1552:«The 1976 Arms Export Control Act, proposed by Sen. Hubert H. Humphrey (D-Minn.), began to limit presidential ability to transfer weapons to other nations by giving the United States Congress veto power over sales and extending the notification period to 30 days. Against the wishes of the Ford administration, several countries were placed under even tighter restrictions based on their human rights records. Such was the case with Chile in 1976 under Public Law 94-329. This legislation, commonly referred to as the Kennedy Amendment, prohibited security assistance, military training, and arms sales to Gen Augusto Pinochet’s repressive military regime in Chile»
1040:
1525:"Estoy convencido , por razones que he expuesto en mis libros "Dejo constancia" (2001) y "Malvinas, gesta e incompetencia" (2003). Ahí expreso cuál era la situación de las Fuerzas Armadas, fundamentalmente del Ejército, en 1982.... Chile estaba en unas inmejorables condiciones, porque la defensa es muy fuerte, sobre todo cuando se puede actuar mediante la dinámica propia, que no margina reacciones ofensivas dentro de la concepción defensiva."
2273:"Usted comprenderá que uno llega a estos grados pensando los pro y los contra de las cosas. Una guerra significa una detención o retroceso para un país de a lo menos 20 años. Hay que comenzar de nuevo. ¡No quiero guerra yo!; por lo demás, nosotros no habríamos peleado por ambiciones expansionistas sino defendiendo lo que teníamos, nada más. Ello, a pesar de que
1867:«By contrast, President Ronald Reagan went to great lengths to patch up relations between the two countries that it considered had been damaged by Carter's human rights-based policies: inviting Argentina's military leaders to Washington, exaggerating improvements in respect for human rights, and moving to repeal the Humphrey-Kennedy amendment.»
1371:«Al no llegar a un acuerdo entre ambos países, comienza durante las diversas negociaciones, la tercera fase de su maniobra, pasando a una estrategia de la disuasión directa, efectuando para lo anterior actitudes de amedrentamiento, desplazamientos de fuerzas y aumento sistemático de las violaciones a los espacios aéreos y marítimos chilenos.»
1492:
cifras con tal de que se hayen provistos de armamento de último modelo; pero en este país se carece de homogeneidad de población que caracteriza a Chile ... donde es unánime la exaltación patriótica y donde ha podido formarse un Ejército, que los oficiales alemanes proclaman comparable en su organización y cualidades al mejor de Europa
1178:, from the beginning of Operation Soberanía there were no critical misconceptions on Argentina's side about Chile's commitment to defend its territory: the entire Chilean Navy was in the disputed area, an unequivocal fact at Cape Horn. As stated by David R. Mares in "Violent Peace: Militarized Interstate Bargaining in Latin America":
1442:"Chile, nevertheless, benefits from considerable advantages in the far south, including good ports, control over the Strait of Magellan, as well as the Fuegian and Patagonian channels, branching off laterally from the strait, which gives Chile geographical and logistical advantages in the Drake Passage."
1992:
Michael Morris in «The Strait of
Magellan», published by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Netherlands, 1989, p. 150 cited secure Chilean internal lines of communication between the Beagle Channel and the Strait of Magellan through the Fueguian channels and that the Chilean capacity to surge its fleet
1927:
Si Chile adoptaba una actitud estratégica defensiva y
Argentina hubiese tenido que adoptar una actitud ofensiva, Chile estaba en unas inmejorables condiciones, porque la defensa es muy fuerte, sobre todo cuando se puede actuar mediante la dinámica propia, que no margina reacciones ofensivas dentro de
1155:
The newspaper Clarín explained some years later that such caution was based, in part, on military concerns. In order to achieve a victory, certain objectives had to be reached before the seventh day after the attack. Some military leaders considered this not enough time due to the difficulty involved
1761:
government delivered the vessels, submarines and planes behind schedule and the aero-engines and the submarine spare parts were "blacked" by the unions until
October 1978 as they were removed from the East Kilbride plant by a combination of police, haulage contractors, sheriff's officers and Chilean
1572:
La enmienda impedía vender armas a Chile hasta que se verificaran tres condiciones: un progreso significativo en el respeto de los derechos humanos en ese país; garantías de que la dictadura de
Pinochet no encubriría a terroristas internacionales y que, por lo tanto, iba a juzgar a los implicados en
2494:
y dar pábulo para que Chile fuera tal vez acusado de ser el país agresor. Pero las consecuencias que se derivarían de obtener una clara superioridad iniciada en el mar, contribuirían a crear aceleradamente condiciones apropiadas para imponer la paz o para facilitar la futura condición de una guerra
2017:"Ellos suponían que iban a invadir Chile, Santiago, especialmente. Les parecía algo muy fácil; una cuestión de cruzar la frontera y que los chilenos se iban a dar por vencidos. Y yo les decía: No, no, se equivocan. Ellos tienen una armada mejor que la de ustedes. Están bien armados, son muy fuertes"
1182:
These
Chilean advantages do not imply that it could have won the war against Argentina, but that is not the relevant point. To deter their neighbors the Chileans do not have to demonstrate a capability to win. They need, instead, to make a credible case that a military adventure against Chile would
1164:
According to Clarín, two consequences were feared. First, those who were dubious feared a possible regionalization of the conflict. Second, as a consequence, the conflict could acquire great power proportions. In the first case decisionmakers speculated that Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Brazil might
606:
They supposed that they were going to invade Chile, Santiago especially. It seemed to them something very easy; Just a matter of crossing the border and that the
Chileans were going to surrender right away. And I told them: No, no, you are mistaken. They have a better Navy than yours. They are well
194:
According to
Argentine sources, after the Argentine repudiation of the arbitration award in January 1978, the invasion plans were given different names depending on the planning level and phase. Also, the targets of the invasion changed according to the political situation and to the information
1491:
La Républica
Argentina es, sin duda, el estado más rico de Sud América, su marina es más fuerte en número y en calidad de buques que la de Chile, posee elementos de guerra para armar un ejército de 300.000 hombres y en sus arsenales y depósitos militares, se ha gastado y se gasta sin reparar en
293:, Germany, and Austria exported weapons to Argentina even during the critical phase of the Beagle conflict, as Argentina had already rejected the international binding Arbitral Award. In December 1978, when the outbreak of war appeared unavoidable, the German shipbuilding and engineering works
1187:
Although it had called off the operation, the
Argentine government never gave up on the use of military force to pressure Chile. After the invasion of the Falklands on 2 April 1982, the Argentine junta planned the military occupation of the disputed islands in the Beagle channel, as stated by
207:
At the time of the crisis, the
Argentine military was substantially larger than that of Chile; in addition, the Chilean regime was more politically isolated and had suffered deteriorating relations with its main suppliers of arms. The Chilean military, however, had the advantage of defending
2778:
Displaying the mentality of the Argentine military regime in the 1970s, as another example, there was "Plan Rosario" according to which Argentina would attack the Malvinas and then turn to settle the Beagle Channel problem by force. The sequence, according to the plan, could also be
2671:"In the Malvinas dispute, the United States and Great Britain failed to signal deterrence credibly. In the Beagle Channel dispute, however, Chile successfully signaled its willingness to follow through, and Argentina rightly understood that the costs of all-out war were too high."
