizontal Drains – a Case Study"
731:
Read "Evolutionary and Revolutionary Technologies for Mining" at NAP.edu
1483:
485:
306:
295:
269:
1321:
350:. In 2024, nickel mining and processing was one of the main causes of
1384:
1362:
810:
International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
683:
677:
556:
552:
457:
302:
283:
30:"Opencast" redirects here. For the open-source software project, see
1331:
476:
denuding them of vegetation. The open pit is then surrounded with a
992:"The environmental impact of gold mines: pollution by heavy metals"
764:"Supplying more than 100 valves to the largest gold mine in Europe"
739:
542:
477:
416:
291:
214:
144:
132:
104:
55:
36:
555:, generally as laterite, is extracted via open-pit down to 0.2%.
530:
469:
453:
449:
426:
310:
1335:
480:, to prevent access, and it generally eventually fills up with
1125:
787:"Agnico operating permit restored for Kittila mine in Finland"
218:
882:
880:
497:
440:
After mining ends at a location, the mine area may undergo
1222:"Quarry Proprietors – The Welsh and English Entrepreneurs"
460:
from the air, which can oxidize the sulfides to produce
117:
Open-pit mining is considered one of the most dangerous
668:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1322:
The biggest, deepest and deadliest mines in the world
229:
Open-pit mines are typically worked until either the
654: – Independent, small-scale, subsistence mining
559:
can be extracted at grades as low as 0.11% to 0.2%.
1514:
1482:
1446:
1425:
1418:
1370:
1140:
1138:
1136:
990:Abdul-Wahab, Sabah; Marikar, Fouzul (2012-01-01).
278:Leftover waste from processing the ore is called
154:A bucket-wheel excavator extracting lignite from
113:is the largest primary gold producer in Europe.
1049:"Indonesia and China killed the nickel market"
413:Land rehabilitation § mine rehabilitation
1347:
1291:Major metallic mines, deposits & projects
1103:"EU faces green dilemma in Indonesian nickel"
706:"The Argentinian fight against 'mega mining'"
8:
1305:"Top 10 Largest Open Pit Mines in the World"
942:(17 November 2011) accessed 19 December 2011
686: – Underground passage made for traffic
421:A loadout station and reclaimed land at the
1422:
1354:
1340:
1332:
1015:
950:
948:
829:
137:Note the angled and stepped sides of the
1278:(October 2006) accessed 19 December 2011
520:, Poland, undergoing land rehabilitation
696:
1145:Leech, Simon; McGann, Matthew (2008).
468:. This is then generally covered with
448:it is usually covered with a layer of
301:, some forms of toxic minerals in the
610:Hull–Rust–Mahoning Open Pit Iron Mine
7:
1154:International Mine Water Association
855:
853:
851:
849:
282:, and is generally in the form of a
1303:Mining Global (September 9, 2015).
957:Journal of Environmental Management
680: – Excavated channel in ground
294:due to the presence of unextracted
25:
1276:Department of Mines and Petroleum
1189:10.1016/j.geothermics.2003.09.011
785:Chen, Jackson (27 October 2023).
537:at the Peak Hill mine in western
1293:(2010) accessed 19 December 2011
909:(2000) accessed 19 December 2011
505:
940:European Commission Environment
362:and habitat destruction in the
119:sectors in the industrial world
704:Serafini, Paula (4 May 2018).
1:
969:10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.08.007
1047:Rick, Mills (4 March 2024).
364:Democratic Republic of Congo
244:Central German Lake District
171:are commonly referred to as
516:An open-pit sulfur mine at
395:Untopping was a feature of
178:Open-cast mines are dug on
1584:
410:
352:deforestation in Indonesia
29:
1017:10.2478/s13531-011-0052-3
822:10.1016/j.jag.2015.05.001
268:, blasting, loading, and
464:, a phenomenon known as
87:technique that extracts
27:Surface mining technique
907:Mine Engineer Community
904:"Open Pit Surface Mine"
865:Encyclopedia Britannica
526:Typical open cut grades
423:North Antelope Rochelle
309:which is used to treat
156:Garzweiler surface mine
79:and in larger contexts
62:bucket-wheel excavators
1327:Deepest open-pit mines
673:List of open-pit mines
563:Largest open-pit mines
452:to prevent ingress of
437:
390:room and pillar mining
286:. This is pumped to a
240:Lusatian Lake District
159:
158:in Germany during 2008
142:
114:
65:
53:
44:at the large open-pit
1288:"Peak Hill Gold Mine"
1273:"MINE REHABILITATION"
1204:Hydraulic Engineering
420:
315:cyanide leach process
153:
139:Sunrise Dam Gold Mine
136:
109:Kittilä Gold Mine in
108:
59:
46:Twin Creeks gold mine
40:
217:can drive, carrying
1410:Mountaintop removal
1181:2004Geoth..33..443W
1008:2012CEJE....2..304A
766:. AVK International
603:Diavik Diamond Mine
589:Super Pit Gold Mine
575:Bingham Canyon Mine
442:land rehabilitation
370:Hydrology in mining
32:Opencast (software)
1228:. 17 October 2002.
