Chindits - Knowledge (XXG)

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generally left to make their own way back to India. On the journey back, the most difficult actions involved crossing back over the Irrawaddy River. The Japanese had observers and patrols all along the river bank and could quickly concentrate once an attempt at a crossing was detected. Gradually, all the columns broke up into small groups. Wingate's headquarters returned to India on its own ahead of most of the columns. Through the spring and even into the autumn of 1943, individual groups of men from the Chindits made their way back to India. The army did what they could for the men. In one case, an aeroplane was landed in an open area and wounded men were evacuated by air. Part of one column made it to China. Another body of men escaped into the far north of Burma. Others were captured or died.

3321:, originally an enthusiastic supporter of Wingate, later came to feel that Wingate lacked both consistency and flexibility in his plans, which contributed to Fergusson's long, pointless march from Ledo and his defeat at Indaw. John Masters, who was a friend of Lentaigne, felt that the Chindits' mobility was sacrificed in holding fixed defensive positions or attacking strong Japanese positions, without the necessary support. In criticism of the whole Chindit concept, he pointed out that the Chindit force had the infantry strength of two and a half line divisions but without supporting arms, had the fighting strength of less than one. Michael Calvert, who was closest to Wingate, remained a defender of Wingate and his methods. 2729:(an organisation set up to liaise with resistance forces in Japanese-occupied countries), which was concerned that a premature uprising of the Kachins without a permanent British military presence would lead to their slaughter by the Japanese at the end of operations. Force 136 also had their own plans for a rising to be coordinated with the arrival of the regular army in Burma. Wingate was eventually convinced to scale back his original plans. Further complicating relations between the organisations were orders issued by Wingate to the commander of Dah Force (a British-led force of Kachin irregulars attached to the Chindits) not to coordinate operations with Force 136 for security reasons. 2960:

reinstated Indaw as the target. The brigade was already exhausted from its long march, and there was no time to properly reconnoitre the objective. The units were dismayed to find that the Japanese controlled the only water sources. Fergusson expected that 14th Brigade would cooperate in the attack, but they moved west instead. Japanese reinforcements had also moved into Indaw, which was a major road and rail centre. Fergusson's battalions, attacking separately, were each repulsed. Calvert later commented "They had attacked as clutching fingers from all sides, and not as a fist". After this, most of the tired 16th Brigade were flown out.

2984:, had led a Gurkha battalion with distinction during the gruelling retreat from Burma in 1942 and had commanded a Chindit brigade in the field (albeit for only a few weeks, but none of the other brigade commanders had more experience). As an officer of Gurkha troops, he had a similar outlook and background to Slim. The other Chindit brigade commanders were unknown quantities, mostly without staff qualifications, some of whom had never even commanded a battalion-sized unit in combat before 1944, and Wingate's staff officers lacked the necessary combat experience. The force's second-in-command, Major General 3310:

were cut off by the enemy, or were operating independently of road or rail lines of communication. Conversely, it has been argued that the apparent success of the Chindits led some Japanese commanders to believe that they could employ their own incursion tactics on a much larger scale, and that when they came to implement such tactics during the Chindwin offensive of early 1944, lacking the necessary air support that had enabled the Allies to be successful, the result was disastrous and ultimately led to defeat at both Kohima and Imphal, and later on the plains of Burma in 1945.

2807: 144: 3290:"Anything, whatever the short cuts to victory it may promise, which thus weakens the Army spirit is dangerous". To underline his point he suggests that "This cult of special forces is as sensible as to form a Royal Corps of Tree Climbers and say that no soldier, who does not wear its green hat with a bunch of oak leaves stuck in it should be expected to climb a tree". He does acknowledge the need for small units to stir up trouble in the enemy's rear area but does not make it clear if he is talking about 3285:"... the Chindits, gave a splendid example of courage and hardihood. Yet I came firmly to the conclusion that such formations, trained, equipped and mentally adjusted for one kind of operation were wasteful. They did not give, militarily, a worth-while return for the resources in men, materiel and time that they absorbed. ... were usually formed by attracting the best men ... The result of these methods was undoubtedly to lower the quality of the rest of the Army". 176: 2762:

could otherwise be used to aid the Northern Front. As the Japanese launched their own attack on the Central Front this advance did not take place, but it still meant that most Japanese forces were engaged on the Central Front and were not available to reinforce the Japanese 18th Division on the Northern Front. The Japanese offensive on the Central Front resulted in further proposals and refinements of the plans for the Chindits.

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to implement far more ambitious plans for the second expedition, which required that the force be greatly expanded to a strength of six brigades. Wingate refused to use Indian Army units in this force, because he maintained that their training in long-range penetration techniques would take longer and their maintenance by air would be difficult due to the varied dietary requirements of different Gurkha and Indian

3105: 2714:'s assurance that he could transport both troops and supplies by glider, Wingate arranged for the bulk of the force to enter Burma by air, greatly accelerating the force's ability to reach its target objectives. Advance units would land in gliders in preselected open fields in Burma, and prepare them for large-scale landings by transport aircraft. The lavish air support provided by Colonels Cochran and 2698:. Calvert and Fergusson, both newly promoted to Brigadier, took command of two of the brigades, and were responsible for much of the training program and the development of tactical planning. Wingate himself was absent for much of the training period, first being out of the country to attend the Quebec Conference and then struck ill with typhoid from drinking bad water in North Africa on his return. 33: 3257:. The battalions that took part are listed on the sides of the monument. Non-infantry units are mentioned by their parent formations only. No distinction is made between those units that took part in 1943 versus those of 1944. The rear of the monument is exclusively dedicated to Orde Wingate and also mentions his contributions to Israel. The memorial is a 4 metre (13 ft) high 2506: 2988:, was bypassed by Slim and formally protested and asked to be relieved. In selecting Lentaigne, Slim did not take into account the tensions between those Chindit commanders and staff who were closely associated with Wingate, and Lentaigne, who had a classical "line" officer's background and had been critical of Wingate's methods and techniques. 318: 3301:, an ex-Chindit, have asserted that the idea behind the Chindits was a sound one but that they were just badly handled and used in operations for which they were not properly equipped or trained, for example in static defence. A third view is that, despite the relatively insignificant losses that the Chindits were able to inflict, their 2526:

attacks on Japanese targets to support the deception. These columns were to swing east at the beginning of March and attack the main north-south railway in areas south of the main force. One column successfully carried out demolitions along the railway, but the other column was ambushed. Half of the ambushed column returned to India.

