543:
562:
20:
524:
505:
619:
489:
600:
581:
847:. The aerial contingent would consist of approximately seven C-135 aircraft (six for transport and one for support), eight escort fighters, up to eight tankers, one air relief aircraft, one communications aircraft, and one airborne command post. Tear gas would also be transported for crowd control. Telegram from the State Department to the Embassy on March 31 determined that if conditions for shipment existed, it would take 24 to 36 hours and would be destined for
884:. At 16:00, Castelo Branco confirmed that the last military resistance in the Third Army was over. The order to disband the Joint Task Force came at 17:22, going into effect at 20:00. At 16:30 (Rio time) on the 3rd, it was determined that "the current situation in Brazil will not require the presence of the Task Force with aircraft carriers in ocean waters to the south of the country", as suggested by Gordon in the middle of the previous day.
876:, governor of São Paulo, and others from his state had requested fuel and an overt naval presence, but they were not important. The Americans were well informed of the course of events in Brazil and in contact with Castelo Branco. The latter told Gordon that he did not need logistical support, and from then on the operation began to be dismantled. At 5:30 pm, the ambassador reported from the "95% victorious democratic rebellion".
243:(CIA) by São Paulo businessman Alberto Byington. On the other hand, the December 1963 plan already mentioned fuel and stated that its provisions should be guaranteed, evidencing that the idea was not born at the last minute. In addition to fuel, there was concern about armaments. Gordon had already registered on Brazil's internal defense plan, dated March 20, how Brazilian security forces were poorly equipped.
912:, a sailor in the audience stated that at the time his ship was ordered to follow to Brazil. Some conspirators also made mention of it, such as Mourão Filho, who admitted knowing about the possible approach of a squadron. However, Lincoln Gordon and Vernon Walters denied there was anything more than veiled monitoring of events.
289:", in charge of getting the state of belligerency recognized abroad. According to him, Magalhães first extended this invitation in November 1963, when he mentioned the possibility of a prolonged resistance from Minas Gerais; his actions would allow, for example, the purchase of weapons abroad. According to him,
475:, where it could receive further orders. In parallel, a helicopter support group would also be sent, embarked on a ship accompanied by four destroyers. These ships belonged to the 4th Aircraft Carrier Division and 162nd and 262nd Destroyer Divisions of the Second Fleet. The Forrestal task force was to depart
216:, and a naval presence on the coast, "showing the flag", would be a show of force in favor of the rebels. Lincoln Gordon later stated that one of the goals of the task force would be to evacuate American citizens on Brazilian territory. This is possible, but it is not mentioned in his correspondence with the
428:
The operation was planned in cooperation with
Brazilians, with general José Pinheiro de Ulhoa Cintra as an intermediary. On March 28, Gordon recorded how logistical concerns were coming from the conspirators and would be specified the following week through contact between general Cintra and military
365:
asked at one time: Suppose the country fell under communist control, control of a communist group, and there were really a question of a military invasion to recapture it, what would it take? Well, it was gonna take six divisions, I’ve forgotten how many ships and aircraft and whatnot, I mean, it was
112:
While shipments waited at the air bases, ships began to leave their ports. However, the opposition military in Brazil quickly overthrew the
Goulart government, and Castelo Branco reported that logistical support would not be needed. The operation was thus deactivated before it had any physical effect
462:
At 11:30 AM, a high-level meeting in
Washington discussed air and naval support capabilities. In a telegram sent to the Embassy, they defined the dilemma between "not letting an opportunity pass that may not be repeated" and "not putting the U.S. government in charge of a lost cause." In addition to
148:
capable of overthrowing
Goulart. Meanwhile, by the end of that year it was developing contingency plans and working on what to do in case of a rebellion. A concern arose that the rebels would need American support to succeed; on October 7, Kennedy asked Gordon about the possibility that intervention
871:
On the 1st of April, senior officials in
Washington, concerned about the possibility of open support for the rebellion benefiting Goulart, asked the Embassy whether "the momentum would continue on the anti-Goulart side without covert or overt encouragement from us." Lincoln Gordon replied that "the
190:
The document stressed that its premature discovery would be politically harmful. Likewise, an open intervention followed by
Goulart's victory against his opponents would be an embarrassment. The idea of a naval task force was not present at this point, but the possibility of "intervening with force
143:
After a certain period, disputed in the literature, Washington became favorable to the ousting of
Goulart. Since 1961 some groups in the Brazilian military were conspiring against the government, and the U.S. Embassy was aware of such movements. By 1963 the U.S. government was already looking for a
74:. They thought about logistical support, the positioning of a squadron on the Brazilian coast to "show the flag" and even, in an extreme situation, a plan for a gigantic land operation, which was not used. The operation was planned by maintaining contact with Brazilian conspirators such as general
374:
Such an operation would far exceed the scale of the presence in
Vietnam, where there were 16,300 American troops at the end of 1963. It is comparable to the 1940 "Pot of Gold" plan to land 100,000 men in Brazil. The six-division plan has not yet been declassified. There is a difference of opinion
