1120:
133:
101:
1019:
120:
1274:. With the arrival of the SAS Squadron back at their old base camp, Tonkin set out on 2 July to try to locate a new camp. He returned in the early hours of 3 July just before the Germans attacked, who had managed to surround the camp during the night. The force in the forest camp consisted of 40 SAS men, the USAAF P-51 pilot, Second Lieutenant Lincoln Bundy, who had been shot down on 10 June 1944 and attached himself to the SAS, and nine men from the
88:
1850:
by three days (it had already been employed in a strategic context against Berlin on 6 March 1944, see Kleber and
Birdsell, p. 158). The incendiary thickening agent used in the AN-M76 was "PT1" (Pyrotechnic mix 1), which was similar to Napalm but contained added magnesium powder and burned at an even
1436:
were informed and on 18 December started excavating the grave. A number of corpses were still wearing Allied uniform; most of their identity tags had been removed but two remained which identified them as members of
Operation Bulbasket, while another was identified by his name inside the battle dress
1380:
Tonkin and the remainder of the SAS Squadron (altogether eight survivors of the attack and three others, who had been away on a smaller operation at the time) escaped, regrouped and carried on with the mission until the order to cease operations was received on 24 July 1944. During the period between
1371:
for the daylight crossing, at low level, of enemy-held territory in
Northern France and reached the target at approximately 21:00 local time, when the German troops were eating their evening meal. The attack went as planned and all seven barrack blocks were destroyed; local estimates of the number of
1297:
On 7 July, the surviving prisoners of war, 30 SAS men and Second
Lieutenant Bundy, were taken into the woods near to St Sauvant, forced to dig their own graves then executed by a German firing squad at dawn. Their bodies were then buried in three separate graves. Three Special Air Service men who had
1281:
The
Germans attacked at dawn and it was all over by 14:00. As the Germans searched the forest the SAS men tried to break out. A party of 34 were moving down a forest track when they were ambushed and captured. The leader of the party, Lieutenant Tomos Stephens, was beaten to death by a German officer
1249:
Tonkin ordered the squadron to move to a new camp just to the south west in the Bois des Cartes. This new camp was also close to their drop zone at La Font d'Usson where they were expecting a supply drop over the night of 3/4 July. On their arrival at the new camp at Bois des Cartes, the water supply
1240:
To prevent their camp being located or compromised by German radio direction finding equipment or informers, Tonkin regularly moved its location. The location of new camps had to be close to water and a drop zone for parachute supply. The camp located near to Verrières was near to their drop zone at
1213:
Tomos
Stephens on a reconnaissance of the area. Travelling alone by bicycle, Stephens made the 74 miles (119 km) round trip - returning on 11 June. He confirmed the location of the petrol train. He also reported that it was too heavily guarded for the SAS squadron to deal with. Tonkin contacted
1444:
and reburied with full military honours in the village cemetery. The body of
Lieutenant Stephens, who had been beaten to death, is in the village cemetery in Verrières. The bodies of the three men executed in the hospital, despite not being found, were commemorated with a memorial plaque which was
1190:
Department to the east, each with a major railroad in their district leading north toward
Normandy. The principal objective of Bulbasket was to delay German reinforcements from reaching Normandy. The 2nd SS Panzer Division (Das Reich) with 15,000 men and 1,400 vehicles in southern France began its
1401:
were mined. They also had some success attacking targets of opportunity. Over the night of 12/13 June 1944 Lieutenant Crisp, one of those later executed, was in command of a patrol that laid mines on the N147 in the ForĂŞt du DĂ©fant, just before the 2nd SS Panzer
Division arrived in the area.
1431:
In
December 1944, after the German Army had been driven from the area, men working in the forest near St Sauvant discovered an area of broken branches and disturbed earth. They started to examine the site and discovered what remained of a number of bodies. The
1245:
and had an adequate water supply. The SAS Squadron had been at Verrières between 25 June and 1 July. The local population had also become aware of the camp and Tonkin was warned by Maingard that if the locals knew, informers would soon tell the Germans.
1202:. Once on the ground, the SAS Squadron set about preventing German reinforcements reaching Normandy. They attacked the rail network, laid mines, conducted vehicle patrols in their Jeeps and trained members of the French Resistance.
