515:
136:) and other categories of legal nude and non-nude images of persons under 18. As of February 2024, the complete list of target websites/chat-sites involved in this operation has not been released by any government; however, the primary targets appeared to be the following: Baby Heart, Hurt-meh, Boyvids 4.0, Anjos Prohibidos (BR)/Forbidden Angels, and Loli Lust. Court documents have indicated that there were at least two other websites/chat-sites that were targeted; however, the names of the websites/chat-sites have not been made public.
219:(FBI). At the time, the FBI alleged that this one person was maintaining 70% of all CSAM content on the Tor Network. Fact-checking this statistic makes the statement of 70% improbable or misleading, as multiple press releases published subsequently, during, and after the operation of those specific onion services indicated numbers greater than 30% for any given set of services. An example is the statistical information provided by the U.S. government about the Korean site "Welcome to Video" (see
393:
passwords to the computers, servers, and Tor Onion services/target website(s)/chat-sites the next time the administrator logged in. Law enforcement also took this second opportunity to make a complete copy of the server's hard drive for future examination. The electricity to the target address was again turned off and then on, which would force the system administrator to type in all of his logins and passwords to restart the system.
453:, a half dozen people charged in the U.S. have filed motions to suppress all evidence obtained from what they believe were illegal search warrants. U.S. case law prohibits the federal government from receiving "tips" and relying on them for the purposes of obtaining a search warrant if the U.S. government was sufficiently involved in the spying/sting operation and did not obtain a prior warrant for the initial spying.
215:(MPF). The administrator turned informant alleged to have an important relationship through the Tor web with the administrator of the Baby Heart Tor onion service (and other onion services). The existence and importance of the information about the Target Website server administrator were allegedly verified between the Brazilian MPF and the
498:
operation that dealt with the leads provided by
Operation Lobos. The names of the operation in each country has not been published as of February 2024, however, many of the people alleged to have visited the sites have been prosecuted in the years following as a result of a lead or a tip from a foreign law enforcement agency.
412:
The information seized (which included 2,042,408 alleged files of CSAM) was shared with the FBI and NCA. Additional information, such as the server administrator's emails, bank statements, tax statements, UBER transactions and destinations, mobile phone data, and surveillance logs from outside of his
392:
5 June 2019, a second exploratory search was conducted of the target address (in the absence of the inhabitant), in which law enforcement successfully installed the keyloggers on two keyboards. This technique was the expertise of the NCA, whereby the law enforcement agents could obtain the logins and
506:
Brazil – As of 3 December 2021, Brazil had executed 106 search and seizure warrants in connection with
Operation Lobos in 55 cities across 20 states. According to a government press release, 18 arrests were "made in the act." Most of the searches were for residences, but some were for workplaces. 68
488:
Lucas
Batista Santos was arrested on 6 June 2019 in Sao Paula Brazil for his work in maintaining the servers for the Tor Onion Services Baby Heart, Hurt-meh, Boyvids 4.0, Anjos Prohibidos (BR)/Forbidden Angels, and Loli Lust. According to the FBI, more than 1,839,831 users were registered across the
502:
The United States received hundreds of leads from the NCA in August and
September 2019, however, as of 20 February 2024, only 38 individuals have been searched, resulting in only 27 arrests. Two of the persons arrested died in custody, and one person who was convicted has since appealed and won the
436:
under the
Targeted Equipment Interference (TEI) warrants 91-TEI-0147-2019 and 91-TEI-0146-2019 Despite the notification to the United States on 16 September 2019, that "at no time was any computer or device interference with in the United States" and that the "UK did not access, search or seize any
227:
Most of what is known about the operation was gathered as a result of
Portuguese and later Brazilian authorities conducting press conferences and issuing press releases boasting about their success and participation in what Brazilian authorities described as an "unprecedented" joint operation with
281:
A subpoena to the
Internet Service Provider (ISP) associated with the suspect IP address was issued, and the ISP provided the physical street address and account information associated with the IP address. The physical address, also known as the target address given, was an address in Recife, PE,
497:
The second phase of
Operation Lobos 1 in Brazil was called Operation Lobos Phase 2, or just Operation Lobos 2, and dealt with the arrest and judicial proceedings of the suspects associated with the findings from Operation Lobos 1. Most, if not all, of the participating countries also had a named
131:
known as Baby Heart. Additional objectives and targets of the joint operation were the deanonymization of the TOR host servers, TOR administrators, and TOR users associated with the target website and several other targeted websites/chat-sites that were alleged to contain or be used to traffic
165:
May 2017 HSI Special Agent Greg Squire conducted four searches in
California in connection with Operation Babyheart. The tip was provided by a foreign law enforcement agency after the arrest (believed to be associated with the Portugal and Brazil arrest only 2 months prior) which led to 4
437:
data from any computer in the United States," there are legal challenges to these statements that, as of
February 2024, have not been resolved. TEI warrants vs. TE warrants differ in the judiciary approval for interference of target devices. (see
389:, as well as the copying of all data from electronic equipment. However, the installation of surveillance cameras was not performed. Computers, flash drives, internal and external hard drives, and other media were all copied for later analysis.