915:
In the words of Elio
Gaspari, "the American fleet was only sighted twelve years later". The operation came to light through historian Phyllis R. Parker. As part of her master's program, begun in 1974, she accessed newly released documents at the Lyndon B. Johnson Library. With Gordon's own help
260:
republics." The state of insurgency or belligerency would regularize the opposition on a legal level. It was up to
Brazilian oppositionists to create this new government, which suggests they were in contact with American plans. The link between this idea and the Brazilian conspiracy was senator
397:, the delivery of supplies to Brazilian ports would still require a small land presence, and in the case of an internal conflict in Brazil it would be possible to find some external communist interference as a pretext for military intervention. In this case it would be necessary to consult the
891:
on April 1, headed 17º N 60º W and came back, anchoring on the 8th. On the 3rd, Dean Rusk informed Gordon that with the operation's deactivation, costs of $ 2.3 million for the tankers would not be covered by the budget and might have to be reimbursed by Brazil, but this did not occur. In the
325:
and Espírito Santo's borders, with the 6th and 11th Infantry Battalions. Nevertheless, a rebellion could be crushed early on, as foreign supplies would take days to arrive. In case of a civil war, Minas Gerais would be at a disadvantage even if it could get arms for 50,000 volunteers. The CIA
297:
a government that also had a national character. (...) my function as secretary without portfolio was to obtain eventual international support for the recognition of our condition of belligerency, in case the effective conditions of the movement that was being prepared reached that point. The
177:
This implies the possibility of civil war or at least a clash between democratic forces and the incumbent Goulart regime. In such circumstance we should carefully abstain from giving support to Goulart by public pronouncement, by arms supply, or in any other way. We should maintain an initial
259:
Similarly, at the time of the coup the State Department specified that fuel and ammunition supplies could come only after "the point at which some group having a reasonable claim to legitimacy is able to formally request recognition and assistance from us and if possible from other American
441:
coup scheduled for the first half of April, which would allow the ships to be already close to Brazil at the moment of deflagration. On the 27th, a Lincoln Gordon memo predicted the climax of the political crisis in a few days, with Castelo Branco as the leader of the "revolution."
207:
on March 20 and another at the Embassy shortly thereafter established that an aircraft carrier and tankers would be sent to support the opposition. The former had the assumption that, even with Castelo Branco's supporters taking most of the country, there might be resistance in
281:, threw his state into rebellion in conjunction with the local Army garrison at the beginning of the coup d'état. The day before, he had named a supra-partisan secretariat "of hermetic unity", including a Secretariat without Portfolio reserved for Afonso Arinos. Once called to
892:
afternoon general O'Meara dismissed the air commands, keeping only the movement of fuel. In the evening, the Joint Chiefs of Staff cancelled air and fuel transport. Tankers continued moving until April 4 or 5, while weapons and ammunition remained at bases until April 7.
858:
Air Force General George S. Brown was designated the mission commander, while General Breitweiser, head of air forces in the Southern Command, commanded the Southern Command's Joint Task Force. Starting at 07:00 (09:00 Rio time), this task force, with officers from the
131:
in 1959, the U.S. government's attitude toward leftist leaders in Latin America hardened. Among them was the government of João Goulart in Brazil. The United States was worried by Goulart's domestic and foreign policies and bilateral relations deteriorated. As the
379:. The contingency plan vaguely alluded to the possibility of such an operation in case of external communist interference. The air and naval operation activated during the coup, however, did not include boots on the ground. On March 30, Secretary of State
202:
By mid-March 1964, the Embassy reported on the worsening political crisis, the unity of military conspirators under the figure of general Castelo Branco, who could lead a coup d'état, and the adhesion of State governors to the conspiracy. A meeting at the
81:
With the outbreak of the coup d'état, the operation was activated to transfer fuel such as gasoline by sea to the insurgent military, to leave a squadron near Brazil, and to take war supplies by air. The naval component consisted of the aircraft carrier
2617:
231:
did not understand how the squad could help the oppositionists. Lincoln Gordon had to face opposition from his superiors to get his ideas across, standing out as the central figure in the entire effort to support Brazilian military conspirators.
640:
starting at 19:00 (Rio de Janeiro time) on the 31st and then sent in the direction of Brazil. Their cargo of common gasoline would be the equivalent of one day's consumption in Brazil at 1977 levels. On the morning of the 2nd, one of them, the
344:
of his planned involvement. On the morning of April 1, Dantas told Goulart that the US State Department would be willing to recognize a parallel rebel government. This was one of the reasons for the president's departure from Rio de Janeiro.
122:
47:
167:
The December 11, 1963 version of the contingency plan, probably in development since the previous months, listed four possibilities. The third, the removal of Goulart, was similar to what actually happened. The second was:
479:, Virginia, at 07:00 on the 1st, local time (09:00 in Rio de Janeiro). The ships would take a few days to assemble. The carrier task force was expected in the area about April 10 or 11th, and the helicopters, in the 14th.
