529:
519:
419:
385:
497:
509:
481:
1530:
1473:
1973:
138:
1564:, chemical weapons (poison gas), and mass executions, Iraq hit 15 villages, killing rebels and civilians, and forced tens of thousands of Kurds to relocate to forced settlements. Many Kurdish civilians immigrated to Iran. By 3 September 1988, the anti-Kurd campaign ended, and all resistance had been crushed. 400 Iraqi soldiers and 50,000 Kurdish civilians and soldiers had been killed.
458:
446:
434:
36:
398:
1372:. At the latter, a large number of wounded Iranian soldiers were dragged from the city hospital and shot in the courtyard by the NLA forces. The MEK and Iraqi forces razed to ground the city of Islamabad-e Gharb, which had a population of 15,000. This act alienated the local Kurdish population. They also captured key strongholds along the Baghdad-Tehran highway.
2029:
77:
272:
2083:
1437:
On 31 July, Iran drove MEK forces out of Qasr-e-Shirin and Sarpol Zahab, though the MEK claimed to have "voluntarily withdrawn" from the towns. Iran estimated that 4,500 Mujahedeen soldiers were killed, while 400 Iranian soldiers died. Many senior MEK commanders were killed, and many MEK militants
1301:
as well as along the central portion of the border within Iran, and was contemplating on accepting the ceasefire. The MEK-Iraqi operation
Eternal Light would occur on 26 July 1988, six days after Ayatollah Khomeini had officially announced his acceptance of the UN brokered ceasefire resolution.
1343:
so as to exchange Iraqi POWs in Iran. However, Dilip Hiro finds this explanation unconvincing. Instead Hiro argues Saddam wanted to impress Iraq's military superiority and wanted to end the Iran-Iraq war not in a stalemate but instead an Iraqi victory.
1548:
The last notable combat actions of the war took place on 3 August 1988, in the
Persian Gulf when the Iranian navy fired on a freighter and Iraq launched chemical attacks on Iranian civilians, killing an unknown number of them and wounding 2,300.
1626:"The Lessons of Modern War - Volume II - The Iran–Iraq War (Chapter 10: The Combination Of Iraqi Offensives And Western Intervention Force Iran To Accept A Cease-Fire: September 1987 To March 1989) - May, 1990 - 9005lessonsiraniraqii-chap10.pdf"
2078:
1589:
was the
Iranian commander responsible for the coordination between the Revolutionary Guard and the Iranian army, that was responsible for the success of Operation Mersad. In April 1999, an MEK operative posing as a roadsweeper
2063:
1430:
The MEK advance had been abruptly and completely halted. The
Iranian army and Revolutionary Guard then moved north from Khuzestan, encircling and suppressing the remaining resistance in the city of
1375:
The MEK met scant resistance from the limited numbers of
Revolutionary Guards, which were promptly defeated, pushing 145 km (90 mi) deep into Iran towards the provincial capital city of
1316:
The attack agreed upon by the Iraqi leadership would be a two pronged assault. One portion of the MEK force would attack
Iranian forces in northern Iraq, an area that was still in Iranian and
1352:
On 26 July 1988, the MEK, with the support of the Iraqi military, started
Operation Forough Javidan (Eternal Light) in central Iran. In the face of Iraqi chemical attacks, Iran had evacuated
1552:
Resolution 598 came into effect on 8 August 1988, ending all combat operations between the two countries. By 20 August 1988, peace with Iran was restored. UN peacekeepers belonging to the
627:
1575:
and other opposition groups. The estimates for number of executions vary from as little as 1,400 to as high as 12,000. The most likely number was given by dissident
1808:
1568:
1462:
1306:
1290:
323:
1278:
1309:, which would end the war on 8 August 1988. However, the Iraqi-backed Mujahedin-e-Khalq militant group seized the opportunity to attack central part of the
620:
1889:
1545:
The corpses of killed MEK members were not collected and were left on the battlefield. Operation Mersad was the last land battle of the Iran–Iraq War.