303:. They confirmed that 85.53% of the internet traffic corresponded to TOR traffic. The fact that 374 terabytes (PB) of data flowed through the connection for the duration of the analysis gave law enforcement the suspicion that the target was a
362:
and the periods in which the DDOS attack was occurring. The increase in the volume of traffic during the DDOS attacks was a method of corroborating the suspicion that the Target Onion Service was being operated by a server at the Target
384:
12 March 2019, the first exploratory search of the target address in the absence of the inhabitant, which in Brazil is regarded as unprecedented, was conducted. The warrant authorized the installation of surveillance cameras, an
369:
of the target suspect's phone calls also corroborated the suspicion that he was the target server's administrator. His dialogues between him and the ISP regarding the internet service issues were intercepted and recorded. The
151:
The multinational joint investigation (Operation BabyHeart) that led to Operation Lobos was started as early as August 2015, when the Onion Service Bulletin Board Baby-Heart was originally brought online.
1124:
The operation was the result of a collective work of police forces from Brazil, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Germany, Portugal, Italy, Norway, France and Austria.
529:
The operation was the result of a collective work of police forces from Brazil, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Germany, Portugal, Italy, Norway, France and Austria"
264:
An arrest of one of the onion service administrators from Recife/PE, Brazil, yielded a plea deal whereby the administrator would act as an informant to obtain information about the server administrator.
510:
Germany also received a list of leads; however, their lack of court transparency laws may limit the available knowledge that will ever be available as to how many leads they received or who they were.
211:(PE) of Brazil. This website administrator in Recife purportedly yielded an "award winning collaboration agreement/plea-deal" with the Brazilian Federal Public Prosecutor's Office, also known as the
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1025:
1741:
156:
October 2016 Sworn testimony by HSI agent Greg Squire states that the U.S. joined the joint investigation at this time. Describing it as HSI Boston, HSI Philadelphia, and law enforcement abroad.
456:"Although the Fourth Amendment and its exclusionary rule generally do not apply to the law enforcement activities of foreign authorities acting in their own country, the concepts do apply where
425:
sale, dissemination, production and storage of child pornography under Article Nos. 240, 241, 241-A and 241-B of the ECA (Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (Child and Adolescent Statute) and
810:
261:
Scientific Police Force (LPC) by creating palmar impressions from the images, which included a view of the suspect's hands (the suspects never showed their faces in the uploaded images).
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A special covert search and surveillance warrant that allowed for recording devices to be installed within the residence to capture passwords entered by the server administrator.
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1008:
979:
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and monitored the intercepted traffic. By pulsing the DDOS attack, the joint task force was able to distinguish between the periods of normal traffic received by the Target
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HSI Boston and Philadelphia, along with law enforcement abroad, have been investigating an online forum for trading child pornography since approximately October 2016.
783:
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For information on the named operations associated with the searches, seizures, prosecution, and litigation of the leads generated from Operation Lobos 1, see
378:
Target Website being inaccessible by users for the duration of the attack as the flood of data exceeded the bandwidth allotted to that internet account.
