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89:, there is ample evidence of this ceremony, which was believed to give the deceased their fundamental senses to carry out tasks in the afterlife. Various practices were conducted on the corpse, including the use of specific instruments to touch body parts like the mouth and eyes. These customs were often linked with childbirth, which denoted rebirth and new beginnings. For instance, cutting bloody meat from animals as offerings for the deceased signified the birthing process, which typically involves blood, and represented the commencement of a new life. Additionally, tools like the
106:
31:
183:: Believed to mean ‘splitter of his ka-spirit’. These were forked blades made of obsidian, glass, or stone that were created as burial goods. During the Old Kingdom, it is evident that these objects were initially employed to sever umbilical cords during childbirth, a practice that aligns with its spiritual association with rebirth. Nevertheless, the precise ritual in which they were originally intended for during this period remains unclear.
144:
these necessities. Moreover, reciting spells and asserting their innocence before the gods after completing the duat required the use of senses such as hearing, seeing, and speaking. As a symbol of rebirth, they were thought to have been given milk, saltwater, and water when entering the underworld, similar to how infants receive milk from their mothers as their initial source of nourishment. Drinking ability was crucial for this purpose.
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159:, and temples, yet transitioned through the middle and new kingdoms to be done mainly on corpses. However, if somehow the dead body was destroyed or was unretrievable, it was believed the statues and ushabtis could be used as a replacement. Some texts of the ceremony such as in the tomb of Rekhmire describe this and use the instruments to touch the statue in the appropriate places of its body.
954:
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and/or Sem priest declares "I have witnessed my father in all his forms." In this scenario, the deceased individual is regarded as Osiris while the Sem priest represents Horus. Analogous to the mythical tale in which Horus protects his father, the Sem priest safeguards the body. This is well described in the pyramid texts of
225:
of it to the statue. They would then begin touching areas of the statue such as the eyes and mouth with instruments like the ceremonial adze, and present the tools including the peseshkef to it from episodes 26-41. Finally they would anoint and robe the statue on episode 50, and bring it offerings in episodes 59 and 65.
224:
The
Rekhmire version of the ceremony is slightly different than how it is depicted in other texts, as a statue was used instead of the body. The texts put an emphasis on the making of the statue in episodes 2-18. Once complete, in episodes 23-25, priests would sacrifice a bull and offer certain parts
143:
However, it was necessary for them to possess their basic senses to navigate successfully. The opening of the mouth ceremony was believed to grant their spirits access to these senses and requirements upon death. Vital functions such as breathing, speaking, seeing, eating, and drinking were among
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Preceding the ritual, a procession takes place in which a Sem priest - an elderly man of esteemed religious rank responsible for embalming and mummifying the body - ceremonially faints at the tomb's entrance and is subsequently revived by fellow priests. Following this, the son of the individual
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Following this, the central part of the ritual commences, during which the Sem priest utilizes specialized tools such as the adze and peseshkef to touch the deceased's eyes and mouth. These actions are regarded as symbolically reviving the senses required for their journey into the afterlife.
197:”, or life force to form their “akh”. Its use was similar to that of the adze - touching the mouth and other areas of the body. It was also held up to the lips painted on the coffin. It was more prevalent throughout the old kingdom.
211:
The actions of the ceremony can vary slightly depending on the time period and who it was being done to. There is evidence of 75 acts that must be done during the ceremony. The most notable being from the tomb of
136:, which involve evading perilous creatures and traps. To prepare for these trials, individuals would have special spells and directions inscribed on their sarcophagus on how to avoid such hazards, known as
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connotes an opening that splits, divides or separates: "it can be used, for example, to describe the separation of two combatants, the dividing of time, or even an analysis or determination of the truth."
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Finally, the Sem priest would offer gifts such as grain, then wrapped them in linen and had spells recited to them. The people who knew the deceased would have a funerary meal to finish the ceremony.