1129:. 1 February 2023.
466:acid mine drainage
438:
248:acid mine drainage
206:, cable bolts and
165:building materials
160:
143:
115:
66:
54:
1550:
1549:
1510:
1509:
1261:978-1-4398-3423-7
1244:978-3-642-71954-7
925:978-90-5809-082-9
892:978-0-8247-9994-6
749:978-0-309-07340-0
664:Cut (earthmoving)
151:
16:(Redirected from
1575:
1423:
1405:Hydraulic mining
1356:
1349:
1342:
1333:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1294:
1285:
1279:
1270:
1264:
1253:
1247:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1142:
1131:
1130:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1073:. 14 March 2024.
1063:
1057:
1056:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1019:
996:Open Engineering
987:
981:
980:
952:
943:
934:
928:
916:
910:
901:
895:
884:
875:
874:
872:
871:
857:
844:
843:
833:
805:
799:
798:
796:
794:
782:
776:
775:
773:
771:
760:
754:
753:
726:
720:
719:
717:
716:
710:The Conversation
701:
669:
652:Artisanal mining
509:
490:artificial lakes
231:mineral resource
221:and waste rock.
152:
111:Kittilä, Finland
95:from the earth.
71:, also known as
21:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1532:Deep sea mining
1506:
1492:Room and pillar
1478:
1442:
1414:
1366:
1360:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1286:
1282:
1271:
1267:
1254:
1250:
1237:
1233:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1134:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1109:. 16 July 2024.
1101:
1100:
1096:
1091:. 15 July 2024.
1083:
1082:
1078:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1046:
1045:
1041:
989:
988:
984:
954:
953:
946:
935:
931:
917:
913:
902:
898:
885:
878:
869:
867:
859:
858:
847:
807:
806:
802:
792:
790:
784:
783:
779:
769:
767:
762:
761:
757:
750:
728:
727:
723:
714:
712:
703:
702:
698:
693:
667:
658:Closure problem
648:
643:
612:- United States
577:- United States
565:
539:New South Wales
528:
523:
522:
521:
515:
510:
415:
409:
385:
372:
336:
323:
261:
256:
227:
169:dimension stone
145:
131:
77:open-cut mining
69:Open-pit mining
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Opencast mining
15:
12:
11:
5:
1581:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1568:Surface mining
1565:
1563:Open-pit mines
1555:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1317:
1316:External links
1314:
1311:
1310:
1295:
1280:
1265:
1248:
1231:
1213:
1194:
1175:(4): 443–456.
1159:
1132:
1112:
1107:Deutsche Welle
1094:
1076:
1058:
1039:
982:
963:(1): 121–129.
944:
937:"Mining Waste"
929:
911:
896:
876:
845:
800:
777:
755:
748:
740:10.17226/10318
721:
695:
694:
692:
689:
688:
687:
681:
675:
670:
661:
655:
647:
644:
642:
641:
634:
631:Udachnaya Pipe
627:
620:
613:
606:
599:
598:- South Africa
592:
585:
578:
570:
564:
561:
527:
524:
512:
511:
504:
503:
502:
411:Main article:
408:
407:Rehabilitation
405:
384:
381:
371:
368:
335:
332:
322:
319:
260:
257:
255:
252:
226:
223:
130:
127:
85:surface mining
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1580:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1543:
1542:Seabed mining
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
983:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
951:
949:
945:
941:
938:
933:
930:
926:
922:
915:
912:
908:
905:
900:
897:
893:
889:
883:
881:
877:
866:
862:
856:
854:
852:
850:
846:
841:
837:
832:
831:11577/3159353
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
804:
801:
788:
781:
778:
765:
759:
756:
751:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:
725:
722:
711:
707:
700:
697:
690:
685:
682:
679:
676:
674:
671:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
649:
645:
639:
635:
632:
628:
625:
621:
618:
617:Grasberg Mine
614:
611:
607:
604:
600:
597:
593:
590:
586:
583:
579:
576:
572:
571:
569:
562:
560:
558:
554:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
535:heap leaching
532:
525:
519:
514:
508:
501:
499:
495:
494:calcium oxide
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:sulfuric acid
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
436:
435:United States
432:
428:
424:
419:
414:
406:
404:
402:
398:
393:
391:
382:
380:
376:
369:
367:
365:
361:
360:deforestation
357:
356:cobalt mining
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:nickel mining
334:Deforestation
333:
331:
327:
320:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
276:
273:
271:
267:
258:
253:
251:
249:
245:
241:
236:
232:
225:After closure
224:
222:
220:
216:
211:
209:
205:
199:
197:
193:
189:
183:
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
157:
140:
135:
128:
126:
124:
120:
112:
107:
103:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
63:
58:
51:
47:
43:
42:Rock blasting
39:
33:
19:
1379:
1298:
1290:
1283:
1275:
1268:
1251:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1153:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1042:
999:
995:
985:
960:
956:
939:
932:
914:
906:
899:
868:. Retrieved
864:
813:
809:
803:
791:. Retrieved
789:. Mining.com
780:
768:. Retrieved
758:
730:
724:
713:. Retrieved
709:
699:
624:Chuquicamata
566:
551:
529:
482:ground water
439:
394:
386:
377:
373:
337:
328:
324:
313:ore via the
305:, and often
288:tailings dam
277:
274:
262:
228:
212:
200:
194:, joints or
184:
177:
161:
141:, Australia.