503:
appeal to overturn the conviction, with only 13 convictions having been achieved thus far. There are still five awaiting trial and two awaiting appeal.
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Under the terms of a judicially authorized warrant and through the information obtained from the informant, the Brazilian authorities worked with the
607:
170:
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The initial crimes cited by Brazilian authorities in order to establish the validity of the investigation under the Brazilian Criminal Code were:
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1108:"The Federal Police arrested 25 people and rescued three minors in an operation against child pornography in 20 states and the Federal District"
212:
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The arrest of Twinkle and Forgotten preceded the arrest and criminal complaint against another Baby Heart site administrator located in
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458:(1) the conduct of foreign officials in acquiring the evidence is so extreme that it shocks the judicial conscience, and second,
1026:"PF arrests 25 people and rescues three minors in operation against child pornography in 20 states and in the Federal District"
666:
347:
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Search and seizure warrant for the email provider associated with the individuals that were associated with the target address.
275:
229:
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of the search and seizures resulted in arrests, or about 62% of the searches. The number of convictions is still outstanding.
162:
May 2017, Australian police sent UNC3T more information obtained from the arrest and seizure of another suspect in Australia.
884:
320:
The information obtained from the first period of data interception was used to obtain an additional series of warrants.
1321:
811:"Exclusive: Elite Aussie unit helps catch elusive paedophile 'Twinkle' who ran darknet child abuse website 'Babyheart'"
601:
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During the time the Tor Onion services were active, starting in early March 2019, the NCA and their partners conducted
403:
6 June 2019, the arrest of the server administrator, Lucas Batista, and the seizure of the operational server occurred.
324:
Wiretaps on the telephone communications associated with the address and individuals associated with the target address
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192:) were arrested in Portugal and later sentenced on 23 January 2020. Twinkle was caught "in the act" of producing
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460:(2) where U.S. cooperation with foreign law enforcement officials may implicate constitutional restrictions."
258:
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March 2017, Australian Police purportedly relayed information to Portugal's Judiciary cybercrime unit "UNC3T."
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A warrant was granted to intercept the data stream between the ISP and the suspect's target physical address.
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254:(objects, backgrounds, and garments identified on the net in child abuse) with photos from social networks.
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Conversation between United States Immigrations and Customs Enforcement (DHS agency) and the German BKA
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1254:
650:
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581:
72:
Onion services: Baby Heart, Hurt-meh, Boy-vids-4.0, Anjos Prohibidos (BR)/Forbidden Angels, Loli Lust
1511:
113:
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1234:
989:. Free Law Project. 16 September 2019. p. 6. Archived from the original on 19 February 2024
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124:, was a Brazilian-centered 12-country multinational operation to target the operations of a
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The second period of interception used a deanonymization technique developed by the
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1156:"How International Collaboration Led to Arrest of Child Sexual Abuser in Portugal"
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784:"International collaboration leads to arrest of child sexual abuser in Portugal"
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208:
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Target address search, wiretap, and second traffic interception and analysis
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The intercepted data was monitored with support from the United Kingdom's
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196:, and he then assisted the Portuguese law enforcement in apprehending
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204:
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provided criminal intelligence analysis by their experts, along with
755:"Research on Portuguese pedophiles is an international 'case study'"
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1229:
513:
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8 March 2019, the electricity to the target address was shut down.
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rape, including the vulnerable under Article Nos. 213 and 217-A
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Dissemination and sharing of the seized devices, media and data
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1114:(in Portuguese). Globo Comunicação e Participações S.A. Globo
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to obtain the Internet Protocol (IP) address for the server.
