1875:'s 5th Parachute Brigade was scattered and dropped incorrectly. The constituent units of 7th Parachute Battalion were so badly scattered that, by 03:00, the battalion's commander could only command around 40 per cent of the battalion, although more men arrived throughout the night and day. Relatively few supply containers had been found by the airborne troops, meaning that they possessed few heavy weapons or radio sets. However, the 7th Battalion managed to rendezvous with 2nd Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, and establish a defence against German counter-attacks. The first organised German responses to the capture of the bridges came between 05:00 and 07:00, and consisted of isolated and often uncoordinated attacks by tanks, armoured cars, and infantry that grew in intensity throughout the day. At 10:00, the German Air Force (
1917:, were also badly scattered when they were dropped at 00:50. When both units moved away from their rendezvous points neither had more than sixty per cent of their strength, although individual airborne troops and small groups would join the battalions throughout the day. Both of the battalions had been tasked with securing the area around DZ N and the two bridges captured by the coup-de-main force, a task which was made much more difficult by being scattered throughout the area. The 12th Parachute Battalion's mission was to secure the village of Le Bas de Ranville, which it did so by 04:00. The 13th Parachute Battalion was to capture the town of Ranville, which it achieved around the same time albeit against heavier resistance than that encountered by the other battalion.
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1370:, who had been chosen as the Supreme Allied Commander for the invasion. Montgomery's revised plan widened the landing area to include all of the coastline between the River Orne and the eastern coast of the Cotentin Peninsula; five divisions would land on the beaches, and supported by three airborne divisions to land on either side of the landing areas to secure their flanks and protect the landing troops from counterattack. The British airborne forces were assigned to the eastern flank, and the American airborne forces the west.
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the operational area assigned, due to a combination of bad weather and poor navigation on the part of the pilots of the transport aircraft carrying them. Glider-borne airborne troops also suffered from navigational errors, with ten of the eighty-five gliders assigned to the division landing more than 2 miles (3.2 km) from their landing-zones. However, an unintended but beneficial result of these scattered drops was that the
Germans were greatly confused as to area and extent of the airborne landings.
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The two battalions held their respective areas until relieved by ground forces advancing from the beaches. The 12th
Parachute Battalion was bombarded with heavy mortar and artillery fire, and repelled two German counter-attacks by the 125th Panzer Grenadier Regiment; the first was defeated after destroying a tank and taking a number of prisoners, and the second was repulsed with the help of an air-landed anti-tank battery which had recently arrived.
1394:, was chosen to conduct the airborne operations on the eastern flank of the invasion area. The division was new, having been activated in April 1943, and Operation Overlord would be its first experience of combat. The division was the first to be established for the sole purpose of undertaking division-level airborne operations rather than contributing to a range of smaller operations, and there was considerable debate over what the unit should do.
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2142:. The 5th Parachute Brigade had the 12th Parachute Battalion occupying Le Bas de Ranville, and the 13th Parachute Battalion holding Ranville while the 7th Parachute Battalion had been moved into reserve. The 6th Airlanding Brigade was poised to commit its two battalions to extend the bridgehead. The 1st Special Service Brigade, which had temporarily came under the command of the division, was holding villages to the north and north-east of DZ N.
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1216:, which was assigned the task of destroying the Merville artillery battery, was only able to gather up a fraction of its strength before it had to attack the battery, with the result that the depleted force suffered heavy casualties. However, the battery was successfully assaulted and the guns inside it disabled. The division's other objectives were also achieved despite the problems encountered.
2051:
glider became involved in a fire fight with German troops heading to reinforce the battery garrison. Otway launched the assault as soon as the first glider overshot the battery, ordering the explosives to be detonated to form two paths through the outer perimeter, through which the paratroopers attacked. The defenders were alerted by the explosions and opened fire, inflicting heavy casualties.
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1669:. On his arrival he had assessed the existing defences in the region and immediately began the process of improving them, particularly those situated inland as he believed no more than thirty per cent of the German defences were adequate. These anti-airborne measures consisted of planting a large number of mines to create minefields, as well as the erection of so-called
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group of sappers, who had reached the bridges a few hours earlier, and so rejoined the battalion near Troarn that had now increased in numbers after another fifty men had arrived. A reconnaissance party, and a party of sappers, was sent into Troarn to ascertain the status of the bridge. These troops came under fire, from a German-occupied house near the bridge.
1937:) began to land at the same time as the main elements of 5th Parachute Brigade, and suffered from the same problems. All of its constituent units were scattered throughout the area due to poor navigation, heavy cloud cover, and several of the drop-zones either not being marked correctly or marked correctly but incorrectly positioned due to pathfinder error.
2201:, but was met with extremely heavy resistance and was repulsed after suffering a number of casualties. The next day, the 3rd Parachute Brigade's entire front was subjected to fierce artillery bombardment and assaults by German tanks and infantry, with the Germans particularly focusing on the positions held by 9th Parachute Battalion.
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headquarters was moved to the Le Bas de
Ranville area and set up there. Contact was established with the headquarters of 5th Parachute Brigade at 05:00, and with the headquarters of 3rd Parachute Brigade at 12:35, and the division linked up with 1st Special Service Brigade as it advanced from the invasion beaches at 13:53.
1433:. Gale objected to this small-scale operation, arguing that a single brigade would not be able to achieve these objectives with such limited manpower, and asked for the entire division to be deployed. After consultation with his superiors, Browning agreed to the request and ordered Gale to begin planning for the operation.
2223:. In nine days of fighting, it had advanced 45 miles (72 km) despite, as Gale put it, the infantry units being "quite inadequately equipped for a rapid pursuit". The advanced resulted in the liberation of 400 square miles (1,000 km) of German-occupied France, and the capture of over 1,000 German soldiers.
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Once the pilots had practiced this sufficiently during the day, they were then switched to night operations. In the landing grounds used by the division for their operations, dozens of poles similar to those in
Normandy were erected, with engineering units then timed on how fast they could demolish the obstacles.
2219:. On 7 August, following a period of static warfare, the division began preparations for offensive operations. On the night of 16/17 August, the division began to advance against stiff German opposition. This advance continued until 26 August, when the division reached its objective – the mouth of the
2080:
The paratroopers had achieved their primary objective, but at a heavy cost, with fifty dead and twenty-five wounded; a casualty rate of exactly fifty per cent. The battalion then attacked Le Plein, securing the village by expelling the platoon-sized German garrison. The survivors retired to a planned
2050:
Of the three gliders assigned to the operation, only two arrived in
Normandy; one having to abort and land in England. The remaining two were hit by anti-aircraft fire on their run-in. One landed around 2 miles (3.2 km) away, the other at the edge of the battery's minefield. The troops from this
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A small group, led by the company commander, assaulted the fortifications outside
Varaville that were manned by approximately ninety-six Germans supported by several machine-gun nests and an artillery piece. The artillery piece inflicted a number of casualties on the small Canadian force, killing the
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A group of paratroopers moved towards the
Robehomme bridge, encountering and gathering together several other groups of airborne troops and sappers en route, before reaching the bridge where they discovered it was still intact. By 03:00, the sappers tasked with the demolition of the bridge had failed
1680:
Rommel noted in his diary, following an inspection of one area, that a division had placed over 300,000 stakes in the ground to deter airborne landings, and a corps had erected over 900,000. The
Merville artillery battery was a particularly heavily fortified position. From the beach, it was protected
1536:
The pilots of the gliders and transport aircraft were also constantly briefed with thousands of maps and photographs of the landing zones and the surrounding areas, as well as dozens of scale models of the zones and the primary objectives, such as the bridges and the
Merville battery. A coloured film
1516:
As the date of the operation approached, training became more intensive. Glider units spent hours aloft every day circling over airfields as they practiced the manoeuvers required to land the airborne forces next to the bridges over the Orne River, the Caen canal, the Dives, and the
Merville battery.
