1456:
potential of Kara Sea settlements was exiguous; merchant ships and icebreakers carried guns and anti-aircraft armament but the polar stations were undefended. Because of its role as the western terminal of the
Northern Sea Route, modest defensive works had been installed at Dikson before the war. Two artillery batteries, one of 152 mm and one of 130 mm guns and an anti-aircraft battery had been placed there to cover the harbour and the outer approaches. Precautions at the polar stations were limited to emergency radio stations hidden away from the base where they were not visible from the sea, equipped with supplies, fuel, sleeping bags, tents and other essentials in case of attack.
126:
111:
1948:; Bochurko carried out the order and went down with the ship. Lifeboats had been lowered and most of the survivors including Kacharava, who had been wounded, made for Beluga Island but were intercepted by the launch. (There are conflicting reports over the number of prisoners taken, which varies from 19 to 28.) Some of the Russians refused to be rescued, preferring to drown or die of exposure; one man managed reach the island, where he was rescued a month later.
1635:
2008:(Senior Lieutenant A. S. Gidulyanov) and decided to form two militia units commanded by Sidorin and Statov, the heads of the polar station. The border guards had two 37 mm anti-tank guns, a 76 mm anti-aircraft gun and a 75 mm howitzer. The 300 militia, carrying rifles, hunting pieces and carbines, patrolled the port. Women and children were evacuated to a settlement on the river Lembrovka, along with confidential documents.
1957:
1367:
1281:
1326:, was given a considerable measure of discretion in the operation. Meendsen-Bohlken was to attack Soviet convoys coming from the east via the northern route in the Kara Sea. A bombardment of Amderma was desirable but left to the captain to decide. Trawlers were to carry out an ice reconnaissance but this was later changed to two U-boats. The destroyer escorts would not accompany
1856:
2141:
were on fire, wireless masts had been knocked down, the wireless station, its power plant and other buildings were burning. Having fired 20 per cent of the ship's ammunition, with the bombardment from the heavy
Russian guns continuing and needing to conserve ammunition, Meendsen-Bohlken decided to lay more smoke, turned starboard and headed back into the Kara Sea.
2221:
1788:
2047:
48:
2129:. The guns had been emplaced near the pier against a background of the land, in a haze and the smokescreen. The heavy shells were a surprise for the Germans but the guns, 8 t (7.9 long tons; 8.8 short tons) in weight, rolled back after each shot and a lorry had to be used to return the guns to their firing positions.
1455:
the Chief
Administration of the Northern Sea Route. Dikson harbour was on the mainland opposite and there was a large coal depot in the middle of the anchorage on Konus Island. Amderma was not part of the Northern Sea Route but a defunct mine, a small settlement with no railway or port. The defensive
2187:
had been only superficially damaged, if at all, the
Russians had only to suspend convoys for a short time and the icing of the Kara Sea would force the raider to withdraw or risk being trapped. Early on 28 August, Carls signalled orders for Meendsen-Bohlken to start for home at noon on 29 September.
2140:
made smoke, sailed round Cape Anvil and moved northwards along Dikson Island, bombarding the weather station on Great Bear Island for five minutes. The 569th battery fired blind at the sound of the guns but had no success. Meendsen-Bohlken received reports that the oil depot and coal on Konus Island
1971:
heard a warning broadcast to all Soviet shipping in the Kara Sea that an unknown German ship was at large, which meant that the element of surprise was forfeit. Fearing attack by aircraft, Meendsen-Bohlken sailed away from the Taymyr
Peninsula. North-westerly winds continued to pack the ice into the
2011:
The guns were being removed and loaded onto for transfer to Beluga Bay on the south island of Novaya Zemlya, which was under frequent German air attack. The commander of the 569th heavy battery, Lieutenant
Kornyakov ordered the unloading of 152 mm ammunition and picked volunteers for the guns from
1846:
was enveloped by fog so thick that
Meendsen-Bohlken was forced to anchor amidst drifting ice, which began to pack, potentially trapping the ship. Visibility improved and Meendsen-Bohlken managed to navigate out of the ice. Fog and ice floes prevented the ship from approaching and on arrival at the
1300:
of welded construction, with diesel engines capable of 56,000 hp (42,000 kW), a range of 21,500 nmi (39,800 km; 24,700 mi) and a maximum speed of 28 kn (52 km/h; 32 mph). The ship carried six 280 mm (11 in) guns in two triple turrets, eight
1442:
In 1942, there were 18 settlements on the shores of the Kara Sea, comprising weather stations, ice survey stations and wireless stations. The stations were civilian but were important for the
Northern Sea Route. The Kara Sea terminus of the Northern Sea Route had a local centre on
1998:) had asked for the defences of Dikson to be reinforced. The 226th naval battery with two 130 mm (5.1 in) guns and the 246th anti-aircraft battery with two 45 mm (1.8 in) guns were dispatched to Dikson, followed later by the 569th heavy battery with two
2398:
was over and by mid-September, U-boat operations were over because of the freezing of the sea surface with thick pack ice, especially in the Kara Sea, which not being affected by the warmer
Atlantic currents, freezes much earlier. The Soviet navy had failed to intercept
2104:
was hit several times but the armour-piercing shells went through the hull. High explosive ammunition was substituted which soon caused severe damage, including holes below the waterline. Six members of the crew were killed, one mortally wounded and twenty wounded.