116:
97:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:
1537:Prospecting
1419:Sub-surface
1169:Geothermics
793:11 December
770:11 December
619:- Indonesia
591:- Australia
397:Welsh slate
358:has led to
354:. Open-pit
344:Philippines
81:mega-mining
1557:Categories
1447:Directions
1365:techniques
1071:Al Jazeera
1053:MINING.COM
1002:(2): 304.
870:2019-04-01
715:2021-04-22
691:References
518:Tarnobrzeg
321:Pollutants
204:rock bolts
196:foliations
129:Extraction
123:pollutants
100:overburden
60:The giant
1527:Automated
1522:Abandoned
1438:Soft rock
1433:Hard rock
1385:Quarrying
1226:Slatesite
1026:2391-5439
840:0303-2434
816:: 76–86.
684:Tunneling
638:Escondida
547:Australia
474:livestock
429:mine, in
425:open-pit
401:Llechwedd
383:Untopping
348:Indonesia
338:Open-pit
235:landfills
208:shotcrete
73:open-cast
1497:Longwall
1474:Borehole
1469:Bell pit
1400:Dredging
1380:Open-pit
977:22054578
861:"Mining"
734:. 2002.
646:See also
633:- Russia
605:- Canada
596:Big Hole
584:- Russia
582:Mir Mine
500:-value.
446:sulfides
299:minerals
280:tailings
266:drilling
173:quarries
93:minerals
1502:Retreat
1484:Stoping
1426:Classes
1372:Surface
1177:Bibcode
1089:AP News
1034:3916088
1004:Bibcode
640:- Chile
626:- Chile
541:, near
486:lignite
431:Wyoming
307:cyanide
296:sulfide
270:hauling
254:Impacts
180:benches
83:, is a
1395:Placer
1363:Mining
1259:
1242:
1032:
1024:
975:
923:
890:
838:
746:
678:Trench
557:Copper
553:Nickel
458:oxygen
303:gangue
284:slurry
242:, the
215:trucks
192:shears
188:faults
50:Nevada
1515:Other
1464:Shaft
1459:Slope
1454:Drift
1390:Strip
1150:(PDF)
1030:S2CID
543:Dubbo
478:fence
292:toxic
259:Waste
1257:ISBN
1240:ISBN
1210:(7).
1022:ISSN
973:PMID
921:ISBN
888:ISBN
836:ISSN
795:2023
772:2023
744:ISBN
636:10.
531:Gold
470:soil
456:and
454:rain
450:clay
427:coal
346:and
311:gold
167:and
89:rock
1208:133
1185:doi
1126:NPR
1012:doi
965:doi
826:hdl
818:doi
736:doi
629:9.
622:8.
615:7.
608:6.
601:5.
594:4.
587:3.
580:2.
573:1.
219:ore
91:or
75:or
48:in
1559::
1224:.
1206:.
1183:.
1173:33
1171:.
1152:.
1135:^
1123:.
1105:.
1087:.
1069:.
1051:.
1028:.
1020:.
1010:.
998:.
994:.
971:.
961:93
959:.
947:^
879:^
863:.
848:^
834:.
824:.
814:42
812:.
742:.
708:.
549:.
545:,
498:pH
433:,
366:.
272:.
250:.
198:.
190:,
175:.
1355:e
1348:t
1341:v
1307:.
1263:.
1246:.
1191:.
1187::
1179::
1156:.
1055:.
1036:.
1014::
1006::
1000:2
979:.
967::
927:.
894:.
873:.
842:.
828::
820::
797:.
774:.
752:.
738::
718:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