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The battalion arrived at the battery at 04:00. They linked up with the survivors of the pathfinder group, who had been earlier hit by an RAF raid against the battery, and began readying for an assault whilst the pathfinders marked out areas for the bangalore torpedoes to be placed. The battalion was
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and markers that caused a number of airborne troops to drop in the wrong area. The Pathfinders 'stick' on DZ K commanded by Lt Bob Midwood were successful. A pathfinder team belonging to 9th Parachute Battalion, assigned to mark out the drop-zone area for the unit tasked with destroying the Merville
1826:
At the Orne River bridge, a machine-gun nest was suppressed with mortar fire but no other defenders were found, and the two platoons captured the bridge before radioing Howard and informing him of their success. Both bridges had been secured within fifteen minutes, at the cost of only a small number
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force. The coup-de-main force landed in six gliders, over a five-minute period (00:15–00:20); three landing near the Caen canal bridge and two near the Orne River bridge and the third destined for the Orne River bridge some seven miles away due to a navigational error. Once on the ground, the troops
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were provided for the operation to ensure that the division could be deployed in just two airlifts. The pilots and crew of these transport aircraft then began formation flying training and specialised aircrew training to ensure that they were as familiar with what the operation required of them. The
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Both the 9th Parachute Battalion and the remnants of the Black Watch defended Chateau Saint Come, but were gradually forced to retreat. However, after Lieutenant-Colonel Otway stated that his battalion would be unable to defend its position for much longer, Brigadier Hill gathered together a number
2155:
Operation Tonga was a success, with all of the tasks allotted to 6th Airborne Division being achieved within the time limits imposed on the individual units of the division. These tasks had been achieved despite the problems caused by a large number of the airborne troops being scattered throughout
1971:
and another at Robehomme. Much like the rest of the units in the division, the battalion was scattered throughout the operational area. One group of paratroopers landed 10 miles (16 km) away from their drop-zone, and another landed only a short distance from the invasion beaches. A number were
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Regiment counterattacked in the BĂ©nouville area in an attempt to get through to the bridges. The coup-de-main force and the 7th Parachute Battalion held their position, knocking out 13 of the 17 tanks trying to get through. The British troops moved forward into BĂ©nouville and cleared the Germans in
1847:
The coup-de-main force had been followed closely by the pathfinders of the 22nd Independent Parachute Company, tasked with marking out the drop-zones and landing-zones to be used by the rest of the division. However, due to a combination of heavy cloud cover and poor navigation, only one pathfinder
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to disable one gun and jamming shells into the muzzles of the others. However, the job was less than thorough as at least one gun went back into action when the Germans later re-occupied the battery. Having completed the assault, the paratroopers gathered the German prisoners and their wounded and
2054:
Only four men assigned to assault Casemate Four survived long enough to reach it, which they disabled by firing into apertures and throwing grenades into air vents. The other casemates were cleared with fragmentation and white phosphorus grenades as the German crews had neglected to lock the doors
1948:, arrived at the battalion rendezvous point at 01:20, he found only thirty paratroopers and a small group of sappers with a Jeep and trailer. By 03:30, this number had increased to just over 140 paratroopers yet there were still no sign of the sappers who would be required to demolish the bridges.
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One company from 13th Parachute Battalion was detailed to remain at the battalion drop-zone in order to provide protection for a company of sappers. The latter were to demolish the poles and explosives that were present in the area, so that the 6th Airborne Division headquarters could land safely.
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and the Orne River at BĂ©nouville and Ranville. The bridges then would be defended against counterattacks. Gale knew that the capture of the bridges would be critical for the resupply and reinforcement of his division, but he did not know that the bridges were incapable of supporting tanks. Second,
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recovered. This was a significant set-back for the battalion, as the plan to assault the artillery battery relied on having the entire battalion present with a number of sappers, as well as a large quantity of heavy equipment. Under strict orders that the battery was to be destroyed no later than
1951:
Pearson therefore decided to send a small force to demolish the bridges at Bures, and lead the rest of the battalion to a crossroad north of Troarn where it would await more reinforcements before it attacked. The force sent to Bures discovered that the two bridges had already been demolished by a
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was formed by the division, and it successfully repulsed a number of German counter-attacks until Allied ground forces from the invasion beaches reached its positions. The actions of the division severely limited the ability of the German defenders to communicate and organise themselves, ensuring
1211:
The division suffered from a combination of bad weather and poor pilot navigation, which caused many of the airborne troops to be dropped inaccurately throughout the divisional operational area causing a number of casualties and making conducting operations much more difficult. In particular, the
2164:
The 6th Airborne Division suffered a total of 800 casualties between 5 June and 7 June, out of the 8,500 men deployed. German losses are estimated to be estimated 400 dead and a further 400 captured. In addition, fourteen tanks were lost during counterattacks around the Orne River and Caen canal
1955:
After a brief fire-fight, the paratroopers captured a number of Germans from the 21st Panzer Division. The airborne troops then made their way to the bridge, which they discovered had been partially demolished already. Once the sappers had widened the length of the bridge demolished, using their
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and other units. The gliders arrived at their landing-zone, coming under heavy small-arms and mortar fire from nearby German positions as they landed. Casualties were light and within ninety minutes the glider-borne troops had gathered at their rendezvous points. By 00:00 7 June, the entire 6th
2188:
On 10 June, the decision was taken to expand the bridgehead to the east of the River Orne, with 6th Airborne Division tasked with achieving this. However, the division was deemed not to be strong enough to achieve its objective; the 3rd Parachute Brigade was reinforced with the 5th Battalion,
1979:
Meanwhile, another company of the battalion had been attempting to complete the tasks it had been ordered to fulfill; it was to clear the enemy garrison from Varaville and destroy a gun emplacement, demolish a bridge over the River Divette, and also destroy a radio transmitter near Varaville.
1504:
undertook an exercise in which the entire brigade was dropped by 98 transport aircraft. At the end of March, 284 aircraft were used in Exercise 'Bizz II' in which the entire division was deployed by parachute or glider. Between 21 April and 26 April, Exercise 'Mush' utilised approximately 700
2106:
At 03:35, the 6th Airborne Division headquarters landed by glider in the landing-zone cleared by sappers. Only a few gliders missed the landing-zone, due to the poor weather and errors in navigation. Once the headquarters staff and accompanying airborne troops had been gathered together, the
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transports as well as seventeen Horsa gliders, carrying the bulk of the 3rd and 5th Parachute Brigades and their heavy equipment. These forces were due to land in their respective drop-zones at 00:50. The second group was destined to land at 03:20, and consisted of sixty-five Horsa and four
2035:, the commander of the battalion, landed with the rest of his stick 400 yards (370 m) away from the drop-zone in a farmhouse being used as a command post by a German battalion. After a brief fire-fight and helping other scattered paratroopers, Otway arrived at the drop-zone at 01:30.
1762:
transports took off carrying pathfinders of the 22nd Independent Parachute Company, who were to mark the three drop-zones to be used by the airborne troops of the division. Another sixteen Albemarles followed the transports carrying the pathfinders, these transported elements of the
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able to contain artillery pieces up to dimensions of 150 mm. The entire battery covered an area roughly four hundred metres in diameter and was surrounded by an inner perimeter of barbed wire, a minefield, and an outer perimeter of barbed wire as well as an anti-tank ditch.
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team was dropped correctly. The aircraft carrying the remainder had to make between two and three runs over their respective drop-zones before their teams jumped. Pathfinders assigned to DZ N were dropped wide, and did not manage to get to the drop-zone for thirty minutes.
1320:
to support the ground forces and protect their landing areas. Operation Skyscraper, for example, called for the deployment of two airborne divisions to support the beach landings that would be made by five infantry divisions. One airborne division would land near
2055:
leading into the battery. A number of prisoners were taken by the paratroopers, and explosives were then readied to disable the artillery pieces inside the battery. It was discovered that the pieces were not modern 150 mm calibre weapons, but were instead
1976:
to arrive, and so the paratroopers gathered together the small amount of explosives they possessed and set them off, weakening the bridge. The sappers finally arrived at 06:00, and completed the demolition of the bridge whilst the paratroopers protected them.
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fighting. By midday, most of the missing men from the 7th Parachute Battalion had arrived at the bridges. Despite the ferocity of the attacks, the battalion and the coup-de-main force were able to hold the bridges until 19:00, when the leading elements of the
1208:) and possibly inflict heavy casualties on the Allied troops landing on it. Having achieved these objectives, the division was then to create and secure a bridgehead focused around the captured bridges until they linked up with advancing Allied ground forces.