1593:
The terms of reference given in SAS Amended Instruction No. 6 included "strategic operations against the enemy lines of communication from the south of France to the Neptune area as occasion may occur ...". This objective was
1262:
had been informed that the SAS camp was located in a forest near Verrières. On 1 July they had sent agents into the forest to attempt to locate the camp and assembled an attacking force based on the reserve battalion of the
1119:
2136:
1051:
The focus of both operations would be the disruption of German reinforcements from the south of France to the Normandy beachheads. To carry out the operation the men were to destroy supply dumps, block the Paris to
944:
During the course of the operation amongst other things, the SAS men discovered the whereabouts of a petrol supply train, which was destined for the 2nd SS Panzer Division. The supply train was destroyed by
1104:
1015:. They were to undertake parachute operations behind the German lines in France and then carry out operations supporting the Allied advance through Belgium, the Netherlands and eventually into Germany.
2876:
2886:
1526:
12/13 June; Lieutenant Crisp, one of those later executed, was in command of a patrol that laid mines on the N147 in the ForĂŞt du DĂ©fant, just before the 2nd SS Panzer Division arrived in the area.
2129:
966:
were also executed in the woods after the attack. Three other SAS men, who had been wounded in the fight and taken to hospital, were executed by lethal injections while in their hospital beds.
1294:
which called for the execution of all captured commandos. The decision of who was going to execute them was the cause of an argument between the German Army and the SS, which the army won.
1264:
186:
2145:
2122:
1682:
1544:
2 July; return to Verrieres. The force in the forest camp consisted of 40 SAS men, a P-51 Mustang pilot, Second Lieutenant Lincoln Bundy and nine men from the French Resistance.
956:, the location of which was betrayed to the Germans. In the follow-up attack on their camp, 33 men from the Special Air Service were captured and later executed together with a
1492:
1 June 1944; Two officers of 'B' Squadron, 1st Special Air Service, Captain John Tonkin and Second Lieutenant Richard Crisp, were briefed on the operation by SHAEF in London
1562:
Subsequently, near Luchapt, Tonkin and the remainder of the Squadron (altogether eight survivors of the attack and three others), regrouped and carried on with the mission
992:
and originally called 'L' Detachment, Special Air Service Brigade; 'L' being an attempt at deception, implying the existence of numerous such units. It was conceived as a
1829:
Outrage at the execution of British prisoners may be tempered by the fact that SAS teams parachuted into France were ordered not to take any prisoners. Hastings, Max,
362:
2022:. United States Army in World War II / The Technical Services. Vol. CMH Pub 10-3. Washington, USA: Center of Military History, United States Army. p. 697.
1027:
911:
1860:
Details of this operation from McCue, P., pp.99-105 and the No. 487 Squadron 'Operations Record Book' available at the UK National Archive, ref. no. AIR 27/1935/38
1603:
Outrage at this execution of prisoners by the Germans should be tempered with the knowledge that the SAS was instructed not to take prisoners. Hastings, page 207.
1352:, where, on 14 July 1944, Embry personally briefed the 14 crews selected for this operation. The plan of attack called for four phases: four Mosquitos would drop
238:
1167:
team. Crawshay was not pleased with the task of supporting Bulbasket "mistrusting the SAS men's ability to operate effectively and not compromise security."
2881:
1519:, based at RAF Gravesend in Kent, attacked the train in its sidings. The mission was a success, destroying the fuel reserves for the 2nd SS Panzer Division
2845:
480:
1194:
Two additional groups of SAS personnel from 'B' Squadron were parachuted in, one on 7 June and the second on 11 June. Also dropped at the same time were
1068:
in the south of France. The intelligence experts at SHAEF responsible for planning the Normandy landings, had estimated it would take three days for the
492:
753:
985:
124:
889:
1469:
Responsibility for the destruction of crucial petrol stocks, delaying the progress of the 2nd Panzer Division towards the Normandy landing area
1306:
Jedburgh team Hugh, operating in the area, reported back to Special Forces HQ, requesting a reprisal attack on the headquarters of the 17th SS
383:
2058:
2039:
1985:
1963:
1008:
1364:; the remaining aircraft would then drop more HE bombs and finally the aircraft would return to strafe the target before returning to base.
1368:
1087:; both men were briefed on the operation by SHAEF in London 1 June 1944. Over the next two days they spent time at the headquarters of the
1690:
1495:
6 June; Their drop zone was an area of the Brenne marsh 19 miles (31 km) south west of Châteauroux, which they reached at 01:37 hours
1205:
On 10 June a French railwayman informed Tonkin that a train composed of at least eleven petrol tankers was parked at the rail sidings at
2423:
1936:
286:
2563:
975:
231:
2430:
2103:
2084:
2006:
1944:
1759:
1178:, one of the two armed resistance organizations in the area. They reached an agreement that Bulbasket would operate in the west in
2374:
2177:
935:
179:
1372:
German troops killed varied from 80 to about 200. All aircraft safely returned to Thorney Island in the early hours of 15 July.