689:
894:
1625:
1556:
mission took the field, remaining on the Iran–Iraq border until 1991. While the war was now over, Iraq spent the rest of August and early
September
2068:
613:
1360:. These two towns were to be used by the MEK to push further into Iran. On 26 July, the MEK advanced further into Iran in coordination with the
1416:
1721:
1615:
1192:
1494:
1591:
1409:
1328:, would launch a large scale incursion into the central portion of Iran, aiming towards the heart of Iran. The MEK under their leader
2073:
1534:
1516:
501:
239:
221:
155:
119:
101:
63:
49:
1999:
485:
202:
1788:
1298:
1091:
663:
174:
159:
1657:
1446:
1263:
808:
708:
317:
1320:
hands. When the
Iranian troops moved to fight off the MEK attack in northern Iraq, the opposition Iranian militant group
1745:
1077:
1058:
1046:
781:
181:
92:
2033:
1487:
1481:
802:
533:
1379:. Iran's Kurdish fighters did slow the advance, allowing time for the Iranians to prepare their counteroffensive.
188:
148:
843:
829:
668:
1529:
1498:
1816:
1339:
Saddam's official explanation for launching
Operation Eternal Light was that he wanted to capture more Iranian
1177:
170:
1852:
1778:بخشهایی از گزارش نهایی ستاد فرماندهی ارتش آزادیبخش ملی ایران درباره عملیات بزرگ فروغ جاویدان ـ ۸ شهریور ۱۳۶۷
1294:
1170:
1163:
1110:
1097:
795:
788:
1445:
The Iranian successes during Operation Mersad were partially because of effective coordination between the
1974:"برخی فرزندان خود را به همسایه سپردند تا به "فروغ جاویدان" برسند/ بعد از ترور صیاد جشن گرفتند و شام دادند"
1408:
As the Iraqi airforce did not venture beyond Islamabad-e Gharb, Iranian airforce attacked the MEK forces.
1156:
1141:
1134:
940:
713:
680:
653:
363:
339:
1632:
1667:
1579:, as being between 3,800–4,500. The death toll may have been higher for those MEK executed by frontline
1576:
1103:
926:
913:
850:
673:
55:
1419:
helicopters using anti-tank missiles. Most enemy armour was destroyed, in a miniature version of the
1332:
harbored the hope that the attack would lead to a general uprising against the Islamic government of
1026:
2042:
87:
1572:
1561:
1336:. Rajavi would lead the Mujahedeen with Iraqi support in an attack on the western borders of Iran.
1206:
1019:
1012:
1005:
998:
982:
968:
961:
727:
299:
350:
and other disputed territories along the border (3000sq.km) remain under unilateral Iraqi control
1398:
1395:
1333:
1321:
1271:
1197:
1148:
836:
739:
701:
658:
1386:, with a population of 500,000. Iran allowed the MEK to advance to the city but had prepared an
1256:
637:
263:
1777:
2084:
Military operations of the Iran–Iraq War involving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
1717:
1611:
1605:
1586:
1557:
1369:
1274:
1084:
1065:
886:
821:
694:
450:
438:
389:
355:
195:
1424:
1420:
1340:
1310:
1241:
1222:
1072:
975:
953:
946:
934:
906:
899:
878:
871:
864:
857:
720:
597:
578:
2046:
1361:
1325:
766:
734:
1793:
1662:
1580:
1431:
1365:
1357:
1329:
1053:
990:
754:
423:
17:
2057:
1353:
761:
462:
347:
1571:
across the country for treason, mainly members of the MEK, but also members of the
1412:
1402:
1277:, Operation Mersad began on 26 July 1988 and lasted only a few days, whereby the
137:
2040:
sajed.ir in English – The Official site of Holy Defence – Iraq-Iran War 1980–88
1866:
1538:
1439:
1383:
1376:
1267:
1126:
1757:
1890:"Basis for an End to Persian Gulf Fighting: Security Council Resolution 598"
1317:
2028:
1255:, Iranian codename) were among the last major military operations of the
351:
1871:
1553:
1907:
1387:
1528:
271:
1415:
bombed Mujahedeen convoys on the Kermanshah highway, followed by
1289:
On 20 July 1987 the Iran–Iraq War was coming to an end under the
2079:
Military operations of the Iran–Iraq War involving the Peshmerga
1450:
605:
457:
445:
433:
403:
359:
609:
354:
when both parties signed a formal peace agreement, after which
1466:
1442:. Iran claimed it destroyed 200 tanks and 700 other vehicles.