2226:
Between 6 June and 26 August, casualties amounted to 4,457 men of which 821 were killed, 2,709 wounded, and 927 were reported missing. The division was finally withdrawn from the frontline on 27 August, and embarked for England at the beginning of September.
1956:
explosives, the reconnaissance force withdrew back to the rest of the battalion at the crossroad. Having achieved its objective, the battalion then moved north and took up positions near Le Mesnail to widen the airborne bridgehead formed by the division.
1823:
emerged and assaulted the German positions. At the Caen canal bridge, troops assaulted German trench positions, attacked sentries, and threw grenades into a concrete bunker believed to hold the triggering equipment for the bridge demolition charges.
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The division ended the day with the 3rd Parachute Brigade holding a 4 miles (6.4 km) front, with 9th Parachute Battalion at Le Plein, 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion at Les Mesneil, and the 8th Parachute Battalion in the southern part of the
1834:
to arrive to reinforce their position, they had to repel several spontaneous attempts by the Germans to re-take the bridges. At 01:30, two German tanks attempted to drive onto the bridge, but were repelled with the loss of one tank to a
1409:
As late as January 1944, Gale noted that he had "no indication as yet of a definite airborne task" for his unit and continued to keep all options open, reflecting the ongoing discussions at the strategic level over the wider plan for
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gliders transporting the divisional headquarters and an anti-tank battery. The final group was formed of three Horsa gliders carrying sappers and men from the 9th Parachute Battalion, who were to land atop Merville Battery at 04:30.
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by two strongpoints that included approximately thirty bunkers as well as an observation post, and the battery itself consisted of a bunker containing the battery's command post, two blockhouses, a light flak emplacement and four
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was produced from aerial reconnaissance photographs which, when played at the correct speed and height over the scale models, realistically simulated the paths the glider pilots would take towards their landing-zones.
1586:
Neither division was rated as being highly efficient, with Allied intelligence rating them at a forty per-cent efficiency compared to a first-class line infantry division in a static role, and fifteen per cent in a
1881:) attempted to destroy the Caen bridge. A lone aircraft dropped a 1,000 lb (450 kg) bomb, which failed to detonate. Furthermore, two German coastal craft attempted to attack the bridge and were repelled.
1944:, tasked with destroying two bridges near Bures and a third by Troarn, was widely scattered with a number of its paratroopers landing in the operational area of 5th Parachute Brigade. When the commanding officer,
1520:
The battalion assigned to neutralising Merville spent two weeks at a special camp, where they built a replica of the battery and carried out several rehearsal exercises in and around it. The force assigned to the
1418:(commander of all British airborne forces) arrived at the 6th Airborne Division's headquarters to brief Gale on what the division was expected to achieve during the invasion; their role codenamed Operation Tonga.
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Between 7 June and 10 June, the 6th Airborne Division repulsed a number of German attacks. The division retained control of the area between the Rivers Orne and Dives until 14 June, when the
2018:
was assigned a number of objectives: the destruction of the Merville artillery battery, the capture of the village of Le Plein, block the roads leading to that village, and capture a German Navy (
2043:
05:30, Otway felt that he could no longer wait for any more men to arrive and set off for the battery with 150 paratroopers (following the arrival of another small group of stragglers at 02:45).
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westwards. The final plan would utilise three divisions in the first assault, with airborne forces being dropped onto the town of Caen early on the first day to seize the first breakout route.
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had taken place, destroy several other bridges to deny their use to the Germans and secure several important villages. The division was also assigned the task of assaulting and destroying the
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Detailed planning for Tonga began in February, starting with the number of transport aircraft assigned to the operation being expanded rapidly to accommodate the entire division. Two
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and believed capable of arriving in the vicinity of the airborne landings within twelve hours. The division possessed a large number of tanks and self-propelled guns, including the
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company commander, and a stalemate ensued until 10:00 when the enemy garrison surrendered after being subjected to mortar bombardment. The paratroopers were then relieved by
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1661:, German forces had constructed a large number of static defensive positions and obstacles. Rommel had been appointed Inspector General of Coastal Defences and commander of
1344:, aiming to cut the German forces in half during D-Day itself. Morgan and his staff finally decided that the invasion should take place along a thirty-mile front from the
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divided into four assault groups, one for each of the casemates of the battery, and was ready by 04:30, when the gliders carrying the sappers arrived over the battery.
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near the River Orne. However, the battalion was scattered throughout the area with a number of paratroopers landing a considerable distance from the designated DZ.
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Thirty minutes later, the remainder of the transports carrying the division began to take off. This wave was divided into three groups. The first consisted of 239
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The original plan for Tonga did not involve the entire division, instead only called for a single parachute brigade and an anti-tank battery to be attached to the
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should begin. A provisional target date of May 1944 was set with the code-name 'Overlord' decided upon. A joint Anglo-American planning staff was created under
1204:, an artillery battery that Allied intelligence believed housed a number of heavy artillery pieces, which could bombard the nearest invasion beach (codenamed
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dropped in flooded areas around Varaville, and several drowned when they were dragged under the surface of the water due to the weight of their equipment.
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1579:. Both divisions also had a miscellaneous collection of anti-tank guns and artillery pieces, as well as a small number of German and French tanks and
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3762:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Vol. III. Ottawa: The Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery.
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began. Mallard was the final wave of the 6th Airborne Division's landings and consisted of 220 Horsa and Hamilcar gliders, carrying the
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withdrew, having no wish to remain by the battery. The battalion possessed no radio and if no signal were received by the light cruiser
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and taking control of the areas of strategic importance to the east of Caen. First, it was to capture intact the two bridges over the
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The division was allotted three specific tasks to achieve as a part of Tonga, apart from protecting the eastern flank of the Allied
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1571:; both of which were static formations whose manpower consisted of medically downgraded troops and conscripts recruited from the
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6th Airborne Division carried out several large-scale airborne exercises, using them to find the most efficient way to deploy a
1473:. The division would then hold the territory that it had seized, until it could be relieved by advancing British ground forces.
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Although a new formation equipped with an assortment of older tanks and other armoured vehicles, the core of the division were
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Airborne Division had been fully deployed on the eastern flank of the invasion beaches (with the exception of 12th Battalion,
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that the seaborne troops could not be attacked during the vital first few hours after landing when they were most vulnerable.
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infantry formations formed from training establishments. Based near Caen, in support of the static divisions, was the
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of paratroopers from 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion and led a counter-attack that forced the Germans to withdraw.
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The 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion was allotted, as its primary task, the demolition of two bridges: one at
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The Brereton Diaries: The War in the Air in the Pacific, Middle East and Europe, 3 October 1941 – 8 May 1945
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role. Allied intelligence also indicated that two companies of armour were in the area, as were a number of
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One of the teams assigned to DZ K accidentally dropped onto DZ N without realising their error, and set up
1634:, which was less than a day's march from the area. Also considered a threat to the airborne forces was the
1425:. This force would be tasked with seizing bridges over the Caen Canal and the River Orne near the towns of
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against the 6th Airborne Division, who moved by road, in a simulation of a full-scale airborne operation.
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of casualties. It was also discovered that the bridges had not been rigged with explosives as believed.
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1563:) formations stationed in the area around Caen and the River Orne. By June 1944, this consisted of the
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operation. The other bridges were destroyed by the division, and a number of villages were occupied. A
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glider-tugs along with Horsa and Hamilcar gliders waiting RAF Tarrant Rushton to take off for Normandy
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arrived and began to relieve the airborne troops, a process that was completed around 01:00 7 June.
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By 02:35, only 110 paratroopers had assembled with only a single machine-gun and a small number of
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3960:
3898:
3862:
3856:
3839:
3771:
3337:
2194:
1580:
1437:
1415:
1355:
1333:
1326:
1257:
1249:
1197:
1151:
1037:
1011:
992:
887:
764:
731:
724:
691:
684:
627:
569:
554:
516:
360:
279:
1980:
However, the company was severely understrength, with only a fraction of its 100 men available.