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that states: “Osiris’s Uni's. accept Horus’s eye, which you should embrace.” This was a symbol of being rejuvenated as Horus’ eye was eventually restored after being taken from the god
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727:(2nd ed.). Rights and Permissions Office, Society of Biblical Literature: Houston Mill Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA: SBL Press. p. 6.
2006:
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process. Afterwards perfumes and oils were placed in their mouth and on other regions of their body. This was believed to have symbolized
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in mythology. The Sem priest would then change clothes before entering the tomb to establish moving on to a new phase of the ceremony.
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The leg of a calf was believed to extract the “ba” from the deceased’s body so that it would be able to move freely after death. The “
284:'s saliva, a god associated with resurrection or rebirth. During this task, one priest would wear a jackal mask to represent the god
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38:, the guide of the dead and the god of tombs and embalming, perform the opening of the mouth ritual. Extract from the Papyrus of
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Moreover, the Sem priest recites prayers and spells during these procedures to ensure the full restoration of these functions.
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The ancient
Egyptians held the belief that to reach the afterlife, one must pass through a series of arduous trials in the
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203:: Incense was burned to purify the air as well as create an appeasing smell for the gods during the ceremony.
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An arm shaped ritual censer used for touching the eyes and mouth to restore the individuals senses.
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Purifying the body was an important step before the ceremony could take place. This was done using
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Call your Ka, like Osiris, that he may protect you against every kind of wrath of the dead!
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677:"Rituals: The Funeral, Mummification, Online Exhibits, Exhibits, Spurlock Museum, U of I"
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Translating literally as "opening of the mouth," the
Egyptian terms for the ritual are
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Ritual adze used for touching the mouth and other areas of the body in the ceremony.
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Peseshkef blade dedicated by King
Senwosret to Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II MET DP311785
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also contains a spell for this process, which the deceased may use on themselves:
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Scripta
Hierosolymitana: Publications of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
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You purify yourself with natron, together with the
Followers of Horus."
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653:"The funeral cortege, sacrifice and the opening of the mouth ceremony"
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549:"Model of the "Opening of the Mouth" ritual equipment | Old Kingdom"
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It is which strengthens the heart of the two lords, the perfume.
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Mentions of ritual washing with special herbs (Psalm 51:2,7).
449:"Wash yourself, Unas, open your mouth with the Eye of Horus!
1765:
792:
The ancient gods speak : a guide to
Egyptian religion
723:
Allen, James (()). (2nd ed.)., Allen (February 10, 2015).
573:"The Global Egyptian Museum | Opening of the Mouth ritual"
459:
Unas, receive this your bread which is the Eye of Horus!"
844:, "Psalm 51 and the 'Opening of the Mouth' Ceremony."
155:: The ceremony was previously only done on statues,
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770:. London, England: University of California Press.
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You taste its taste in front of the divine chapels,
276:, a type of salt used to preserve the body in the
704:"The Opening of the Mouth | Ancient Egypt Online"
497:Parallels between the Opening of the Mouth and
322:
794:. Oxford University Press. 2002. p. 294.
869:
8:
97:, further emphasized the idea of "rebirth".
358:With which he opened the mouth of the gods.
331:My mouth's bonds are loosed by my city-god.
1023:
876:
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819:"From Pyramid Texts Spell 527, Commentary"
751:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
116:, performing the opening of the mouth for
501:have been noted. The parallels include:
473:The perfume, the perfume opens thy mouth.
393:Pyramid texts of Unas/Unis utterance 34:
535:
511:"O Lord, open thou my lips" (verse 15).
478:It is the saliva of Horus, the perfume.
250:Meat offerings aligned with lower Egypt
244:Meat offerings aligned with upper Egypt
740:
508:Restoration of broken bones (verse 8).
483:It is the saliva of ... , the perfume.
813:
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399:"smjn, smjn, open your mouth, O Unas!
383:According to Ann Macy Roth, the verb
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336:has come fully equipped with spells,
2542:Ancient Egyptian funerary practices
626:"The Opening of the Mouth Ceremony"
525:Ancient Egyptian funerary practices
514:Sacrifices (verses 16, 17, and 19).
