718:
of strengthening UNAMIR and transitioning it to a
Chapter VII mandate, rather than introducing a new organisation. Concern over conflicting mandates led to five countries on the UNSC to abstain in the vote approving the force. The UN-sponsored "Report of the Independent Inquiry into the Actions of the UN during the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda" found it "unfortunate that the resources committed by France and other countries to Operation Turquoise could not instead have been put at the disposal of UNAMIR II." On 21 June, Dallaire replaced 42 UNAMIR peacekeepers from Francophone Congo, Senegal and
40:
666:, calling on "you Hutu girls to wash yourselves and put on a good dress to welcome our French allies. The Tutsi girls are all dead, so you have your chance." The French did not detain the government officials they knew had helped coordinate the genocide. When asked to explain that in the French parliament, the French foreign minister of the time argued that the UN mandate given to the French contained no authorization to investigate or arrest suspected war criminals. Regardless, French President
558:
79:
618:, and reconnaissance aircraft. The helicopters were intended to lay a trail of food, water and medicine. The area that was selected ended up with the result that refugees were enabled to escape predominantly westward, into eastern Zaire. The zone affected by Operation Turquoise was changed after 2 members of a French reconnaissance unit were captured by the victorious
693:) Regardless, the Zone Turquoise was created in the steadily shrinking areas out of RPF control. The RPF was one of many organisations that noted that the French initiative to safeguard the populace was occurring six weeks after it had become apparent mass killings were occurring in Rwanda. On 22 July, French Prime Minister
432:, and reconnaissance aircraft. The helicopters laid a trail of food, water and medicine enabling refugees to escape into eastern Zaire. Opération Turquoise is controversial for at least two reasons: accusations that it was an attempt to prop up the genocidal Hutu regime, and that its mandate undermined the
717:
UNAMIR Force
Commander Dallaire had also opposed the deployment, having sent extensive communication back to U.N. Headquarters that the placement of two U.N.-authorised commands with different mandates and command structures into the same country was problematic. Dallaire was also a strong proponent
625:
There was an evacuation of the population westward, enforced by the Hutu regime, now set to flee from the Tutsi rebels, after it had been made clear the French were there to provide only a "safe zone", rather than assistance in the conflict. Unfortunately, there were roadblocks and checkpoints along
548:
to overthrow the genocidal government and steadily gained ground. By late June, the RPF controlled much of the country and was nearing a complete victory. RPF units carried out retributive attacks within areas they controlled, but they were not of the scale and organization as those carried out in
565:
On 19 June, the French government made an announcement of their intentions to organize, establish, and maintain a "safe zone" in the south-west of Rwanda. At the brink of defeat and retreat, the news of an intervention from their allies was broadcast across the country by the genocidaires, with a
726:
after the negative reaction of the RPF to Opération
Turquoise. Over the two months of the mandate, there were confrontations, and risk of confrontations, between RPF and French-led units around the zone, during which UNAMIR was asked to convey messages between the two. The UN independent inquiry
705:
accepted six courtsuits deposed by victims of the genocide to magistrate
Brigitte Reynaud. The charges raised against the French army during Operation Turquoise from June to August 1994 are of "complicity of genocide and/or complicity of crimes against humanity." The victims allege that French
684:
The RPF, well aware that French assistance to the government had helped blunt their 1990 offensive, opposed the deployment of a French-led force. By early June, the RPF had managed to sweep through the eastern half of the country and move south and west, while besieging Kigali in the center. The
630:
spilling out of Rwanda, and neighbouring Hutu-Tutsi
Burundi, predominantly into Zaire. Approximately, 2.1 million people lived in Zaire in refugee camps. These camps contained the Rwandan state military (FAR) which led to the invasion of Zaire by Rwanda,
443:
The charges raised against the French army during
Operation Turquoise are of "complicity of genocide and/or complicity of crimes against humanity." The victims allege that French soldiers did nothing to stop the genocide and let
1204:
697:
addressed the
Security Council, stating that France had a "moral duty" to act without delay and that "without swift action, the survival of an entire country was at stake and the stability of a region seriously compromised."
209:
586:
On 20 June, France sent a draft resolution to the UNSC for authorization of
Operation Turquoise under a two-month Chapter VII mandate. After two days of consultations and the personal approval of the
1141:
714:
testified, "Operation
Turquoise was aimed only at protecting genocide perpetrators, because the genocide continued even within the Turquoise zone." France has always denied any role in the killing.
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testified, "Operation
Turquoise was aimed only at protecting genocide perpetrators, because the genocide continued even within the Turquoise zone." France has always denied any role in the killing.
149:
988:
de Guillebon, Hugues (April 2023). "Une saison en enfer: Opération Turquoise, 22 juin-22 août 1994, première partie" [A Season in Hell: Operation Turquoise, 22 June–22 August 1994, part 1].