1290:. The two Allied leaders decided that all available Allied forces should be concentrated in the
1814:, after the mythical winged horse utilized as the formation sign of the British airborne forces
4281:
4240:
3972:
3948:
3930:
3924:
3845:
3763:
3739:
3696:
3677:
3655:
3633:
3614:
3595:
3578:
3557:
3535:
3516:
3493:
3474:
3452:
3429:
3421:
3407:
3388:
3378:
3364:
3345:
3323:
2265:
2111:
2090:
2071:
2039:
1985:
1411:
1283:
1155:
1091:
1074:
1018:
894:
852:
845:
838:
658:
644:
448:
405:
324:
43:
20:
4209:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4121:
3989:
3942:
2290:
2081:
rendezvous point at 05:30, the battalion too understrength to achieve its other objectives.
1945:
1606:
1159:
1032:
985:
964:
880:
859:
779:
717:
528:
477:
1476:
4126:
4001:
3936:
3886:
3874:
2056:
1959:
1725:
1674:
1601:
1525:
operation, to capture the bridges over the Orne River and Caen canal, were transferred to
1485:
1359:
1317:
1170:
1143:
1123:
1109:
710:
651:
608:
598:
533:
436:
431:
372:
202:
247:
1901:
4214:
4199:
3311:
2099:
1890:
1857:
1811:
1783:
1745:
1722:
1588:
1576:
1397:
1306:
1291:
1086:
769:
441:
426:
421:
367:
348:
190:
170:
125:
2006:
1860:
heavy bombers missed the artillery battery itself and bombed the area the team was in.
4325:
4235:
4173:
4074:
3647:
3508:
2130:
Hamilcar gliders of 6th Airlanding Brigade arrive on DZ 'N', bringing the division's
2032:
1755:, who were tasked with capturing the bridges over the Caen Canal and the River Orne.
1714:
1494:
1453:, to ensure that it could not shell the British forces landing in the area codenamed
467:
298:
60:
of the 22nd Independent Parachute Company synchronising their watches in front of an
3825:
3466:
3307:
2020:
2010:
An aerial view of the Merville Gun Battery, after an air bombardment circa May 1944
1819:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1622:
1572:
1522:
1265:
1240:
1224:
1189:
197:
185:
155:
3382:
1480:
Men of 22nd Independent Parachute Company being briefed, in preparation for Tonga
4250:
4094:
4068:
3445:
3316:
By Air to Battle: The Official History of the British Paratroops in World War II
2220:
2209:
2190:
2066:
2059:
2025:
1872:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1341:
1205:
1166:
484:
457:
4260:
4088:
4082:
4062:
3715:
2208:
In the weeks that followed, the 6th Airborne Division was reinforced with the
1818:
The first unit of the 6th Airborne Division to land in Normandy, was Howard's
1345:
1228:
1185:
494:
489:
462:
51:
3582:
2123:– part of 6th Airlanding Brigade – that was due to arrive by sea on 7 June).
3767:
3473:. History of the Second World War. Vol. I. Naval & Military Press.
1968:
1877:
1728:
carrying the coup-de-main force; this consisted of D Company, 2nd Battalion
1682:
1636:
1530:
1462:
3561:
4337:
Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
2095:
4204:
1830:
While the force waited for the rest of the division to land, and for the
1631:
1430:
1363:
759:
88:
1180:, landed on the eastern flank of the invasion area, near to the city of
2586:
2584:
1741:
1644:
3361:
The Day The Devils Dropped In: The 9th Parachute Battalion in Normandy
2139:
1614:
1526:
1470:
1457:. The third mission was to destroy several bridges which spanned the
1269:
138:
3674:
The Red Beret: The Story of The Parachute Regiment at War, 1940–1945
2252:. Ministry of Defense. Archived from the original on 1 November 2006
3756:
The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945
1533:
and the nearby canal that stood in place for their real objective.
2172:
2125:
2094:
2077:, by 05:30, it would begin shelling the battery as a contingency.
2065:
The paratroopers did the best with the explosives they had, using
2005:
1958:
1900:
1805:
1698:
1553:, an obstacle aimed at damaging gliders and injuring the occupants
1544:
1475:
1396:
1239:
1856:
artillery battery, was all but wiped out when an air-raid by RAF
1836:
1710:
Operation Tonga began at 22:56 on the night of 5 June, when six
1322:
1181:
84:
3793:
935:
251:
3736:
Go To It! The Illustrated History of the 6th Airborne Division
1223:, secured two bridges over the Caen Canal and River Orne in a
2731:
2729:
2727:
2165:
bridges. Other losses include one gunboat on the Caen canal.
1219:
A small force of glider-borne troops, from the 2nd Battalion
19:
This article is about British airborne operations during the
3693:
Airborne to battle: a History of Airborne Warfare, 1918–1971
3577:(3). Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combined Arms Center: 86–92.
3127:
3125:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3093:
3091:
3042:
3040:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2974:
2972:
2824:
2822:
2809:
2807:
2770:
2768:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2613:
2611:
2477:
2475:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2310:
2308:
3447:
Paratrooper! The Saga of Parachute and Glider Combat Troops
1557:
The 6th Airborne Division would be opposed by German Army (
2718:
1617:
to the west of the Caen canal and the River Orne bridges.
4367:
Land battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
3490:
D-Day 1944: Sword Beach & British Airborne Landings
3274:
3272:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2940:
2938:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2506:
2504:
2502:
1529:. There, they conducted intensive exercises around the
2325:
2323:
1316:
Early drafts of Overlord called for the commitment of
4377:
Military operations of World War II involving Germany
3652:
The Second World War 1939–1945 Army – Airborne Forces
3569:
Hand, Roger (1995). "Overlord and Operational Art".
2185:
took over the southern part of the Orne bridgehead.
1740:
for the initial invasion) reinforced with two extra
1362:
and overall command of all ground forces to land in
4228:
4192:
4141:
4104:
4047:
3982:
3832:
1905:
Paratroopers guarding a road junction near Ranville
1340:, would have involved a large airborne drop on the
3444:
1758:A few minutes later, between 23:00 and 23:20, six
1609:, just east of Caen, and the 2nd Battalion, 192nd
1445:the division was to destroy the heavily fortified
1810:The Caen Canal Bridge, June 1944; it was renamed
1329:. "Plan C", an ambitious proposal put forward by
1264:plan for the eventual invasion and liberation of
2270:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1884:As the day progressed, the 2nd Battalion, 192nd
1802:Capture of the Caen canal and Orne river bridges
1796:Capture of the Caen canal and Orne river bridges
36:
4372:Military history of Canada during World War II
2177:The 6th Airborne Division, positions June 1944
2085:Divisional HQ, Operation Mallard, and days end
1730:Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
1256:Operation Tonga originated in the planning of
1221:Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
1173:airborne troops of the division, commanded by
16:Airborne operation during the Second World War
3805:
3611:Airborne: World War II Paratroopers in Combat
947:
263:
8:
3820:Primary articles on the Battle of Normandy,
2735:
2314:
1272:. Invasion planning begun in May 1943, when
1150:between 5 June and 7 June 1944 as a part of
4112:American logistics in the Normandy campaign
3492:. Campaign. Vol. III. Oxford: Osprey.
3471:Victory in the West: The Battle of Normandy
1401:Major-General Richard Gale, commanding the
4309:Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord
4117:British logistics in the Normandy campaign
3812:
3798:
3790:
3554:With the 6th Airborne Division in Normandy
3290:
3227:
3215:
3191:
3155:
3143:
3131:
3116:
3097:
3070:
3058:
3046:
3031:
3019:
3007:
2995:
2978:
2929:
2917:
2905:
2869:
2840:
2828:
2813:
2798:
2786:
2774:
2759:
2747:
2706:
2689:
2677:
2665:
2641:
2629:
2617:
2481:
2466:
2442:
2418:
2401:
2377:
2353:
2341:
963:British airborne forces operations of the
954:
940:
932:
270:
256:
248:
33:
3592:Wings of War – Airborne Warfare 1918–1945
1677:and killing or wounding airborne troops.
4342:Battles of World War II involving Canada
3239:
2248:The Parachute Regiment (26 March 2004).