848:, volume 28, pages 222–223 (1982).
768:Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol 2
725:The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts
404:Natron of the South, 5 pellets of
370:I am Sahyt among the souls of On.
25:
2387:Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld
2382:The Contendings of Horus and Seth
418:that which Horus spits out, smjn,
368:who dwells in the west of heaven,
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2430:Beautiful Festival of the Valley
952:
423:that which Seth spits out, smjn,
553:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
428:the two Harmonious Ones, smjn.
27:Ancient Egyptian funerary rite
1:
349:They are placed as guardians.
63:opening of the mouth ceremony
577:www.globalegyptianmuseum.org
2372:Book of Traversing Eternity
823:Context of Scripture Online
354:My mouth is opened by Ptah,
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2397:Litany of the Eye of Horus
950:
766:Lichtheim, Miriam (1976).
312:The ceremony in literature
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2440:Coronation of the pharaoh
2412:Spell of the Twelve Caves
1149:
885:Ancient Egyptian religion
681:www.spurlock.illinois.edu
493:Connections with Psalm 51
356:With that chisel of metal
120:. Wall painting from the
2521:Ancient Egypt portal
2367:Book of the Heavenly Cow
747:: CS1 maint: location (
630:Experience Ancient Egypt
352:My mouth is given to me,
267:General ceremony process
2222:Horus on the Crocodiles
338:He looses the bonds of
238:Animation of the statue
2392:Great Hymn to the Aten
2172:Crown of justification
1896:Souls of Pe and Nekhen
1174:Amenhotep, son of Hapu
1009:Veneration of the dead
602:"Opening of the Mouth"
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347:has given me my hands,
325:My mouth is opened by
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101:Religious significance
58:
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994:Opening of the mouth
73:ritual described in
18:Opening of the Mouth
2127:The Indestructibles
1931:Hermes Trismegistus
657:www.faculty.umb.edu
122:Tomb of Tutankhamun
2340:Books of Breathing
1359:Four sons of Horus
433:To say four times:
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51:
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2491:Mysteries of Isis
2464:Related religions
2357:Book of the Earth
2001:
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734:978-1-58983-182-7
466:Tomb of Petosiris
232:Preliminary rites
16:(Redirected from
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2351:Book of the Dead
2187:Egyptian obelisk
1576:Kothar-wa-Khasis
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989:Offering formula
984:Mortuary temples
974:Embalming ritual
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207:Ceremony process
71:ancient Egyptian
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342:from my mouth.
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2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2522:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2496:Temple of Set
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2450:Opet Festival
2448:
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2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
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2407:Pyramid Texts
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
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2390:
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2378:
2375:
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2362:Book of Gates
2360:
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2348:
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2338:
2336:
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2307:Vulture crown
2305:
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2298:
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2223:
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2218:
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2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
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2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:Egyptian pool
2190:
2188:
2185:
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2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
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2163:
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2110:
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2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:Hieracosphinx
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1991:
1989:
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1956:
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835:
824:
820:
814:
812:
808:
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797:
793:
787:
784:
779:
777:0-520-02965-8
773:
769:
762:
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736:
730:
726:
719:
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705:
699:
697:
693:
682:
678:
672:
669:
658:
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631:
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621:
618:
607:
606:www.ucl.ac.uk
603:
597:
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451:
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444:Utterance 93:
440:
439:
435:
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430:
429:
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420:
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415:
414:
410:
409:
407:
401:
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386:
382:
378:
371:
367:
363:
346:
341:
335:
328:
321:
319:
311:
306:
302:
299:
295:
290:
287:
283:
279:
278:mummification
275:
271:
270:
266:
262:Closing rites
261:
258:
256:Funerary meal
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
227:
226:
219:
217:
215:
206:
204:
202:
198:
196:
192:
188:
187:A calf's leg:
184:
182:
178:
176:
174:
164:
160:
158:
154:
148:Special tools
147:
145:
141:
139:
135:
128:(c. 1325 BCE)
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
100:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:Pyramid Texts
76:
72:
68:
64:
55:
48:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
2455:Sed festival
2445:Min festival
2435:Cattle count
2402:Litany of Re
2377:Coffin Texts
2349:
2292:Solar barque
2232:Imiut fetish
2227:Hypocephalus
2212:Hemhem crown
2197:Eye of Horus
2122:Land of Manu
2076:Djadjaemankh
1957:
1947:
1900:
1810:
1760:
1740:
1715:
1671:Nebethetepet
1665:
1580:
1551:Khenti-kheti
1530:
1470:
1373:
1369:Gate deities
1363:
1353:
1338:
1328:
1278:
1153:
1143:Theban Triad
993:
969:Canopic jars
845:
837:
826:. Retrieved
822:
791:
786:
767:
761:
724:
718:
707:. Retrieved
684:. Retrieved
680:
671:
660:. Retrieved
656:
633:. Retrieved
629:
620:
609:. Retrieved
605:
580:. Retrieved
576:
567:
556:. Retrieved
552:
496:
487:
486:
482:
481:
477:
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472:
471:
464:
462:
458:
457:
453:
452:
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412:
411:
403:
402:
398:
396:
392:
390:
384:
380:
376:
374:
324:
315:
259:
253:
247:
241:
235:
230:Episodes 1–9
229:
223:
210:
200:
199:
186:
185:
180:
179:
170:
169:
152:
151:
142:
138:coffin texts
131:
126:18th Dynasty
114:leopard skin
90:
87:Roman Period
77:such as the
66:
62:
60:
49:(c.1300 BCE)
44:19th-Dynasty
2481:Hermeticism
2312:Was-sceptre
2139:and objects
1616:Mehet-Weret
1459:Harpocrates
1289:Banebdjedet