1865:
On 25 July, two masts were spotted at 19 nmi (35 km; 22 mi) and
Meendsen-Bohlken approached the ship to seize its codes and cyphers to eavesdrop on Russian wireless messages on ice conditions around the Vilkitsky Strait. The ship was the icebreaker
2350:
laid mines the west end of the Matochkin Strait and on 7 September, a U-boat bombarded the wireless station on Uyedineniya Island. Post war investigation found evidence that there had been a German observation post on Vardroper Island the outermost of the
2066:
passed a navigation station at Skuratov near the south harbour, 4.5 mi (7.2 km) from the port. Meendsen-Bohlken had prepared a landing-party of 180 men, to be covered by the main and secondary armament, for a landing as close as possible to the
1301:
150 mm (5.9 in) guns, eight 47 mm (1.9 in) guns, ten machine-guns and eight torpedo tubes. The ship had a belt of armour 10 cm (3.9 in)-thick along the water line and 14 cm (5.5 in) of armour on the turrets. Two
3062:). Vol. VI. Translated by Osers, Ewald; Brownjohn, John; Crampton, Patricia; Willmot, Louise (eng. trans. Cambridge University Press, London ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt for the Militärgeschichtlichen Forschungsamt.
1976:
to ships and ports intercepted by the B-Dienst party had shown that it was an important base for the western end of Northern Sea Route. To interfere with these convoys and to capture ice data, which could help gain the objectives of
1820:
in the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago. From 20 to 25 August, the Kara Sea was searched north and east towards the Vilkitsky Strait and as far west as Uyedineniya Island, to find the convoys discovered by the Arado or uncovered by the
2042:
to the south along the west shore of Dikson Island. The alarm was raised and the wireless station began broadcasting warnings in clear. Two lookouts, with a rifle and five rounds followed the ship, ready to engage a landing party.
1387:
and on 26 July the Japanese reported the sailing of a large convoy, including Soviet destroyer escorts, northwards from the port. (In 2020, E. P. Guriev wrote that Convoy EON-18 consisted of six merchant ships with the destroyers
1745:, Meendsen-Bohlken turned the ship around, apprehensive of damage to the propellers. After heading west to get clear of the ice, the cruiser turned to the south-east along the edge of the pack ice. On the morning of 20 August,
1617:(Bud) to the islands, to provide weather information for ships operating against the Northern Sea Route. On 15 August, U-601 reported that the ice limit was 100 nmi (190 km; 120 mi) north of Cape Zhelaniya.
315:
2085:
in the gap between Pirozhok Island and shallow water, obstructing access to the inner harbour. As the German ship came closer, Gidulyanov played for time by signalling an identification demand but as soon as
3327:
996:
to the Kara Sea. The operation was the first part of a campaign to dominate the seas of the western Arctic. Reports from Japanese naval intelligence alerted the Germans to the sailing of a convoy, EON-18.
1258:, because of a fuel shortage. The sortie was set for the middle of August, when ice conditions would be at their least obstructive, during a lull in Allied Arctic convoys, after the victory over
2448:
off Newfoundland and in 1932 made the first one-season passage of the Northern Sea Route, losing its propeller towards the end of the voyage reaching the Bering Strait with improvised sails.
2073:
offices, minimising the time when the party could be engaged before it landed. Little opposition was expected, perhaps some light artillery fire from merchant ships and the shore garrison.
1816:, roughly 16 nmi (30 km; 18 mi) north of the west coast of the Taymyr Peninsula. On 23 August more ships were seen in the Vilkitsky Strait, between the Taimyr Peninsula and
308:
3322:
1254:
into the Kara Sea against ships using the Northern Sea Route, to bombard Amderma and to attack any fishing craft which were found. SKL accepted the plan but on 8 August, limited it to
2212:, it was seen by British reconnaissance aircraft and the Soviet authorities were informed that shipping in the Kara and Barents seas were no longer endangered by surface ships.