1343:
in February 1978 President of Argentina Jorge Videla threatened, See General Juan E. Gugliamelli: "Cuestión del Beagle. Negociación directa o diálogo de armas", (Spanish Language) compiled from articles in magazine "Estrategia", Buenos Aires Nr:49/50, January–February 1978:
1677:«… en el mismo mes de junio de 1981, la Argentina adquirió 57 tanques austríacos, operación que generó los recelos del lado chileno, pues en 1980 el mismo país proveedor de esos tanques les negó a los militares trasandinos la compra de 100 unidades …»
195:
about the Chilean defense effort: the target being first only the Picton, Nueva and Lennox islands, then the "little" Evout, Hoorn, Deceit and Barnevelt islands, then both groups of islands. Finally, on Friday 15 December 1978 Argentina's President
1026:
prepared political instructions to be followed in the southern zone after the disputed islands were under Argentinian sovereignty. They defined the new border, navigation rights for Chilean ships, instructions in case of confrontations with the
2354:
1141:
actually crossed the border into Chile or only waited at the border for the result of the naval combat cannot be established. Argentine sources insist that they crossed the border which would be inconsistent with the two-phase war plan.
1054:
There was no surprise factor, since the Chilean military kept movements of the Argentine fleet under surveillance and monitored the build-up of Argentine troops. Chilean troops were deployed along the border, ready to meet any invaders.
2366:
642:, ("Memorial del Ejército de Chile", Edición Nº 471, Santiago, Chile, 2003, S. 54-55), stated that the Argentine General Staff planned the operation under the name "Planeamiento Conjunto de Operaciones Previstas contra Chile".
3182:, Santiago de Chile, 2 September 2005, Spanish Language. There are Interviews with contemporary witness like Ernesto Videla, Jaime Del Valle, Helmut Brunner, Marcelo Delpech und Luciano Benjamín Menéndez. Spanish Language.
3333:
1378:«As the two nations didn't agree , the third phase of the plan began, coming to a strategy of direct dissuasion, with intimidation, strong-arm tactics and a systematic air and maritime Chilean space violations»
3369:
106:
88:
3407:
2793:
Para nosotros no lo estará , porque, inmediatamente después de barrido el enemigo de las Malvinas, debe serlo de las Georgias, Sandwich del Sur y de todos los demás archipiélagos australes argentinos, ...
2082:
See pp. 242–43 from "Argentina in the twentieth Century" or "Breve Historia Contemporanea de la Argentina", Luis Alberto Romero, 1994, Pennsylvania State University Press or Fondo de Cultura Economica,
2744:, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Argentina from 29 March 1981 to 11 December 1981, in his "Memorias Políticas", Editorial Planeta, Buenos Aires, 1999, p. 281 confirms the plan of Argentine military:
3448:
1329:«When it became clear that the Chileans wanted full acceptance of the resolution, the Argentine position hardened, and Argentina began to challenge the Chilean commitment to defend the territory»
1770:
plant indicated that the engines were all rusting away anyway, because they have been left packed in crates and left outside the warehouse ever since the overhaul work had been completed in 1975"
100:
1816:
208:
difficult terrain, as well as being a more professional force, while decades of intervention by the Argentine armed forces in day-to-day politics had degraded their professional skills.
199:
signed the order to invade on 21 December 1978 at 04:30 as the beginning of the invasion, but it was postponed to the next day because of the bad weather conditions in the landing zone.
1494:(See Pedro Santos Martínez, "Documentos Diplomáticos sobre historia argentina, 1850–1954"), Tomo V: 1890–1909. Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Históricas "Cuyo", Mendoza, 2002,
3362:
2826:"una guerra de montonera, matando todos los días, fusilando gente, tanto por parte de los argentinos como por nuestra parte, y al final, por cansancio, se habría llegado a la paz"
1165:
intervene. Then the great powers could take sides. In this case, the resolution of the conflict would depend not on the combatants, but on the countries that supplied the weapons.
3102:"El belicismo de los dictadores, Instrucciones Políticas Particulares para la Zona Austral para la Etapa Posterior a la Ejecución de Actos de Soberanía en las Islas en Litigio"
1096:
to frustrate an Argentine landing. Rear Admiral Raúl López, Chief of the Chilean fleet, kept silent as to whether he would simply wait or initiate an attack on the enemy navy.
1367:
Rubén Madrid Murúa, "La Estrategia Nacional y Militar que planificó Argentina, en el marco de una estrategia total, para enfrentar el conflicto con Chile el año 1978", p. 55:
289:
In 1978, the United States extended the Kennedy amendment to Argentina as well because of its human rights record, which led to the Armed Forces purchases shifting to Europe:
160:. The invasion was initiated on 22 December 1978 but was halted after a few hours and Argentine forces retreated from the conflict zone without a fight. Whether the Argentine
49:
2754:«The military planning was, with the Falklands in Argentine hand, to invade the disputed islands in the Beagle Channel. That was the determination of the (Argentine) navy…»)
1081:. In contrast to the defensive war planned by the Chilean Army in Punta Arenas and Puerto Natales, the Chilean army had plans for an attack to invade the Argentine part of
1395:, Una operación conjunta planificada durante el conflicto de 1978 por la soberanía de las islas del canal Beagle, by Alberto Gianola Otamendi, retrieved on 21 November 2012
2162:
1950:«… La incursión en los gobiernos de facto de 1955 y fundamentalmente la dictadura de 1976 habían alejado a las Fuerzas Armadas del profesionalismo que todos deseábamos …»
1839:
A través de la enmienda Humphrey-Kennedy, la Argentina también vio congelada en 1978 la ayuda militar de Estados Unidos a raíz de las violaciones de los derechos humanos.
3355:
2609:…Yo de esto hablé una vez con un teniente coronel que era jefe de un regimiento en la cordillera y que cuenta que sus patrullas cruzaron la frontera y entraron en Chile…
1256:…Yo de esto hablé una vez con un teniente coronel que era jefe de un regimiento en la cordillera y que cuenta que sus patrullas cruzaron la frontera y entraron en Chile…
1221:, Chief of Staff of the Argentine Army (1991–1999), caused a stir in 2003 when he declared his conviction that in 1978, Chile would have won the war had it broken out.
2140:"El ministro de Economía, Martínez de Hoz, y el jefe del Ejército, general Viola, que no querían que estallara el conflicto, me informaron en una cena diplomática que
1262:«I spoke once about this with a colonel-lieutenant who was a detachment chief in the mountains, and he told me that his patrols crossed the border and entered Chile…»
1085:, but control of the island of Tierra del Fuego was considered a secondary goal since its control was believed to depend on the outcome of the clash of the navies.
1004:
would protect the north of Argentina from a potential Brazilian attack and its II Brigada de Caballería blindada would protect the Argentine region of Río Mayo in
3611:
2665:
Violent Peace: Militarized Interstate Bargaining in Latin America Latin American Politics and Society, Fall 2002 a Book recension by Aguilar, Manuela Aguilar in
1458:"Umgekehrt hätte für Chile positiv zu Buche geschlagen die von militärischen Fachleuten als allgemein höher bewertete Kampfkraft der chilenischen Streitkräfte."