1005:
de Guillebon, Hugues (May 2023). "Une saison en enfer: Opération Turquoise, 22 juin-22 août 1994, deuxième partie" [A Season in Hell: Operation Turquoise, 22 June–22 August 1994, part 2].
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the way, and the Tutsis left alive, and even Hutus without ID cards, were killed. The outflow of refugees exacerbated the already great numbers of refugees in the region, known as the
1351:
681:
Opération Turquoise is controversial for two reasons: accusations that it was a failed attempt to prop up the genocidal Hutu regime and that its mandate undermined the UNAMIR.
536:-dominated Habyarimana government with extensive military, and diplomatic support, including a military intervention to save the government during an offensive by the rebel
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triangle, was spread across a fifth of the country. Although it was meant to save lives and stop the mass killings, killings did occur. When the Hutu government moved the
380:
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radio transmitter, a key tool in encouraging Hutus to kill their Tutsi neighbors, into the Zone Turquoise, the French did not seize it. The radio broadcast from
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574:… The objectives assigned to that force would be the same ones assigned to UNAMIR by the Security Council, i.e. contributing to the security and protection of
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consequent increase in their confidence, and the continuation of their hunt for genocide survivors. The French said the objectives of Opération Turquoise were:
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521:(UNSC) were trying to convince the major powers to agree to a UNAMIR II. As opposed to UNAMIR, which had a peacekeeping mandate under Chapter VI of the
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The force left as the mandate of the operation expired on 21 August. The RPF immediately occupied the region, causing another refugee outflow.
594:(1994), on 22 June, with 10 votes of approval and 5 abstentions. The "multilateral" force consisted of 2,500 troops, only 32 of them being from
1158:
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and civilians in danger in Rwanda, by means including the establishment and maintenance, where possible, of safe humanitarian areas.
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French parachutists, part of the international military force supporting the Rwandan relief effort, stand guard at the airport.
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Rwanda: ‘Genocidal slaughter’ claims as many as 1 million — UN authorises ‘Operation Turquoise’ to protect displaced persons
685:
advance resulted in a massive refugee outflow, though the Hutu government was also implicated in encouraging the flight (
39:
436:. By facilitating 2 million Rwandan refugees to travel to Kivu provinces in Zaire, Turquoise setup the causes of the
710:
militias to escape the country in the aftermath. The former Rwandan ambassador to France and co-founder of the RPF
1309:
767:
765:
Pambazuka News 142: Rwanda Ten Years After the Genocide: Some Reminders of the International Response to the Crisis
688:
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307:
868:"Operation Assurance: The Greatest Intervention That Never Happened | The Journal of Humanitarian Assistance"
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were being carried out. Following the start of the genocide and the murder of several kidnapped Belgian soldiers,
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militias escape to Zaire after the massacres. The former Rwandan ambassador to France and co-founder of the RPF
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Report of the Independent Inquiry into the Actions of the UN during the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda
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Map showing the advance of the RPF during the genocide and the location of Zone Turquoise.
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rebels and were released in exchange for a revision in the area of Operation Turquoise.
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786:"Validation des plaintes visant l'armée française au Rwanda." Press Release. Reuters.
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drily noted that this was "a role which must be considered awkward to say the least."
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soldiers engaged in Operation Turquoise did nothing to stop the massacres and allowed
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claimed that the Operation had saved "tens of thousands of lives".
544:(RPF) in 1990. Immediately after the genocide began, the RPF began
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408:. The "multilateral" force consisted of 2,500 troops, 32 from
972:
Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda
510:
withdrew its contribution to UNAMIR, which was commanded by
1142:
Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira
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to maintain a presence pending the arrival of the expanded
1026:
A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide
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1051:Human Rights Watch "Leave None to Tell the Story"
598:and the rest French. The equipment included 100
412:and the rest French. The equipment included 100
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502:that had been tasked with observing that the
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8:
1352:National Unity and Reconciliation Commission
1030:(1st ed.), New York: Harper Perennial,
496:United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda
27:1994 French-led military operation in Rwanda
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1347:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
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529:to enable the UN to prevent further harm.
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1241:Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines
660:Radio Télévision Libre des Mille-Collines
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642:The area of French influence, known as
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525:, UNAMIR II would be authorised under
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1463:Military operations involving France
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808:"France accused on Rwanda killings"
953:Tribunal aux Armées de Paris — TAP
748:Peacekeeping Fiascoes of the 1990s
466:On 6 April 1994 Rwandan President
25:
774:, Pambazuka News, 5 February 2004
404:in 1994 under the mandate of the
746:Frederick H. Fleitz Jr. (2002),
87:Nyamata Genocide Memorial Centre
77:
909:Meredith, Martin (2005), "27",
519:United Nations Security Council
462:France and the Rwandan genocide
215:International Criminal Tribunal
1106:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
870:. Sites.tufts.edu. 1998-02-15.
124:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
1:
928:, fichier auditio1.rtf, p.94
899:, UN Chronicle, Vol 4 (1994)
532:The French had provided the
606:, a battery of 120 mm
420:, a battery of 120 mm
400:-led military operation in
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1310:Great Lakes refugee crisis
1009:(in French) (642): 46–57.
992:(in French) (641): 50–61.
882:Shake Hands with the Devil
827:Shake Hands with the Devil
689:Great Lakes refugee crisis
628:Great Lakes refugee crisis
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308:Great Lakes refugee crisis
152:Habyarimana and Ntaryamira
61:– 21 August 1994
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852:, UK: UWE, archived from
635:and Uganda, known as the
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956:(in French), FR: Défense
915:, London: The Free Press
701:In May 2006, the Paris
1337:Rwandan genocide denial
1257:Rwandan Patriotic Front
1116:Belgian colonial empire
974:, London: Arrow Books,
542:Rwandan Patriotic Front
486:against the Tutsi. The
271:International community
266:Rwandan Patriotic Front
1419:Double genocide theory
1398:Kwibuka T20 Tournament
1282:Operation Support Hope
1262:International response
612:Jaguar fighter bombers
588:U.N. Secretary General
584:
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426:Jaguar fighter bombers
276:United Nations Mission
53:23 June 1994
1007:Le Fana de l'Aviation
990:Le Fana de l'Aviation
970:Dallaire, R. (2004),
560:
460:Further information:
290:Opération "Turquoise"
231:Impuzamugambi militia
186:Musha Church massacre
590:, it was adopted as
84:Human skulls at the
1367:Genocide memorials
1294:UNSC Resolution 935
1272:Opération Turquoise
939:A Problem from Hell
912:The State of Africa
722:with UN staff from
668:François Mitterrand
468:Juvénal Habyarimana
394:Opération Turquoise
282:UN Security Council
236:Interahamwe militia
203:Parties responsible
33:Opération Turquoise
18:Operation Turquoise
1325:Massacres of Hutus
1121:Rwandan Revolution
1022:Power, S. (2004),
770:2006-12-18 at the
712:Jacques Bihozagara
563:
476:Cyprien Ntaryamira
450:Jacques Bihozagara
324:Massacres of Hutus
191:Nyarubuye massacre
134:Rwandan Revolution
1445:
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1131:Rwandan Civil War
1111:Kingdom of Rwanda
1101:History of Rwanda
981:978-0-09-947893-5
816:, 24 October 2006
790:Libération France
788:Online posting.
750:, London: Praeger
731:Notes on the text
576:displaced persons
546:another offensive
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139:Rwandan Civil War
129:Kingdom of Rwanda
119:History of Rwanda
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16:(Redirected from
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1432:Bibliography
1342:Gacaca court
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1214:Genocidaires
1198:Perpetrators
1177:Musha Church
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793:29 May 2006.
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480:assassinated
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348:Bibliography
313:Gacaca court
289:
240:
221:Genocidaires
1437:Filmography
1229:Interahamwe
708:Interahamwe
677:Controversy
604:helicopters
527:Chapter VII
494:force, the
446:Interahamwe
418:helicopters
353:Filmography
1452:Categories
1168:Massacres
1164:Chronology
1126:Hutu Power
1094:Background
964:References
880:Dallaire,
825:Dallaire,
474:President
456:Background
248:RTLM radio
176:Chronology
144:Hutu Power
113:Background
65:1994-08-21
57:1994-06-23
1303:Aftermath
1182:Nyarubuye
1015:0757-4169
998:0757-4169
884:, p. 439.
829:, p. 426.
656:Gikongoro
472:Burundian
342:Resources
302:Aftermath
1371:Bisesero
1250:Response
941:, p. 380
813:BBC News
768:Archived
648:Cyangugu
580:refugees
512:Canadian
260:Response
97:a series
95:Part of
1391:Nyamata
1386:Ntarama
1381:Murambi
1235:Kangura
1207:by the
1172:Gikondo
937:Power,
664:Gisenyi
633:Burundi
608:mortars
596:Senegal
508:Belgium
422:mortars
410:Senegal
242:Kangura
63: (
55: (
1376:Kigali
1289:UNAMIR
1267:France
1152:Events
1034:
1013:
996:
978:
652:Kibuye
572:UNAMIR
500:Kigali
434:UNAMIR
402:Rwanda
398:French
396:was a
212:by the
165:Events
99:on the
1219:Akazu
724:Kenya
602:, 10
540:-led
538:Tutsi
478:were
416:, 10
226:Akazu
1209:ICTR
1189:Rape
1032:ISBN
1011:ISSN
994:ISSN
976:ISBN
842:The
720:Togo
687:see
614:, 8
610:, 4
600:APCs
534:Hutu
470:and
428:, 8
424:, 4
414:APCs
50:Date
925:cf
620:RPF
1454::
889:^
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