301:
2322:
peninsula of Yuzhny Island (Novaya Zemlya) but its torpedoes missed. The U-boat was depth-charged by four escort vessels and escaped by diving under the ice. On 24 August,
2002:
152 mm (6.0 in) siege guns. Ships at Dikson were ordered south to the Golchikha river to wait on events. On 26 August the officers at Dikson met on board SKR-19/
1719:. Grau said that the route eastwards into the Kara Sea was ice free and that no aircraft or ships had been seen. Grau sailed south to patrol off the mouths of the river
3292:
2188:
Meendsen-Bohlken broke wireless silence to request permission for a delay, to make a sweep south of the Franz Joseph Archipelago to Svalbard but this was refused and
1429:, south of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago, on 15 or 16 August. German spies notified SKL that an eastbound convoy was due to depart from Arkhangelsk on 15 August.
2062:
was near the Konus Island coal terminal in the inner harbour and Gidulyanov ordered the ship away from the terminal closer to the shore. About thirty minutes later
1915:. The Russians tried to get off a distress signal "Have sighted an unknown auxiliary cruiser which is closing with us; please watch this channel" to Dikson but the
1541:
should exploit the poor visibility common in low-pressure areas to cross the Barents Sea without detection. The lull in Allied convoys released more submarines for
1897:, at the north end of Severnaya Zemlya, to visit the weather station. More personnel had been embarked for the station, bringing the ship's complement to 104 men.
1972:
mouth of the Vilkitsky Strait and after the loss of the Arado, an attack on the convoy near there had to be abandoned. The volume of wireless transmissions from
3332:
3317:
2121:
three times, despite the smoke-screen, setting it on fire, cutting the steam pipe and jamming the winch for raising the anchor, keeping the ship stationary.
1911:. Kacharava then became suspicious, ordered action stations and turned towards Beluga Island south of Cape Dikson and north-east of the Vkhodnoy Strait near
1989:
2425:
but the raid was cancelled. Despite the end of Wonderland II on 4 October 1943, operations in Kara Sea resumed the following year until 4 October 1944.
2365:, on a voyage to the navigation beacon on the island, found an abandoned camp with German labels on discarded tins and a wireless aerial on the beacon.
1737:
sailed eastwards for the Vilkitsky Strait through pack ice and two sorties were flown by the Arado to find the clearest route. The ice increased and at
2113:
Gidulyanov tried to prevent the ship from capsizing, damage control reporting that it would need three hours to make repairs and bail out the ship.
3287:
325:
35:
1981:, Meendsen-Bohlken decided to attack the port and headed south on 26 August. Meendsen-Bohlken had information that Dikson was protected by sixty
1006:
supported by five U-boats and reconnaissance aircraft sailed on 16 August for the Kara Sea where it encountered pack ice. The cruiser carried an
2289:
was attacked first and the prisoners, in black uniforms, were taken for Red Army troops. The barge caught fire and the guards jumped overboard;
1665:
1659:
205:
198:
3215:
3196:
3155:
3136:
387:
1925:
managed to jam the signal. The Russian captain was ordered to "Lower your flag and surrender", followed by a warning shot. The gunners on
1671:
212:
2012:
the dock workers. Commissar Babintsev of the White Sea Naval Group and Gidulyanov set off on a reconnaissance to Cape Kretchatik, with
1401:
3177:
3067:
2132:
The gunners and volunteers got some logs to block the spade trails of the guns, which allowed them to increase the rate of fire. At
3059:
2155:
at a position to the north-west of Dikson. The damage caused by the bombardment was far less extensive than the Germans assumed.
2125:
was fairly well protected by the shore and the smoke but then the 152 mm guns began to fire, sending up columns of water next to
408:
3077:
Rahn, W. "Part III. The War at Sea in the Atlantic and in the Arctic Ocean IV. Operations on the Northern Flank of Europe". In
1395:
512:
3342:
2313:
1973:
1202:
1021:
519:
2466:
In 1975, William Barr wrote that most of the ships on the Northern Sea Route passed the island, making the site well-chosen.
1096:
1084:
1001:
458:
191:
1330:
into the Kara Sea because of their limited endurance and thin hulls. It was vital to surprise the Soviet authorities and
1190:
on the aerial photographs. Information on ice conditions and navigational problems was also available from the report by
3337:
2305:
escaped, later to return with a couple of Soviet minesweepers but found only 23 of the 328 men, none of them prisoners.