153:
document made in November mentioned a new contingency plan with "heavy emphasis on armed U.S. intervention." The contingency plan that would lead to operation Brother Sam had a wider scope than the operation itself.
2502:
Excerpts from John F. Kennedy's conversation regarding Brazil with U.S. Ambassador to Brazil Lincoln Gordon on Monday, October 7, 1963 (tape 114/A50, President's Office Files, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library,
879:
In a report sent at 01:00 in the morning on the 2nd, Gordon clarified that fuel and armaments might still be needed, since control over the refineries was not yet guaranteed and there was still resistance in the
463:
the squadron and fuel supplies proposed by the Embassy, the shipment of arms and ammunition was also approved. At 1:50 PM Rear Admiral John L. Chew ordered the task force with the aircraft carrier USS
969:
1117:
gives 136 thousand barrels of regular gasoline, 87 thousand barrels of aviation gasoline, 272 thousand barrels of jet fuel, 35 thousand barrels of diesel, and 20 thousand barrels of kerosene.
2622:
2589:
561:
2777:
54:'s government and the favorable attitude of the groups conspiring against him, the idea of an operation to ensure the success of an uprising arose. The issue was discussed between the
542:
523:
255:
If a significant part of the national territory were held by the democratic forces, formation of an alternative provisional government to request help would be highly desirable.
101:
aircraft, eight supply aircraft, one air support and rescue aircraft, eight fighters, a communications plane, an airborne command post, weapons and ammunition. Air Force general
2772:
136:
failed to influence him with moderate methods, Washington resorted to weakening the Brazilian government with measures such as financing the opposition's electoral campaigns in
504:
449:, commander of the Brazilian Army in Minas Gerais, precipitated the coup d'état, over the heads of Castelo Branco and the other conspirators in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.
55:
113:
in Brazil, but it demonstrated the interventionist disposition of the American government. It came to light between 1976 and 1977 with the declassification of documents.
618:
329:
Gordon went as far as to message to several governors about the need for a legitimate government. The CIA reported that in the event of open conflict in Brazil,
2582:
2509:
904:
mentioned in an article at the time that Brazilian conspirators requested material support from American diplomats. Four years later, during an interview by
599:
964:
2757:
580:
488:
383:
noted that "in a country of over 75 million people, larger than continental United States, this is not a job for a handful of United States Marines."
2665:
2575:
839:
in Puerto Rico at 03:00 (Rio de Janeiro time) on the 1st. Meanwhile, by noon (US Eastern time) 110 tons of handguns and ammunition would arrive at
186:
the United States might well be willing to provide covert or even overt support, particularly logistical support (POL , food, arms and ammunition)
172:
Overt, organized resistance by sizable democratic forces, with considerable military support, against Goulart effort to seize authoritarian power.
887:
The operation became the "Quick Kick" exercise, after which the ships returned to business as usual. The Forrestal's logbook how the carrier left
412:
noted that the ships were not carrying land contingents, and the growing involvement in Vietnam would make a second front in Brazil difficult.
298:
recognition of belligerency, as you know well, implies the supply of elements capable of assisting the political movement that is in progress.
19:
318:
286:
445:
CIA reports in Minas Gerais on the 30th recorded the imminent beginning of the movement. In the early morning hours of the 31st, general
2501:
137:
266:
2767:
2701:
881:
75:
2670:
150:
2612:
217:
43:
2598:
334:
2367:
106:
2711:
2251:. Retratos do Brasil (in Portuguese). Vol. 108. Translated by Carlos Nayfield. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
261:
2632:
989:
274:
2516:
2290:
651:, Uruguay, but on April 10 or 11 it would be near Rio de Janeiro. There was the alternative of transporting fuel by air.
285:
on the 31st, his function would be that of "chancellor of the revolution", "the first chancellor of the Republic outside
2368:"A Participação dos Estados Unidos no Golpe Civil-militar de 1964: breves apontamentos para uma revisão historiográfica"
625:
568:
2644:
413:
240:
941:("1964 seen and commented by the White House"). On the 40th and 50th anniversaries of the coup in 2004 and 2014, the
2531:
CIA, Intelligence Information Cable on "Plans of Revolutionary Plotters in Minas Gerais," March 30, 1964 (IN 50 182)
2524:
CIA, Intelligence Information Cable on "Plans of Revolutionary Plotters in Minas Gerais," March 30, 1964 (IN 50 173)
446:
90:
2649:
2425:
942:
98:
2311:
2726:
2685:
909:
468:
945:
published additional records on the operation itself and American policy on Brazil in the previous two years.
1043:
863:, Navy, Air Force, and CIA met at the Air Force Base in Panama to coordinate the logistics of the operation.
