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setting the stage for democracy and healing after the recent civil wars. The RGF was closely affiliated with the
Presidential Guard and the Gendarmes (national police force of Rwanda), and loyal to the Rwandan president Habyarimana (a Hutu). Other Hutu power extremist groups aligned themselves with the RGF (including the MRND, the president's own Hutu power extremist political party). On the opposite side, the RPF was viewed by the RGF and affiliated groups as trying to take control of Rwanda with only Tutsi interests in mind, shutting out the Hutus in an attempt to return to colonial times when the Tutsis were the ruling class. Caught in the middle were moderates trying to weave the fragile peace tighter together.
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seeking protection, to find no food, running water, or electricity, the last two being severed very rapidly after the assassination of
President Habyarimana. UNAMIR had little guidance as far as how they were to treat the civilians, and to what extent protection could be provided. Added to this were dozens of government employees and those in former positions of power who immediately realized they were in grave danger. Calls to UNAMIR for protection came faster than UNAMIR could respond, and traveling through Kigali to rescue people was not only highly dangerous, but impossible in many circumstances. Lack of vehicles, lack of secure communication, lack of gasoline, and lack of troops crippled the rescue efforts.
837:, the president of Burundi, and Deogratias Nsabimana, the chief of staff of the army. There were no survivors. The RGF immediately blamed the RPF for the assassination, and that very night the fragile peace accords shattered. The Presidential Guard immediately set out on well planned missions to assassinate all moderate Hutus and every last Tutsi, starting with those affiliated with the now destroyed Arusha Accords and the BBTG. They began their mission literally after the plane crash, wasting no time. When April 7 dawned, the country was already deep in bloodshed.
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After the plane crash, UNAMIR found themselves spread thinly throughout the city, with their mandate now up in the air. They did not have enough forces to provide security for those now under attack, and were told by the United
Nations to not fire unless fired upon. Civilians poured into the UN areas
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In 1993, the Arusha peace
Accords established Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF) and Rwandese Government Forces (RGF) sectors within Kigali, leaving a demilitarized zone between the two. Each side was supposed to work towards disarming after the Broad-Based Transitional Government (BBTG) was established,
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for 'those who attack together') who were setting up roadblocks throughout Kigali and starting the process of slaughtering Tutsis and moderate Hutus. The
Interahamwe were composed of local citizens, driven to extreme hate against the Tutsis, and were very difficult to control due to their close ties
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On April 7, it was decided that Madame Agathe
Uwilingiyimana, the prime minister of the interim government and someone who worked vigilantly towards establishing the BBTG, should give a speech to the populace calling for calm. Radio Rwanda was the chosen, government controlled radio station, but she
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report. This government was characterized as controlling the genocide. The ICTR has sentenced or is in the process of sentencing the majority of its members. It seems that there was a fight for influence between
Colonel Bagosora, who controlled the presidential guard, and the chief of staff of the
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the following morning. General
Dallaire sent an armed escort of five Ghanaian and ten Belgian peacekeepers to Uwiligiyimana to accompany her to the radio station. However, the presidential guard took control of the state radio station that morning and Madame Uwilingyimana had to cancel her speech.
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and the RPF for the
President's plane crash, asking for the population to rise up and kill the peace keepers and all Tutsi 'cockroaches'. Fear and hate, already deeply rooted within the country, was further spread at lightning speed, leaving UNAMIR powerless to stop the broadcasts despite pleas to
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Bagosora and his entourage immediately advised
General Dallaire that it was better for the Belgians to leave immediately because the radio accused them of being the perpetrators behind the attack on the presidential airplane. These accusations had aroused the uncontrollable anger of the group.
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of being a key orchestrator of the genocide. With all diplomatic ties severed, the only way to end the slaughter was to battle the RGF and wrestle control away from the Hutu extremist groups. The RPF were also guilty of bloodshed; some Hutu extremists who were thought, or known, to have killed
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to the local communities and alliance with the RGF. UNAMIR's hands were tied. So the RPF, now out of options, launched major offenses against the RGF, with the RGF returning fire. The RGF leadership disavowed any connection with the 'rogue' gangs committing the killings, though the RGF leader,
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FAR who wished to create a civil government. This government was thus the result of a trade-off of circumstances and Bagosora, who renounced a military government, "set up” (according to the terms of the agreement with the UN) a civil government formed of adept members of the
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was denied access and assassinated shortly thereafter. With Madame Agathe murdered and the government controlled radio station off limits, there was no one to calm the civilians. Misinformation and hate speech began to fill the radio waves from the independent station, RTLM.