2537:, proceeded towards the main north-south railway in Burma. On 4 March, Calvert's column reached the valley and demolished the railway in 70 places. Fergusson arrived two days later to do the same. Despite these successes, however, the railway was only temporarily disabled, and resumed operation shortly afterwards. 2617:, the brigade was raised by General Wavell without the knowledge of Wingate, who was still in Burma and who was known to have a strong dislike for the Indian Army, its diverse troop formations, and its British officers in particular. Wavell personally selected the commander of 111th Brigade, Brigadier 3197:

The healthy men were sent to training camps to await new operations. However, when the army command evaluated the men and equipment required to return the Chindits to operational status, it was decided to transform the force into an Airborne Division in India. Beyond direct replacements, it was known

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were attached to the column headquarters. The heavy weapons, radios, reserve ammunition, and rations and other stores were carried on mules, which would also provide an emergency source of food once their loads had been depleted. With 57 mule handlers, each British column numbered 306 men (the Gurkha

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in New Delhi – requested the services of Wingate in Burma. It was intended that he would raise irregular forces to operate behind the Japanese lines, in a manner similar to Gideon Force. Wingate arrived in Burma in March 1942 and for two months, as Japanese forces advanced rapidly, toured the country

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See British National Archives HS1/2 – Most Secret & personal from head of SOE India to 'P' Division SEAC & GHQ India March 10, 1944 – Military Operations in the Dilwyn Area B/B.100 to head of SOE India March 11, 1944. For the Chindit side see the Operational Report of Dah Force (Imperial War

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23rd Brigade, which had been diverted from the main Chindit campaign, nevertheless acted as a long range penetration unit behind the Japanese fighting at Kohima. From April to June 1944, they marched long distances through the Naga hills, mostly in monsoon weather which made movement very difficult.

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to Myitkyina. They had then attempted to complete the encirclement of Myitkyina. Stilwell was angered that they were unable to do so but Slim pointed out that Stilwell's Chinese troops (numbering 5,500) had also failed. By 14 July, Morris Force was down to three platoons. A week later, they only had

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to be covered with logs, making landing impossible. In some accounts of the incident, Wingate insisted that the operation had been betrayed and that the other landing zones would be ambushed. To proceed would be "murder". Slim accepted the responsibility of ordering a willing Calvert to proceed with

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and re-establish an overland supply route to China, by mounting a long range penetration operation behind the Japanese opposing his forces on the Northern Front. It had originally been intended that the IV Corps would attack on the Central Front and cross the Chindwin to tie up Japanese forces which

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Wingate trained this force as long-range penetration units that were to be supplied by stores parachuted or dropped from transport aircraft and were to use close air support as a substitute for heavy artillery. They would penetrate the jungle on foot, essentially relying on surprise through mobility

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It has also been argued that the Chindits contributed to the overall success of the Allied armies in Burma through the innovations in air supply techniques and organisation that their operations required. The Allied air forces were later to use these tactics to supply increasingly large forces that

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Slim, the commander of the Fourteenth Army which had loose operational control over Special Force, selected Brigadier Lentaigne to be Wingate's replacement after conferring with Brigadier Derek Tulloch, Wingate's Chief of Staff. Lentaigne was judged to be the most balanced and experienced commander

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and although other offensives in Burma were scaled back or cancelled, Stilwell's Northern Front offensive with the Chindits' participation survived the cuts. The uncertainty of the plans nevertheless meant that the plans and contingency plans for the use of the Chindits repeatedly changed up to the

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Wavell intended to use two Chindit brigades alternately during 1944. While one brigade was operating behind Japanese lines for two to three months at a time, the other would be resting in India, while training for and planning the next operation. However, Wingate returned from Quebec with authority

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On 17 May, Slim had formally handed control of the Chindits to Stilwell. Stilwell insisted that the Chindits capture several well-defended Japanese positions. The Chindits had no support from tanks or artillery and this led to heavier casualties than before. According to David Rooney, the Chindits

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Wingate wrote an operations report on returning to India, which was controversial for many reasons, including attacks on officers under his command. The report had a tendency to excuse any mistakes made by its author (Wingate), while making vicious attacks on other officers, often based on limited

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By the end of April, after a three-month mission, the majority of the surviving Chindits had crossed the Chindwin river, having marched between 750–1,000 miles. Of the 3,000 men that had begun the operation, a third (818 men) had been killed, taken prisoner or died of disease, and of the 2,182 men

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on 13 February and faced the first Japanese troops two days later. Two columns marched to the south and received their air supply drops in broad daylight to create an impression that they were the main attack. They even had a man impersonating a British general along with them. The RAF mounted air

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However, a setback occurred when Fergusson's brigade tried to capture Indaw on 24 March. The original intention had been to seize the town and its airfields on 15 March but Fergusson had to report that this was impossible. Wingate appeared ready to change the brigade's mission but on 20 March, he

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Military historians disagree on the Chindits' military significance. The debate is part of the ongoing one of whether the deployment of special forces are a net asset to a campaign or whether the investment in time, material and men that such operations demand outweigh the advantages gained. For

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managed to get airborne, with both shooting down one 'Oscar' each. Whitamore was shot down and killed but Peart survived for over half an hour, holding off over 20 enemy fighters. The remaining Spitfires were destroyed on the ground for the loss of another pilot, F/Lt Coulter. Peart flew back to

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In late March, Wingate made the decision to withdraw the majority of the force, but sent orders to one of the columns to continue eastward. The operations had reached the range limit of air supply and prospects for new successful operations were low, given the Japanese pressure. The columns were

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The methods of the new Long Range Penetration force in 1944 differed from those of 1943. Wingate had decided on a strategy of creating fortified bases behind the Japanese lines, which would then send out raiding columns over short distances. This change was in part forced on him by strengthened

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On many occasions, the Chindits could not take their wounded with them; some were left behind in villages. Wingate had, in fact, issued specific orders to leave behind all wounded, but these orders were not strictly followed. Since there were often no established paths in the jungle along their

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value in 1943, at a time when the Army was on the defensive, was a morale boost to the people of India and Britain, and helping to dispel the image of Japanese invincibility. It has been hard to reach a consensus on any of these issues due to the partisan nature of the discussions surrounding

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Once in Burma, Wingate repeatedly changed his plans, sometimes without informing all the column commanders. The majority of two of the columns marched back to India after being ambushed by the Japanese in separate actions. After the railway attacks, Wingate decided to cross his force over the

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He makes several other arguments against special forces, about the danger of ordinary battalions thinking that some tasks could only be performed by special forces, and that special forces can only stay in the field for relatively short periods compared to regular battalions. He sums up that

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example, it is questioned whether the interdiction of Japanese supply lines during Operation Thursday by the Chindits contributed more to Stilwell's advance than if the resources committed to the operation had been used to provide Stilwell with another regular division to fight alongside his

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who returned, about 600 were too debilitated from their wounds or disease to return to active service. Of the remaining men, Wingate practically hand picked those few he would retain, while the rest were put back under the normal army command structure as part of their original battalions.

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The Chindits had suffered heavy casualties: 1,396 killed and 2,434 wounded. Over half had to be confined to hospital and prescribed a special nutritional diet whilst hospitalised. As bad as the casualty figures may seem, those suffered by the force in 1943 were proportionally much higher.

3278:, later stated that Operation Thursday had a significant effect on the campaign, saying "The Chindit invasion ... had a decisive effect on these operations ... they drew off the whole of 53 Division and parts of 15 Division, one regiment of which would have turned the scales at Kohima." 2896:

was held with a garrison which included field artillery, anti-aircraft guns and even a detachment of six Mk.VIII Spitfires of No.81 Squadron RAF from 12 March to 17 March. On 17 March they were attacked during take-off by Japanese Ki-43 'Oscars'. S/L William 'Babe' Whitamore and F/O

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Although British Army officers in India criticised the effectiveness of the Chindits (Japanese railway communications had been out of commission for less than a week), their effect on the morale of the Allied troops in India was refreshing, and they were given plenty of publicity.