1293:. Iran had suffered major defeats in southern Iraq during the
131:
70:
29:
1746:"Mujahadeen-e-Khalq (MEK) Organization in the Imposed War"
2039:
1382:
The MEK's next target was the provincial capital city of
276:
Burned-out vehicles in the aftermath of Operation Mersad
775:
Iranian offensives to free Iranian territory (1981–82)
1849:
Revolutionary Iran: A History of the Islamic Republic
1567:
At least in part as a response to the invasion, Iran
1809:"Khomeini fatwa 'led to killing of 30,000 in Iran'"
162:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1960:Iran Resurgent The Rise and Rise of the Shia State
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
2064:Military operations of the Iran–Iraq War in 1988
1716:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 413–414.
562:unknown number of artillery pieces and aircraft
553:unknown number of artillery pieces and aircraft
256:
27:Iranian military operation in the Iran–Iraq War
1463:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners
1401:. Iran cut off MEK's supply lines, by landing
1307:United Nations Security Council Resolution 598
1291:United Nations Security Council Resolution 598
324:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners
1707:
1705:
1703:
1569:executed several thousand political prisoners
621:
8:
1842:
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1701:
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1685:
1683:
1249:
1230:
523:35th Takavar Separate Brigade of Kermanshah
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1533:MEK members killed in Operation Mersad by
628:
614:
606:
253:
1884:
1882:
1517:Learn how and when to remove this message
1262:In July 1988, 7,000 militants from the
240:Learn how and when to remove this message
222:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1744:Yaghoub Nemati Voroujeni (Summer 2012),
1480:This section includes a list of general
1953:
1951:
1679:
1313:before the ceasefire came into effect.
1266:(MEK) invaded Iran, hoping to capture
1264:Peoples Mojahedin Organization of Iran
7:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1193:1981 Iraqi embassy bombing in Beirut
920:Iranian offensives in Iraq (1985–87)
816:Iranian offensives in Iraq (1982–84)
593:30 pieces of 106mm recoilless rifles
585:200 Tanks destroyed (Iranian claim)
583:several thousand hanged for treason
575:1,263 KIA, WIA, MIA, POW (MEK claim)
513:81st Armoured Division of Kermanshah
160:adding citations to reliable sources
1712:Farrokh, Kaveh (20 December 2011).
1604:Farrokh, Kaveh (20 December 2011).
1348:Operations Eternal Light and Mersad
1245:
1226:
1610:. Osprey Publishing. p. 609.
1486:it lacks sufficient corresponding
573:1,500 to 2,506 KIA (Iranian claim)
25:
1560:. Using 60,000 troops along with
502:27th Muhammad Rasulullah Division
97:Information needs to be verified.
45:This article has multiple issues.
2027:
1867:"روایت حاج سعید از عملیات مرصاد"
1807:Lamb, Christina (19 June 2001).
1471:
1305:Both Iran and Iraq had accepted
527:
517:
507:
495:
486:National Liberation Army of Iran
479:
456:
444:
432:
417:
396:
383:
270:
257:Operation Forough Javidan/Mersad
136:
75:
34:
2000:"The Bloody Red Summer of 1988"
1908:"Iraq-Islamic Republic of Iran"
1592:killed Shirazi outside his home
1577:Ayatollah Hussein-Ali Montazeri
1558:clearing the Kurdish resistance
147:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
2069:History of Kermanshah province
664:1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran
1:
1573:Tudeh Party (Communist Party)
1390:. This counterattack, called
1299:Operation Tawakalna ala Allah
1756:(11): 75–96, archived from
95:. The specific problem is:
2100:
1980:(in Persian). 24 July 2016
1962:. Hurst. pp. 110–111.