2438:
1683:«on juni 1981 Argentina bought 57 austrian tanks, this operation arouse suspicion on the Chilean side because 1980 Austria refused to sell 100 tanks to Chile»
3193:
1306:
182:
On 25 January 1978 Argentina rejected the decision and attempted to militarily coerce Chile into negotiating a division of the islands that would produce a
1947:, Chief of Staff of the Argentine Army (1991–1999), in the Chilean newspaper "La Tercera" on 21 December 2003, stored in seprin, retrieved 30 August 2008:
1585:
326:
2711:
1426:...that Chile had a significant defender’s advantage, given the professional quality of Chilean troops and well-developed supply and communications lines.
1731:
2538:
1541:
2748:«Los planes militares eran, en la hipótesis de resolver el caso Malvinas, invadir las islas en disputa en el Beagle. Esa era la decisión de la Armada…»
1982:«…Some military leaders considered this not enough time due to the difficulty involved in transportation through the passes over the Andean Mountains…»
3484:
620:
against Chile have been released. But so many individual accounts exist among the Argentine ranks that the existence of a plan has not been disputed.
3586:
1737:
658:
1487:
in Buenos Aires informed to his government in Madrid about the danger of a war between Chile and Argentina. About the strength of the forces told:
2973:"La Estrategia Nacional y Militar que planificó Argentina, en el marco de una estrategia total, para enfrentar el conflicto con Chile el año 1978"
2302:"La Estrategia Nacional y Militar que planificó Argentina, en el marco de una estrategia total, para enfrentar el conflicto con Chile el año 1978"
640:"La Estrategia Nacional y Militar que planificó Argentina, en el marco de una estrategia total, para enfrentar el conflicto con Chile el año 1978"
3591:
2157:. Le pediría que transmitiera este mensaje con claridad absoluta a Buenos Aires. El presidente Carter está al tanto de nuestra conversación..."
1813:
94:
3241:
3179:
3101:
2131:
1636:«… seit 1974 verhalf Bonn zudem den Streitkräften fast aller südamerikanischen Meeresanrainer (Ausnahme: Chile) zu stärkerer Seetüchtigkeit…»
3493:
3414:
2922:), in Spanish Language. (Book compiled from articles of Argentine Magazin "Estrategia", Buenos Aires Nr:49/50, enero-febrero 1978, published.
1912:
1814:
Fuerza de submarinos de la Armada Argentina en la crisis de 1978 - Ricardo Burzaco, Defensa y Seguridad MERCOSUR-Año 8-Nº43 (Mayo-Junio 2008)
1712:
1175:
669:
176:
44:
3323:
3295:
3277:
3259:
2242:
2217:
2032:
2006:
223:, though the U.S. helped install the Pinochet administration initially. The United States banned the export of weapons to Chile through the
3400:
3212:
2196:
2971:
2954:
2305:
1993:
out quickly from the Straits of Magellan into the Atlantic threatened the precarious Argentine supply line to forces south of the Strait.
645:
The Argentines planned amphibious landings to seize the islands southwards of the Beagle Channel, along with massive land-based attacks:
3341:
Toma de decisiones políticas y la influencia de los discursos oficialistas durante el Connflicto del Beagle: Chile - Argentina 1977-1979
132:
1213:
a guerrilla war, killing every day, shooting people, by both sides, and in the end, by a matter of fatigue, we would have reached peace
627:
and then, in a second phase, either to stop or continue hostilities according to the Chilean reaction. Argentina had already drafted a
3581:
2506:
2271:
with María Eugenia Oyarzún in "Augusto Pinochet: Diálogos con su historia", Editorial Sudamericana, Santiago, Chile, 1999. (S. 127):
1130:, alarmed by the situation, decided to act personally and informed both governments that he was sending his personal envoy, Cardinal
3309:
3093:
3071:
3053:
2995:
2934:
2806:
2767:
2697:
2633:
2572:
2159:
2114:
2096:
2088:
2065:
1704:
1499:
1278:
2737:
Para colmo, Galtieri dijo en un discurso: “Que saquen el ejemplo de lo que estamos haciendo ahora porque después les toca a ellos”.
1466:"On the other hand, in accordance with the military experts, Chile was benefited of the higher combat strength of the armed forces"
235:'s were delivered to Chile before the embargo took effect, but they arrived without any armament. In 1980 Chile was excluded from
2948:
2323:
2175:
997:
710:
676:
2486:, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Historia , Geografía y Ciencia Política, Instituto de Historia, p. 100:
2385:
2355:
Satisfacción de los Gobiernos argentino y chileno al confirmar oficialmente la existencia de un acuerdo sobre el canal de Beagle
171:
by an international tribunal, under the auspices of the British Government, to settle the boundary dispute. On 22 May 1977 the
3106:
2515:
2471:"La escuadra en acción", by Patricia Arancibia Clavel and Francisco Bulnes Serrano. Editorial Grijalbo, Santiago de Chile, 2004
1183:
not be cheap. In 1978, the Argentine Junta could not be very confident that war would produce a low-cost victory against Chile.
1047:
1014:
Argentina solicited a Peruvian attack in Chile's north, but Peru rejected this demand and ordered only a partial mobilization.
378:
302:
1314:, Mai 2004, Working Paper #29, p. 9, James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Energy Forum, retrieved on 26 August 2008
714:
3018:
2640:
in Argentine newspaper "La Nación" on 12 August 1996, stored in "Base de Datos SER en el 2000", retrieved on 30 August 2008:
2579:
in Argentine newspaper "La Nación" on 12 August 1996, stored in "Base de Datos SER en el 2000", retrieved on 30 August 2008:
1285:
in Argentine newspaper "La Nación" on 12 August 1996, stored in "Base de Datos SER en el 2000", retrieved on 30 August 2008:
1058:
Chile planted mines in certain areas along its borders with Argentina, Bolivia and Peru. and dynamited some mountain passes.
2666:
1780:
1716:
2880:
1666:
1438:
Michael A. Morris, "The Strait of Magellan", Clemson University, South Carolina, USA, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, p. 160:
2408:
2903:
3596:
3525:
726:
164:
actually crossed the border into Chile has not been established. Argentine sources insist that they crossed the border.
3269:
Interview with the former Chief of the "Secretaría General del Ejército" (a Think-Tank of the Argentine Army), General
2054:"De hecho, Chile no iba a ser el país atacante. Lo tenía todo: las islas y más aún. Era el generalato argentino el que
1940:
1892:
1483:. On 5 November 1900, 78 years prior, in a similar strained situation, Julio de Arellano, Minister Plenipotentiary of
1134:, to both capitals. Six hours before landing, the Argentine fleet turned back and Operation Soberanía was called off.