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had to be selected from the results of aerial reconnaissance. It turned out to be a poor landing ground and there were many casualties in crash landings, but Calvert's men were just able to make the strip fit to take transport aircraft the next day. Chindit gliders also landed on

2569:. However, the area on the other side of the river turned out to be inhospitable to operations. Water was difficult to obtain and the combination of rivers with a good system of roads in the area allowed the Japanese to force the Chindits into a progressively smaller "box". 3185:

They contributed in large measure to the starvation of the Japanese at Kohima, the decisive factor in that battle. Although not engaged in major battles, they accounted for large numbers of Japanese stragglers and foragers, suffering 158 battle casualties themselves.

3008:. Those Chindits already operating in Burma were formally subordinated to General Joseph Stilwell, who ordered the Chindits to abandon their dispersed operations around Indaw, and concentrate on interdicting the supply lines to the Japanese forces opposing his 3089:

on 25 May, because the men were exhausted after 17 days of continual combat. Nineteen Allied soldiers, who were so badly injured as to be beyond hope of recovery and could not be moved, were shot by the medical orderlies and hidden in heavy stands of bamboo.

3151:, doctors examined the brigade. Of the 2,200 men present from four and a half battalions, only 119 were declared fit. The brigade was evacuated, although Masters sarcastically kept the fit men, "111 Company", in the field until 1 August. 4727: 2496:

Shortly before the first operation, one column was broken up to bring the remaining seven up to full strength. Two or more columns were commanded by a group headquarters, which in turn was commanded by the brigade headquarters.

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The original intent had been to use the Chindits as a part of a larger offensive. When this offensive was cancelled, Wingate convinced General Wavell to send the Chindits into Burma anyway. Accordingly, on 8 February 1943,

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During the last months of 1943, planning was conducted to carry out the strategy for India as originally determined at the Quebec Conference. In November, the overall plan for the dry season campaign of 1944 determined by

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and two light anti-aircraft guns); a reconnaissance platoon from the Burma Rifles; and a sabotage group from 142 Commando Company. Small detachments from the Royal Air Force (equipped with radios to call in air support),

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Over the period from 6 June to 27 June, Calvert's 77th Brigade took Mogaung and suffered 800 casualties – 50 per cent of the brigade's men involved in the operation. Fearing that they would then be ordered to join the

1745: 4722: 4712: 3237:. The memorial was unveiled on 16 October 1990 by the Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. The front of the monument is in memory of the Chindits and also mentions the four men of the Chindits awarded the 3132:, where Stilwell had his headquarters. A court-martial was likely until Stilwell and Calvert met in person, and Stilwell finally appreciated the conditions under which the Chindits had been operating. 2477:

Each man carried more than 72 pounds (33 kg) of equipment, which was proportionally more than the mules carrying the support weapons and other stores. This included a personal weapon, such as the

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and religions, although he had little choice but to accept 111th Brigade, and two Gurkha battalions in 77th brigade. Since large numbers of trained British infantry were required, three brigades (the

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knife, seven days' rations, groundsheet, change of uniform and other assorted items. Much of this load was carried in an Everest carrier, which was essentially a metal rucksack frame without a pack.

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During the early months of 1945, several of the brigade headquarters and many of the veterans of the Chindit operations were reformed into the 14th and 77th Infantry Brigades and merged into the

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aircraft. The Chindits were greatly encouraged by having aircraft on which they could call immediately for supply drops, casualty evacuation and air support. Other welcome American aid was the

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and other commanders, who wished to use the division in a conventional role. A sixth brigade was added to the force by taking a brigade (the 3rd (West African) Infantry Brigade) from the

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Because the monsoon had broken and heavy rain made movement in the jungle very difficult, neither Calvert nor Brodie's 14th Brigade could help Masters. Finally, Masters had to abandon

3317:(two of whom had also served in the first Chindit expedition) subsequently wrote autobiographies, which contained their comments on the Chindits' concept and practice of operations. 1637: 2925:, astride the main railway and road leading to the Japanese northern front. 111 Brigade set up ambushes and roadblocks south of Indaw (although part of the brigade which landed at 2448:

The standard brigade and battalion structures were abandoned. The force was instead formed into eight columns, each of which was organised as: an infantry rifle company (with nine

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111 Brigade, after resting, was ordered to capture a hill south west of Mogaung, known as Point 2171. It did so but was now utterly exhausted. Most of the men were suffering from

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had been deep in the Japanese rear, its defenders had had plenty of time to prepare their defences and its attackers had been a mixed bag of detachments from several formations,

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for Burma. They avoided Japanese forces by traversing exceptionally difficult terrain. The rest of the Brigades were brought in by air to create fortified bases with airstrips.

350: 2598:. His concepts for long-range penetration operations behind Japanese lines received official backing at high level, and he obtained substantial US support for his force. The 3043:

would allow Japanese reinforcements to move north. However, Lentaigne insisted that the Chindit brigades were too far apart to support each other, and that the airstrips at

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in its advance down the "Railway Valley" south of Mogaung. Finally, they were relieved and withdrawn, starting on 17 August. The last Chindit left Burma on 27 August 1944.

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and move north to support Masters. Calvert was opposed to this, as his brigade had successfully held these two strongholds for months. Stilwell also feared that abandoning

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was close to the Japanese northern front, and was immediately attacked by Japanese troops with heavy artillery support. As Calvert and Stilwell had feared, abandoning

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had been placed there to dry by Burmese teak loggers. The real problem was the failure to maintain continuous observation of the landing zones (e.g. by high-flying

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changed some of the original plans, but did not affect the plans to use the Chindits to interdict the Japanese 18th Division's supply lines (Slim 1956, p. 214).

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to target enemy lines of communication (a tactic that the Japanese had previously used in 1942 to great effect against British forces in Malaya and Burma).

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pack which, although it provided insufficient calories for prolonged active operations, was far better than the equivalent British or Indian ration pack.

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Japanese patrols along the Burmese frontier, making a repeat of the successful infiltration in 1943 unlikely. In an imaginative move prompted by Colonel

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The views of the majority of the post-war British military establishment were made succinctly by Slim (commander of the Fourteenth Army), when he wrote

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Anglim, Simon (2009). "Major General Orde Wingate's Chindit Operations in World War II". Historical Case Study for the Operating Without a Net Project.

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that the British element of the Chindits would be decimated in 1945 by the need to repatriate personnel who had served more than four years overseas.

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bomber in which he was flying is believed to have flown into a thunderstorm and crashed in the jungle-covered mountains. All aboard were killed.

4215:. Official History of Indian Armed Forces in the Second World War. Calcutta: Combined Inter-Services Historical Section (India & Pakistan). 3075: 1890: 707: 4276: 4146: 3271: 2324:

Their operations featured long marches through extremely difficult terrain, undertaken by underfed troops often weakened by diseases such as

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were misused under Stillwell's command and suffered heavy casualties undertaking roles that they were not trained or equipped for.

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would fly into the captured airfields, even though this division was already heavily engaged in the Arakan (Bidwell 1979, p. 138).

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for several nights before the attack was repulsed with flown-in artillery and the aid of locally recruited Kachin irregulars.