330:
Search and seizure warrant for the target address residence
608:
Federal Criminal Police Office (Germany) Bundeskriminalamt
761:. Global Media Group. Diário de NotĂcias. 23 January 2020
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735:
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1087:. Bridgeport, Connecticut: Free Law Project. p. 7
1078:"Affidavit in Support of Complaint and Arrest Warrant"
471:
This is part of the ongoing controversy regarding the
257:
Another tool used to identify suspects was Portugal's
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Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
1742:
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement operations
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169:Leading up to 20 June 2017, collaboration with the
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68:
63:
55:
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42:
34:
26:
21:
1020:
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1057:. Free Law Project. 1 February 2021. pp. 2–6
184:20 June 2017, two of the board's administrators (
171:United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement
1007:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
132:illegal images of child sexual abuse materials (
879:
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413:residence, was used to corroborate the crimes.
316:Judicial authorizations from first interception
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841:
839:
837:
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217:United States Federal Bureau of Investigation
140:
8:
1076:Kooharian, Stephanie M (12 December 2022).
1712:Federal Bureau of Investigation operations
1374:
1200:
1186:
1178:
18:
1727:Multinational law enforcement operations
693:
287:First traffic interception and analysis
1000:
980:"Exhibit B – TEI Warrant Notification"
809:Saunokonoko, Mark (18 February 2020).
590:– French Gendarmerie Nationale – (C3N)
523:Participating law-enforcement agencies
1747:United States intelligence operations
1737:U.K. National Crime Agency Operations
1722:Law enforcement operations in Germany
1240:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
468:, 729 F.3d 221, 228 (2d Cir. 2013)."
51:Brazil, United States, United Kingdom
7:
1717:Law enforcement operations in Brazil
464:, 680 F. 3d 33, 51 (1st Cir. 2012);
387:inline keylogger, and a mouse logger
232:(FBI) and the United Kingdom's (UK)
1357:United States Department of Defense
14:
1352:United States Department of State
602:Italian Polizia di Communicazioni
1106:Suzana Souza (3 December 2020).
955:"Resumo Lobos Court Translation"
790:. Interpol news. 23 January 2020
661:Homeland Security Investigations
667:Federal Bureau of Investigation
230:Federal Bureau of Investigation
1327:Electronic Frontier Foundation
350:. Law enforcement commenced a
1:
715:. Free Law Project. p. 4
704:Squire, Greg (May 27, 2017).
636:Scientific Police Force (LPC)
1707:Child pornography crackdowns
1322:U.S. Agency for Global Media
141:the country specific summary
1362:National Science Foundation
544:Queensland Task Force Argos
56:# of Countries Participated
38:Child pornography crackdown
1763:
1644:Law Enforcement Operations
1162:. Europol. 23 January 2020
439:UK NCA's Operation Venetic
213:Ministerio Publico Federal
1048:"NCA Intelligence Report"
548:Queensland Police Service
538:Australian Federal Police
462:United States v. Valdivia
252:Europol's Trace an Object
16:Law enforcement operation
1613:Pseudo-top-level domains
1564:Peer-to-peer web hosting
1397:Graphical user interface
1245:Office of Naval Research
788:Interpol News and Events
559:Federal Police of Brazil
493:Country-specific summary
484:The server administrator
352:denial-of-service attack
1732:Tor (anonymity network)
374:resulted in the Target
228:the United States (US)
623:Cybercrime Combat Unit
578:French National Police
565:Toronto Police Service
519:
466:United States v. Getto
117:
1656:Operation Dark Huntor
1603:Wireless onion router
645:National Crime Agency
517:
451:Silver-Platter issues
445:U.S. legal challenges
297:National Crime Agency
245:Initial investigation
234:National Crime Agency
221:Welcome to Video case
147:Investigative history
1255:The Tor Project, Inc
651:West Midlands Police
588:National Gendarmerie
1582:Computer appliances
706:"HSI Special Agent"
269:The operation start
85:March – 6 June 2019
27:Operation Name
1671:Operation Pacifier
1436:Tor Browser Bundle
1405:Nyx status monitor
1337:Mozilla Foundation
682:List of U.S. cases
520:
398:Seizure and arrest
336:Controlled action?