2446:
3601:
3472:
3456:
3086:
Der argentinisch-chilenische Konflikt um den Beagle-Kanal. Ein Beitrag zu den Methoden friedlicher Streiterledigung
168:
76:
3190:
3014:, Berichte und Urkunden: Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, German Language
2589:«finally they accepted to stop the time counting, to withdraw the forces and to wait for the papal envoy … »
2419:
1479:
The reputation built upon professionalism of the Chilean armed forces impressed the observer since the end of the
3164:
1960:
1620:
Michael Morris, «The Strait of Magellan», published by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Netherlands, 1989, p. 128
1303:
668:
at 22:00 on 22 December 1978 the Argentine task force (with Naval Infantry Battalions N° 3 and N° 4) would seize
3576:
2785:
2721:
54:
3252:
2583:«Finalmente se aceptó detener la cuenta regresiva, dar marcha atrás y esperar la llegada del enviado papal …»
2927:
Beagle-Konflikt und Falkland (Malwinen)-Krieg. Zur Außenpolitik der Argentinischen Militarregierung 1976-1983
2548:
1538:
3440:
3223:
125:
3606:
3533:
1877:
1788:
1743:
570:
364:
1192:, chief of the Argentine Air Force during the Falklands war, in an interview with the Argentine magazine
3384:
2209:
a través de la prensa y los medios de comunicación, que demostraba cuál era la actitud del oficialismo."
1724:
1596:«When the embargo took effect, the Chilean Air Force had just taken delivery of 16 Northrup-built F-5s…»
298:
1420:"Democratization and Strategic Thinking: What the Military in Argentina and Chile Learned in the 1990s"
1039:
746:
Resources and mission of Argentine Forces for the phases 1 and 2 according to Alberto Gianola Otamendi
224:
2644:…«No restaba mucho tiempo: las primeras patrullas de infantería del Ejército pisaban ya suelo chileno…
1518:
1289:…«No restaba mucho tiempo: las primeras patrullas de infantería del Ejército pisaban ya suelo chileno…
3501:
3393:
2741:
2404:
2193:
1573:
el asesinato de Letelier, y que la venta del armamento fuera de interés nacional para Estados Unidos.
1147:"Predicting the probability of war during brinkmanship crisis: The Beagle and the Malvinas conflicts"
1107:
555:
370:
345:(1981–1989) would later improve relations to Argentina due to their military support for Nicaragua's
2895:
Predicting the Probability of War During Brinkmanship Crises: The Beagle and the Malvinas Conflicts.
3464:
3204:
2289:
Predicting the Probability of War During Brinkmanship Crises: The Beagle and the Malvinas Conflicts
1325:
Predicting the Probability of War During Brinkmanship Crises: The Beagle and the Malvinas Conflicts
1074:
699:
632:
330:
275:
265:
1909:
1642:«since 1974 Bonn strengthened the navies of all South American coastal states (exception: Chile)»
3320:
3292:
3274:
3256:
3238:
3111:
2481:
2239:
2214:
2128:
2029:
2003:
1791:
1589:
1480:
628:
599:
574:
255:
118:
1850:
1103:
1419:
1348:«… las negociaciones directas constituyen la única vía pacífica para solucionar el conflicto …»
1202:
L.F. Galtieri: have to know that what we are doing now, because they will be the next in turn.
3517:
3089:
3067:
3049:
2991:
2930:
2802:
2763:
2693:
2300:
2110:
2092:
2084:
2041:... la mediación del papa Juan Pablo II fue providencial para la Argentina: no sólo evitó una
1862:
1784:
1708:
1700:
1495:
1189:
1131:
1127:
1001:
722:
703:
692:
654:
617:
374:
357:
1011:
The Argentine Armed Forces expected between 30,000 and 50,000 dead in the course of the war.
3270:
3219:
3149:
2983:
2876:
2268:
1659:
1206:
1082:
738:
602:
described the attitude of the Argentine military towards a possible war with the following:
591:
350:
259:
216:
3347:
2950:
The Vatican Mediation of the Beagle Channel Dispute: Crisis Intervention and Forum Building
2329:
2155:
el gobierno de los Estados Unidos y sus aliados de la OTAN los van a calificar de agresores
1392:
3432:
3327:
3299:
3281:
3263:
3245:
3197:
2637:
2576:
2389:
2309:
2246:
2221:
2179:
2166:
2135:
2069:
2036:
2010:
1916:
1896:
1820:
1758:
1545:
1310:
1282:
1005:
730:
220:
157:
30:
3186:
2979:
2976:, Memorial del Ejército de Chile, Edición Nº 471, Santiago, Chile, 2003, Spanish Language
2864:"Beagle Channel Arbitration between the Republic of Argentina and the Republic of Chile."
2797:
All articles of M. Schönfeld in "La Prensa" from 10 January 1982 to 2 August 1982 are in
2630:
2569:
2312:, Memorial del Ejército de Chile, Edición Nº 471, Santiago, Chile, 2003, Spanish Language
2235:
2062:
1275:
1218:
680:
3339:
2510:
2367:
Los militares involucionistas argentinos consideran una traición el acuerdo sobre Beagle
1608:
3541:
3009:
1776:
1066:
1023:
688:
650:
251:
the traditional supplier of the Chilean Armed Forces, did not supply weapons to Chile.
248:
172:
70:
3100:
Amato, Alberto; Pavon, Héctor; Rubín, Sergio; Lecziky, Uri; Guido, Braslavsky (1998).
2172:
1834:
1663:
1565:
3570:
3509:
2839:
2382:
2200:
2148:
1767:
1720:
1670:
1230:
734:
342:
294:
2863:
2483:
El Conflicto del Beagle y la prensa: un debate limitado. Chile-Argentina (1977–1979)
2109:
Pacho O'Donnell, "Historias Argentinas", 1. Edicion, Buenos Aires, Sudamerica, 2006
1073:
in the case of an invasion. A defensive position was built up the narrowest part of
635:
over Chile's military occupation of the disputed islands was to precede the attack.
2192:
Siehe Interview with Sergio Onofre Jarpa, Ambassador Chile's in Argentina in 1978,
1944:
1798:
1514:
1454:
Karl Hernekamp , "Der argentinisch-chilenisch Grenzstreit am Beagle-Kanal", p. 84:
1340:
1111:
1093:
1078:
1028:
684:
580:
336:
314:
232:
212:
196:
17:
3185:
Interview with the (later, in the nineties) Chief Commander of the Argentine Army
2846:
2543:
2378:
1837:
in Argentine newspaper "La Nacion" on 27 August 2009 (retrieved 27. August 2009):
1783:
and the violations of human rights by the Pinochet regime. In October 1981, under
1568:
in Argentine newspaper "La Nacion" on 27 August 2009. (retrieved 27 August 2009):
562:
The Argentines' numerical advantage was counterbalanced by the following factors:
2771:
2687:
1354:«…the direct negotiations are the only peaceful manner to resolve the conflict …»
3134:
1629:
675:
at 24:00 on 22 December 1978 the invasion of continental Chile would begin. The
594:
provided advantages to Chilean naval forces in the immediate operational theatre
2899:
Universidad del CEMA, Argentina, Documento de Trabajo No. 244, September 2003.