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pillar mounted on three steps, on which is a statue by Frank Forster of the chinthe, after which the Chindits are named.

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Several major changes were made at the highest level. Much of the air support was diverted to the critical battles of

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Kangla the same day in his damaged Spitfire (FL-E JF818) and reported the action. The detachment was duly ended by

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by cutting the communications of the Japanese 18th Division, harassing its rear, and preventing its reinforcement.

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As the members of the first expedition were making their way back to India, a second long range penetration unit,

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focused on the use of the Chindits in the reconquest of northern Burma. These plans were approved by the

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was repulsed on 17 May, but a second attack on 24 May captured vital positions inside the defences.

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information. Eventually, through his political allies in London, a copy of the report was given to

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and kukris (and on one occasion, a commandeered elephant). Supply was delivered by air using three

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The 14th Brigade and the 3rd West African Brigade remained in action, assisting the newly arrived

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In April, Lentaigne ordered the main body of 111 Brigade west of the Irrawaddy, now commanded by

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At Quebec, Wingate had also succeeded in obtaining a "private" air force for the Chindits, the

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Office of the US Surgeon General: Office of Medical History: Book 4, With Wingate's Chindits

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in the summer of 1942. Wingate took charge of the training of the troops in the jungles of

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Badge of the Chindits on their memorial outside the Ministry of Defence building in London

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25 men fit for duty. Morris Force was evacuated about the same time as the 77th Brigade.

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had already been used to evacuate casualties during the first Chindit operation in 1943,

3217: 2797:(iii) Inflicting the greatest possible damage and confusion on the enemy in North Burma. 3258: 3254: 3238: 2715: 2711: 2522: 2376:

developing his theories of long-range penetration, during the two months preceding the

2352:– had begun to explore guerilla tactics, when he created and commanded a unit known as 2298: 2071: 2066: 1586: 1440: 1348: 1270: 1103: 1013: 989: 746: 479: 389: 360: 279: 267: 214: 200: 4162:

Special Operations Combat Medical Course: SOF Medicine Module: Mogadishu Raid Exercise

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Shelford Bidwell speculated that Wingate had revived at short notice a plan codenamed

2371:

In 1942, after the disbandment of Gideon Force, Wavell – who had since been appointed

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and from there under the command of the Fourteenth Army carry out the objectives of:

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G. V. Faulkner, MD, MC. Medical Report on Operations, 77th Indian Infantry Brigade

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Material on Wingate's Burma Campaign (histories, personal accounts, biographies)

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population of Northern Burma. He fought over these plans with the leadership of

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of the 1st Air Commando Group proved critical to the success of the operation.

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commenced and 3,000 Chindits, Wingate with them, began their march into Burma.

313:

Formation sign of the Chindits (also known as the 3rd Indian Infantry Division)

3998: 3899: 3302: 3225:

There is a memorial to Orde Wingate and the Chindits on the north side of the

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Prasad, S. N.; Bhargava, K.D.; Khera, P.N. (1958). Prasad, Bisheshwar (ed.).

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Company. The other portion of the force consisted of the 3rd Battalion, the

2329: 1875: 1686: 149: 4259: 3978: 587: 3918: 2665: 2558: 2482: 2361: 1074: 450: 4413: 4382: 3205:, while the force headquarters and signals units formed the core of the 3062:

on 8 May and was almost immediately engaged in fierce fighting. Whereas

2706:

The plans for the second Chindit operation went through many revisions.

2437:(a battalion that had only just been raised) and the 2nd Battalion, the 3291: 3136: 3129: 3052: 3028: 2945: 2930: 2687: 2599: 2542: 2486: 2385: 2325: 4393: 2972:

to confer with air force commanders. On the return journey, the USAAF

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on the night of 5 March. A last-minute aerial reconnaissance revealed

317: 3234: 3005: 2981: 2969: 2949: 2788: 2414: 248: 2952:. On 27 March, after days of aircraft attack, the Japanese attacked 2929:

was delayed in crossing the Irrawaddy River), before moving west to

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Military units and formations of the British Empire in World War II

3759:. Wellington, New Zealand: Ventura Publishing. pp. 45, 54–56. 3216: 3159: 3103: 3024: 2805: 2774: 2626: 2504: 2490: 2380:. After returning to Delhi, he presented his proposals to Wavell. 2357: 153: 4171:

Formation Badges of World War 2. Britain, Commonwealth and Empire

3147:. On 8 July, at the insistence of the Supreme Commander, Admiral 328: 2980:

in the force; he had been an instructor at the Staff College at

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photo-reconnaissance aircraft) before the forces were deployed.

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The portion of 111 Brigade east of the Irrawaddy were known as

2888:

transport aircraft transferred 9,000 men to the landing zones.

1879: 1727: 1206: 591: 332: 2944:. At times, British and Japanese troops were in close combat, 2765:

On 4 February 1944, Lieutenant General Slim, commander of the

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A Chindit column crosses a river in Burma; men suffering from

26: 3488:. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 3. 2749:

The Chindits were assigned the task of helping the forces of

2425:. Half of the Chindits were British: the 13th Battalion, the 2917:

was flown. Calvert's brigade established yet another, named

2641:) were added to the Chindits by breaking up the experienced 2840:, were selected. Calvert's 77th Brigade prepared to fly by 4419: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3957: 2602:

also began its own plans for the group that later became

2364:, as well as Ethiopean partisans. Gideon Force disrupted 4230:

Burma Victory: Imphal and Kohima, March 1944 to May 1945

3209:. The Chindits were finally disbanded in February 1945. 2671:

The forces for the second Chindit operation were called

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Long-range raiding force of the Army of India during WW2

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Military units and formations of India in World War II

4713:

Military units and formations of Burma in World War II

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Make for the hills : memories of Far Eastern wars

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The Reconquest of Burma, volume 1: June 1942-June 1944

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Wingate and the Chindits : redressing the balance

3515: 3513: 3019:, to move north and build a new stronghold, codenamed 4141:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword Military. 2721:

Wingate also had plans for a general uprising of the

2683:, but the nickname, the Chindits, had already stuck. 2594:, who was impressed and took Wingate with him to the 2529:

Five other columns proceeded eastward. Two, those of

4733:

Military units and formations disestablished in 1945

2781:(i) Helping the advance of Stilwell's Ledo force on 2541:

routes, many times they had to clear their own with

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The Chindit war : the campaigns in Burma, 1944