608:
2703:
1802:
1721:
367:
1507:
11 June; location of petrol train confirmed. Tonkin contacted England and requested an air attack. That night a force of 12
1250:
from the well failed and due to this Tonkin decided to return to Verrières until a more suitable camp site could be found.
1060:
and attack railway sidings and fuel trains. One formation they especially wanted to delay was the 2nd SS Panzer Division -
2780:
957:
224:
2866:
2825:
2570:
1088:
870:
667:
165:
32:
1461:
The initiation of four air attacks and a possible fifth, killing upwards of 150 German troops and an unknown number of
2871:
1846:-type jellied gasoline incendiary weapon in a tactical bombing operation in World War II, preceding its employment at
763:
2341:
1004:
528:
2017:
2549:
1996:
1413:
on 10 June. The 2nd SS Panzer Division was responsible for the capture of the Special Operations Executive agent
1319:
648:
589:
518:
307:
1209:. These were the fuel reserves for the advancing 2nd SS Panzer Division. To confirm their location, Tonkin sent
790:
785:
641:
584:
555:
468:
2647:
1170:
The next morning Tonkin, the advance team, and Crawshay met with their SOE contact, 'Samuel' (Maingard) and
780:
775:
2367:
1516:
1323:
1156:
997:
795:
601:
543:
322:
300:
2806:
2584:
2226:
1512:
1508:
1218:
1195:
1128:
1031:
961:
842:
1096:
1030:(SHAEF) had issued an order for the Special Air Service Brigade to carry out two operations in France,
572:
533:
1933:
SOE in France: An Account of the Work of the British Special Operations Executive in France, 1940-1944
2752:
2717:
2556:
2507:
2170:
2156:
1686:
1140:
1136:
953:
743:
714:
312:
2792:
2766:
2724:
2675:
2661:
2598:
2591:
2437:
2346:
2310:
2233:
2163:
1441:
1179:
981:
919:
907:
758:
721:
707:
634:
550:
279:
272:
154:
59:
2068:
1175:
1108:
2799:
2668:
2633:
2577:
2542:
2500:
2493:
2479:
2465:
2409:
2381:
2360:
2353:
2334:
2322:
2247:
2191:
2114:
1382:
1353:
1345:
856:
733:
700:
693:
660:
653:
596:
538:
523:
485:
329:
248:
2840:
2820:
2813:
2785:
2773:
2759:
2654:
2605:
2528:
2521:
2486:
2458:
2388:
2327:
2289:
2240:
2219:
2212:
2184:
2099:
2080:
2054:
2035:
2002:
1981:
1959:
1940:
1798:
1755:
1717:
1437:
tunic. A further body in civilian clothing was identified as that of Second Lieutenant Bundy.
1419:
1410:
1361:
1314:. On receipt of this request, Special Forces HQ passed it on to SAS Brigade HQ, who contacted
1275:
1259:
1234:
1100:
1084:
1080:
931:
863:
821:
814:
807:
627:
613:
417:
374:
293:
171:
2731:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2640:
2626:
2514:
2402:
2303:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2198:
1381:
10 June and 23 July, the SAS Squadron had attacked railway targets 15 times; the main roads
1334:
1327:
1311:
1271:
1230:
1222:
1206:
1151:, which they reached at 01:37 hours on 6 June 1944, a few hours before the beginning of the
849:
828:
748:
686:
497:
446:
140:
137:
2745:
2738:
2710:
2472:
2451:
2444:
2416:
2395:
2205:
1390:
1315:
1242:
1215:
1069:
946:
679:
620:
577:
567:
502:
405:
400:
355:
341:
960:(USAAF) pilot who had fallen in with them, after bailing out of his P-51. Seven captured
216:
2535:
2073:
1414:
1287:
1148:
1135:
The advance party for Operation Bulbasket, including Tonkin, were flown to France by a
989:
738:
410:
395:
390:
336:
317:
119:
93:
1405:
The 2nd SS Panzer Division, during their advance to Normandy, was responsible for the
1341:
s request for the attack on the supply trains in Châtellerault in the previous month.
1298:
been wounded and hospitalized were killed by the administration of lethal injections.
2860:
2619:
1406:
436:
267:
1367:
The Mosquitos left Thorney Island at about 21:00 hours, met up with an escort of 12
1111:. Tonkin was also given a list of rail targets by Headquarters Special Air Service.