1909:The brigade's other two battalions, the
1338:Chief of Staff of the United States Army
1294:, and that planning for the invasion of
23:. For American airborne operations, see
3179:
2590:
2430:
2240:
1325:, and another on the east coast of the
3852:American airborne landings in Normandy
3182:, pp. 130–131, 153–159, 162, 168.
2881:
2653:
2602:
2563:
2263:
25:American airborne landings in Normandy
4347:British airborne landings in Normandy
3632:. Santa Ana, CA: Graphic Publishers.
3532:Pegasus Bridge: BĂ©nouville D-Day 1944
3278:
3251:
3203:
3167:
2963:
2944:
2893:
2857:
2551:
2534:
2522:
2510:
2493:
2389:
2329:
2191:Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment)
1748:sappers under the overall command of
1414:. On 17 February 1944, Major-General
7:
3263:
3082:
2575:
2454:
2365:
1641:12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend
1405:, addresses his men (4–5 June 1944)
3905:Greenline, Pomegranate and Express
3609:Moreman, Tim; et al. (2007).
2193:. On 11 June, the 5th Black Watch
2062:-era 100 mm field howitzers.
1963:3rd Parachute Brigade paratroopers
1626:veterans. Further afield was the
1497:on one or multiple landing-zones.
1447:Merville coastal artillery battery
1416:Frederick Arthur Montague Browning
1196:ground forces to advance once the
14:
3515:. Oxford United Kingdom: Osprey.
2183:51st (Highland) Infantry Division
1387:, which was under the command of
1063:Caen canal and Orne river bridges
394:Caen canal and Orne river bridges
4387:1st Canadian Parachute Battalion
4357:Glider Pilot Regiment operations
3881:Capture of Caen and Orne bridges
3718:
1769:1st Canadian Parachute Battalion
1665:, in November 1943, by order of
196:
184:
169:
148:
131:
118:
50:
4299:People of Western Europe speech
4220:Military cemeteries in Normandy
3676:. London: New English Library.
3402:Buckingham, William F. (2005).
2250:"D-Day – The Normandy Landings"
332:Taxable, Glimmer & Big Drum
4294:June 6, 1944, order of the day
2002:Battle of Merville Gun Battery
1996:Battle of Merville Gun Battery
1744:from B Company and a party of
1142:was the codename given to the
1:
3594:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
2593:, pp. 155–159, 162, 168.
1896:British 3rd Infantry Division
1760:Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle
1507:British 1st Airborne Division
1423:British 3rd Infantry Division
1351:Following the appointment of
1305:, who was given the title of
1148:British 6th Airborne Division
62:Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle
4053:
4049:
2217:1st Belgian Infantry Brigade
2014:The 3rd Parachute Brigade's
1511:Polish 1st Parachute Brigade
1461:, located near the towns of
4129:(Pipe-Line Under The Ocean)
3513:Overlord the D-Day Landings
2102:gliders near Landing Zone N
1990:1st Special Service Brigade
4403:
3734:Harclerode, Peter (2002).
3670:Saunders, Hilary A. St. G.
3590:Harclerode, Peter (2005).
3443:Devlin, Gerard M. (1979).
2088:
1999:
1868:Due to the above factors,
1799:
1248:, the original planner of
18:
4266:Allied forces in Normandy
3753:Stacey, C. C. J. (1960).
3691:Tugwell, Maurice (1971).
3630:Silent Wings Savage Death
3404:D-Day: The First 72 Hours
1605:Regiment was billeted at
1192:which were to be used by
974:
339:Combined Bomber Offensive
291:
224:
211:
162:
108:
67:
49:
41:
3628:Nigl, Alfred J. (2007).
3534:. Raid. Oxford: Osprey.
3344:. London: Pocket Books.
3254:, pp. 187–188, 191.
2287:"German Order of Battle"
1569:716th Infantry Divisions
1311:Supreme Allied Commander
3654:. Imperial War Museum.
3469:; et al. (2004) .
2016:9th Parachute Battalion
1942:8th Parachute Battalion
1832:7th Parachute Battalion
1765:9th Parachute Battalion
1505:aircraft to deploy the
1214:9th Parachute Battalion
4246:D-Day naval deceptions
3613:. Bloomsbury: Osprey.
2618:Ford & Zaloga 2009
2213:Princess Irene Brigade
2178:
2134:
2116:6th Airlanding Brigade
2103:
2011:
1964:
1906:
1815:
1736:, but attached to the
1734:6th Airlanding Brigade
1707:
1613:Regiment was based at
1554:
1481:
1406:
1358:to the command of the
1356:Sir Bernard Montgomery
1281:British Prime Minister
1253:
801:Air and Sea operations
594:Anglo-Canadian Sector
473:Anglo-Canadian Sector
239:estimated 400 captured
163:Commanders and leaders
3726:United Kingdom portal
3530:Fowler, Will (2010).
3406:. Tempus Publishing.
3359:Barber, Neil (2002).
2176:
2129:
2098:
2009:
1962:
1931:3rd Parachute Brigade
1925:3rd Parachute Brigade
1904:
1864:5th Parachute Brigade
1809:
1773:3rd Parachute Brigade
1738:5th Parachute Brigade
1702:
1548:
1502:3rd Parachute Brigade
1479:
1403:6th Airborne Division
1400:
1385:6th Airborne Division
1288:Washington Conference
1277:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1243:
1102:2nd Parachute Brigade
1048:6th Airborne Division
979:1st Airborne Division
833:Supporting operations
225:Casualties and losses
4016:(Canada, Poland, US)
3969:(Canada, Poland, UK)
3963:(Canada, Poland, UK)
3648:Otway, Terence B. H.
1712:Handley Page Halifax
1704:Handley Page Halifax
1654:Under the orders of
1628:Panzer Lehr Division
1597:21st Panzer Division
1368:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1296:North-Western Europe
1202:Merville Gun Battery
1068:Merville Gun Battery
285:(Battle of Normandy)
230:800 dead and wounded
4277:Operation Bodyguard
4271:Liberation of Paris
3777:on 21 December 2020
3363:. Pen & Sword.
3338:Ambrose, Stephen E.
3320:Pen and Sword Books
3194:, pp. 328–330.
3146:, pp. 326–327.
3073:, pp. 143–144.
3034:, pp. 142–143.
3022:, pp. 324–325.
2872:, pp. 314–316.
2762:, pp. 312–313.
2750:, pp. 120–121.
2719:Moreman et al. 2007
2469:, pp. 305–307.
2285:Niklas Zetterling.
2121:Devonshire Regiment
2040:Bangalore torpedoes
1719:RAF Tarrant Rushton
1581:self-propelled guns
1500:On 6 February, the
1379:British preparation
1303:Frederick E. Morgan
1246:Frederick E. Morgan
1244:Lieutenant-General
1178:Richard Nelson Gale
176:Richard Nelson Gale
4382:Operation Overlord
4304:Rommel's asparagus
4288:Operation Jedburgh
4133:Operation Chastity
3695:. London: Kimber.
3488:Ford, Ken (2002).
3422:Crookenden, Napier
3379:Brereton, Lewis H.
2195:launched an attack
2179:
2135:
2104:
2030:Lieutenant-Colonel
2024:) headquarters at
2012:
1965:
1907:
1839:anti-tank weapon.
1816:
1708:
1671:Rommel's asparagus
1555:
1551:Rommel's asparagus
1541:German preparation
1482:
1407:
1334:George C. Marshall
1327:Cotentin Peninsula
1300:lieutenant-general
1258:Operation Overlord
1254:
1250:Operation Overlord
1152:Operation Overlord
1146:undertaken by the
1144:airborne operation
628:Normandy massacres
517:Operation Chastity
281:Operation Overlord
236:estimated 400 dead
4352:Conflicts in 1944
4317:
4316:
4282:Operation Dragoon
3957:(UK 6th Airborne)
3426:Dropzone Normandy
2736:Air Ministry 2013
2605:, pp. 11–12.
2457:, pp. 23–24.
2380:, pp. 24–25.