3734:. London: William Kimber & Co. pp. 28–35. 2814:, 3rd West African Brigade (Thunder), board an RAF 312: 307: 290: 285: 274: 263: 255: 244: 236: 206: 196: 186: 169: 161: 136: 57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3694:Prasad, Bhargava & Khera 1958, pp. 318–320.(?) 2821:On 5 February 1944, Fergusson's 16th Brigade left 4718:Military units and formations established in 1942 4390:Engineers with the Chindits (archived 3 May 2009) 3078:to move north from Indaw. A heavy attack against 3023:, which would block the railway and main road at 2892:was abandoned once the fly-in was completed, but 4044:"British army creates team of Facebook warriors" 2645:, much against the wishes of Lieutenant General 2456:); a support group with the heavy weapons (four 2297:armies which saw action in 1943–1944 during the 2474:columns were slightly stronger, with 369 men). 2909:Fergusson's brigade set up another base named 4445: 3550: 3548: 3546: 2787:(ii) Creating a favourable situation for the 1891: 1739: 1218: 603: 519:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan (1943–1945) 344: 137:Chindits (Long Range Penetration Groups) 8: 4019: 4017: 3574:"In 1944 – The Second & Last Expedition" 3536: 3534: 2686:The new Chindit force commenced training in 4156:Cloonan, Colonel (US MC) Cliff (May 1999). 3676: 3434: 3432: 3430: 2757:through northern Burma to link up with the 4452: 4438: 4430: 4111:The British Army 1939-45 (3): The Far East 3111:giving orders after the capture of Mogaung 2413:, was gradually formed in the area around 1898: 1884: 1876: 1746: 1732: 1724: 1225: 1211: 1203: 610: 596: 588: 351: 337: 329: 4324:Autobiography by Wingate's Chief of Staff 3453:Chindit Chasing, Operation Longcloth 1943 2383:The name Chindits is a corrupted form of 2368:supply lines and collected intelligence. 117:Learn how and when to remove this message 3687: 3685: 3128:, shut down his radios and retreated to 2936:Ferocious jungle fighting ensued around 1850:Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (1931–1936) 1791:Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan (1894–1895) 3805: 3405: 3360: 2873:It was later revealed that the logs on 2690:. Men were trained in crossing rivers, 3900:"Chindit Memorial (www.chindits.info)" 3804:Allen 1984, pp. 348–351; summary from 3725: 3723: 708:Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse 373:Japanese invasion of Burma (1941–1942) 133: 4164:. www.brooksidepress.org. p. 52. 2613:was being formed. Popularly known as 7: 2344:of 1940–41, Wingate – under General 55:adding citations to reliable sources 3469:. Yangon, Burma: Department of the 3467:Myanmar–English Official Dictionary 3313:Three of the Brigade commanders on 2884:Over the next week, 600 sorties by 2651:British 81st (West Africa) Division 4425:Chindit: Special Force, Burma 1944 4096:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 4042:Ewan MacAskill (31 January 2015). 2870:the next day, without opposition. 2356:, composed of regular troops from 25: 4418:Chindit Special Force Burma 1944 4204:. Imperial War Museum. p. 1. 3124:, Calvert handed Mogaung over to 3031:. Calvert was ordered to abandon 3027:, 30 miles (48 km) south of 4173:. London: Arms and Armour Press. 3484:United States, Congress (1945). 1831:German Pacific possesions (1914) 316: 174: 142: 31: 4462:Indian Army during World War II 4202:Operational Report of Dah Force 3923:. London: Cassell. p. 99. 3691:Planning of Operation Thursday 3612:Rooney 1992, pp. 110 & 115. 3594:Rooney 1992, pp. 112 & 116. 3349:Order of Battle of the Chindits 2828:Three landing zones, codenamed 1806:Manchuria and Korea (1904–1905) 42:needs additional citations for 4357:Rhodes-James, Richard (1980). 4075:Burma: The longest War 1941-45 3642:"The Air Commando Association" 3576:. Hermes' wings. 16 April 2011 3203:44th Airborne Division (India) 2643:British 70th Infantry Division 1093: 469: 1: 3396:Indian 26th Infantry Division 3294:or the actions of Force 136. 3051:would be unusable during the 2968:On 24 March, Wingate flew to 2681:Long Range Penetration Groups 2611:111th Indian Infantry Brigade 2283:Long Range Penetration Groups 2096:Mediterranean and Middle East 3109:Brigadier "Mad" Mike Calvert 3058:Masters's force established 3010:Northern Combat Area Command 2791:Chinese forces to cross the 2677:3rd Indian Infantry Division 2411:77th Indian Infantry Brigade 2409:The first Chindit unit, the 2348:, Commander-in-Chief of the 2321:deep behind Japanese lines. 2077:Manchuria and Northern Korea 1679:Manchuria and Northern Korea 3853:Masters (1961), pp. 258–259 3471:Myanmar Language Commission 2913:north of Indaw, into which 2906:, the CO of No. 221 Group. 1477:Dutch East Indies (1941–42) 1434:Strategic bombing (1944–45) 4754: 4271:. North Sydney: Heineman. 4158:"The Dark Side of Command" 4130:Wingate in Burma 1942-1945 4092:Bidwell, Shelford (1979). 3757:Classic Warbirds Volume 12 3667:Masters 2002, pp. 146–147. 3177: 3097: 2746:very start of operations. 2378:Japanese conquest of Burma 1755:Military campaigns of the 1626:Volcano and Ryukyu Islands 1148:Burma campaign (1944–1945) 1063:Burma campaign (1942–1943) 997:Japanese invasion of Burma 533:Burma campaign (1944–1945) 463:Burma campaign (1943–1944) 439:Burma campaign (1942–1943) 4137:Chinnery, Philip (2010). 3977:Thompson, Robert (2022). 3780:Calvert, Michael (1971). 3646:www.specialoperations.net 3621:Rooney 1992, pp. 116–117. 2521:The Chindits crossed the 2427:King's Liverpool Regiment 2405:Organisation and training 2394: 2373:Commander-in-Chief, India 1916: 1796:Liaodong Peninsula (1895) 1766: 1242: 629: 368: 278:Four members awarded the 141: 4340:Burma: The Forgotten War 4310:Wingate in Peace and War 4267:Thompson, Peter (2008). 4132:. London: Davis-Poynter. 4109:Brayley, Martin (2002). 4077:. J.M. Dent & Sons. 4011:Brayley 2002, pp. 19–20. 3817:Allen 1984, pp. 350–351. 3528:Brayley 2002, pp. 18–19. 2739:Combined Chiefs of Staff 2471:Royal Army Medical Corps 2336:Background and formation 2082:pre-war border conflicts 1865:Asia-Pacific (1941–1945) 1713:Second Sino-Japanese War 1553:Estevan Point Lighthouse 1308:Indian Ocean (1941–1945) 1259:Marshalls–Gilberts raids 621:South-East Asian Theater 4308:Tulloch, Derek (1972). 3967:Slim 1956, pp. 546–549. 3755:Malcolm, Laird (2010). 3730:Franks, Norman (1985). 3717:Slim 1956, pp. 257–259. 