1973:
1291:
1092:
1079:
The officer in command of 'B' Squadron was Captain John Tonkin of the 1st SAS with
132:
105:
100:
1163:. With the advance team on the flight was Captain William Crawshay and the "Hugh"
1171:
2612:
2317:
1479:
1433:
1349:
1330:
453:
426:
2027:
2001:. Abingdon, Oxford, England: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group. p. 98.
1928:
1454:
1226:
1210:
1018:
463:
458:
431:
1007:
was formed and consisted of the British 1st and 2nd Special Air Service, the
1978:
Das Reich: The March of the 2nd SS Panzer Division Through France, June 1944
1847:
1199:
1164:
1144:
1124:
1214:
England and requested an air attack on the train. That night a force of 12
1286:
were executed in the woods. Their fate was determined by the issue of the
1998:
Special Operations and Strategy From World War II to the War on Terrorism
1183:
1160:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1045:
993:
927:
923:
922:
department of south west France; its objective was to block the Paris to
915:
914:, between June and August 1944. The operation was located to the east of
728:
55:
1473:
1398:
1386:
1237:
in Kent, attacked the train in its sidings. The mission was a success.
1453:
In an analysis of the achievements of Operation Bulbasket, the author
1095:
of 'F' section operating in the operational area under the command of
1843:
1463:
1394:
1357:
1191:
journey of 800 kilometres (500 mi) to Normandy on 8 June.
1147:
was an area of the Brenne marsh 19 miles (31 km) south west of
1187:
1152:
1118:
1037:
1017:
1012:
2034:. Barnsley, S. Yorks, UK: Pen and Sword Books Ltd. p. 232.
2118:
1445:
erected beside the Special Air Service graves in Rom cemetery.
220:
1842:
Note: This use of the M76 incendiary marks the first use of a
1541:
1 July; move to a new camp just south in the Bois des Cartes.
2032:
SAS Operation Bulbasket: Behind the Lines in Occupied France
1484:
Execution of 23 successful road and rail sabotage operations
1099:, code named 'Samuel'. Maingard had links with the two main
1022:
Map of France, with the Vienne department highlighted in red
1504:
11 June; further group from 'B' Squadron were parachuted in
1498:
7 June; further group from 'B' Squadron were parachuted in
996:
type force intending to operate behind enemy lines in the
1728:. Crawshay would later call the SAS "Sad Athletic Sacks."
1356:
bombs; following them, six aircraft would drop US AN-M76
980:
The men involved in Operation Bulbasket were part of the
930:
and to hamper German reinforcements heading towards the
1716:. London: Cassell Military Paperbacks. pp. 31–33.
2051:
Desert Raiders: Axis and Allied Special Forces 1940-43
1559:
14 July; move to Asnieres sur Blour or ForĂŞt de DĂ©fant
952:
The Special Air Service team had made their base near
2877:
Military operations of World War II involving Germany
1956:
Encyclopaedia of Elite Forces in the Second World War
1501:
9/10 June; move to 'Sazas' farm south of Montmorillon
2887:
Violations of medical neutrality during World War II
1565:
24 July 1944; order to cease operations was received
1423:
security police in Limoges; she was later executed.
1797:. London: Cassell Military Paperbacks. p. 71.
2072:
1409:on 9 June 1944 and the massacre at the village of
208:7 French Resistance fighters captured and executed
2019:The Chemical Warfare Service: Chemicals in Combat
1538:25 June 1944; The SAS Squadron move to Verrières.
1267:SS Panzergrenadier Division Götz von Berlichingen
1186:and the Jedburghs, SOE, and the Armée secrète in
2016:Kleber, Brooks E. & Birdsell, Dale (1990) .
1440:The 31 bodies of the executed men were taken to
1344:By this time, No. 140 Wing was operating out of
205:1 US Army Air Forces pilot captured and executed
203:34 Special Air Service men captured and executed
1028:Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force
25:
2146:British Commando raids of the Second World War
2096:SAS: Great Britain's Elite Special Air Service
1478:The delay of the 227th Infantry Division from
1472:The delay of the 226th Infantry Division from
2130:
1417:on 10 June 1944. They handed her over to the
232:
8:
1833:(2013), Minneapolis: Zenith Press, page 207.
2846:List of Commando raids on the Atlantic Wall
1131:of the type used during Operation Bulbasket
2137:
2123:
2115:
1550:5 July; survivors move to Foret de Plessac
1333:assigned the reprisal attack operation to
239:
225:
217:
22:
1754:. Minneapolis: Zenith Press. p. 79.
1890:
1878:
1586:
1282:using a rifle butt, and seven captured
1677:
1638:
1636:
1568:28 July; move to north of Montmorillon
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1143:, the special duties squadron. Their
7:
1902:
1817:
1737:
1553:6/7 July; men executed at St Sauvant
2882:World War II British Commando raids
1064:which was based in the area around
1048:, which was given to 'B' Squadron.