3297:
2030:) armed with a 76 mm gun, a 45 mm gun and two Oerlikons, carrying a cargo of wood arrived. The third ship in port was
2003:
1447:. There was a wireless station on the island, a geophysical observatory, an airstrip and the regional headquarters of
1083:, the commander of the German naval forces in northern Norway, to study the feasibility of sending the heavy cruisers
1839:
1771:, to ambush coastal traffic. In these unfamiliar coastal waters, Meendsen-Bohlken found his charts to be unreliable;
1478:
Peter-Ottmar Grau) bombarded a Russian polar station at Karmakuly on Novaya Zemlya and sank the Soviet merchant ship
3307:
2418:
1912:
1867:
1383:
During July, Japanese Naval Intelligence reported that on 16 July, twenty merchantmen were said to have arrived at
1016:
271:
1807:
1691:
1297:
1275:
453:
2034:, unarmed and carrying hundreds of tons of explosives used for mining and clearing paths through ice fields. At
1834:
lost track of the convoys, then had to sink the Arado after a landing accident. While searching to the north of
3002:
1835:
1755:
Timm went on board the cruiser to report and said that no ships had been seen but noted that funnel smoke from
1384:
1319:
530:
493:
474:
152:
1090:
436:
2151:
had been sunk and mistakenly thought that it had been in the harbour; the ship had been sunk on 24 August by
448:
1801:
1213:
1056:
342:
1731:
passed Cape Zhelaniya at the north end of Novaya Zemlya, the boundary of the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea.
1905:
1600:
1580:
1564:
1548:
1507:
1483:
1465:
1334:
was to remain beyond sight of land and to keep radio silence. To help find Soviet convoys, staff from the
415:
240:
233:
226:
219:
1999:
1389:
401:
3090:"Combat Operations of the German Armed Forces on the Northern sea route during the Great Patriotic War"
2038:
on 27 August, lookouts near the former 226th battery emplacement in the north-west of the port spotted
2208:
near Bear Island and escorted the cruiser back to Kirkenes by 30 August. Not long after the return of
3302:
3101:
3014:
2016:, a tug pulling a barge with the 226th naval battery and its ammunition, to decide where to site it.
1982:
1596:
1145:
1140:
479:
173:
1473:
1353:
984:
off the Arctic coast of the Soviet Union. The operation was an attack on Soviet shipping using the
890:
875:
835:
778:
773:
2409:, which administered shipping in the Kara Sea, did not inform the Northern Fleet HQ for 36 hours.
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
900:
895:
885:
880:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
830:
825:
820:
768:
763:
738:
733:
721:
716:
3038:
1742:
1530:
1102:
985:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
587:
577:
486:
380:
354:
2338:
destroyed the Soviet wireless station at Cape Zhelaniya with gunfire on 25 August. On 28 August
2095:
1634:
1305:
floatplanes were carried for reconnaissance but one was left behind during the Kara Sea sortie;
3312:
3242:
3211:
3192:
3173:
3151:
3132:
3063:
3030:
1878:
1534:
1226:, south of Novaya Zemlya, had been expanded into a big port and that it had a railway link to
1134:
The Germans had polar ice information and aerial photographs of parts of the Kara Sea and its
361:
349:
168:
1680:. The weather conditions were excellent for concealment, with storms and poor visibility but
1218:(MND, Naval Intelligence) received information from a prisoner of war that the settlement of
3165:
3125:
3109:
3105:
3052:
Der globale Krieg: Die Ausweitung zum Weltkrieg und der Wechsel zur Initiative 1941 bis 1943
3022:
2394:
only affected shipping the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea. By the end of August the voyage of
2384:) was a modest success. Owing to adverse weather conditions and the abundance of ice floes,
1817:
1576:
1426:
1376:
1372:
1173:
1167:
1155:
1127:
was the first part of a plan to gain control over the western Arctic Sea, to be followed by
1048:
505:
441:
39:
1940:
The Germans launched a boat with a boarding party to recover codebooks and other papers as
2352:
2319:
2077:
had got under way and Gidulyanov ordered full ahead, intending to attack the port side of
1522:
1128:
1080:
1069:) looked for fairly safe operational possibilities for its heavy units. On 5 May, Admiral
422:
293:
163:
147:
3260:
3114:
3089:
3018:
1526:
1495:
1187:
604:
366:
250:
1676:. The ships sailed southwards to mislead the British and then the destroyers made for
3281:
3042:
2271:
1518:
1487:
1450:
1444:
1422:
1196:
1183:
989:
805:
800:
788:
783:
758:
753:
748:
743:
681:
3266:
1956:
3056:
Widening of the Conflict into a World War and the Shift of the Initiative 1941–1943
2343:
1813:
1302:
1259:
1114:
1064:
1007:
972:
815:
810:
674:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
619:
614:
609:
131:
116:
1280:
3272:
2687:
2685:
2235:
2226:
1988:
The Germans did not know that when the war began, Ivan Papanin, the head of the
1894:
1797:
On 20 August the Arado crew spotted three groups of Soviet ships, including the
1560:
1207:, which navigated the northern route, escorted by a Soviet icebreaker, in 1940.
977:
599:
582:
572:
567:
3005:(1975). "Operation "Wunderland": Admiral Scheer in the Kara Sea, August 1942".
1366:
3026:
2267:
2020:
was armed with four 76 mm guns, four 45 mm guns and four 20 mm Oerlikon guns.