2767:British Fourteenth Army 2735:South East Asia Command 2660:, mainly consisting of 2450:Bren light machine guns 2317:, especially attacking 2313:operations against the 1860:French Indochina (1940) 1315:Japanese merchant raids 1155:Meiktila & Mandalay 4708:Groups of World War II 4622:Long-range Penetration 4388:Royal Engineers Museum 4293:. London: Leo Cooper. 4228:Rooney, David (1992). 4183:The Road Past Mandalay 4139:Wingate's lost Brigade 4032:Masters (1961), p. 140 3917:Rooney, D. D. (2000). 3784:. Cooper. p. 95. 3732:Air Battle over Imphal 3603:Masters (1961), p. 139 3563:Callahan 1978, p. 101. 3507:Thompson 1989, p. 375. 3449:"History and Overview" 3424:Thompson 2008, p. 374. 3287: 3222: 3168:36th Infantry Division 3112: 3076:Japanese 53rd Division 2818: 2799: 2658:1st Air Commando Group 2510: 2509:Brigadier Orde Wingate 2489:, a machete or Gurkha 2467:Royal Corps of Signals 2319:lines of communication 2315:Imperial Japanese Army 2311:long-range penetration 2281:, officially known as 1614:Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1458:Burma and India (1944) 1281:Gilberts and Marshalls 990:Burma, India and China 231:Special reconnaissance 219:Long-range penetration 4312:. London: Macdonald. 4169:Cole, Howard (1973). 4128:Callahan, R. (1978). 4113:. Osprey Publishing. 4073:Allen, Louis (1984). 3658:Masters 2002, p. 172. 3554:Masters 2002, p. 135. 3519:Chinnery 2010, p. 24. 3283: 3220: 3107: 3098:Further information: 2853:the operation, using 2809: 2779: 2771:George E. Stratemeyer 2508: 2458:Boys anti-tank rifles 2397:), Burmese word for " 2342:East African Campaign 2007:Yugoslavian Partisans 1524:Philippines (1944–45) 1482:Philippines (1941–42) 1087:Burma campaign (1944) 752:Parit Sulong Massacre 540:Meiktila and Mandalay 4023:Brayley 2002, p. 20. 3889:Brayley 2002, p. 22. 3862:Rooney 1992, p. 137. 3540:Brayley 2002, p. 19. 3498:Allen (1984), p. 121 3438:Brayley 2002, p. 18. 3251:George Albert Cairns 2986:George William Symes 2769:, and USAAF General 2462:Vickers machine guns 1325:Homfreyganj massacre 952:Cocos Islands mutiny 925:Homfreyganj massacre 691:Malaya and Singapore 259:9 Gorkha ho ki hoina 51:improve this article 4254:. London: Cassell. 4252:Defeat Into Victory 4232:. London: Cassell. 3880:Allen 1984, p. 362. 3871:Allen 1984, p. 375. 3844:Allen 1984, p. 360. 3835:Allen 1984, p. 355. 3826:Allen 1984, p. 122. 3473:. 1993. p. 79. 3338:Denis Edward Arnold 3243:Frank Gerald Blaker 3231:Ministry of Defence 3227:Victoria Embankment 2948:and kukris against 2904:AVM Stanley Vincent 2604:Merrill's Marauders 2561:in eastern Bengal. 2516:Operation Longcloth 2501:Operation Longcloth 2350:Middle East Command 1836:Siberia (1918–1922) 920:Andaman and Nicobar 18:Operation Longcloth 4613:1st Burma Division 4404:2010-12-04 at the 4185:. London: Cassel. 3980:Make For The Hills 3708:Slim 1956, p. 259. 3697:Slim 1956, p. 204. 3630:Slim 1956, p. 219. 3315:Operation Thursday 3223: 3207:Indian XXXIV Corps 3122:siege of Myitkyina 3113: 2819: 2802:Operation Thursday 2511: 2287:special operations 2202:French West Africa 2050:South West Pacific 1958:Denmark and Norway 1672:Japanese surrender 1638:Naval bombardments 1568:Fire balloon bombs 1291:Volcano and Ryukyu 1286:Marianas and Palau 942:Easter Sunday Raid 227:Special operations 4695: 4694: 4460:Divisions of the 4278:978-1-74166-708-0 4200:Captain Herring. 4148:978-1-84884-054-6 3904:www.chindits.info 3782:Prisoners of Hope 3319:Bernard Fergusson 3297:Others, like Sir 3149:Louis Mountbatten 3100:Battle of Mogaung 2964:Change of command 2596:Quebec Conference 2592:Winston Churchill 2535:Bernard Fergusson 2435:2nd Gurkha Rifles 2274: 2273: 2195:Strategic bombing 2118:Mediterranean Sea 1873: 1872: 1801:China (1899–1901) 1721: 1720: 1563:Lookout Air Raids 1470:Southwest Pacific 1200: 1199: 1024:Yunnan-Burma Road 772:Dutch East Indies 663:August Revolution 585: 584: 400:Yunnan-Burma Road 324: 323: 127: 126: 119: 101: 16:(Redirected from 4745: 4454: 4447: 4440: 4431: 4372: 4353: 4323: 4304: 4287:Thompson, Robert 4282: 4263: 4243: 4224: 4205: 4196: 4174: 4165: 4152: 4133: 4124: 4105: 4088: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4012: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3974: 3968: 3965: 3952: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3881: 3878: 3872: 3869: 3863: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3836: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3809: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3727: 3718: 3715: 3709: 3706: 3700: 3689: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3604: 3601: 3595: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3555: 3552: 3541: 3538: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3508: 3505: 3499: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3445: 3439: 3436: 3425: 3422: 3413: 3410: 3399: 3392:Operation Tarzan 3388: 3382: 3379:Cairo Conference 3375: 3369: 3365: 3233:headquarters in 3180:Battle of Kohima 3094:Final operations 3074:had allowed the 2812:Nigeria Regiment 2795:and enter Burma. 2743:Cairo Conference 2396: 2346:Archibald Wavell 2309:formed them for 2261:French Indochina 1911: 1900: 1893: 1886: 1877: 1761: 1759: 1748: 1741: 1734: 1725: 1693:Manchuria (1945) 1548:Aleutian Islands 1398:Indochina (1945) 1368:Indochina (1940) 1354:2nd Indian Ocean 1337:1st Indian Ocean 1332:Christmas Island 1237: 1227: 1220: 1213: 1204: 977:2nd Indian Ocean 972:14 February 1944 962:13 November 1943 937:1st Indian Ocean 932:Christmas Island 915:Japanese raiders 894:27 February 1941 634:French Indochina 624: 622: 612: 605: 598: 589: 363: 353: 346: 339: 330: 320: 179: 178: 146: 134: 122: 115: 111: 108: 102: 100: 59: 35: 27: 21: 4753: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4698: 4697: 4696: 4691: 4675: 4659:Deception / LoC 4654: 4633: 4617: 4516: 4485: 4464: 4458: 4406:Wayback Machine 4379: 4369: 4356: 4350: 4342:. John Murray. 