259:PolĂcia Judiciária
250:One tool used was
1694:
1693:
1686:Project Habitance
1681:Operation Lobos 1
1676:Operation Torpedo
1666:Operation Onymous
1651:Operation Bayonet
1639:
1638:
1599:
1532:
1524:
1516:
1499:Instant messaging
1490:
1472:
1466:
1454:Operating systems
1445:
1414:
1347:SRI International
1332:Knight Foundation
1307:
1283:Gabriella Coleman
1085:Courtlistener.com
1055:Courtlistener.com
1028:. 3 December 2021
713:Courtlistener.com
376:Tor Onion Service
360:Tor Onion Service
356:Tor Onion Service
301:Project Habitance
299:(NCA) as part of
120:), also known as
107:
106:
30:Operation Lobos 1
22:Operation Lobos 1
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1160:Europol Newsroom
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641:United Kingdom:
434:traffic analysis
209:Pernambuco State
122:Operation Wolves
48:Executed by
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1303:Jacob Appelbaum
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657:United States:
634:Judicial Police
582:Police National
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459:
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305:TOR server node
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110:Operation Lobos
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1298:Bruce Schneier
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885:"Resumo Lobos"
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354:on the Target
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309:Tor relay node
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118:Operação Lobos
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129:onion service
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82:Date executed
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1541:File sharing
1423:Web browsers
1371:Realisations
1273:Ian Goldberg
1164:. Retrieved
1159:
1123:
1116:. Retrieved
1111:
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1089:. Retrieved
1084:
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
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991:. Retrieved
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489:five sites.
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188:aka XXX and
185:
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109:
108:
1293:Megan Price
1222:source code
1220:Authors of
1091:20 February
993:19 February
964:19 February
632:Portugal's
613:New Zealand
584:– (OCLCTIC)
534:Australia:
449:Citing the
372:DDOS attack
1701:Categories
1598:(outdated)
1531:(outdated)
1523:(outdated)
1515:(outdated)
1489:(outdated)
1486:xB Machine
1471:(outdated)
1469:Incognito
1465:(outdated)
1444:(outdated)
1441:xB Browser
1413:(outdated)
1379:Proxifiers
1288:Cindy Cohn
1263:Matt Blaze
1235:Free Haven
1166:28 October
1061:2 February
1032:28 October
894:28 October
824:28 October
794:28 October
765:28 October
688:References
619:Portugal:
606:Germany –
114:Portuguese
103:Accounting
1595:Tor Phone
1590:Snowflake
1462:Anonym.OS
563:Canada –
557:Brazil –
473:Five Eyes
198:Forgotten
190:Forgotten
1512:Ricochet
1315:Sponsors
1306:(former)
1118:20 March
1003:cite web
676:See also
600:Italy –
596:Interpol
574:France:
417:Legality
367:Wiretaps
363:Address.
179:Interpol
166:arrests.
77:Timeline
1572:ZeroNet
1549:Tribler
1520:TorChat
1410:Vidalia
820:. 9News
570:Europol
554:Austria
546:of the
479:Results
282:Brazil.
240:Methods
236:(NCA).
186:Twinkle
175:Europol
143:below.
95:Arrests
90:Results
64:Mission
1661:J-CODE
1626:.onion
1481:Whonix
960:. aNPR
890:. aNPR
719:28 May
616:Norway
205:Recife
69:Target
43:Roster
1621:.exit
1507:Briar
1476:TAILS
1387:Orbot
1230:DARPA
1081:(PDF)
1051:(PDF)
983:(PDF)
958:(PDF)
888:(PDF)
818:9news
814:(Web)
759:DN.pt
709:(PDF)
669:(FBI)
663:(HSI)
647:(NCA)
627:UNC3T
610:(BKA)
540:(AFP)
1631:.tor
1554:Vuze
1168:2022
1120:2024
1093:2024
1063:2024
1034:2022
1009:link
995:2024
966:2024
896:2022
826:2022
796:2022
767:2022
721:2024
194:CSAM
177:and
134:CSAM
35:Type
1209:Tor
348:FBI
307:or
276:FBI
126:TOR
1703::
1211:—
1158:.
1131:^
1122:.
1112:G1
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1083:.
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1001:{{
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112:(
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