976:History of the Special Air Service
910:(SAS), behind the German lines in
906:was an operation by 'B' Squadron,
14:
1337:, which had already responded to
363:Caen canal and Orne river bridges
16:1944 UK operation in World War II
131:
118:
99:
86:
1571:6/7 August; survivors extracted
301:Taxable, Glimmer & Big Drum
1488:Operation Bulbasket: Timeline
1:
1547:3/4 July: attack on Verrieres
958:United States Army Air Forces
1929:Foot, Michael Richard Daniel
1182:Department near the city of
1089:Special Operations Executive
166:Special Operations Executive
1105:Francs tireurs et Partisans
1005:Special Air Service Brigade
189:SS Panzergrenadier Division
2903:
1954:Haskew, Michael E (2007).
1651:Shortt & McBride, p.16
1642:Shortt & McBride, p.15
1302:Reprisal attack by the RAF
973:
2836:
2152:
2071:; McBride, Angus (1981).
2049:Molinari, Andrea (2007).
1532:19 June; move to Pouillac
1529:13 June; move to Nerignac
1320:Second Tactical Air Force
1139:belonging to 'B' Flight,
988:, formed in July 1941 by
984:. This was a unit of the
936:2nd SS Panzer Division –
308:Combined Bomber Offensive
260:
196:
146:
111:
79:
38:
30:
2094:Thompson, Leroy (1994).
1995:Kiras, James D. (2006).
1556:9 July; move to Charroux
1449:Summary of the operation
1103:groups in the area, the
949:bombers the same night.
2075:The Special Air Service
1535:21 June; move to Persac
1221:bombers, six each from
908:1st Special Air Service
180:2nd SS Panzer Division
71:Partial British success
1750:Hastings, Max (2013).
1517:No. 487 Squadron RNZAF
1324:Air Officer Commanding
1132:
1129:Vickers K machine guns
1123:A Special Air Service
1023:
1009:French 3rd and 4th SAS
998:North African Campaign
912:German occupied France
770:Air and Sea operations
563:Anglo-Canadian Sector
442:Anglo-Canadian Sector
164:A small team from the
112:Commanders and leaders
2079:. Osprey Publishing.
2053:. Osprey Publishing.
1683:"Operation Bulbasket"
1513:No. 464 Squadron RAAF
1509:de Havilland Mosquito
1457:lists the following:
1219:de Havilland Mosquito
1196:Vickers K machine gun
1122:
1083:Richard Crisp as his
1040:for 'A' Squadron and
1021:
974:Further information:
802:Supporting operations
197:Casualties and losses
191:Götz von Berlichingen
160:'B' Squadron (40 men)
46:6 June – 24 July 1944
1795:Fire from the Forest
1793:Ford, Roger (2003).
1712:Ford, Roger (2004).
1687:Royal British Legion
1391:Route nationale N147
1318:, part of the RAF's
1141:No. 161 Squadron RAF
1137:Handley Page Halifax
254:(Battle of Normandy)
2867:Special Air Service
1851:higher temperature.
1270:which was based at
1174:, commander of the
982:Special Air Service
932:Normandy beachheads
904:Operation Bulbasket
155:Special Air Service
26:Operation Bulbasket
2872:Operation Overlord
2098:. Zenith Imprint.
1714:Steel from the Sky
1434:local police force
1383:Route nationale 10
1346:RAF Thorney Island
1260:SS Security Police
1133:
1056:railway line near
1024:
926:railway line near
597:Normandy massacres
486:Operation Chastity
250:Operation Overlord
2854:
2853:
2841:British Commandos
2060:978-1-84603-006-2
2041:978-1-84884-193-2
1987:978-0-330-50998-5
1980:. Pan Macmillan.
1965:978-1-84415-577-4
1958:. Pen and Sword.
1905:, pp. 71–72.