1798:
1768:
1759:
smoke was visible for 32 km (20 mi) in the clear, calm, Arctic air.
1720:
1231:
1070:
3034:
2417:
Operation Wonderland II was planned for 1 August 1943 with the heavy cruiser
1706:
1693:
1684:
was nearly spotted by a Soviet merchant ship on 18 August. A rendezvous with
1855:
1314:
1239:
3246:
1677:
3170:
Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two
2220:
2109:
began to make smoke, sought shelter by heading for Samoletnaya Bay but at
1121:
to sortie into the Atlantic, Raeder agreed to this "makeshift operation".
1503:
1335:
1223:
1135:
1110:
1025:
981:
82:
2234:
On 17 August, west of the Yugorsky Strait, the narrow sound between the
1787:
2172:
2052:
2046:
1945:
1792:
The Nordenskiöld Archipelago (in red) Severnaya Zemlya above (in green)
1724:
1533:
on the mainland. On 14 August, Carls ordered the operation to begin; a
1243:
1227:
1219:
993:
47:
1944:
began to sink but Kacharava had ordered Engineer Bochurko to open the
1775:(rocky islets) were found in what were supposed to be open waters and
1234:
of the Soviet Union. On 29 June, spies in Canada reported that 18,000
1101:, based in the north of Norway, on a sortie against convoys using the
1772:
1655:
1592:
1559:
Heinrich Brodda) was dispatched to watch the western entrance of the
1490:, the southern island of Novaya Zemlya on 1 August. For concealment,
1235:
1113:, to attack Soviet merchant ships on the Northern Sea Route. Because
686:
3148:
Steel and Ice: The U-boat Battle in the Arctic and Black Sea 1941–45
1779:(underwater ridges and banks) appeared where deep water was marked.
2175:
and three days later brought back fuel enough for the next convoy.
2219:
2045:
1955:
1854:
1786:
1776:
1633:
1365:
1279:
669:
664:
659:
629:
624:
3172:(3rd rev. ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
1425:. SKL estimated that the convoy would enter the Kara Sea via the
2243:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
2266:, a tug with an unserviceable engine. The convoy was bound for
2238:
and the Kara Sea, at the south-eastern end of the Barents Sea,
1506:
for the waters north of Novaya Zemlya, to check the ice limit.
1010:
reconnaissance floatplane which found several groups of ships.
297:
1154:
gleaned information on ice conditions and took photographs of
2444:
had been built in 1909 on the Clyde, operated as the sealer
1688:
had been planned for just after midnight on 18/19 August at
1595:
flying-boat, fitted with extra fuel tanks, reconnoitred the
1494:
would have to enter the Kara Sea by a northabout route past
1421:.) By 1 August, the convoy was reported to have reached the
2457:
German sources do not mention damage to the superstructure.
2706:
2704:
2090:
came in sight of the Russian ships it opened fire, as did
1105:. In July, Naval Group North had suggested a plan to send
2836:
2834:
2832:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2051:
Location of Dikson Island and Dikson at the mouth of the
3328:
Naval battles of World War II involving the Soviet Union
3189:
Forgotten Sacrifice: The Arctic Convoys of World War II
1611:
Siegfried Strelow) delivered the weather station party
1186:(New Land). Accurate maps had been drawn by the use of
3094:
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
2889:
2887:
2885:
2721:
2719:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2192:
began its return voyage. On 29 August, the destroyers
3235:
Histoire générale de la guerre sous-marine: 1939–1945
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
1521:), was to enter the Kara Sea from the south, via the
3078:
3058:]. Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg (
3050:
Boog, H.; Rahn, W.; Stumpf, R.; Wegner, B. (2001) .
1741:
about 20 nmi (37 km; 23 mi) north of
1727:, the largest river to empty into the Arctic Ocean.
970:) was an operation from 16 to 30 August 1942 by the
3241:] (in French). Paris: Éditions Robert Laffont.
2285:surfaced and engaged the convoy with its deck gun.
3124:
2136:by when the 569th battery had fired forty rounds,
1933:fired six salvoes and obtained four hits, setting
1028:in northern Norway. The meagre result obtained by
2342:bombarded the wireless station and lighthouse at
1904:, which was approaching head-on, for the cruiser
988:which ran along the Soviet Arctic coast from the
2985:
2953:
2905:
2691:
2655:
2643:
2615:
1199:, commander of the auxiliary cruiser and raider
3323:Naval battles of World War II involving Germany
1929:replied quickly but were hopelessly outgunned;
25:
2334:(bear cub) near Cape Zhelaniya (Cape Desire).
1658:on 16 August 1942, escorted by the destroyers
1032:was exceeded by the U-boats in the operation.
2404:
2388:did not venture beyond the Vilkitsky Strait.