321:
would defend this logistical corridor. At the time of the rebellion, it organized the "East Detachment" near
293:
Magalhães had assumed a national responsibility. And in this case, he thought that he should make within the
2762:
2736:
642:
294:
39:
2706:
840:
322:
145:
178:
non-interventionist posture but at the same time seek ways and means of assisting the democratic forces.
1072:
1964: O golpe que derrubou um presidente, pôs fim ao regime democrático e instituiu a ditadura no Brasil
959:
133:
921:
78:, and had as an assumption the formation of a provisional government that would request foreign aid.
836:
606:
549:
472:
362:
303:
2551:
2537:
402:
326:
reported that the Port of Vitória would be needed to receive fuel, and the rebels could control it.
2268:
1030:
926:
587:
434:
2627:
2412:
1045:
General Olympio Mourão Filho: Carreira Político-Militar e Participação nos Acontecimentos de 1964
860:
530:
511:
387:
35:
2721:
2523:
2680:
2639:
2567:
2292:
A Participação dos Estados Unidos no golpe de estado de 1964 no Brasil: a operação Brother Sam
1063:
917:
476:
430:
398:
314:
308:
228:
209:
71:
313:
to receive foreign arms, especially from the U.S. It obtained the consent of the governor of
2402:
2345:"Os Estados Unidos e o governo João Goulart: o Brasil como palco da Guerra Fria (1961–1963)"
2323:
954:
933:
916:
interpreting the documents, she found events missing from the history books of Skidmore and
873:
341:
128:
63:
420:
wrote that "there is no documented record that determined an immediate landing of troops".
2538:
Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Brazil, Washington, March 30, 1964
2401:(1). John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the Society for Latin American Studies: 5–17.
1127:
901:
358:
102:
67:
51:
2455:
1302:
1300:
2731:
2716:
2552:
Teleconference Between the Department of State and the Embassy in Brazil, April 1, 1964
2544:
2530:
2510:
State Department, Memorandum, "Embassy Contingency Plan," Top Secret, November 22, 1963
2256:
2162:
905:
872:
momentum clearly picked up" and open support would be a political error. He added that
722:
282:
227:, National Security Advisor, "the punishment doesn't seem to match the crime." General
224:
59:
2427:
Um estudo sobre a participação da PMMG no movimento golpista de 1964 em Belo Horizonte
2344:
900:
After the coup, some evidence of an American military operation emerged. Brazilianist
2751:
2675:
2416:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1032:
O udenismo e Minas Gerais : sujeitos, processos e culturas políticas (1943-1966)
888:
407:
83:
2328:
2235:
2246:
2224:
2211:
2188:
2177:
2166:
417:
278:
192:
2559:
1774:
1772:
353:
In his conversation with Kennedy in October 1963, Lincoln Gordon mentioned that:
2204:
aos anos de chumbo. O governo dos Estados Unidos e a ditadura militar brasileira
1074:(in Brazilian Portuguese) (1ª ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
204:
2474:
920:
and in contradiction to the official version of American officials. Journalist
392:
199:
intervention" could allude to such a task force or even to a ground operation.
97:, while the tankers were to load in the Caribbean. The air component was seven
2218:. As Ilusões Armadas (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Intrínseca.
844:
648:
213:
2312:"Reinventando a história: Lincoln Gordon e as suas múltiplas versões de 1964"
223:
The idea was criticized by some experts at a meeting at the White House. For
182:
The military conspirators were called "democratic forces". At their request,
2545:
State Department, Secret Cable to Amb. Lincoln Gordon in Rio, March 31, 1964
380:
330:
251:
The December 1963 contingency plan set a condition for logistical support:
236:
1318:
1306:
848:
788:
94:
340:
Afonso Arinos was relevant during the coup when he informed congressman
2407:
2390:
1727:
1566:
401:
and the Organization of American States, a "truly shocking scenario".
2206:(in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
2171:(in Portuguese) (4 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
1162:
852:
2259:(2018). "The United States and the 1964 Brazilian Military Coup".
637:
239:
from cutting off supply. This concern had been transmitted to the
18:
123:
Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart government
1287:
1285:
196:
2571:
105:
was given command of the mission, which was coordinated by the
2176:
Castello Branco, Carlos (1964). "Da conspiração à revolução".
2168:
O Governo João Goulart: As Lutas Sociais no Brasil (1961-1964)
1452:
1450:
1101:
Despite this class, it was used to transport helicopters. See
93:, as well as four tankers. The aircraft carrier departed from
1051:(Dissertation) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Juiz de Fora: UFJF.
140:
and redirecting economic assistance to opposition governors.
2008:
2006:
970:
United States involvement in regime change in Latin America
835:
For airlift, 250 12 gauge shotguns would be transferred to
2229:(in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: José Álvaro.
2182:(in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: José Álvaro.