1420:Sicherheitsdienst
1411:Oradour-sur-Glane
1276:French Resistance
1101:French Resistance
1085:second in command
1081:Second Lieutenant
934:, especially the
898:
897:
754:Mantes-Gassicourt
418:Normandy landings
215:
214:
172:French Resistance
75:
74:
60:Vienne department
2894:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2116:
2109:
2090:
2078:
2064:
2045:
2023:
2012:
1991:
1969:
1950:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1840:
1834:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1689:. Archived from
1679:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1369:Mustang Mk. IIIs
1362:incendiary bombs
1335:No. 140 Wing RAF
1328:Air Vice-Marshal
1312:Bonneuil-Matours
1272:Bonneuil-Matours
1223:No. 138 Wing RAF
1155:invasion by the
1026:In May 1944 the
529:La Haye-du-Puits
514:American Sector
422:American Sector
368:Merville Battery
348:Airborne assault
255:
251:
241:
234:
227:
218:
177:Elements of the:
141:Heinz Lammerding
136:
135:
123:
122:
104:
103:
92:
90:
89:
40:
39:
23:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2832:
2148:
2143:
2106:
2093:
2087:
2067:
2061:
2048:
2042:
2026:
2015:
2009:
1994:
1988:
1972:
1966:
1953:
1947:
1927:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1841:
1837:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1693:on 27 July 2011
1681:
1680:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1451:
1429:
1378:
1316:No. 2 Group RAF
1308:Panzergrenadier
1304:
1256:
1243:La Font d'Usson
1216:Royal Air Force
1117:
1097:Amédée Maingard
1070:panzer division
1036:in the area of
1013:Belgian 5th SAS
978:
972:
947:Royal Air Force
901:
900:
899:
894:
881:
668:Verrières Ridge
590:Le Mesnil-Patry
513:
511:Ground campaign
421:
384:American Sector
351:British Sector
350:
256:
253:
249:
247:
245:
206:
204:
185:
178:
168:
130:
117:
98:
87:
85:
63:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2900:
2898:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2859:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2091:
2085:
2065:
2059:
2046:
2040:
2024:
2013:
2007:
1992:
1986:
1970:
1964:
1951:
1945:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1907:
1895:
1893:, p. 175.
1883:
1881:, p. 184.
1871:
1862:
1853:
1835:
1822:
1810:
1803:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1760:
1742:
1730:
1722:
1704:
1653:
1644:
1632:
1623:
1614:
1612:Molinari, p.22
1605:
1596:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1450:
1447:
1428:
1425:
1415:Violette Szabo
1377:
1374:
1354:high explosive
1303:
1300:
1288:Commando Order
1255:
1252:
1116:
1113:
990:David Stirling
971:
968:
896:
895:
893:
892:
880:
879:
868:
861:
854:
847:
840:
833:
826:
819:
812:
799:
798:
793:
791:Pierres Noires
788:
783:
778:
767:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
719:
712:
711:
710:
698:
691:
684:
671:
670:
665:
658:
651:
646:
639:
632:
625:
618:
611:
606:
605:
604:
594:
593:
592:
587:
585:Villers-Bocage
575:
570:
561:
560:
559:
558:
548:
547:
546:
536:
531:
526:
521:
519:Brécourt Manor
508:
507:
506:
505:
500:
490:
489:
488:
472:
471:
469:Port-en-Bessin
466:
461:
456:
451:
440:
439:
434:
429:
414:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
380:
379:
372:
371:
370:
365:
345:
344:
339:
334:
327:
320:
318:Transport Plan
315:
310:
305:
304:
303:
298:
291:
284:
270:
261:
258:
257:
246:
244:
243:
236:
229:
221:
213:
212:
209:
199:
198:
194:
193:
175:
162:
161:
149:
148:
144:
143:
128:
114:
113:
109:
108:
96:
94:United Kingdom
82:
81:
77:
76:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
54:
52:
48:
47:
44:
36:
35:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2899:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2105:0-87938-940-0
2101:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2086:0-85045-396-8
2082:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2069:Shortt, James
2066:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2008:0-415-70212-7
2004:
2000:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1974:Hastings, Max
1971:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1946:0-415-40800-8
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1914:McCue, p.179.
1911:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1891:Hastings 2013
1887:
1884:
1880:
1879:Hastings 2013
1875:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1820:, p. 71.
1819:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1761:9780760344910
1757:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1740:, p. 34.