4334: 4331: 4329:Further reading 4320: 4307: 4301: 4285: 4279: 4266: 4246: 4240: 4227: 4208: 4199: 4193: 4177: 4168: 4155: 4149: 4136: 4127: 4121: 4108: 4091: 4085: 4072: 4069: 4064: 4054: 4052: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4015: 4010: 4006: 3991: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3931: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3803: 3799: 3792: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3742: 3729: 3728: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3690: 3683: 3677:Captain Herring 3675: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3579: 3577: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3544: 3539: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3428: 3423: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3394:, by which the 3389: 3385: 3376: 3372: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3334: 3299:Robert Thompson 3276:Mutaguchi Renya 3267: 3265:Military legacy 3249:and Lieutenant 3247:Michael Allmand 3215: 3213:London memorial 3191: 3182: 3176: 3102: 3096: 2994: 2966: 2857:instead. While 2804: 2796: 2786: 2751:Joseph Stilwell 2704: 2583: 2567:Irrawaddy River 2557:operating from 2531:Michael Calvert 2503: 2407: 2338: 2275: 2270: 2164:Other campaigns 2158:Southern France 2067:Burma and India 2062:South-East Asia 2057:Franco-Thai War 1912: 1906: 1904: 1874: 1869: 1855:China (1937–45) 1826:Tsingtao (1914) 1813: 1762: 1758:Empire of Japan 1757: 1754: 1752: 1722: 1717: 1709: 1621:Mariana Islands 1494:Solomon Islands 1463:Burma (1944–45) 1453:Burma (1942–43) 1448:Burma (1941–42) 1441:Burma and India 1373:Franco-Thai War 1320:Andaman Islands 1247:Central Pacific 1238: 1233: 1231: 1201: 1196: 986: 967:11 January 1944 883: 804:Makassar Strait 768: 687: 667: 641:Franco-Thai War 625: 620: 618: 616: 586: 581: 364: 359: 357: 327: 302:"Joe" Lentaigne 300: 292: 270:of World War II 240:9,000 to 12,000 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 173: 157: 132: 123: 112: 106: 103: 60: 58: 48: 36: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4751: 4749: 4741: 4740: 4738:Burma campaign 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 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1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1271:Doolittle Raid 1268: 1261: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1232: 1230: 1229: 1222: 1215: 1207: 1198: 1197: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1187:Elephant Point 1184: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1151: 1150: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1101: 1096: 1090: 1089: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1009:Sittang Bridge 1006: 1000: 999: 993: 992: 985: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 928: 927: 917: 912: 901: 896: 890: 889: 882: 881: 880: 879: 874: 869: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 775: 774: 767: 766: 761: 756: 755: 754: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 723: 722: 710: 705: 700: 694: 693: 686: 685: 680: 674: 673: 666: 665: 660: 655: 650: 649: 648: 637: 636: 630: 627: 626: 617: 615: 614: 607: 600: 592: 583: 582: 580: 579: 574: 572:Elephant Point 569: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 536: 535: 529: 528: 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3327: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3293: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3253:and Rifleman 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3219: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3186: 3181: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3164: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3117: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2675:, officially 2674: 2673:Special Force 2669: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2620: 2619:Joe Lentaigne 2616: 2612: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2587: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2568: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2507: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2460:, two medium 2459: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2419:central India 2416: 2412: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2381: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2289:units of the 2288: 2284: 2280: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2141:Syria–Lebanon 2139: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2045:Pacific Ocean 2043: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2014:Eastern Front 2012: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1963:Western Front 1961: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1915: 1910: 1907:Campaigns of 1901: 1896: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1819:Taishō period 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1786:Ryukyu (1879) 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1776:Taiwan (1874) 1774: 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483: 482: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 470:Chindits (II) 468: 467: 464: 461: 460: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 443: 440: 437: 436: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 402: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 377: 374: 371: 370: 367: 362: 354: 349: 347: 342: 340: 335: 334: 331: 326:Military unit 319: 315: 311: 306: 303: 298: 295: 289: 284: 281: 277: 273: 269: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 247: 243: 239: 235: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 211:Direct action 209: 205: 202: 199: 195: 192: 191:Army of India 189: 185: 182: 181:British India 177: 172: 168: 164: 160: 155: 151: 145: 140: 135: 129: 121: 118: 110: 99: 96: 92: 89: 85: 82: 78: 75: 71: 68: – 67: 63: 62:Find sources: 56: 52: 46: 45: 40:This article 38: 34: 29: 28: 19: 4629:3 (Chindits) 4628: 4394:The Chindits 4361:. J Murray. 4358: 4339: 4336:Latimer, Jon 4309: 4290: 4269:Pacific Fury 4268: 4251: 4229: 4211: 4201: 4182: 4170: 4161: 4138: 4129: 4110: 4093: 4074: 4053:. Retrieved 4049:The Guardian 4047: 4037: 4028: 4007: 3979: 3972: 3947: 3919: 3912: 3903: 3894: 3885: 3876: 3867: 3858: 3849: 3840: 3831: 3822: 3813: 3806:Tulloch 1972 3800: 3781: 3775: 3756: 3750: 3731: 3713: 3704: 3679:, p. 1. 