2274:. The lighter carried building materials and
2068:
2025:
1993:
1873:
1448:
1177:
1165:
1159:
309:
8:
2389:
2379:
2356:
2142:
2098:and the rangefinders and seeing explosions.
1966:
1916:
1822:
1750:
1621:
1612:
1606:
1586:
1575:Max-Martin Teichert) to the west end of the
1570:
1554:
1542:
1513:
1471:
1351:
1350:wireless interception service, commanded by
1345:
1339:
1312:
1266:
1246:. On 1 July, Carls submitted a plan to send
1211:
1200:
1191:
1172:archipelago) and parts of the coasts of the
1149:
1122:
1074:
1062:
1054:
1046:
965:
1990:Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route
1961:Map showing Dikson on the Taymyr peninsula
1847:Mona Islands, the Russian ships had gone.
316:
302:
294:
22:
3113:
1830:The search was thwarted by thick fog and
1767:continued towards the south-east for the
1371:Map of the Vilkitsky Strait, between the
2929:
2639:
2627:
2599:
1537:was on its way and it was intended that
3293:Arctic naval operations of World War II
2917:
2876:
2864:
2852:
2840:
2823:
2794:
2782:
2765:
2749:
2611:
2501:
2478:
2434:
1061:, the high command of the German Navy (
327:Arctic naval operations of World War II
2961:
2575:
2312:attacked the Soviet icebreaker SKR-18/
1358:Diesterweg were embarked on the ship.
1238:of wheat had been loaded on ships in
1079:(Naval Group North), ordered Admiral
7:
3333:Naval operations of the Kriegsmarine
2973:
2957:
2941:
2893:
2806:
2761:
2737:
2725:
2710:
2695:
2676:
2587:
2563:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2497:
2485:
1639:Admiral Scheer at sea (photographed
3318:Military operations of World War II
3239:History of the U-boat War 1939−1945
2318:off Whale Bay, a settlement on the
2278:held 300 Gulag prisoners. At about
2246:(NKVD) convoy, comprising the tugs
2163:three days later. the icebreakers
2159:was operational in three days and
16:Military operation in World War II
14:
3273:History of the Northern Sea Route
3267:Military Operations in the Arctic
2147:intercepted a Soviet signal that
2081:so that if damaged he could sink
1020:and bombarded the Soviet base at
3060:Germany and the Second World War
1486:) near the Matochkin Strait off
1024:before returning to its base at
124:
109:
46:
3141:– via Archive Foundation.
3288:Arctic convoys of World War II
3168:; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (2005).
3127:Convoy! Drama in Arctic Waters
3115:10.1088/1755-1315/434/1/012001
1:
3150:. Stroud: The History Press.
1640:
2986:Rohwer & Hümmelchen 2005
2954:Rohwer & Hümmelchen 2005
2906:Rohwer & Hümmelchen 2005
2692:Rohwer & Hümmelchen 2005
2656:Rohwer & Hümmelchen 2005
2644:Rohwer & Hümmelchen 2005
2616:Rohwer & Hümmelchen 2005
2297:changed target, sinking it.
2117:changed aim and quickly hit
3146:Paterson, Lawrence (2016).
3131:. London: Arms and Armour.
2229:south-west of Novaya Zemlya
1952:26 August, attack on Dikson
1812:near Kravkov Island in the
1117:had refused permission for
62:16–30 August 1942
3359:
3206:Woodman, Richard (2004) .
1985:equipped with small-arms.
1344:Observation Service), the
1309:had a crew of 1,150 men.
1273:
1262:(27 June – 10 July 1942).
1148:in July 1931. The crew of
3233:Peillard, Léonce (1970).
3187:Walling, Michael (2012).
3027:10.1017/S0032247400032447
2293:had cast off its tow and
1749:rendezvoused with U-251;
1464:On 26 July the submarine
1298:Deutschland-class cruiser
1276:Deutschland-class cruiser
335:
256:
182:
138:
101:
54:
45:
33:
3261:Russian Military History
3208:Arctic Convoys 1941–1945
2330:(2,332 GRT) and the tug
2094:, aiming at the bridge,
1840:Nordenskiöld Archipelago
1579:. From 11 to 17 August,
1320:Wilhelm Meendsen-Bohlken
153:Wilhelm Meendsen-Bohlken
3210:. London: John Murray.
3106:2020E&ES..434a2001G
2326:sank the merchant ship
1285:Recognition drawing of
1214:Marinenachrichtendienst
1057:Oberkommando der Marine
3088:Guriev, E. P. (2020).