1539:"US Arms Transfer Policy for Latin America Lifting the Ban on Fighter Aircraft"
1126:, a severe storm impeded Argentine operations in the disputed area. Meanwhile,
3208:
3172:
3157:
3142:
2350:
1920:
1100:
1062:
1043:
384:
3226:
de Santiago de Chile, (from the Argentine Magazine "Somos"), Spanish Language
3048:. Pennsylvania State University Press, translated by James P. Brennan, 1994,
2228:
impulsado por el afán belicista de los halcones del régimen militar argentino
1697:"The Politics of British Arms Sales Since 1964: To Secure Our Rightful Share"
616:
No Argentine official documents or statements concerning the planning of the
3251:
Interview with the Ambassador of the United States of America in Argentina,
3230:
2258:
2013:, Argentina, on Sunday 20. December 1998. Original as published in Spanish:
1964:
662:
624:
360:
310:
281:
149:
1889:
1775:
The relations between Chile and UK has been also seriously damaged by the
211:
There was considerable international condemnation of the Chilean regime's
1956:
1138:
1070:
306:
161:
3150:
Corporación de Televisión de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
1787:, the UK announced its first significant arms sale with the sale of the
3234:
3110:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires (published 20 December 1998). Archived from
2905:
Historia general de las relaciones exteriores de la República Argentina
2884:
Historia general de las Relaciones Exteriores de la República Argentina
2423:
2226:"el drama que se estaba por abatir sobre la Argentina y Chile en 1978,
2124:
1849:"Wie geschmiert - Rüstungsproduktion und Waffenhandel im Raum Hamburg"
1656:
Historia general de las Relaciones Exteriores de la República Argentina
590:
mountain range is a difficult natural barrier and the geography of the
346:
244:
240:
661:) under the command of Humberto José Barbuzzi would seize the islands
2716:
1967:) disconnected the Argentine armed forces from its professional duty»
1194:
1089:
672:
islands and secure for the navy the east mouth of the Beagle Channel.
290:
236:
229:
International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 1976
183:
2893:
2288:
1149:
623:
The Argentine Government planned to first occupy the islands around
2789:
on 2 June 1982 about the Argentine Course of Action after the War:
1088:
The combat-ready Chilean fleet sailed on 22 December 1978 from the
215:
record, with the United States expressing particular concern after
1484:
1038:
718:
587:
271:
153:
107:
Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina
2920:
The Beagle-Question, direct Negotiations or Dialog of the Weapons
1899:, Sabrina Melidoni, Buenos Aires, 2006 (p. 45).(Spanish Language)
1699:, Mark Phythian, published by Manchester University Press, 2000,
1151:
considers the reasons for cancelling the operation (p. 45):
3081:, Editorial Aconcagua, Santiago de Chile, 1984, Spanish Language
3023:
Academia Chilena de Ciencias Sociales, 1985, in Spanish language
3351:
1757:), spare parts and the overhaul of Hawker Hunter turbines. The
1156:
in transportation through the passes over the Andean Mountains.
3030:. Editorial Diagraf, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Spanish Language
1715:, 352 pp., (pp. 105 ff). The UK signed contracts prior to the
517:
450:
2964:. 1984, Editorial Moisés Garrido Urrea, id = A-1374-84 XIII,
2944:(in German). Hamburg: Institut für Iberoamerika-Kunde, 1980.
2762:
Cambridge Studies in International Relations, 1996, 271 pp.,
2251:"Si hay tipos que pensaban que no había otra solución que la
369:(built and completed in the UK) sailed to Argentina from the
3020:
Comentarios sobre el tratado de paz y amistad con Argentina.
2275:
en el otro lado había deseos de agresión y vientos de guerra
2916:
Cuestión del Beagle. Negociación directa o diálogo de armas
2511:"En 1978, la DINA planeó envenenar el agua de Buenos Aires"
2929:(in German). München/Köln/London: Weltforum Verlag, 1987.
239:
joint naval maneuvers because of human rights violations.
3059:
Serrano, Francisco Bulnes and Patricia Arancibia Clavel.
3003:
Relaciones Chileno-Argentinas, La controversia del Beagle
2422:. International Campaign to Ban Landmines. Archived from
1031:, dealing with injured personnel, prisoners of war, etc.
3200:
de Santiago de Chile, 2 September 2005, Spanish Language
2153:"Si ustedes toman una sola roca, por minúscula que sea,
2151:, US-national security advisor, to the Argentine Junta:
598:
The Ambassador of the United States in Argentina (1978)
2942:
Der argentinisch-chilenisch Grenzstreit am Beagle-Kanal
1209:
foresaw a long and bloody war, a kind of partisan war:
2602:
2049:
1407:
1249:
383:(built in Argentina, completed in the UK) sailed from
2957:
of Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict.
2142:
se había tomado la decisión de desencadenar la guerra
2078:
y se puso en marcha el reloj de la cuenta regresiva."
1548:, Dr. Frank O. Mora, Lt. Col. Antonio L. Palá, USAF:
392:
175:
Government announced the decision, which awarded the
3273:, President of Argentina after the Falkland War, in
3483:
3424:
3383:
3215:, Santiago, Chile, 17 March 2002, Spanish Language
3037:. Editorial Nemont, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1979,
1106:is reported to have worked on a plan to poison the
254:In 1974 the Argentine Navy incorporated two modern
3330:, Buenos Aires, 20 December 1998, Spanish Language
3302:, Buenos Aires, 20 December 1998, Spanish Language
3284:, Buenos Aires, 20 December 1998, Spanish Language
3248:, Buenos Aires, 20 December 1998. Spanish Language
3028:La Argentina en el Beagle y Atlántico sur 1. Parte
3011:Der Schiedsspruch in der Beagle-Kanal-Streitigkeit
2801:, Manfred Schönfeld, Desafío Editores S.A., 1982,
1779:affair, the use of British made planes during the
3312:, Buenos Aires, 12. August 1996, Spanish Language
2988:Dejo Constancia: memorias de un general argentino
2840:"Martín Balza: Chile hubiera ganado una guerra."
1980:Alejandro Luis Corbacho, reasons of the call off:
649:at 20:00 on 22 December 1978 a task force of the
390:An overview of both countries' defense spending:
3307:Beagle: historia secreta de la guerra que no fue
3266:Buenos Aires, 20 December 1998, Spanish Language
2850:, 14 December 2003. Retrieved: 4 September 2010.
2631:Beagle: historia secreta de la guerra que no fue
2570:Beagle: historia secreta de la guerra que no fue
2328:, Argentina: Fundacion Histarmar, archived from
1276:Beagle: historia secreta de la guerra que no fue
3035:Argentina en el Atlántico, Chile en el Pacífico
2914:Gugliamelli, Juan E., Divisionsgeneral (a.D.).
2867:Report and Decision of the Court of Arbitration
2641:
2606:
2439:"Cuando Chile y Argentina encendieron la mecha"
1941:En 1978, Chile hubiese derrotado a la Argentina
1211:
1200:
1180:
1162:
1153:
663:Horn, Freycinet, Hershell, Deceit and Wollaston
604:
167:In 1971, Chile and Argentina agreed to binding
3001:Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Chile.
2962:El arbitraje del Beagle y la actitud Argentina
1865:Human Rights Watch. Retrieved: 16 August 2008:
1554:cited from US Code, vol. 22, sec. 2370 (1976).
3363:
3079:La mediación de su S.S. el Papa Juan Pablo II
2547:(in Spanish). 19 October 2002. Archived from
1955:«the incursion into the (daily) politics as
363:to the Argentine junta. On 19 September 1977
126:
8:
3408:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2712:"Después de Malvinas, iban a atacar a Chile"
2467:
2465:
2463:
1403:
1401:
1022:For the postwar phase of the operation, the
2692:New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.