1254:Arensnuphis
934:Osiris myth
118:Tutankhamun
83:Old Kingdom
81:. From the
34:Priests of
2536:Categories
2476:Gnosticism
2317:Winged sun
2162:Corn mummy
2064:Characters
1988:Werethekau
1826:Sebiumeker
1636:Meretseger
1501:Ikhemu-sek
1439:Hermanubis
939:Philosophy
929:Numerology
828:2023-03-14
801:0195154010
709:2023-03-14
686:2023-03-14
662:2023-03-14
635:2023-03-14
611:2023-03-14
582:2023-03-14
558:2023-03-14
531:References
2422:Festivals
2287:Shen ring
2267:Ouroboros
2202:Eye of Ra
2157:Cartouche
2095:Locations
2040:Serpopard
2007:Creatures
1938:Tjenenyet
1921:Ta-Bitjet
1866:Shesmetet
1786:Renenutet
1771:Raet-Tawy
1691:Nehmetawy
1641:Meskhenet
1409:Hedjhotep
1264:Assessors
962:Practices
924:Mythology
919:Maa Kheru
899:Afterlife
743:cite book
181:Peseshkef
124:(KV 62),
112:, with a
91:peseshkef
69:) was an
2486:Kemetism
2327:Writings
2237:Khepresh
2081:Rededjet
1983:Wepwawet
1968:Wadj-wer
1686:Nehebkau
1681:Nefertem
1601:Mandulis
1536:Kebechet
1526:Iusaaset
1444:Heryshaf
1394:Hatmehit
1229:Apedemak
1104:Nephthys
999:Pyramids
979:Funerals
519:See also
499:Psalm 51
340:Set/Seth
214:Rekhmire
157:ushabtis
2501:Thelema
2471:Atenism
2302:Ushabti
2272:Pschent
2262:Neshmet
2177:Deshret
2137:Symbols
2086:Ubaoner
2025:Griffin
1911:Taweret
1906:Tatenen
1841:Serapis
1836:Sekhmet
1806:Resheph
1751:Qed-her
1701:Nekhbet
1676:Nebtuwi
1541:Khensit
1511:Imhotep
1506:Imentet
1404:Hedetet
1269:Astarte
1204:Andjety
1179:Amesemi
1019:Deities
1004:Temples
892:Beliefs
362:Sekhmet
201:Incense
171:Ritual
153:Statues
85:to the
40:Hunefer
2552:Psalms
2335:Amduat
2282:Serekh
2277:Scarab
2207:Hedjet
2112:Benben
2055:Uraeus
2050:Sphinx
2035:Medjed
1993:Wosret
1978:Wepset
1963:Wadjet
1886:Sopdet
1871:Shezmu
1851:Seshat
1846:Serket
1791:Renpet
1776:Rekhyt
1756:Qetesh
1721:Pakhet
1651:Mnevis
1626:Menhit
1606:Medjed
1596:Mafdet
1586:Maahes
1571:Khonsu
1561:Kherty
1556:Khepri
1424:Hemsut
1399:Hauron
1389:Hathor
1324:Buchis
1309:Ba-Pef
1294:Bastet
1224:Anuket
1219:Anubis
1194:Amu-Aa
1189:Am-heh
1138:Triads
1129:Tefnut
1114:Osiris
1081:Ennead
1066:Naunet
1056:Kauket
1046:Hauhet
1041:Amunet
1028:Ogdoad
798:
774:
731:
406:El Kab
366:Wadjet
286:Anubis
274:natron
67:ritual
36:Anubis
2547:Mouth
2257:Nemes
2247:Menat
2242:Kneph
2217:Hennu
2107:Akhet
1973:Weneg
1926:Thoth
1891:Sopdu
1881:Sobek
1831:Seker
1821:Satis
1801:Repyt
1746:Qebui
1731:Petbe
1726:Perit
1711:Neper
1706:Nemty
1696:Neith
1656:Montu
1631:Meret
1621:Mehit
1611:Mehen
1591:Ma'at
1566:Khnum
1521:Iunit
1476:Iabet
1454:Horus
1449:Hesat
1434:Heqet
1429:Henet
1419:Hemen
1344:Dedun
1314:Bennu
1214:Anput
1209:Anhur
1184:Ammit
1169:Akhty
909:Isfet
381:um-r.
377:wpt-r
360:I am
334:Thoth
282:Horus
2297:Tyet
2252:Nebu
2182:Djed
2152:Atef
2147:Ankh
2117:Duat
2102:Aaru
2071:Dedi
2020:Abtu
2015:Aani
1953:Unut
1943:Tutu
1916:Tayt
1861:Shed
1856:Shai
1736:Ptah
1491:Igai
1414:Heka
1384:Hapi
1304:Bata
1284:Babi
1274:Aten
1249:Aqen
1239:Apis
1234:Apep
1199:Anat
1164:Aker
1159:Aati
1099:Isis
1089:Atum
1036:Amun
944:Soul
914:Maat
796:ISBN
772:ISBN
753:link
749:link
729:ISBN
379:and
345:Atum
327:Ptah
316:The
294:Unas
173:adze
134:duat
65:(or
61:The
42:, a
2045:Sha
1876:Sia
1816:Sah
1781:Rem
1661:Mut
1646:Min
1516:Ipy
1496:Ihy
1486:Iat
1481:Iah
1319:Bes
1299:Bat
1259:Ash
1244:Apt
1124:Shu
1119:Set
1109:Nut
1094:Geb
1061:Kek
1051:Heh
385:wpi
298:Set
2538::
1766:Ra
1466:Hu
1379:Ha
1071:Nu
821:.
810:^
745:}}
741:{{
695:^
679:.
655:.
644:^
628:.
604:.
591:^
575:.
551:.
538:^
216:.
195:ka
191:ba
140:.
110:Ay
1958:W
1948:U
1901:T
1811:S
1761:R
1741:Q
1716:P
1666:N
1581:M
1531:K
1471:I
1374:H
1364:G
1354:F
1339:D
1329:C
1279:B
1154:A
877:e
870:t
863:v
831:.
804:.
780:.
755:)
737:.
712:.
689:.
665:.
638:.
614:.
585:.
561:.
468::
408:.
364:-
329:,
175::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