528:, director of the office of the minister of defence, arrived and stated that it was his responsibility to chair the meeting. Bagosora had a poor reputation as a military man, having received his appointment due to his political connections in the governing
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on the next steps. Bagosora suggested that the military should take over, but received the support of only one officer, Lt-Col Cyprien Kayumba, director of Defense Ministry financial services. Most officers were desperate to avoid the impression of a
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was next in the line of political succession but most officers believed that she was not capable of governing; Bagosora dismissed the option of putting themselves under the authority of Uwiligiyimana. There was discussion about abiding by the
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Earlier in the year, General Dallaire had been told by an informer named "Jean-Pierre" in January 1994 that there was a plan to attack the Belgians in order to make them leave the UNAMIR, where they formed the largest contingent of soldiers.
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463:. The first few days following the assassinations included a number of key events that shaped the subsequent course of the genocide. These included: the seizing of power by an interim government directed by the hard-line
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Later that day, the presidential guard assassinated her along with 10 Belgian UNAMIR peacekeepers. At 9:00 p.m., Dallaire learned that Belgians had been killed and Ghanaians brought to safety by Hutu forces.
780:. Soldiers agree that these troops had the power to retake control of Kigali and to decisively support UNAMIR, which had a lamentable lack of equipment. The other controversy related to the complete refusal to
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These evacuations were the cause of two very large controversies, after the fact. The first is over whether the genocide could have been stopped at the outset by nearby Western troops. At the time, there were
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The presidential guard captured the fifteen UN peacekeeping troops from UNAMIR, who had been protecting the country's prime minister, Madame Uwilingiyimana. Five out of the fifteen were
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The new government was created after the assassination of the Prime Minister, Madame Uwilingiyimana. Its prime minister was the first to be condemned by the
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The fighting which began late on the evening of April 6 did not end for another hundred days, leaving hundreds of thousands dead, missing, and displaced.
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April 6, 1994, was the start of the civil war and ensuing genocide. That evening, the Rwandan president Major General Juvenal Habyarimana's plane was
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clique; the liquidation of opposition Hutu politicians; the implementation of plans to carry out a genocide throughout the country; and the murder of
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realized that they had to decide whom to appoint the new army chief of staff and somberly gathered in a meeting room. Soon after Col.
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innocent civilians were killed by the RPF, although not nearly to the extent of the 800,000 murdered Tutsis.
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the endangered Tutsi. The only Western country which evacuated any Tutsi was Belgium; these were a very few
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formed two separate militarily assisted evacuation operations whose actions are detailed in the
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For details of the assassination and events in the minutes immediately afterward, see
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in the evening of April 6, 1994 was the proximate trigger for the
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Assassination of Prime Minister Uwilingiyimana and moderate Hutus
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remained in the country. The officers agreed to contact the
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There was widespread fear of a power vacuum. Prime Minister
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were later assassinated. An attempt was made on the life of
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Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira
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During the night of 6 April to 7 April, the members of the
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Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira
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article. France also evacuated dignitaries, families of
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regime officials, and the children in a presidential
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966:"UNKIBAT-01, Tab 241 of the Prosecution Case File"
821:Civil war starts again between the RGF and the RPF
532:party. One colonel suggested that Major-General
473:peacekeepers, contributing to the impulse of the
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1164:Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines
631:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
58:"Initial events of the Rwandan genocide"
16:Events that lead to the Rwandan genocide
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792:Composition of the interim government
516:attending a meeting, along with Col.
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609:adding citations to reliable sources
47:adding citations to reliable sources
746:role of the international community
768:, two hundred kilometres south of
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831:shot down over the Kigali airport
689:Execution of Belgian peacekeepers
459:and a smaller number of moderate
896:Timeline of the Rwandan genocide
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850:the RGF to cease transmissions.
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481:The crisis committee meets (6th)
134:Nyamata Genocide Memorial Centre
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262:International Criminal Tribunal
34:needs additional citations for
1427:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
1029:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
697:Memorial for the dead Belgian
477:to refrain from intervention.
171:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
1:
949:"UN ICC TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA"
804:, who pleaded guilty. Read
565:(UNAMIR) and invite General
506:Kigali International Airport
1779:Water supply and sanitation
938:Melvern (2004), pp. 137-138
659:Madame Agathe Uwiligiyimana
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199:Habyarimana and Ntaryamira
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645:Forces armées rwandaises
1260:Rwandan genocide denial
1180:Rwandan Patriotic Front
1039:Belgian colonial empire
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550:Rwandan Patriotic Front
534:Augustin Ndindiliyimana
475:international community
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313:Rwandan Patriotic Front
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1321:Kwibuka T20 Tournament
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1185:International response
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500:(FAR) Chief of Staff
337:Opération "Turquoise"
278:Impuzamugambi militia
233:Musha Church massacre
833:. Also on board was
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605:improve this section
502:Deogratias Nsabimana
498:Rwandan Armed Forces
131:Human skulls at the
43:improve this article
1620:Chamber of Deputies
1290:Genocide memorials
1217:UNSC Resolution 935
1195:Opération Turquoise
508:. Defence Minister
494:Juvénal Habyarimana
445:Juvénal Habyarimana
329:UN Security Council
283:Interahamwe militia
250:Parties responsible
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1248:Massacres of Hutus
1044:Rwandan Revolution
835:Cyprien Ntaryamira
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915:Linda Melvern
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888:Africa portal
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590:This section
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99:November 2008
91:
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63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1769:Prostitution
1734:Demographics
1588:Human rights
1573:Constitution
1492:
1355:Bibliography
1265:Gacaca court
1156:
1137:Genocidaires
1121:Perpetrators
1100:Musha Church
1081:
960:
943:
934:
918:
910:
869:
852:
843:
839:
828:
824:
795:
764:soldiers in
758:
736:
727:
704:
672:
657:
642:
627:
618:
603:Please help
591:
538:
491:
464:
439:
395:Bibliography
360:Gacaca court
287:
268:Genocidaires
217:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1593:LGBT rights
1360:Filmography
1152:Interahamwe
855:Kinyarwanda
750:Habyarimana
555:coup d'Ă©tat
400:Filmography
1812:Literature
1759:Healthcare
1680:(currency)
1610:Parliament
1527:Ecoregions
1091:Massacres
1087:Chronology
1049:Hutu Power
1017:Background
902:References
815:Hutu Power
621:April 2024
295:RTLM radio
223:Chronology
191:Hutu Power
160:Background
69:newspapers
1807:Languages
1739:Education
1708:Transport
1637:President
1578:Elections
1542:Volcanoes
1510:Geography
1226:Aftermath
1105:Nyarubuye
778:aeroplane
754:orphanage
713:from the
592:does not
389:Resources
349:Aftermath
1882:Category
1867:Category
1774:Religion
1605:Military
1561:Politics
1547:Wildlife
1422:Timeline
1406:articles
1294:Bisesero
1173:Response
929:, p. 137
874:See also
782:evacuate
762:American
721:. Major
719:machetes
711:Belgians
514:Cameroon
307:Response
144:a series
142:Part of
1851:Outline
1797:Cuisine
1789:Culture
1722:Society
1703:Tourism
1661:Economy
1414:History
1314:Nyamata
1309:Ntarama
1304:Murambi
1158:Kangura
1130:by the
1095:Gikondo
808:of the
766:Burundi
742:Belgium
613:removed
598:sources
512:was in
289:Kangura
83:scholar
1754:Health
1688:Mining
1678:Franc
1615:Senate
1522:Cities
1404:
1402:Rwanda
1299:Kigali
1212:UNAMIR
1190:France
1075:Events
925:
862:, was
774:Rwanda
770:Kigali
738:France
699:UNAMIR
683:UNAMIR
661:, the
522:Kigali
259:by the
212:Events
146:on the
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1858:Index
1832:Sport
1822:Music
1817:Media
1532:Lakes
1437:kings
1142:Akazu
969:(PDF)
952:(PDF)
786:Tutsi
667:radio
466:Akazu
457:Tutsi
273:Akazu
90:JSTOR
76:books
1802:Flag
1132:ICTR
1112:Rape
923:ISBN
740:and
596:any
594:cite
530:MRND
461:Hutu
447:and
62:news
776:by
607:by
45:by
1884::
917:,
800::
756:.
685:.
496:,
1394:e
1387:t
1380:v
1002:e
995:t
988:v
971:.
954:.
634:)
628:(
623:)
619:(
615:.
601:.
489:.
429:e
422:t
415:v
373:)
369:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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