1414:
1412:
2391:"The US Role in the 1964 Coup in Brazil: A Reassessment"
2248:
1964: O Papel dos Estados Unidos no Golpe de 31 de Março
2035:
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1885:
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1881:
1853:
1851:
1530:
1528:
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1038:(Dissertation) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Franca: Unesp.
437:'s interpretation, the operation could have in mind the
2558:
Logbooks of U.S. Navy Ships and Stations, 1941 - 1983:
2051:
1868:
1866:
2275:(in Portuguese) (1 ed.). São Paulo: Globo Livros.
2261:
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History
1545:
1543:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1329:
1327:
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also examined the documents and published articles in
2193:(in Portuguese) (1 ed.). Porto Alegre: L&PM.
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1371:
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1806:
1802:
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235:
Fuel deliveries would prevent Goulart supporters in
2694:
2658:
2473:Hershberg, James G.; Kornbluh, Peter (2014-04-02).
2454:Hershberg, James G.; Kornbluh, Peter (2004-03-31).
2223:Gomes, Pedro (1964). "Minas: do diálogo ao front".
1495:
89:, a helicopter carrier and six destroyers from the
2517:NSC, Memcon, "Brazil," Top Secret, March 28, 1964
2139:
1291:
1070:Ferreira, Jorge; Gomes, Angela de Castro (2014).
2475:"Brazil Marks 50th Anniversary of Military Coup"
2456:"Brazil Marks 40th Anniversary of Military Coup"
302:The Minas Gerais government intended to use the
247:Provisional government and state of belligerency
2778:Military operations involving the United States
2562:. National Archives and Records Administration.
2240:(in Portuguese) (5 ed.). São Paulo: Ática.
1614:
355:
291:
253:
184:
175:
170:
2433:(Tese) (in Portuguese). São João del Rei: UFSJ
1319:Departamento de Estado, 22 de novembro de 1963
1307:JFK Presidential Library, 7 de outubro de 1963
2583:
2310:Green, James N.; Jones, Abigail (June 2009).
8:
1728:Departamento de Estado, 30 de março de 1964
1567:Departamento de Estado, 31 de março de 1964
416:emphasized the possibility of an invasion.
66:throughout the administration of president
2590:
2576:
2568:
2127:
1519:
1456:
1163:Departamento de Estado, 1 de abril de 1964
1088:, p. 14 see them as distinct, unlike
965:United States involvement in regime change
636:Under secrecy, tankers would be loaded in
2406:
2327:
851:. Another telegram expected a landing in
2666:March of the Family with God for Liberty
1763:
1751:
937:, which were later included in the book
653:
2773:Brazil–United States military relations
2352:VII Congresso Internacional de História
2190:1964 visto e comentado pela Casa Branca
1441:
1264:
1237:
1225:
1201:
1155:
1085:
981:
939:1964 visto e comentado pela Casa Branca
647:, was ready to leave. It was bound for
481:
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2012:
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1249:
1174:
1114:
1102:
2389:Pereira, Anthony W. (January 2018) .
2343:Lara, José Victor de (October 2015).
2298:(TCC) (in Portuguese). Dourados: UFGD
1818:
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375:about being part of or distinct from
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2395:Bulletin of Latin American Research
2226:Os idos de março e a queda em abril
2179:Os idos de março e a queda em abril
2702:Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco
2448:Newspapers, magazines and websites
2366:Lara, José Victor de (July 2016).
14:
2671:March of the One Hundred Thousand
2289:Faria, Thamires Riter de (2018).
2424:Silva, André Gustavo da (2014).
2375:XV Encontro Regional de História
1142:, November 13, 1967, 41 minutes.
1042:Pinto, Daniel Cerqueira (2015).
617:
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2599:Military dictatorship in Brazil
2560:Forrestal (CVA-59) - April 1964
2329:10.1590/S0102-01882009000100003
319:Military Police of Minas Gerais
2316:Revista Brasileira de História
471:to be sent to the vicinity of
1:
2479:The National Security Archive
2460:The National Security Archive
2140:Hershberg & Kornbluh 2004
1292:Hershberg & Kornbluh 2014
2273:Jango: um perfil (1945-1964)
2200:O grande irmão: da Operação
262:Afonso Arinos de Melo Franco
46:. With the deterioration in
2245:Parker, Phyllis R. (1977).
666:It would arrive in Rio in:
357:We had a preliminary look,
349:Hypothetical land operation
241:Central Intelligence Agency
163:American Summit discussions
2794:
2758:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
2187:Corrêa, Marcos Sá (1977).
1742:, pp. 93 and 100-101.
908:on the television program
677:Aviation Gasoline 115/145
361:, at the question general
120:
16:1964 US military operation
2768:1964 in the United States
2650:National Truth Commission
2608:
1807:CIA, 30 de março de 1964b
1803:CIA, 30 de março de 1964a
1675:CIA, 30 de março de 1964a
943:National Security Archive
813:
669:Cargo (thousand barrels)
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
529:Guided Missile Destroyer
510:Guided Missile Destroyer
469:guided-missile destroyers
56:U.S. ambassador to Brazil
2727:Golbery do Couto e Silva
2712:Emílio Garrastazu Médici
2686:Death of Vladimir Herzog
2322:(57). São Paulo: 67–89.