2315:Air Ministry 2013
2112:Operation Mallard
2091:Operation Mallard
1986:British Commandos
1451:Franceville Plage
1438:seaborne landings
1284:Winston Churchill
1198:seaborne landings
1134:
1133:
929:
928:
785:Mantes-Gassicourt
449:Normandy landings
246:
245:
104:
103:
44:Normandy landings
21:Normandy landings
4394:
4362:June 1944 events
4290:(France, UK, US)
4284:(France, UK, US)
4256:Hobart's Funnies
4210:Hillman Fortress
4122:Mulberry harbour
4055:
4051:
4048:Landing points (
4026:Merville Battery
3895:(Deception plan)
3814:
3807:
3800:
3791:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3776:
3770:. Archived from
3761:
3749:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3706:
3687:
3665:
3643:
3624:
3605:
3586:
3565:
3550:Gale, Richard N.
3545:
3526:
3509:Zaloga, Steven J
3503:
3484:
3467:Ellis, Lionel F.
3462:
3451:. Robson Books.
3450:
3439:
3417:
3398:
3374:
3355:
3333:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3120:
3114:
3101:
3095:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2982:
2976:
2967:
2961:
2948:
2942:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2817:
2811:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2318:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2289:. Archived from
2282:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2245:
1946:Alastair Pearson
1160:Second World War
969:
967:
966:Second World War
956:
949:
942:
933:
560:La Haye-du-Puits
545:American Sector
453:American Sector
399:Merville Battery
379:Airborne assault
286:
282:
272:
265:
258:
249:
201:
200:
189:
188:
174:
173:
158:
154:
152:
151:
137:
135:
134:
124:
122:
121:
69:
68:
54:
34:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4313:
4224:
4188:
4169:Longues-sur-Mer
4137:
4100:
4043:
4032:Verrières Ridge
3978:
3871:(UK and Canada)
3828:
3818:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3759:
3752:
3746:
3733:
3724:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:Further reading
3709:
3703:
3690:
3684:
3668:
3662:
3646:
3640:
3627:
3621:
3608:
3602:
3589:
3571:Military Review
3568:
3548:
3542:
3529:
3523:
3506:
3500:
3487:
3481:
3465:
3459:
3442:
3436:
3420:
3414:
3401:
3395:
3377:
3371:
3358:
3352:
3336:
3330:
3312:Carruthers, Bob
3306:
3302:
3297:
3291:Harclerode 2005
3289:
3285:
3277:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3228:Harclerode 2005
3226:
3222:
3216:Harclerode 2005
3214:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3192:Harclerode 2005
3190:
3186:
3178:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3156:Harclerode 2005
3154:
3150:
3144:Harclerode 2005
3142:
3138:
3132:Harclerode 2005
3130:
3123:
3117:Buckingham 2005
3115:
3104:
3098:Harclerode 2005
3096:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3071:Buckingham 2005
3069:
3065:
3059:Harclerode 2005
3057:
3053:
3047:Buckingham 2005
3045:
3038:
3032:Buckingham 2005
3030:
3026:
3020:Harclerode 2005
3018:
3014:
3008:Harclerode 2005
3006:
3002:
2996:Harclerode 2005
2994:
2985:
2979:Harclerode 2005
2977:
2970:
2962:
2951:
2943:
2936:
2930:Harclerode 2005
2928:
2924:
2918:Harclerode 2005
2916:
2912:
2906:Buckingham 2005
2904:
2900:
2892:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2870:Harclerode 2005
2868:
2864:
2856:
2847:
2841:Harclerode 2005
2839:
2835:
2829:Buckingham 2005
2827:
2820:
2814:Buckingham 2005
2812:
2805:
2799:Buckingham 2005
2797:
2793:
2787:Harclerode 2005
2785:
2781:
2775:Buckingham 2005
2773:
2766:
2760:Harclerode 2005
2758:
2754:
2748:Buckingham 2005
2746:
2742:
2734:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2707:Buckingham 2005
2705:
2696:
2690:Buckingham 2005
2688:
2684:
2678:Harclerode 2005
2676:
2672:
2666:Buckingham 2005
2664:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2642:Harclerode 2005
2640:
2636:
2630:Buckingham 2005
2628:
2624:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2482:Harclerode 2005
2480:
2473:
2467:Harclerode 2005
2465:
2461:
2453:
2449:
2443:Buckingham 2005
2441:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2419:Harclerode 2005
2417:
2408:
2402:Buckingham 2005
2400:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2378:Buckingham 2005
2376:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2354:Crookenden 1976
2352:
2348:
2342:Buckingham 2005
2340:
2336:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2293:on 13 July 2008
2284:
2283:
2279:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2197:on the town of
2171:
2169:Subsequent role
2162:
2153:
2148:
2093:
2087:
2060:First World War
2057:Czechoslovakian
2004:
1998:
1927:
1886:Panzergrenadier
1866:
1845:
1804:
1798:
1697:
1692:
1611:Panzergrenadier
1602:Panzergrenadier
1543:
1486:Royal Air Force
1381:
1376:
1360:21st Army Group
1318:airborne forces
1286:met during the
1238:
1140:Operation Tonga
1137:
1136:
1135:
1130:
970:
965:
962:
960:
930:
925:
912:
699:Verrières Ridge
621:Le Mesnil-Patry
544:
542:Ground campaign
452:
415:American Sector
382:British Sector
381:
287:
284:
280:
278:
276:
242:
207:
203:Wilhelm Richter
195:
183:
168:
149:
147:
146:
143:
132:
130:
119:
117:
92:
55:
37:Operation Tonga
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4400:
4398:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4332:1944 in France
4324:
4323:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4215:Pegasus Bridge
4212:
4207:
4202:
4200:Falaise pocket
4196:
4194:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4066:
4059:
4057:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4038:Villers-Bocage
4035:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3849:
3848:(assault plan)
3843:
3842:(overall plan)
3836:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3750:
3744:
3730:
3729:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3701:
3688:
3682:
3666:
3660:
3644:
3638:
3625:
3619:
3606:
3600:
3587:
3566:
3546:
3540:
3527:
3521:
3504:
3498:
3485:
3479:
3463:
3457:
3440:
3434:
3418:
3412:
3399:
3393:
3375:
3369:
3356:
3350:
3342:Pegasus Bridge
3334:
3328:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3293:, p. 363.
3283:
3281:, p. 191.
3268:
3266:, p. 126.
3256:
3244:
3242:, p. 196.
3232:
3230:, p. 335.
3220:
3218:, p. 334.
3208:
3206:, p. 185.
3196:
3184:
3172:
3170:, p. 182.
3160:
3158:, p. 327.
3148:
3136:
3134:, p. 320.
3121:
3119:, p. 145.
3102:
3100:, p. 319.
3087:
3075:
3063:
3061:, p. 318.
3051:
3049:, p. 143.
3036:
3024:
3012:
3010:, p. 324.
3000:
2998:, p. 322.
2983:
2981:, p. 321.
2968:
2966:, p. 181.
2949:
2947:, p. 180.
2934:
2932:, p. 316.
2922:
2920:, p. 315.
2910:
2908:, p. 127.
2898:
2896:, p. 179.
2886:
2874:
2862:
2860:, p. 178.
2845:
2843:, p. 314.
2833:
2831:, p. 125.
2818:
2816:, p. 123.
2803:
2801:, p. 129.
2791:
2789:, p. 313.
2779:
2777:, p. 122.
2764:
2752:
2740:
2723:
2721:, p. 227.
2711:
2709:, p. 120.
2694:
2692:, p. 119.
2682:
2680:, p. 309.
2670:
2658:
2656:, p. 369.
2646:
2644:, p. 308.
2634:
2622:
2620:, p. 204.
2607:
2595:
2580:
2568:
2556:
2554:, p. 174.
2539:
2537:, p. 171.
2527:
2525:, p. 170.
2515:
2513:, p. 169.
2498:
2496:, p. 168.
2486:
2484:, p. 307.
2471:
2459:
2447:
2435:
2433:, p. 202.
2423:
2421:, p. 305.
2406:
2394:
2392:, p. 157.
2382:
2370:
2358:
2346:
2334:
2332:, p. 156.
2319:
2304:
2277:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2140:Bois de Bavent
2132:Tetrarch tanks
2089:Main article:
2086:
2083:
2000:Main article:
1997:
1994:
1926:
1923:
1891:house to house
1865:
1862:
1858:Avro Lancaster
1844:
1841:
1812:Pegasus Bridge
1800:Main article:
1797:
1794:
1784:Short Stirling
1780:Douglas Dakota
1775:Headquarters.