1658:People's Mujahedin of Iran
1460:
591:150 pieces of 60mm mortar
534:Havanirooz 1st Combat Base
91:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
2004:FRONTLINE – Tehran Bureau
1219:Operation Forough Javidan
669:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
645:
589:90 pieces of 80mm mortar
566:
542:
471:
410:
376:
280:
269:
261:
2074:July 1988 events in Asia
895:Kurdish rebellion (1983)
556:210,000 Iranians engaged
1853:Oxford University Press
1501:more precise citations.
1295:Second Battle of Al Faw
1234:Operation Eternal Light
1186:International incidents
18:Operation Eternal Light
1714:Iran at War: 1500–1988
1607:Iran at War: 1500–1988
1542:
1285:Prelude and objectives
1236:, MeK's codename) and
681:Iraqi invasion of Iran
654:1975 Algiers Agreement
581:(independent estimate)
411:Commanders and leaders
364:1975 Algiers Agreement
340:Status quo ante bellum
1668:Operation Forty Stars
1532:
1281:defeated MEK forces.
1014:Karbala 8 (7th Basra)
674:Iranian Embassy siege
567:Casualties and losses
2036:at Wikimedia Commons
1945:, (1999), pp. 246–47
1791:by Elizabeth Rubin.
1789:"The Cult of Rajavi"
1583:or dying in prison.
1324:(MEK), supported by
1279:Iranian Armed Forces
1136:June 5 1984 Skirmish
352:until 16 August 1990
156:improve this article
102:improve this article
2045:7 July 2007 at the
1813:The Daily Telegraph
1760:on 18 November 2016
1562:helicopter gunships
1451:Revolutionary Guard
1227:عملیات فروغ جاویدان
1207:Iran Air Flight 655
1093:Tawakalna ala Allah
1040:Final stages (1988)
300:Kermanshah Province
1894:The New York Times
1847:Michael Axworthy.
1543:
1399:Ali Sayyad Shirazi
1396:Lieutenant General
1334:Ayatollah Khomeini
1322:Mujahedeen-e Khalq
1272:Lieutenant-General
1079:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 4
1060:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 3
1048:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 2
838:Muharram ol-Harram
659:Iranian Revolution
318:Mojahadeen-e-Khalq
171:"Operation Mersad"
2032:Media related to
1723:978-1-78096-221-4
1617:978-1-78096-221-4
1587:Ali Sayad Shirazi
1527:
1526:
1519:
1440:not given quarter
1434:on 29 July 1988.
1410:Iranian Air Force
1370:Islamabad-e Gharb
1275:Ali Sayad Shirazi
1215:
1214:
648:Pre-war incidents
604:
603:
451:Ali Sayad Shirazi
439:Ruhollah Khomeini
390:Mojahedin-e-Khalq
372:
371:
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249:
242:
232:
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130:
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93:quality standards
84:This article may
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16:(Redirected from
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2034:Operation Mersad
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1819:on 29 March 2008
1815:. Archived from
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1768:
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1631:. Archived from
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1502:
1497:this section by
1488:inline citations
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1425:Persian Gulf War
1421:Highway of Death
1392:Operation Mersad
1311:Iran-Iraq border
1253:Operation Ambush
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1238:Operation Mersad
1232:
1228:
1073:Halabja massacre
809:2nd Khorramshahr
804:Beit-ol-Moqaddas
748:Stalemate (1981)
709:1st Khorramshahr
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548:7,000 MEK troops
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37:
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2089:
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2047:Wayback Machine
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1943:The Longest War
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1896:. 19 July 1988.
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1681:
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1326:Iraqi air power
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845:Before the Dawn
831:Moslem Ibn Aqil
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600:(Iranian claim)
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1958:Mahan Abedin.
1947:
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1855:. p. 283.