3672: 3663: 3654: 3645: 3635: 3626: 3617: 3608: 3599: 3590: 3578:. Retrieved 3568: 3559: 3524: 3503: 3494: 3485: 3479: 3466: 3461: 3452: 3443: 3408: 3391: 3386: 3373: 3363: 3326:77th Brigade 3323: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3268: 3229:next to the 3224: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3183: 3165: 3156:Morris Force 3155: 3153: 3145:malnutrition 3134: 3118: 3114: 3086: 3084: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3057: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3020: 3017:John Masters 3014: 2995: 2978: 2967: 2958: 2953: 2941: 2937: 2935: 2926: 2918: 2915:14th Brigade 2910: 2908: 2899:Alan M Peart 2893: 2889: 2883: 2874: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2844:glider into 2837: 2833: 2829: 2827: 2820: 2780: 2764: 2748: 2731: 2720: 2708: 2705: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2670: 2655: 2647:William Slim 2623: 2615:The Leopards 2614: 2608: 2588: 2584: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2539: 2528: 2520: 2512: 2495: 2476: 2447: 2443: 2439:Burma Rifles 2423:rainy season 2408: 2384: 2382: 2370: 2354:Gideon Force 2339: 2323: 2307:Orde Wingate 2305:. Brigadier 2303:World War II 2282: 2278: 2276: 2219: 2218: 2207:Indian Ocean 2163: 2162: 2132:Middle East 2106:North Africa 2094: 2093: 2033:Asia-Pacific 2031: 2030: 1918: 1909:World War II 1843:Shōwa period 1841: 1840: 1817: 1816: 1811:Korea (1910) 1770:Meiji period 1768: 1711: 1710: 1685: 1665: 1631: 1578: 1573:Project Hula 1558:Fort Stevens 1487: 1427: 1420: 1413: 1301:Ocean Island 1264: 1254:Pearl Harbor 1192:Sittang Bend 1180: 1119:Tennis Court 1079: 982:17 July 1944 908: 904: 887:Indian Ocean 872:North Borneo 852:2nd Java Sea 842:Sunda Strait 837:1st Java Sea 830: 718: 658:Coup de main 577:Sittang Bend 565: 495:Tennis Court 455: 297:Orde Wingate 128: 113: 104: 94: 87: 80: 73: 61: 49:Please help 44:verification 41: 3808:, p. . 3580:27 December 3344:Roland Degg 2927:Chowringhee 2890:Chowringhee 2868:Chowringhee 2838:Chowringhee 2696:bivouacking 2692:demolitions 2555:31 Squadron 2421:during the 2340:During the 2190:Air Warfare 2111:East Africa 1698:Mutanchiang 1519:New Britain 1235:Pacific War 1056:Yenangyaung 1004:Bilin River 857:8 June 1945 432:Yenangyaung 380:Bilin River 275:Decorations 264:Engagements 245:Garrison/HQ 152:often went 4702:Categories 4067:References 4055:31 January 3999:1296662496 3930:030435452X 3412:Cole p. 77 3303:propaganda 3245:, Captain 3072:White City 3064:White City 3045:White City 3041:White City 3033:White City 2942:White City 2919:White City 2875:Piccadilly 2859:Piccadilly 2850:Piccadilly 2846:Piccadilly 2830:Piccadilly 2759:Burma Road 2666:"K" Ration 2549:and three 2479:SMLE rifle 2452:and three 2231:Yugoslavia 2212:Madagascar 2175:Antarctica 2153:Dodecanese 1973:Resistance 1941:Winter War 1931:Phoney War 1643:Sagami Bay 1632:Starvation 1514:New Guinea 1141:Mount Song 947:Madagascar 899:8 May 1941 877:Balikpapan 862:2nd Borneo 794:Balikpapan 779:1st Borneo 737:Slim River 526:Mount Song 293:commanders 286:Commanders 107:April 2022 77:newspapers 66:"Chindits" 4680:Emergency 4221:255287142 4181:(2002) . 4102:221110416 3306:Wingate. 3189:Disbanded 3141:dysentery 3087:Blackpool 3080:Blackpool 3068:Blackpool 3060:Blackpool 3021:Blackpool 2783:Myitkyina 2755:Ledo Road 2753:push the 2727:Force 136 2581:Interlude 2330:dysentery 2089:Australia 1985:Alps 1940 1978:1944–1945 1687:Kantokuen 1594:Air raids 1509:Australia 1499:Coral Sea 1393:Singapore 1388:Hong Kong 1131:Myitkyina 1099:Admin Box 1046:Shwedaung 814:Palembang 683:Air raids 507:Myitkyina 490:Shangshak 475:Admin Box 422:Shwedaung 165:1942–1945 150:dysentery 4638:Training 4521:Infantry 4490:Armoured 4469:Airborne 4402:Archived 4338:(2004). 4289:(1989). 4250:(1956). 3939:43501347 3486:Hearings 3332:See also 3241:: Major 3049:Broadway 3037:Broadway 2954:Broadway 2946:bayonets 2938:Broadway 2911:Aberdeen 2894:Broadway 2879:Spitfire 2863:Broadway 2855:Broadway 2834:Broadway 2559:Agartala 2543:machetes 2487:grenades 2483:Sten Gun 2431:Commando 2395:ခြင်္သေ့ 2362:Ethiopia 2279:Chindits 2251:Bulgaria 2180:Atlantic 2170:Americas 2123:Adriatic 1705:Chongjin 1666:Downfall 1604:Yokosuka 1421:Tiderace 1378:Thailand 1165:Hill 170 1114:Sangshak 1080:Chindits 1075:The Hump 1019:Taukkyan 909:Kormoran 698:Invasion 678:Invasion 671:Thailand 653:Invasion 646:Ko Chang 550:Hill 170 456:Chindits 451:The Hump 395:Taukkyan 308:Insignia 256:Motto(s) 4359:Chindit 4260:1296031 3368:Museum) 3292:V Force 3272:X Force 3137:malaria 3130:Kamaing 3126:Force X 3053:monsoon 3029:Mogaung 2950:katanas 2931:Pinlebu 2842:Hadrian 2793:Salween 2741:at the 2688:Gwalior 2600:US Army 2551:Dakotas 2547:Hudsons 2391:Burmese 2386:Chinthe 2366:Italian 2326:malaria 2291:British 2285:, were 2256:Hungary 2246:Romania 2102:Africa 2002:Balkans 1997:Britain 1951:Lapland 1946:Karelia 1936:Finland 1658:Shumshu 1543:Ellwood 1408:Vietnam 1181:Dracula 1160:Pakokku 1136:Mogaung 1039:Toungoo 1029:Tachiao 957:Réunion 867:Tarakan 831:Langley 809:Sumatra 789:Tarakan 719:Krohcol 566:Dracula 545:Pakokku 512:Mogaung 415:Toungoo 405:Tachiao 291:Notable 251:, India 223:Raiding 170:Country 91:scholar 4365: 4346: 4316: 4297: 4275: 4258: 4236: 4219: 4189: 4145: 4117: 4100: 4081: 3997: 3987: 3937: 3927: 3788: 3763: 3738: 3235:London 3174:Kohima 3006:Kohima 3002:Kohima 2998:Imphal 2982:Quetta 2970:Imphal 2886:Dakota 2816:Dakota 2789:Yunnan 2723:Kachin 2716:Alison 2627:castes 2415:Jhansi 2295:Indian 2185:Arctic 2024:Sicily 1926:Poland 1920:Europe 1428:Zipper 1414:Jurist 1383:Malaya 1342:Ceylon 1276:Midway 1124:Kohima 1109:Imphal 1070:Arakan 1034:Oktwin 905:Sydney 784:Manado 732:Kampar 500:Kohima 485:Imphal 446:Arakan 410:Oktwin 249:Jhansi 187:Branch 162:Active 93: 86: 79: 72: 64: 4420:index 4409:index 3355:Notes 3160:Bhamo 3025:Hopin 2923:Mawlu 2775:Indaw 2702:Plans 2679:, or 2662:USAAF 2491:kukri 2358:Sudan 2266:Japan 2241:Italy 2220:Coups 2128:Malta 2072:Japan 2040:China 2019:Italy 1599:Tokyo 1587:Japan 1504:Timor 1051:Prome 824:Timor 799:Ambon 759:Endau 742:Gemas 727:Gurun 713:Jitra 427:Prome 154:naked 98:JSTOR 84:books 4363:ISBN 4344:ISBN 4314:ISBN 4295:ISBN 4273:ISBN 4256:OCLC 4234:ISBN 4217:OCLC 4187:ISBN 4143:ISBN 4115:ISBN 4098:OCLC 4079:ISBN 4057:2015 3995:OCLC 3985:ISBN 3935:OCLC 3925:ISBN 3786:ISBN 3761:ISBN 3736:ISBN 3582:2015 3377:The 3324:The 3143:and 3047:and 3035:and 3000:and 2974:B-25 2940:and 2836:and 2823:Ledo 2694:and 2639:23rd 2637:and 2635:16th 2631:14th 2533:and 2469:and 2399:lion 2360:and 2328:and 2293:and 2277:The 2236:Iraq 2146:Iran 2136:Iraq 1990:1944 1968:1940 1609:Kure 1296:Truk 1104:U Go 1014:Pegu 847:Java 829:USS 747:Muar 480:U Go 390:Pegu 237:Size 207:Role 197:Type 70:news 2921:at 2553:of 2481:or 2401:". 2301:of 907:vs 53:by 4704:: 4687:21 4671:12 4650:39 4645:14 4608:36 4603:34 4598:26 4593:25 4588:23 4583:20 4578:19 4573:17 4568:14 4563:11 4558:10 4512:44 4507:43 4502:32 4497:31 4481:44 4160:. 4046:. 4016:^ 3993:. 3956:^ 3933:. 3902:. 3722:^ 3684:^ 3644:. 3545:^ 3533:^ 3512:^ 3451:. 3429:^ 3417:^ 3340:MC 3139:, 3055:. 3012:. 2933:. 2832:, 2653:. 2633:, 2621:. 2606:. 2393:: 1579:PX 1488:RY 4666:2 4553:9 4548:8 4543:7 4538:6 4533:5 4528:4 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Index