2234:Gorender, Jacob (1998).
2027:, pp. 45 and 52-53.
1496:NSC, 28 de março de 1964
453:The task force in action
337:intervention in Brazil.
158:Developing the operation
2618:List of the disappeared
2216:A Ditadura Envergonhada
1781:, "A situação é calma".
1029:Lacerda, Vitor (2017).
2707:Artur da Costa e Silva
2128:Green & Jones 2009
1520:Green & Jones 2009
1457:Green & Jones 2009
841:McGuire Air Force Base
372:
300:
257:
188:
180:
174:
149:might be necessary. A
146:Brazilian Armed Forces
44:coup in Brazil in 1964
28:
2198:Fico, Carlos (2008).
1916:, pp. 46 and 48.
1845:, pp. 32 and 34.
960:Operation Farroupilha
317:and defined that the
134:Alliance for Progress
32:Operation Brother Sam
22:
2737:Antônio Delfim Netto
2269:Villa, Marco Antonio
1615:Castello Branco 1964
988:Known until 1963 as
837:Ramey Air Force Base
447:Olímpio Mourão Filho
370:military operation.
2082:, pp. 115–116.
2015:, pp. 106–108.
2000:, pp. 105–106.
1940:, pp. 46 e 48.
1928:, pp. 102–103.
1833:, pp. 101–102.
1821:, pp. 172–173.
1641:, pp. 180–181.
1617:, pp. 304–305.
435:Marco Antonio Villa
62:, and officials in
34:was the use of the
2628:Institutional Acts
2408:10.1111/blar.12518
2283:Articles and works
2237:Combate nas trevas
1068:(1984). Quoted in
861:United States Army
660:It would load in:
218:Secretary of State
191:only if there was
70:and his successor
42:in support of the
36:United States Navy
29:
2745:
2744:
2681:Riocentro bombing
2645:Political opening
2603:
2318:(in Portuguese).
2130:, pp. 68–71.
1952:, pp. 39–40.
1629:, pp. 73–74.
1581:, pp. 91–92.
1537:, pp. 94–95.
1459:, pp. 81–83.
1421:, pp. 94–95.
1348:, pp. 86–93.
1252:, pp. 83–84.
990:Caribbean Command
918:John W. F. Dulles
833:
832:
674:Regular gasoline
399:American Congress
229:Andrew Goodpaster
210:Rio Grande do Sul
72:Lyndon B. Johnson
2785:
2640:Economic miracle
2613:1964 coup d'état
2601:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2569:
2563:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2432:
2420:
2410:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2372:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2297:
2276:
2264:
2252:
2241:
2230:
2219:
2207:
2194:
2183:
2172:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1876:
1870:
1861:
1855:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1553:
1547:
1538:
1532:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1445:
1439:
1422:
1416:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1364:
1358:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1295:
1289:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1099:
1093:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1039:
1037:
1025:
1019:
1012:
1006:
999:
993:
986:
955:Operation Condor
934:Jornal do Brasil
930:
922:Marcos Sá Corrêa
874:Ademar de Barros
654:
621:
602:
583:
564:
545:
526:
507:
491:
411:
396:
342:San Tiago Dantas
312:
270:
151:State Department
129:Cuban Revolution
107:Southern Command
2793:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2722:João Figueiredo
2690:
2654:
2604:
2596:
2566:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2500:
2491:
2483:
2481:
2472:
2464:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2388:
2380:
2378:
2377:(in Portuguese)
2370:
2365:
2357:
2355:
2354:(in Portuguese)
2347:
2342:
2334:
2332:
2309:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2279:
2267:
2257:Spektor, Matias
2255:
2244:
2233:
2222:
2210:
2197:
2186:
2175:
2163:Bandeira, Moniz
2161:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2118:, pp. 3–6.
2114:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2056:, abril de 1964
2050:
2046:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1879:
1871:
1864:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1556:
1548:
1541:
1533:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1448:
1440:
1425:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1367:
1359:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1240:, pp. 6–7.
1236:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1128:Lesser Antilles
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1100:
1096:
1084:
1080:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1048:
1041:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1009:
1000:
996:
987:
983:
978:
951:
924:
902:Thomas Skidmore
898:
869:
632:
628:William C. Lawe
622:
613:
603:
594:
590:Allen M. Summer
584:
575:
571:Charles R. Ware
565:
556:
546:
537:
527:
518:
508:
499:
492:
460:
455:
426:
405:
390:
351:
306:
304:Port of Vitória
275:Magalhães Pinto
264:
249:
165:
160:
125:
119:
103:George S. Brown
68:John F. Kennedy
17:
12:
11:
5:
2791:
2789:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2763:1964 in Brazil
2760:
2750:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2732:Roberto Campos
2729:
2724:
2719:
2717:Ernesto Geisel
2714:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2625:
2623:Armed struggle
2620:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2565:
2564:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2470:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2421:
2386:
2363:
2340:
2307:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2265:
2253:
2242:
2231:
2220:
2208:
2195:
2184:
2173:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2132:
2120:
2108:
2096:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2044:
2042:, p. 115.