1537:"Published Airpower Journal", Spring 1999,
3370:
3356:
3348:
3088:. Verlag Peter Lang, Frankfurt a.M. 1992,
2820:Augusto Pinochet, diálogos con su historia
2539:"Chile planeó un ataque biológico en 1978"
2039:Buenos Aires, Argentina, 20 December 1998
1890:Distribución de capacidades en el Cono Sur
1304:Natural Gas Pipelines in the Southern Cone
1077:to avoid or delay an Argentine capture of
744:
133:
119:
26:
3005:. Genf 1979, English and Spanish Language
2783:See also article of Manfred Schönfeld in
190:Date, objective and name of the operation
3449:Patagonia west of the continental divide
3378:Territorial disputes involving Argentina
2990:. Editorial Planeta, Buenos Aires 2001,
2818:Interview with María Eugenia Oyarzún in
2682:
2680:
2257:. "Cachetada" ("a slap in the face") is
772:Naval interdiction of the Beagle Channel
729:" (today Cardenal Samore Pass) to seize
691:, the largest two cities of the Chilean
305:. In November 1978 France delivered two
1963:) and mainly the dictatorship of 1976 (
1242:
309:to Argentina, originally built for the
62:
36:
29:
3222:, Commandant of the III Army Corps in
2488:Estaba consciente que tomaría con ello
148:(Operation Sovereignty) was a planned
3612:December 1978 events in South America
2491:la grave responsabilidad de iniciarla
1586:"Chileans Try an Air Force Their Way"
1176:1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands
717:would start an offensive through the
7:
3425:Disputes settled in the 20th century
3033:Rojas, Isaac F. and Arturo Medrano:
2902:Escudé, Carlos and Andrés Cisneros.
2760:The State, War, and the State of War
2437:Moraga, Patricio (1 November 2004),
2401:The state, war, and the state of war
2325:Preludios de Acción Militar Conjunta
2074:"Se tomó, por tanto, la decisión de
1393:Preludios de Acción Militar Conjunta
1018:Plan for the time after the invasion
579:The politicization of the Argentine
569:Chile spent a higher portion of its
325:, could not be delivered because of
3066:. Chile, Editorial Grijalbo, 2004,
2445:(in Spanish), Chile, archived from
2207:una campaña muy odiosa contra Chile
795:Landing of BIM sect. in the islands
583:diminished their military readiness
3046:Argentina in the twentieth Century
2322:Gianola Otamendi, Alberto (2012),
186:consistent with Argentine claims.
25:
3218:Interview with Argentine General
1835:Una enmienda clave para la región
1566:Una enmienda clave para la región
1327:, p. 6, retrieved 26 August 2008:
698:at daylight 23 December 1978 the
566:Defense is less risky than attack
329:; in Argentina they were renamed
3163:Argentine Telecast of Argentine
2184:"Ahí, Argentina rompió reglas y
1217:Argentine Falklands War veteran
1069:were selected to serve as extra
1008:from a possible Chilean attack.
631:. An Argentine complaint in the
423:
3587:National Reorganization Process
2822:, 1999. Original as published:
2758:See also Kalevi Jaakko Holsti,
2224:, Argentina, 20 December 1998:
1048:Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego
3317:Historia de la santa mediación
3211:in Argentina 1978 to 1982 in
2720:. Buenos Aires. Archived from
2480:Gustavo Andrés Delgado Muñoz,
2249:, Argentina, 20 December 1998:
2169:, Argentina, 21 December 2003
2002:Interview with Raúl Castro in
848:12 SA 316 B Alouette III (ARA)
1:
3592:Military history of Argentina
3415:Southern Patagonian Ice Field
3139:El año que vivimos en peligro
1851:Kriegsschiffe für Argentinien
1502:, pág. 124, documento nr.:368
1422:, Columbia University, p. 7:
903:T28, T34 and Aermacchi MB 326
838:Agrupación de Lanchas Rápidas
356:The United Kingdom delivered
3526:Laguna del Desierto incident
3154:Beagle: La guerra que no fue
3135:Televisión Nacional de Chile
2365:El País on 25. January 1984
2072:, Argentina 12 August 1996:
1943:, an interview with General
1145:Alejandro Luis Corbacho, in
928:ARA 25 de Mayo (+24 Skyhawk)
872:Sec. anfibious vehicle (VAR)
828:Destacamento Naval de Playas
805:Defense north of Lago Fagano
702:would begin attacks against
554:* Costs in millions of 1979
2881:"Las relaciones con Chile."
1919:with the Chilean newspaper
1766:"The union convenor at the
1050:Chile, photograph from 2006
915:section of BIM N°4 on board
607:armed, and are very strong.
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
303:building of four destroyers
3628:
3137:"Informe Especial", Theme
3017:Olivos, Sergio Gutiérrez.
2892:Corbacho, Alejandro Luis.
2123:Interview with Pio Laghi,
1880:, retrieved 16 August 2008
1517:for the Chilean newspaper
1174:Unlike the prelude to the
810:
792:Support and base for helos
765:
341:. United States President
270:, complementing two older
77:Beagle Channel arbitration
45:Beagle Channel cartography
3582:Military history of Chile
3334:Chile-Argentina Relations
3220:Luciano Benjamín Menéndez
2710:D, H (22 November 2009).
2287:Alejandro Luis Corbacho.
2213:"Cartas desde el abismo"
1878:Navy History of Argentina
1323:Alejandro Luis Corbacho,
1065:between Punta Arenas and
715:Luciano Benjamín Menéndez
484:
417:
395:
219:'s 1976 assassination in
3237:in Argentina, 1978, in
2786:La Prensa (Buenos Aires)
2383:La guerra que no ocurrió
2103:aggression against Chile
1928:la concepción defensiva.
798:Fire support for landing
775:Fire-support for landing
670:Picton, Nueva and Lennox
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
327:anti-apartheid embargoes
177:Picton, Nueva and Lennox
55:Picton, Lennox and Nueva
3077:Valdivieso, Fabio Vio.
2960:Madrid, Alberto Marín.
2234:Interview with General
2056:auspiciaba el estallido
1513:Interview with General
50:Boundary Treaty of 1881
3534:Sinking of Chian-der 3
3289:Cartas desde el Abismo
3044:Romero, Luis Alberto.
3008:Oellers-Frahm, Karin.
2875:Cisneros, Andrés and
2647:
2612:
2127:in Argentina in 1978,
2119:Se necesita una guerra
1961:Revolución Libertadora
1923:on 21. December 2001:
1824:(retrieved 2016-04-30)
1789:County-class destroyer
1215:
1204:
1185:
1167:
1158:
1137:Whether the Argentine
1051:
785:Landing in the islands
638:Rubén Madrid Murúa in
609:
571:gross domestic product
377:; on 28 November 1981
3457:Encuentro-Alto Palena
3160:) in Spanish Language
3061:La Escuadra En Acción
2980:Martín, Antonio Balza
2970:Madrid Murúa, Rubén.
2889:. Buenos Aires: Cema.
2299:Madrid Murúa, Rubén.
1797:and the naval tanker
1658:by Andrés Cisneros y
1521:on 21 December 2001:
1114:in the event of war.