1739:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1705:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1630:Thompson, p.7
1627:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1590:
1587:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:Tulle murders
1403:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1254:German attack
1253:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1207:Châtellerault
1203:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1176:Armée secrète
1173:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:Allied forces
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1109:Armée Secrète
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1003:In 1944, the
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
977:
969:
967:
965:
964:
959:
955:
950:
948:
942:
940:
939:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
891:
888:
887:
886:
885:
878:
877:
873:
869:
867:
866:
862:
860:
859:
855:
853:
852:
848:
846:
845:
841:
839:
838:
834:
832:
831:
827:
825:
824:
820:
818:
817:
813:
811:
810:
806:
805:
804:
803:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
772:
771:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
724:
720:
718:
717:
713:
709:
706:
705:
704:
703:
699:
697:
696:
692:
690:
689:
685:
683:
682:
678:
677:
676:
675:
669:
666:
664:
663:
659:
657:
656:
652:
650:
647:
645:
644:
640:
638:
637:
633:
631:
630:
626:
624:
623:
619:
617:
616:
612:
610:
607:
603:
602:Ardenne Abbey
600:
599:
598:
595:
591:
588:
586:
583:
582:
581:
580:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
565:
564:
557:
554:
553:
552:
549:
545:
542:
541:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
515:
512:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
494:
491:
487:
484:
483:
482:
479:
478:
477:
476:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
449:
445:
444:
443:
438:
437:Pointe du Hoc
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
423:
420:
419:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
387:
386:
385:
378:
377:
373:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
359:
358:
354:
353:
352:
349:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
332:
328:
326:
325:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
302:
299:
297:
296:
292:
290:
289:
285:
283:
282:
278:
277:
276:
275:
271:
269:
268:Atlantic Wall
266:
265:
264:
259:
252:
242:
237:
235:
230:
228:
223:
222:
219:
210:
207:
201:
200:
195:
192:
190:
184:
183:
176:
173:
169:
167:
159:
158:
157:
156:
151:
150:
145:
142:
139:
138:BrigadefĂĽhrer
134:
129:
126:
121:
116:
115:
110:
107:
102:
97:
95:
84:
83:
78:
70:
67:
66:
61:
57:
53:
50:
49:
45:
42:
41:
37:
34:
33:Western Front
29:
24:
19:
2826:
2821:Twin Pimples
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2781:Sidi Haneish
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2369:Cold Comfort
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2342:Litani River
2335:
2328:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2112:
2095:
2074:
2050:
2031:
2018:
1997:
1977:
1955:
1932:
1922:Bibliography
1910:
1898:
1886:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1838:
1830:
1825:
1813:
1794:
1788:
1779:
1774:Kiras, p.98.
1770:
1751:
1745:
1733:
1713:
1707:
1695:. Retrieved
1691:the original
1647:
1626:
1621:Haskew, p.39
1617:
1608:
1599:
1589:
1520:
1511:bombers of
1487:
1462:
1452:
1439:
1430:
1418:
1404:
1379:
1366:
1343:
1338:
1322:. 2 Group's
1310:Division in
1307:
1305:
1296:
1292:Adolf Hitler
1283:
1280:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1239:
1204:
1193:
1172:Paul Mirguet
1169:
1134:
1078:
1061:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1025:
1002:
986:British Army
979:
962:
951:
943:
937:
903:
902:
883:
882:
875:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
835:
829:
822:
815:
808:
801:
800:
796:Audierne Bay
769:
768:
722:
715:
701:
694:
687:
680:
673:
672:
661:
654:
642:
635:
628:
621:
614:
578:
562:
510:
509:
474:
473:
447:
441:
416:
415:
382:
381:
375:
356:
347:
346:
330:
324:Postage Able
323:
294:
287:
280:
273:
262:
202:
188:
181:
163:
152:
80:Belligerents
18:
2808:Thistledown
2586:Houndsworth
2228:Abercrombie
2028:McCue, Paul
1869:McCue, p.94
1783:Foot, p.409
1480:Carcassonne
1397:– Poitiers–
1350:West Sussex
1331:Basil Embry
1258:The German
1233:, based at
1225:, based at
1149:Châteauroux
1127:armed with
1033:Houndsworth
844:Houndsworth
764:La Rochelle
127:John Tonkin
2861:Categories
2754:Roundabout
2719:Postmaster
2558:Gunnerside
2509:Fahrenheit
2172:Ambassador
2158:Abstention
1935:. London:
1804:0304363367
1723:0304367079
1594:fulfilled.
1576:References
1455:Paul McCue
1376:Withdrawal
1339:Bulbasket'
1284:Maquisards
1227:RAF Lasham
1211:Lieutenant
1091:which had
970:Background
963:Maquisards
890:Cemeteries
744:Saint-Malo
313:Pointblank
2794:Speedwell
2768:Saxifrage
2726:Partridge
2677:Narcissus
2663:Musketoon
2600:Infatuate
2593:Huckaback
2439:Driftwood
2425:Checkmate
2348:Candytuft
2312:Barricade
2298:Bulbasket
2235:Acid Drop
2165:Agreement
1903:Ford 2004
1848:Coutances
1831:Das Reich
1818:Ford 2004
1752:Das Reich
1738:Ford 2004
1521:Das Reich
1427:Aftermath
1385:south of
1235:Gravesend
1145:drop zone
1072:to reach
1062:Das Reich
1042:Bulbasket
954:Verrieres
938:Das Reich
884:Aftermath
837:Bulbasket
786:Cherbourg
723:Tractable
636:Charnwood
551:Cherbourg
475:Logistics
281:Fortitude
274:Bodyguard
182:Das Reich
2801:Tarbrush
2670:Myrmidon
2635:Keystone
2579:Hawthorn
2565:Hardtack
2544:Gauntlet
2502:Freshman
2495:Frankton
2481:Exporter
2467:Deep Cut
2411:Crackers
2383:Colossus
2362:Claymore
2355:Chestnut
2336:Branford
2323:Hill 170
2249:Astrakan
2193:Aquatint
2030:(2009).