2029:
2017:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1894:
1892:, p. 104.
1877:
1862:
1860:, p. 103.
1847:
1835:
1823:
1811:
1795:
1783:
1768:
1766:, p. 175.
1756:
1744:
1732:
1720:
1703:
1691:
1689:, p. 102.
1679:
1667:
1665:, p. 229.
1655:
1653:, p. 178.
1643:
1631:
1619:
1607:
1605:, p. 110.
1595:
1593:, p. 100.
1583:
1571:
1554:
1539:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1473:
1461:
1446:
1423:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1365:
1363:, p. 109.
1350:
1338:
1323:
1311:
1296:
1281:
1269:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1192:, p. 101.
1179:
1177:, p. 116.
1167:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1132:
1119:
1107:
1094:
1078:
1055:
1020:
1007:
994:
980:
979:
977:
974:
973:
972:
967:
962:
957:
950:
947:
906:Carlos Lacerda
897:
894:
868:
865:
831:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
811:
810:
808:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
786:
779:
778:
776:
774:
771:
769:
767:
764:
761:
758:
751:
750:
748:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
719:
718:
715:
712:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
688:
687:
684:
681:
680:Jet Fuel JP-4
678:
675:
671:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
634:
633:
623:
616:
614:
604:
597:
595:
585:
578:
576:
566:
559:
557:
547:
540:
538:
528:
521:
519:
509:
502:
500:
493:
486:
484:
459:
456:
454:
451:
431:Vernon Walters
425:
422:
414:Moniz Bandeira
403:Jacob Gorender
350:
347:
333:would request
323:Rio de Janeiro
315:Espírito Santo
295:Liberty Palace
283:Belo Horizonte
277:, governor of
248:
245:
225:McGeorge Bundy
164:
161:
159:
156:
121:Main article:
118:
115:
76:Castelo Branco
60:Lincoln Gordon
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2790:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2561:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2376:
2369:
2364:
2353:
2346:
2341:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2294:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2212:Gaspari, Elio
2209:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2094:, p. 16.
2093:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2070:, p. 99.
2069:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1988:, p. 47.
1987:
1982:
1979:
1976:, p. 27.
1975:
1970:
1967:
1964:, p. 38.
1963:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1904:, p. 17.
1903:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1875:, p. 34.
1874:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1793:, p. 64.
1792:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1764:Bandeira 1978
1760:
1757:
1754:, p. 72.
1753:
1752:Gorender 1998
1748:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1718:, p. 98.
1717:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1701:, p. 18.
1700:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1552:, p. 61.
1551:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1522:, p. 71.
1521:
1516:
1513:
1510:, p. 12.
1509:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1486:, p. 97.
1485:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1471:, p. 95.
1470:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1406:, p. 93.
1405:
1400:
1397:
1394:, p. 63.
1393:
1388:
1385:
1382:, p. 93.
1381:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1336:, p. 56.
1335:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1279:, p. 86.
1278:
1273:
1270:
1267:, p. 14.
1266:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1228:, p. 12.
1227:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1149:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1105:, p. 35.
1104:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1076:, chapter 21.
1073:
1067:
1066:
1062:Testimony in
1059:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1034:
1033:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1004:
998:
995:
991:
985:
982:
975:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
952:
948:
946:
944:
940:
936:
935:
928:
923:
919:
913:
911:
907:
903:
895:
893:
890:
889:Hampton Roads
885:
883:
877:
875:
866:
864:
862:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
812:
809:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
781:
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2482:. Retrieved
2478:
2463:. Retrieved
2459:
2435:. Retrieved
2426:
2398:
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2379:. Retrieved
2374:
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2319:
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2300:. Retrieved
2291:
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2247:
2236:
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2203:
2199:
2189:
2178:
2167:
2135:
2123:
2111:
2106:, p. 3.