1746:Royal Engineer
1717:took off from
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1589:counter-attack
1577:Eastern Europe
1549:An example of
1542:
1539:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1307:Chief of Staff
1292:United Kingdom
1237:
1234:
1156:D-Day landings
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1106:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1052:
1051:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1006:Turkey Buzzard
1002:
997:
990:
982:
975:
972:
971:
961:
959:
958:
951:
944:
936:
927:
926:
924:
923:
911:
910:
899:
892:
885:
878:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
830:
829:
824:
822:Pierres Noires
819:
814:
809:
798:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
750:
743:
742:
741:
729:
722:
715:
702:
701:
696:
689:
682:
677:
670:
663:
656:
649:
642:
637:
636:
635:
625:
624:
623:
618:
616:Villers-Bocage
606:
601:
592:
591:
590:
589:
579:
578:
577:
567:
562:
557:
552:
550:Brécourt Manor
539:
538:
537:
536:
531:
521:
520:
519:
503:
502:
500:Port-en-Bessin
497:
492:
487:
482:
471:
470:
465:
460:
445:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
411:
410:
403:
402:
401:
396:
376:
375:
370:
365:
358:
351:
349:Transport Plan
346:
341:
336:
335:
334:
329:
322:
315:
301:
292:
289:
288:
277:
275:
274:
267:
260:
252:
244:
243:
241:
240:
237:
233:
231:
227:
226:
222:
221:
218:
214:
213:
209:
208:
206:
205:
193:
191:Josef Reichert
180:
178:
165:
164:
160:
159:
144:
142:
141:
128:
126:United Kingdom
114:
111:
110:
106:
105:
102:
101:
100:Allied victory
98:
94:
93:
83:
81:
77:
76:
73:
65:
64:
47:
46:
39:
38:
32:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4399:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4320:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4236:Atlantic Wall
4234:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:Gun batteries
4140:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4076:
4075:Pointe du Hoc
4073:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4046:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3822:Western Front
3815:
3810:
3808:
3803:
3801:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3757:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3716:
3711:
3704:
3702:9780718302627
3698:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3683:9781786259257
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3661:9780901627575
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3639:9781882824311
3635:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3620:9781846031960
3616:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3601:9780304367306
3597:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3556:. Ian Allan.
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3541:9781846038488
3537:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3522:9781846034244
3518:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3499:9781841763668
3495:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3480:9781845740580
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3458:9780312596545
3454:
3449:
3448:
3441:
3437:
3435:9780711006607
3431:
3428:. Ian Allan.
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3413:9780752428420
3409:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3394:9781782898757
3390:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3370:9781844150458
3366:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3351:9780743450683
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3329:9780117083462
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3292:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3240:Saunders 1971
3236:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3085:, p. 71.
3084:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2887:
2884:, p. 55.
2883:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2738:, p. 73.
2737:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2671:
2668:, p. 41.
2667:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2635:
2632:, p. 37.
2631:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2578:, p. 47.
2577:
2572:
2569:
2566:, p. 11.
2565:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2445:, p. 16.
2444:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2404:, p. 27.
2403:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2371:
2368:, p. 87.
2367:
2362:
2359:
2356:, p. 67.
2355:
2350:
2347:
2344:, p. 24.
2343:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2317:, p. 89.
2316:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2168:
2166:
2159:
2157:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2033:Terence Otway
2031:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2008:
2003:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1853:radio beacons
1849:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1732:(part of the
1731:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1715:heavy bombers
1713:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1656:Field Marshal
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1552:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1495:brigade group
1491:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1465:, Robehomme,
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:Major-General
1386:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1175:Major-General
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
995:
991:
989:
988:
984:
983:
981:
980:
976:
973:
968:
957:
952:
950:
945:
943:
938:
937:
934:
922:
919:
918:
917:
916:
909:
908:
904:
900:
898:
897:
893:
891:
890:
886:
884:
883:
879:
877:
876:
872:
870:
869:
865:
863:
862:
858:
856:
855:
851:
849:
848:
844:
842:
841:
837:
836:
835:
834:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
803:
802:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
755:
751:
749:
748:
744:
740:
737:
736:
735:
734:
730:
728:
727:
723:
721:
720:
716:
714:
713:
709:
708:
707:
706:
700:
697:
695:
694:
690:
688:
687:
683:
681:
678:
676:
675:
671:
669:
668:
664:
662:
661:
657:
655:
654:
650:
648:
647:
643:
641:
638:
634:
633:Ardenne Abbey
631:
630:
629:
626:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
612:
611:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
595:
588:
585:
584:
583:
580:
576:
573:
572:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
546:
543:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
525:
522:
518:
515:
514:
513:
510:
509:
508:
507:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
480:
476:
475:
474:
469:
468:Pointe du Hoc
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
454:
451:
450:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
418:
417:
416:
409:
408:
404:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
390:
389:
385:
384:
383:
380:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
363:
359:
357:
356:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
333:
330:
328:
327:
323:
321:
320:
316:
314:
313:
309:
308:
307:
306:
302:
300:
299:Atlantic Wall
297:
296:
295:
290:
283:
273:
268:
266:
261:
259:
254:
253:
250:
238:
235:
234:
232:
229:
228:
223:
220:Approx 16,000
219:
216:
215:
210:
204:
199:
194:
192:
187:
182:
181:
179:
177:
172:
167:
166:
161:
157:
145:
140:
129:
127:
116:
115:
113:
112:
107:
99:
96:
95:
90:
86:
82:
79:
78:
75:5–7 June 1944
74:
71:
70:
66:
63:
59:
53:
48:
45:
40:
35:
30:
26:
22:
4319:
4193:Other places
4004:(UK, Canada)
3954:
3917:
3826:World War II
3779:. Retrieved
3772:the original
3755:
3735:
3692:
3673:
3651:
3629:
3610:
3591:
3574:
3570:
3553:
3531:
3512:
3489:
3470:
3446:
3425:
3403:
3383:
3360:
3341:
3318:. Barnsley:
3315:
3308:Air Ministry
3300:Bibliography
3286:
3259:
3247:
3235:
3223:
3211:
3199:
3187:
3180:Ambrose 2003
3175:
3163:
3151:
3139:
3078:
3066:
3054:
3027:
3015:
3003:
2925:
2913:
2901:
2889:
2877:
2865:
2836:
2794:
2782:
2755:
2743:
2714:
2685:
2673:
2661:
2649:
2637:
2625:
2598:
2591:Ambrose 2003
2571:
2559:
2530:
2518:
2489:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2431:Tugwell 1971
2426:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2361:
2349:
2337:
2295:. Retrieved
2291:the original
2280:
2254:. Retrieved
2243:
2225:
2207:
2203:
2187:
2180:
2163:
2154:
2136:
2109:
2105:
2079:
2073:
2067:Gammon bombs
2064:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2021:Kriegsmarine
2019:
2013:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1954:
1950:
1939:
1928:
1919:
1908:
1885:
1883:
1876:
1867:
1850:
1846:
1829:
1825:
1820:coup-de-main
1817:
1777:
1757:
1709:
1679:
1667:Adolf Hitler
1663:Army Group B
1659:Erwin Rommel
1653:
1635:
1623:Afrika Korps
1621:
1619:
1610:
1600:
1599:. The 125th
1592:
1585:
1573:Soviet Union
1559:
1556:
1535:
1523:coup-de-main
1519:
1515:
1499:
1483:
1435:
1420:
1408:
1392:Richard Gale
1382:
1350:
1315:
1255:
1225:coup de main
1218:
1210:
1171:glider-borne
1167:paratroopers
1164:
1139:
1138:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1100:
1092:
1075:
1056:
1055:
1046:
1038:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1005:
1000:North Africa
993:
986:
977:
914:
913:
906:
902:
895:
888:
881:
874:
867:
860:
853:
846:
839:
832:
831:
827:Audierne Bay
800:
799:
753:
746:
732:
725:
718:
711:
704:
703:
692:
685:
673:
666:
659:
652:
645:
609:
593:
541:
540:
505:
504:
478:
472:
447:
446:
413:
412:
406:
387:
386:
378:
377:
361:
355:Postage Able
354:
325:
318:
311:
304:
293:
109:Belligerents
42:Part of the
29:
4251:Dieppe Raid
4184:Mont Canisy
3507:Ford, Ken;
2882:Fowler 2010
2654:Devlin 1979
2603:Fowler 2010
2564:Fowler 2010
2221:River Seine
2026:Sallenelles
1933:(Brigadier
1873:Nigel Poett
1843:Pathfinders
1753:John Howard
1721:towing six
1643:, based at
1630:, based at
1459:River Dives
1449:located at
1342:River Seine
1158:during the
875:Houndsworth
795:La Rochelle
58:pathfinders
4326:Categories
4261:Rhino tank
4149:Amfreville
3833:Operations
3745:184067136X
3738:. Caxton.