1976:(2009).
1931:(1968).
1393:between
1389:and the
1360:-filled
1231:140 Wing
1184:Poitiers
1165:Jedburgh
1161:Normandy
1107:and the
1074:Normandy
1066:Toulouse
1058:Poitiers
1054:Bordeaux
1046:Poitiers
1011:and the
994:commando
928:Poitiers
924:Bordeaux
916:Poitiers
858:Jedburgh
781:La Caine
734:Chambois
729:Hill 262
708:Hill 140
702:Totalize
695:Bluecoat
674:Breakout
662:Goodwood
655:Atlantic
649:2nd Odon
573:Bréville
539:Carentan
534:Saint-LĂ´
524:Graignes
498:Mulberry
481:American
331:Tarbrush
288:Zeppelin
174:fighters
147:Strength
56:Poitiers
51:Location
31:Part of
2827:Wallace
2815:Tombola
2787:Sunstar
2775:Savanna
2761:Rumford
2712:Opossum
2656:Manacle
2614:Jubilee
2607:Jaywick
2530:Foxrock
2523:Farrier
2488:Flipper
2460:Dunhill
2432:Chopper
2397:Chariot
2390:Cartoon
2329:Bristle
2291:Begonia
2242:Albumen
2221:Archway
2214:Amherst
2186:Archery
1697:26 June
1474:Bayonne
1399:Limoges
1387:Vivonne
1115:Mission
1044:, near
918:in the
872:Wallace
865:Dragoon
823:Titanic
816:Samwest
809:Dingson
739:Falaise
716:LĂĽttich
643:Jupiter
629:Windsor
615:Martlet
609:Douvres
544:Hill 30
493:British
406:Detroit
401:Chicago
376:Mallard
295:Titanic
263:Prelude
211:Unknown
125:Captain
106:Germany
2733:Pistol
2698:Nicety
2691:Newton
2684:Nelson
2642:Loyton
2628:Kitbag
2551:Grouse
2516:Forfar
2404:Canuck
2376:Collar
2318:Bardia
2305:Brandy
2284:Batman
2277:Bigamy
2270:Biting
2263:Basalt
2256:Baobab
2200:Aflame
2179:Anklet
2102:
2083:
2057:
2038:
2005:
1984:
1962:
1943:
1844:Napalm
1801:
1758:
1720:
1464:Milice
1395:Angers
1358:Napalm
1198:armed
1180:Vienne
1093:agents
920:Vienne
874:&
851:Loyton
830:Cooney
776:Ushant
688:Spring
448:Gambit
411:Elmira
396:Boston
391:Albany
342:Fabius
91:
68:Result
62:France
2747:Roast
2740:Rimau
2649:Maple
2572:Hardy
2474:Devon
2453:Defoe
2446:Dryad
2418:Chess
2207:Anglo
1581:Notes
1265:17th
1200:Jeeps
1188:Indre
1153:D-Day
1038:Dijon
876:Hardy
759:Paris
749:Brest
681:Cobra
622:Epsom
579:Perch
556:Naval
503:Pluto
454:Sword
427:Omaha
357:Tonga
337:Tiger
187:17th
2705:Noah
2537:Gaff
2100:ISBN
2081:ISBN
2055:ISBN
2036:ISBN
2003:ISBN
1982:ISBN
1960:ISBN
1941:ISBN
1937:HMSO
1799:ISBN
1756:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1699:2010
1515:and
1229:and
1125:Jeep
568:Caen
464:Gold
459:Juno
432:Utah
153:1st
43:Date
2621:J V
1442:Rom
1348:in
1290:by
1159:of
2863::
1939:.
1685:.
1656:^
1635:^
1326:,
1278:.
1076:.
1000:.
941:.
170:9
58:,
2138:e
2131:t
2124:v
2108:.
2089:.
2063:.
2044:.
2011:.
1990:.
1968:.
1949:.
1807:.
1764:.
1726:.
1701:.
1523:.
240:e
233:t
226:v
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