2099:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2053:
2047:
2020:
1993:
1981:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1921:
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1491:
1464:
1442:Gaspari 2014
1399:
1387:
1341:
1314:
1272:
1265:Pereira 2018
1245:
1238:Pereira 2018
1233:
1226:Spektor 2018
1221:
1209:
1202:Pereira 2018
1197:
1170:
1158:
1139:
1135:
1126:East of the
1122:
1110:
1097:
1086:Pereira 2018
1081:
1071:
1064:
1058:
1044:
1031:
1023:
1014:Annex II in
1010:
1001:Original in
997:
984:
938:
932:
914:
899:
886:
878:
870:
867:Cancellation
857:
834:
796:April 15/16
783:
766:April 14/15
755:
736:April 14/15
724:
703:April 10/11
692:
643:
635:
627:
608:
589:
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418:Elio Gaspari
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279:Minas Gerais
273:
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176:
171:
166:
142:
126:
111:
91:Second Fleet
85:
80:
52:João Goulart
31:
30:
24:
2602:(1964–1985)
2202:Brother Sam
2092:Corrêa 1977
2080:Parker 1977
2040:Parker 1977
2025:Corrêa 1977
2013:Parker 1977
1998:Parker 1977
1986:Corrêa 1977
1974:Corrêa 1977
1962:Corrêa 1977
1950:Corrêa 1977
1938:Corrêa 1977
1926:Parker 1977
1914:Corrêa 1977
1902:Corrêa 1977
1890:Parker 1977
1873:Corrêa 1977
1858:Parker 1977
1843:Corrêa 1977
1831:Parker 1977
1699:Corrêa 1977
1687:Parker 1977
1469:Parker 1977
1419:Parker 1977
1404:Parker 1977
1361:Parker 1977
1250:Parker 1977
1175:Parker 1977
1140:Firing Line
1115:Parker 1977
1103:Corrêa 1977
925: [
910:Firing Line
683:Diesel Oil
657:Oil Tanker
406: [
391: [
388:Carlos Fico
377:Brother Sam
307: [
265: [
205:White House
109:in Panama.
2752:Categories
2676:Diretas Já
2484:2021-07-31
2465:2021-08-06
2437:2020-06-05
2381:2021-07-09
2358:2021-07-09
2335:2021-06-20
2302:2021-06-20
1819:Silva 2014
1791:Faria 2018
1779:Villa 2014
1663:Silva 2014
1651:Silva 2014
1639:Silva 2014
1627:Gomes 1964
1603:Gomes 1964
1591:Gomes 1964
1550:Faria 2018
1392:Faria 2018
1334:Faria 2018
1150:References
1005:, Anexo I.
882:Third Army
845:New Jersey
693:Santa Ynez
649:Montevideo
644:Santa Ynez
624:Destroyer
605:Destroyer
586:Destroyer
567:Destroyer
439:Castelista
424:Final days
214:Pernambuco
127:After the
64:Washington
2495:Documents
2417:156246728
2116:Lara 2016
2104:Lara 2016
2068:Fico 2008
2054:Forrestal
1740:Fico 2008
1716:Fico 2008
1579:Fico 2008
1535:Fico 2008
1508:Lara 2016
1484:Fico 2008
1380:Fico 2008
1346:Fico 2008
1277:Fico 2008
1214:Lara 2015
1190:Fico 2008
1090:Fico 2008
1016:Fico 2008
1003:Fico 2008
896:Discovery
805:70 or 92
784:Nash Bulk
725:Chepachet
686:Kerosene
496:Forrestal
483:War ships
465:Forrestal
458:Beginning
381:Dean Rusk
366:a really
331:Argentina
287:Itamaraty
237:Petrobras
220:in 1964.
86:Forrestal
48:relations
40:Air Force
25:Forrestal
2271:(2014).
2214:(2014).
2165:(1978).
949:See also
849:Campinas
823:235–277
793:April 7
789:Trinidad
773:130/150
763:April 6
733:April 4
700:April 2
630:(DD-763)
611:(DD-861)
592:(DD-692)
573:(DD-865)
554:(AO-147)
516:(DLG-16)
498:(CVA-59)
467:and two
429:attaché
95:Virginia
2503:Boston)
2150:Sources
609:Harwood
552:Truckee
548:Tanker
535:(DDG-6)
477:Norfolk
368:massive
363:O’Meara
117:Context
27:in 1962
2695:People
2659:Events
2415:
853:Recife
814:Total
760:Aruba
730:Aruba
697:Aruba
663:Start
533:Barney
473:Santos
193:Soviet
2431:(PDF)
2413:S2CID
2371:(PDF)
2348:(PDF)
2296:(PDF)
2156:Books
1065:Jango
1049:(PDF)
1036:(PDF)
1027:See,
976:Notes
929:]
723:USNS
691:USNS
638:Aruba
514:Leahy
433:. In
410:]
395:]
311:]
269:]
197:Cuban
99:C-135
50:with
2052:USS
1805:and
1040:and
817:136
626:USS
607:USS
588:USS
569:USS
550:USS
531:USS
512:USS
494:USS
359:Bob
212:and
138:1962
84:USS
38:and
23:USS
2403:doi
2324:doi
843:in
829:20
826:33
820:88
802:39
799:56
782:SS
754:SS
745:35
742:33
739:40
717:20
714:33
709:16
706:40
335:OAS
195:or
2754::
2633:#5
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2320:29
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2005:^
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1326:^
1299:^
1284:^
1257:^
1182:^
927:pt
855:.
408:pt
393:pt
309:pt
271:.
267:pt
58:,
2591:e
2584:t
2577:v
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