2405:
2390:
2381:Unternehmen Wunderland
2380:
2378:Operation Wonderland (
2357:
2231:
2143:
2069:
2056:
2026:
1994:
1967:
1963:
1917:
1874:
1862:
1823:
1794:
1751:
1648:
1623:Unternehmen Wunderland
1622:
1613:
1607:
1591:Reinhart Reche) and a
1587:
1571:
1555:
1543:
1514:
1472:
1460:Preliminary operations
1449:
1380:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1313:
1290:
1267:
1212:
1201:
1192:
1178:
1166:
1164:), Northern Land (the
1160:
1150:
1123:
1075:
1063:
1055:
1047:
967:Unternehmen Wunderland
966:
139:Commanders and leaders
3343:September 1942 events
2956:, pp. 188, 192;
2413:Subsequent operations
2244:Soviet Secret Service
2225:Map of the Kara Sea;
2223:
2049:
2024:(Captain Panfilov of
1959:
1900:The Russians mistook
1860:Map of the Laptev Sea
1858:
1790:
1637:
1406:with the icebreakers
1369:
1283:
1161:Zemlya Frantsa Iosifa
282:2 cargo ships damaged
257:Casualties and losses
2908:, pp. 188, 192.
2764:, pp. 467–468;
2630:, pp. 112, 115.
2500:, pp. 461–463;
2419:German cruiser
1889:guns. When spotted,
1597:Svalbard Archipelago
1438:Kara Sea settlements
1362:Intelligence reports
1014:sank the icebreaker
962:Operation Wonderland
3338:October 1942 events
3123:Kemp, Paul (1993).
3019:1975PoRec..17..461B
2960:, pp. 99–100;
2879:, pp. 198–199.
2809:, pp. 467–468.
2797:, pp. 194–195.
2713:, pp. 466–467.
2547:, pp. 463–464.
2535:, pp. 461–463.
2346:on Zavorot Island.
2254:towing the lighter
1703: /
1210:On 5 May 1942, the
1144:, which had made a
1073:, the commander of
1000:The German cruiser
3298:August 1942 events
3191:. Oxford: Osprey.
3079:Boog et al. (2001)
2976:, pp. 99–100.
2698:, pp. 99–100.
2361:. The survey ship
2301:was torpedoed and
2232:
2057:
1964:
1893:was bound for the
1881:), armed with two
1863:
1795:
1743:Uyedineniya Island
1649:
1531:Yugorsky Peninsula
1525:, which separates
1498:and on 11 August,
1381:
1341:Beobachtungsdienst
1291:
1103:Northern Sea Route
992:, westwards along
986:Northern Sea Route
285:2 gunboats damaged
279:5 cargo ships sunk
3308:Conflicts in 1942
3217:978-0-7195-5752-1
3198:978-1-78200-290-1
3157:978-0-7509-6896-6
3138:978-1-85409-130-7
2216:U-boat operations
2198:Erich Steinbrinck
2194:Friedrich Eckoldt
1879:Anatoli Kacharava
1763:turned south and
1667:Erich Steinbrinck
1661:Friedrich Eckoldt
1535:low-pressure area
1322:, the captain of
1179:Poluostrov Taymyr
1138:from the airship
1076:Marinegruppe Nord
956:
955:
292:
291:
207:Erich Steinbrinck
200:Friedrich Eckoldt
169:Anatoli Kacharava
97:
96:
3350:
3250:
3221:
3202:
3183:
3161:
3142:
3130:
3119:
3117:
3082:
3073:
3046:
3013:(110): 461–472.
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2827:
2821:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2769:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2714:
2708:
2699:
2689:
2680:
2674:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2505:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2449:
2439:
2408:
2393:
2383:
2360:
2281:
2146:
2135:
2112:
2072:
2037:
2029:
1997:
1970:
1920:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1826:
1818:Bolshevik Island
1754:
1752:Korvettenkapitän
1740:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1645:
1642:
1625:
1616:
1610:
1590:
1577:Matochkin Strait
1574:
1558:
1546:
1517:
1515:Korvettenkapitän
1477:
1474:Korvettenkapitän
1454:
1427:Vilkitsky Strait
1377:Severnaya Zemlya
1373:Taymyr Peninsula
1357:
1354:Fregattenkapitän
1349:
1343:
1318:
1270:
1230:, thence to the
1217:
1206:
1195:
1181:
1174:Taymyr Peninsula
1171:
1168:Severnaya Zemlya
1163:
1156:Franz Josef Land
1153:
1126:
1078:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1049:Seekriegsleitung
969:
513:Petsamo–Kirkenes
330:
328:
318:
311:
304:
295:
134:
130:
128:
127:
119:
115:
113:
112:
73:
71:
67:
56:
55:
50:
40:Second World War
23:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3278:
3277:
3257:
3232:
3229:
3227:Further reading
3224:
3218:
3205:
3199:
3186:
3180:
3164:
3158:
3145:
3139:
3122:
3087:
3076:
3070:
3049:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2988:, pp. 265.