3387:. Morrow.
3279:Otway 1990
3252:Otway 1990
3204:Otway 1990
3168:Otway 1990
2964:Otway 1990
2945:Otway 1990
2894:Otway 1990
2858:Otway 1990
2552:Otway 1990
2535:Otway 1990
2523:Otway 1990
2511:Otway 1990
2494:Otway 1990
2390:Otway 1990
2330:Otway 1990
2231:References
2160:Casualties
2110:At 21:00,
1935:James Hill
1488:(RAF) air
1442:Caen Canal
1427:BĂ©nouville
1346:River Orne
1313:(COSSAC).
1268:-occupied
1236:Background
1229:bridgehead
1190:Orne River
1186:Caen Canal
921:Cemeteries
775:Saint-Malo
344:Pointblank
4105:Logistics
4020:Cherbourg
3967:Tractable
3893:Fortitude
3869:Charnwood
3583:0026-4148
3310:(2013) .
3264:Gale 1948
3083:Nigl 2007
2576:Ford 2002
2455:Gale 1948
2366:Hand 1995
2236:Citations
2146:Aftermath
1988:from the
1969:Varaville
1878:Luftwaffe
1870:Brigadier
1683:casemates
1637:Waffen SS
1531:River Exe
1463:Varaville
1274:President
1027:Slapstick
915:Aftermath
868:Bulbasket
817:Cherbourg
754:Tractable
667:Charnwood
582:Cherbourg
506:Logistics
312:Fortitude
305:Bodyguard
217:8,500 men
4273:(France)
4229:See also
4205:Hill 262
4179:Merville
4164:Houlgate
4159:Crisbecq
4154:Azeville
4091:(Canada)
4034:(Canada)
4014:Chambois
4008:Carentan
3996:Bréville
3975:(Canada)
3961:Totalize
3945:(Canada)
3921:(German)
3899:Goodwood
3863:Bluecoat
3859:(Canada)
3857:Atlantic
3840:Overlord
3768:58964926
3672:(1971).
3650:(1990).
3552:(1948).
3511:(2009).
3424:(1976).
3381:(1946).
3340:(2003).
2266:cite web
2215:and the
2199:Bréville
2151:Analysis
2074:Arethusa
1789:Hamilcar
1742:platoons
1632:Chartres
1509:and the
1431:Ranville
1364:Normandy
1154:and the
1082:Bréville
1039:Doomsday
1013:Ladbroke
994:Freshman
889:Jedburgh
812:La Caine
765:Chambois
760:Hill 262
739:Hill 140
733:Totalize
726:Bluecoat
705:Breakout
693:Goodwood
686:Atlantic
680:2nd Odon
604:Bréville
570:Carentan
565:Saint-LĂ´
555:Graignes
529:Mulberry
512:American
362:Tarbrush
319:Zeppelin
212:Strength
91:, France
89:Normandy
80:Location
56:British
3983:Battles
3973:Windsor
3949:Titanic
3931:Martlet
3925:Mallard
3918:LĂĽttich
3911:Jupiter
3846:Neptune
3562:4447265
3314:(ed.).
2297:24 July
2256:11 June
1726:gliders
1675:gliders
1649:Panther
1645:Lisieux
1374:Prelude
1353:General
1331:General
1309:to the
1093:Varsity
1076:Mallard
1020:Fustian
903:Wallace
896:Dragoon
854:Titanic
847:Samwest
840:Dingson
770:Falaise
747:LĂĽttich
674:Jupiter
660:Windsor
646:Martlet
640:Douvres
575:Hill 30
524:British
437:Detroit
432:Chicago
407:Mallard
326:Titanic
294:Prelude
156:Germany
3943:Spring
3781:8 June
3766:
3742:
3699:
3680:
3658:
3636:
3617:
3598:
3581:
3560:
3538:
3519:
3496:
3477:
3455:
3432:
3410:
3391:
3367:
3348:
3326:
1771:, and
1695:Fly-in
1690:Battle
1615:Cairon
1607:Vimont
1593:ad hoc
1527:Exeter
1490:groups
1471:Troarn
1336:, the
1270:France
1266:German
1262:Allied
1260:, the
1194:Allied
1033:Arnhem
987:Biting
905:&
882:Loyton
861:Cooney
807:Ushant
719:Spring
479:Gambit
442:Elmira
427:Boston
422:Albany
373:Fabius
153:
139:Canada
136:
123:
97:Result
4241:D-Day
4174:Maisy
4127:Pluto
4095:Sword
4071:(US)
4069:Omaha
3990:Brest
3955:Tonga
3937:Perch
3887:Epsom
3875:Cobra
3775:(PDF)
3760:(PDF)
2210:Dutch
2100:Horsa
1750:Major
1723:Horsa
1565:711th
1467:Bures
1455:Sword
1412:D-Day
1206:Sword
1125:Manna
1118:Rugby
1111:Hasty
1057:Tonga
907:Hardy
790:Paris
780:Brest
712:Cobra
653:Epsom
610:Perch
587:Naval
534:Pluto
485:Sword
458:Omaha
388:Tonga
368:Tiger
4097:(UK)
4089:Juno
4085:(UK)
4083:Gold
4077:(US)
4065:(US)
4063:Utah
4040:(UK)
4028:(UK)
4022:(US)
4010:(US)
4002:Caen
3998:(UK)
3992:(US)
3951:(UK)
3939:(UK)
3933:(UK)
3927:(UK)
3913:(UK)
3907:(UK)
3901:(UK)
3889:(UK)
3883:(UK)
3877:(US)
3865:(UK)
3783:2014
3764:OCLC
3740:ISBN
3697:ISBN
3678:ISBN
3656:ISBN
3634:ISBN
3615:ISBN
3596:ISBN
3579:ISSN
3558:OCLC
3536:ISBN
3517:ISBN
3494:ISBN
3475:ISBN
3453:ISBN
3430:ISBN
3408:ISBN
3389:ISBN
3365:ISBN
3346:ISBN
3324:ISBN
2299:2008
2272:link
2258:2008
2072:HMS
1940:The
1929:The
1915:13th
1913:and
1911:12th
1837:PIAT
1782:and
1567:and
1560:Heer
1469:and
1429:and
1383:The
1323:Caen
1279:and
1188:and
1182:Caen
1169:and
1165:The
1087:Bure
599:Caen
495:Gold
490:Juno
463:Utah
85:Caen
72:Date
1575:or
4328::
3824:,
3575:75
3573:.
3322:.
3271:^
3124:^
3105:^
3090:^
3039:^
2986:^
2971:^
2952:^
2937:^
2848:^
2821:^
2806:^
2767:^
2726:^
2697:^
2610:^
2583:^
2542:^
2501:^
2474:^
2409:^
2322:^
2307:^
2268:}}
2264:{{
1992:.
1767:,
1651:.
1583:.
1162:.
87:,
4056:)
4054:E
4052:→
4050:W
3813:e
3806:t
3799:v
3785:.
3748:.
3705:.
3686:.
3664:.
3642:.
3623:.
3604:.
3585:.
3564:.
3544:.
3525:.
3502:.
3483:.
3461:.
3438:.
3416:.
3397:.
3373:.
3354:.
3332:.
2301:.
2274:)
2260:.
1252:.
955:e
948:t
941:v
271:e
264:t
257:v
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