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1797:, 13 July 2003
1794:New York Times
1781:
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1752:(in Persian),
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1663:Massoud Rajavi
1660:
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1638:on 7 June 2013
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1581:courts-martial
1525:
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1432:Kerend-e Gharb
1366:Kerend-e Gharb
1358:Sarpol-e Zahab
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1330:Massoud Rajavi
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173: –
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167:Find sources:
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145:This article
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2007:. Retrieved
2003:
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1982:. Retrieved
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1902:
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1848:
1821:. Retrieved
1817:the original
1812:
1802:
1792:
1784:
1773:
1762:, retrieved
1758:the original
1753:
1750:Negin-e-Iran
1749:
1713:
1640:. Retrieved
1633:the original
1606:
1598:Bibliography
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1413:F-4 Phantoms
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1403:paratroopers
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1246:عملیات مرصاد
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1199:
1185:
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1158:Prime Chance
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1143:Earnest Will
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377:Belligerents
338:
337:
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262:Part of the
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154:Please help
149:verification
146:
116:
107:
100:Please help
96:
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
1499:introducing
1423:during the
1394:was led by
1105:Forty Stars
994:(6th Basra)
986:(5th Basra)
930:(4th Basra)
890:(3rd Basra)
882:(2nd Basra)
825:(1st Basra)
332:Territorial
212:August 2021
110:August 2021
104:if you can.
2058:Categories
2009:10 October
1823:10 October
1764:2 December
1674:References
1642:10 October
1539:Kermanshah
1482:references
1461:See also:
1384:Kermanshah
1377:Kermanshah
1270:. Led by
1268:Kermanshah
1127:Tanker War
1098:2nd al-Faw
1028:Karbala 10
941:1st al-Faw
182:newspapers
50:improve it
1978:Fars News
1457:Aftermath
1318:Peshmerga
1150:Bridgeton
1021:Karbala 9
1007:Karbala 7
1000:Karbala 6
992:Karbala 5
984:Karbala 4
970:Karbala 3
963:Karbala 2
955:Karbala 1
729:Sultan 10
587:400 APCs
560:365 tanks
551:300 tanks
56:talk page
2043:Archived
1984:31 March
1652:See also
1507:May 2019
1449:and the
1202:incident
1152:incident
957:(Mehran)
741:Morvarid
703:Kaman 99
543:Strength
295:Location
86:require
1872:YouTube
1554:UNIIMOG
1541:at 1988
1495:improve
1242:Persian
1223:Persian
1086:Zafar 7
1067:Dawn 10
914:Marshes
888:Kheibar
823:Ramadan
696:Revenge
334:changes
196:scholar
88:cleanup
1720:
1614:
1484:, but
1388:ambush
1119:Mersad
1034:Nasr 4
977:Fath 1
948:Dawn 9
936:Dawn 8
908:Dawn 7
901:Dawn 6
880:Dawn 5
873:Dawn 4
866:Dawn 3
859:Dawn 2
852:Dawn 1
735:Abadan
722:Dezful
683:(1980)
577:2,000
401:
307:Result
198:
191:
184:
177:
169:
1912:unscr
1636:(PDF)
1629:(PDF)
1438:were
1200:Stark
768:Opera
320:(MEK)
203:JSTOR
189:books
2011:2014
1986:2024
1825:2014
1766:2016
1718:ISBN
1644:2014
1612:ISBN
1535:IRGC
1447:Army
1368:and
1356:and
1341:POWs
1297:and
1250:lit.
1231:lit.
1198:USS
928:Badr
756:Nasr
596:480
404:Iran
360:Iran
358:and
356:Iraq
346:The
285:Date
175:news
1537:in
762:H-3
598:KIA
579:KIA
158:by
2060::
2002:.
1976:.
1950:^
1920:^
1910:.
1892:.
1881:^
1869:.
1851:.
1833:^
1811:.
1754:41
1748:,
1732:^
1682:^
1594:.
1453:.
1427:.
1259:.
1248:,
1244::
1229:,
1225::
59:.
2013:.
1988:.
1914:.
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219:(
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210:(
200:·
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186:·
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123:)
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