1042:
1000:under the command of
968:BIM N°5 in Río Grande
713:under the command of
152:military invasion of
3502:Corbeta Uruguay base
3473:Martín García Island
3394:Argentine Antarctica
3152:"annonimos", Theme:
3148:Chilean Telecast of
3133:Chilean Telecast of
2838:Mendelevich, Pablo.
2449:on 27 September 2007
2426:on 11 February 2009.
2405:Kalevi Jaakko Holsti
2377:Argentine newspaper
2353:on 06. October 1984
2188:con el país vecino."
1611:. globalsecurity.org
1035:Chilean preparedness
681:José Antonio Vaquero
371:Vickers Shipbuilding
101:Argentine referendum
3597:Cancelled invasions
3494:Beagle channel maps
3465:Laguna del Desierto
3205:Sergio Onofre Jarpa
3178:Special edition of
3175:), Spanish Language
3169:Operativo Soberanía
3145:), Spanish Language
2925:Haffa, Annegret I.
2724:on 25 November 2009
2551:on 15 February 2016
2509:(19 October 2002).
2236:es:Reynaldo Bignone
1908:Martin Balza in an
1339:During a summit in
1075:Brunswick Peninsula
947:3 Grumman S2A / S2E
747:
700:Argentine Air Force
633:UN Security Council
283:Santiago del Estero
256:Type 209 submarines
146:Operación Soberanía
89:Direct negotiations
83:Operation Soberanía
18:Operation Soberania
3344:, Spanish Language
3336:, Spanish Language
3326:2009-09-09 at the
3298:2008-06-24 at the
3280:2009-09-09 at the
3262:2009-09-14 at the
3253:Raúl Héctor Castro
3244:2010-12-07 at the
3196:2008-06-25 at the
2998:, Spanish Language
2897:(Spanish Language)
2636:2007-09-27 at the
2575:2007-09-27 at the
2388:2008-12-20 at the
2349:Spanish newspaper
2332:on 18 January 2013
2308:2006-06-29 at the
2245:2009-09-09 at the
2220:2008-06-24 at the
2182:5 September 2005:
2178:2012-07-24 at the
2165:2007-10-24 at the
2134:2010-12-07 at the
2068:2007-09-27 at the
2043:guerra de agresión
2035:2009-09-09 at the
2009:2009-09-14 at the
1915:2013-02-27 at the
1895:2008-05-29 at the
1819:2016-06-03 at the
1719:for delivery of 7
1590:The New York Times
1544:2008-06-17 at the
1481:War of the Pacific
1391:Website Histamar,
1309:2007-07-09 at the
1281:2007-09-27 at the
1052:
782:Defense of Ushuaia
745:
629:declaration of war
516:percentage of the
449:percentage of the
380:Santísima Trinidad
297:and the Argentine
203:Military imbalance
179:islands to Chile.
3602:1978 in Argentina
3562:
3561:
3518:Hope Bay incident
3096:, German Language
2940:Hernekamp, Karl.
2799:La Guerra Austral
2603:Amato et al. 1998
2381:on 13 April 2005
2138:20 December 1998:
2050:Amato et al. 1998
1959:government 1955 (
1853:(German Language)
1785:Margaret Thatcher
1762:representatives:
1747:-class submarines
1733:Almirante Condell
1713:978-0-7190-5907-0
1632:on 6 March 1978:
1408:Amato et al. 1998
1250:Amato et al. 1998
1190:Basilio Lami Dozo
1128:Pope John Paul II
1118:Operation aborted
1002:Leopoldo Galtieri
998:Second Army Corps
994:
993:
704:Chilean Air Force
693:Magallanes Region
679:under command of
655:Argentine Marines
618:war of aggression
559:
551:
550:
492:defense spending*
425:defense spending*
375:Barrow-in-Furness
317:. The corvettes,
225:Kennedy Amendment
143:
142:
97: (1979–1984)
91: (1977–1978)
79: (1971–1977)
16:(Redirected from
3619:
3555:
3545:
3537:
3529:
3521:
3513:
3505:
3497:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3401:Falkland Islands
3396:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3349:
3271:Reynaldo Bignone
3141:, (sometimes in
3123:
3121:
3119:
3114:on 15 April 2011
3084:Wagner, Andrea.
3065:
3040:
3026:Rojas, Isaac F.
2984:Mariano Grondona
2967:
2911:
2888:
2851:
2843:
2836:
2830:
2816:
2810:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2707:
2701:
2686:Mares, David R.
2684:
2675:
2663:
2657:
2628:
2622:
2600:
2594:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2507:González, Mónica
2503:
2497:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2416:
2410:
2398:
2392:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2319:
2313:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2269:Augusto Pinochet
2045:contra Chile ...
2027:
2021:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1938:
1932:
1906:
1900:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1860:
1854:
1847:
1841:
1832:
1826:
1811:
1805:
1694:
1688:
1653:
1647:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1583:
1577:
1563:
1557:
1535:
1529:
1511:
1505:
1477:
1471:
1452:
1446:
1436:
1430:
1416:
1410:
1405:
1396:
1389:
1383:
1365:
1359:
1337:
1331:
1321:
1315:
1301:David R. Mares,
1299:
1293:
1273:
1267:
1247:
1207:Augusto Pinochet
1083:Tierra del Fuego
869:Cía. Leopardo EA
748:
739:Los Lagos Region
725:", "Maipo" and "
711:Third Army Corps
677:Fifth Army Corps
592:Tierra del Fuego
553:
393:
351:Operation Charly
217:Orlando Letelier
135:
128:
121:
27:
21:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3577:Beagle conflict
3567:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3479:
3471:
3463:
3455:
3447:
3441:Puna de Atacama
3439:
3433:Beagle conflict
3431:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:Latent disputes
3379:
3376:
3328:Wayback Machine
3300:Wayback Machine
3282:Wayback Machine
3264:Wayback Machine
3246:Wayback Machine
3229:Interview with
3203:Interview with
3198:Wayback Machine
3165:History Channel
3130:
3117:
3115:
3099:
3063:
3038:
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2191:
2186:apuró la guerra
2180:Wayback Machine
2171:"En su lógica"
2170:
2167:Wayback Machine
2147:
2136:Wayback Machine
2122:
2108:
2081:
2076:invadir a Chile
2070:Wayback Machine
2061:
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2024:
2011:Wayback Machine
2001:
1997:
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1759:James Callaghan
1739:Almirante Lynch
1728:-class frigates
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1160:On p. 46:
1120:
1104:Eugenio Berríos
1037:
1020:
1006:Chubut Province
953:Beechcraft B200
950:3 heli Sea King
825:Grupo de Minado
614:
221:Washington D.C.
205:
192:
158:Beagle conflict
139:
95:Papal mediation
31:Beagle conflict
23:
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2255:, allá ellos."
2199:2012-09-07 at
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3116:. Retrieved
3112:the original
3105:
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3078:
3064:(in Spanish)
3060:
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2987:
2982:General and
2972:
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2887:(in Spanish)
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2858:Bibliography
2845:
2842:(in Spanish)
2834:
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2798:
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2753:
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2726:. Retrieved
2722:the original
2715:
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2608:
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2553:. Retrieved
2549:the original
2542:
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2521:. Retrieved
2519:(in Spanish)
2514:
2501:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2453:29 September
2451:, retrieved
2447:the original
2442:
2432:
2424:the original
2414:
2400:
2396:
2373:
2361:
2345:
2334:, retrieved
2330:the original
2324:
2317:
2301:
2295:
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2262:
2252:
2250:
2227:
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2185:
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2118:
2102:
2100:
2075:
2073:
2055:
2053:
2042:
2040:
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2016:
1998:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1954:
1945:Martin Balza
1936:
1926:
1904:
1885:
1873:
1866:
1858:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1823:
1809:
1800:
1793:
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1515:Martin Balza
1509:
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1465:
1457:
1450:
1441:
1434:
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1387:
1377:
1370:
1363:
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1341:Puerto Montt
1335:
1328:
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1319:
1302:
1297:
1288:
1271:
1261:
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1219:Martín Balza
1216:
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1193:
1186:
1181:
1173:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1146:
1144:
1136:
1123:
1121:
1112:Buenos Aires
1108:water supply
1098:
1094:Hoste Island
1087:
1079:Punta Arenas
1060:
1057:
1053:
1029:Chilean Navy
1021:
1013:
1010:
995:
982:
981:
972:
971:
965:V Army Corps
959:
958:
938:
937:
934:9 destroyers
925:ARA Belgrano
919:
918:
909:
908:
888:
887:
878:
877:
854:
853:
842:
841:
832:
831:
816:
815:
723:Libertadores
685:Punta Arenas
683:would seize
644:
639:
637:
622:
615:
605:
597:
581:armed forces
561:
552:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
515:
485:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
448:
418:
389:
379:
365:
355:
337:
331:
322:
318:
315:South Africa
295:Blohm + Voss
288:
282:
276:
274:submarines,
266:
260:
253:
233:Northrop F-5
228:
213:human rights
210:
206:
197:Jorge Videla
193:
181:
166:
145:
144:
103: (1984)
85: (1978)
82:
73: (1958)
3504:(1976–1982)
3496:(1898–1984)
3224:El Mercurio
3191:El Mercurio
3180:El Mercurio
2774:On p. 160:
2770:. See also
2728:22 November
2117:, Chapter:
1781:Coup d'État
1717:Coup d'État
1630:Der Spiegel
931:3 Corvettes
721:passes of "
600:Raúl Castro
169:arbitration
156:due to the
3571:Categories
3213:La Tercera
3209:Ambassador
3207:, Chile's
2555:2 February
2523:2 February
2336:18 January
2194:La Tercera
1921:La Tercera
1519:La Tercera
1237:References
1188:Brigadier
1101:biochemist
1063:route 9-CH
1044:Mine field
812:Resources
735:Valparaíso
556:US dollars
385:Portsmouth
361:destroyers
313:Regime in
37:Background
3551:Soberanía
3485:Incidents
3310:La Nación
3231:Pio Laghi
2847:La Nación
2779:reversed.
2752:(transl.:
2650:(Transl.:
2615:(Transl.:
2587:(Transl.:
2544:La Nación
2443:El Centro
2407:, p. 159
2379:La Nación
2259:Euphemism
2253:cachetada
2203:, Chile:
2173:Río Negro
2160:La Nación
2121:(p. 315).
2063:La Nación
1965:Dirty War
1953:(Transl.:
1910:Interview
1863:Argentina
1799:RFA
1792:HMS
1681:(Transl.:
1640:(Transl.:
1376:(Transl.:
1352:(Transl.:
1260:(Transl.:
1071:airstrips
1061:Parts of
983:Airplanes
939:Airplanes
897:1 Puma EA
889:Airplanes
860:BIM N°4:
843:Airplanes
625:Cape Horn
486:Argentina
323:Transvaal
319:Good Hope
311:apartheid
307:corvettes
150:Argentine
3324:Archived
3315:Article
3305:Article
3296:Archived
3287:Article
3278:Archived
3260:Archived
3242:Archived
3194:Archived
3118:15 April
2918:(Trans.:
2634:Archived
2573:Archived
2495:exitosa.
2386:Archived
2306:Archived
2243:Archived
2218:Archived
2197:Archived
2176:Archived
2163:Archived
2132:Archived
2066:Archived
2033:Archived
2007:Archived
1957:de facto
1913:Archived
1893:Archived
1817:Archived
1801:Tidepool
1667:Archived
1542:Archived
1307:Archived
1279:Archived
1225:See also
1170:Analysis
1139:infantry
1099:Chilean
767:Mission
737:and the
731:Santiago
653:and the
373:yard in
366:Hércules
338:Guerrico
332:Drummond
277:Santa Fe
267:San Luis
247:and the
227:, later
184:boundary
162:infantry
3235:Nuntius
3173:YouTube
3158:YouTube
3143:YouTube
2420:"Chile"
2351:El País
2205:"Había
2125:Nuntius
1794:Norfolk
1751:O'Brien
1742:), two
1726:Leander
759:GT 42.3
756:GT 42.2
753:GT 42.1
727:Puyehue
709:Later,
575:defense
358:Type 42
349:. (See
347:Contras
245:Austria
241:Germany
173:British
3554:(1978)
3544:(1958)
3536:(1986)
3528:(1965)
3520:(1952)
3512:(1982)
3475:(1973)
3467:(1994)
3459:(1966)
3451:(1902)
3443:(1904)
3435:(1984)
3321:Clarín
3293:Clarín
3275:Clarín
3257:Clarín
3239:Clarín
3156:, (in
3107:Clarin
3092:
3070:
3052:
2994:
2933:
2805:
2766:
2717:Perfil
2696:
2516:Clarín
2240:Clarín
2215:Clarín
2129:Clarín
2113:
2095:
2087:
2030:Clarín
2004:Clarín
1745:Oberon
1711:
1703:
1609:UNITAS
1498:
1195:Perfil
1090:fjords
719:Andean
510:2,241
291:France
237:UNITAS
63:Events
3255:, in
2740:Also
2101:"The
1755:Hyatt
1485:Spain
1124:D-day
973:Ships
920:Ships
879:Ships
833:Ships
588:Andes
507:2,126
504:2,641
501:2,339
498:2,225
495:2,702
440:1,128
419:Chile
413:1981
410:1980
407:1979
404:1978
401:1977
398:1976
299:Junta
272:GUPPY
261:Salta
231:. 16
154:Chile
3171:(in
3120:2011
3090:ISBN
3068:ISBN
3050:ISBN
2992:ISBN
2931:ISBN
2869:via
2803:ISBN
2772:here
2764:ISBN
2730:2009
2694:ISBN
2557:2016
2525:2016
2455:2007
2338:2013
2261:für
2111:ISBN
2105:..."
2093:ISBN
2085:ISBN
1753:and
1736:and
1709:ISBN
1701:ISBN
1664:cema
1496:ISBN
996:The
687:and
586:The
443:949
335:and
321:and
280:and
264:and
3319:en
3189:in
2953:in
2403:by
2238:in
2091:or
1662:in
1122:On
1110:of
1092:of
1046:in
960:Men
910:Men
855:Men
817:Men
573:on
544:2.0
539:2.5
534:2.3
529:2.0
524:2.2
518:GNP
477:5.2
472:4.6
467:4.1
462:3.5
457:3.5
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437:951
434:713
431:566
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