2984:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2952:
2948:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2892:
2883:
2875:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2851:
2847:
2839:
2830:
2822:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2781:
2772:
2760:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2702:
2694:, p. 187;
2690:
2683:
2675:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2642:, p. 115;
2638:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2614:, p. 259;
2610:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2562:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2508:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2415:
2376:
2371:
2353:Minina Skerries
2320:Gusinaya Zemlya
2279:
2230:
2218:
2204:sailed to meet
2202:Richard Beitzen
2181:
2133:
2110:
2055:
2035:
1983:Frontier Guards
1962:
1954:
1913:Vkhodnoy Island
1886:
1882:
1861:
1853:
1793:
1785:
1738:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1673:Richard Beitzen
1647:
1643:
1632:
1627:
1608:Kapitänleutnant
1588:Kapitänleutnant
1572:Kapitänleutnant
1556:Kapitänleutnant
1523:Yugorsky Strait
1462:
1440:
1435:
1379:
1364:
1289:
1278:
1272:
1193:Kapitän zur See
1081:Hubert Schmundt
1043:
1038:
959:
958:
957:
952:
522:
331:
326:
324:
322:
288:
268:~ 80 men killed
247:
214:Richard Beitzen
178:
174:V. V. Baluntsev
164:Arseniy Golovko
157:
148:Hubert Schmundt
125:
123:
122:
110:
108:
107:
85:
69:
65:
63:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3356:
3354:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3256:
3255:External links
3253:
3252:
3251:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3216:
3203:
3197:
3184:
3178:
3166:Rohwer, Jürgen
3162:
3156:
3143:
3137:
3120:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3068:
3047:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2978:
2966:
2946:
2944:, p. 470.
2934:
2932:, p. 133.
2922:
2920:, p. 199.
2910:
2898:
2896:, p. 469.
2881:
2869:
2867:, p. 198.
2857:
2855:, p. 197.
2845:
2843:, p. 196.
2828:
2826:, p. 195.
2811:
2799:
2787:
2785:, p. 194.
2770:
2768:, p. 195.
2754:
2752:, p. 193.
2742:
2740:, p. 367.
2730:
2728:, p. 467.
2715:
2700:
2681:
2679:, p. 466.
2660:
2658:, p. 187.
2648:
2646:, p. 187.
2632:
2620:
2618:, p. 182.
2604:
2602:, p. 132.
2592:
2590:, p. 463.
2580:
2568:
2566:, p. 465.
2549:
2537:
2525:
2523:, p. 464.
2506:
2504:, p. 183.
2490:
2488:, p. 456.
2477:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2459:
2450:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2414:
2411:
2401:Admiral Scheer
2396:Admiral Scheer
2386:Admiral Scheer
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2308:On 20 August,
2224:
2217:
2214:
2210:Admiral Scheer
2206:Admiral Scheer
2190:Admiral Scheer
2185:Admiral Scheer
2180:
2177:
2157:Revolyutsioner
2138:Admiral Scheer
2127:Admiral Scheer
2119:Revolyutsioner
2115:Admiral Scheer
2088:Admiral Scheer
2079:Admiral Scheer
2064:Admiral Scheer
2050:
2040:Admiral Scheer
2022:Revolyutsioner
2005:Semyon Dezhnev
1960:
1953:
1950:
1931:Admiral Scheer
1923:Admiral Scheer
1902:Admiral Scheer
1859:
1852:
1849:
1844:Admiral Scheer
1832:Admiral Scheer
1791:
1784:
1781:
1765:Admiral Scheer
1757:Admiral Scheer
1747:Admiral Scheer
1735:Admiral Scheer
1729:Admiral Scheer
1682:Admiral Scheer
1652:Admiral Scheer
1638:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1619:
1539:Admiral Scheer
1527:Vaygach Island
1502:departed from
1496:Cape Zhelaniya
1492:Admiral Scheer
1461:
1458:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1370:
1363:
1360:
1332:Admiral Scheer
1328:Admiral Scheer
1324:Admiral Scheer
1307:Admiral Scheer
1294:Admiral Scheer
1287:Admiral Scheer
1284:
1274:Main article:
1271:
1268:Admiral Scheer
1264:
1256:Admiral Scheer
1248:Admiral Scheer
1188:Photogrammetry
1119:Admiral Scheer
1107:Admiral Scheer
1098:Admiral Hipper
1086:Admiral Scheer
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1030:Admiral Scheer
1012:Admiral Scheer
1003:Admiral Scheer
954:
953:
951:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
904:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
792:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
725:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
591:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
527:
526:
516:
515:
510:
497:
496:
491:
484:
477:
466:
465:
464:
463:
451:
446:
439:
434:
427:
420:
413:
406:
393:
392:
385:
372:
371:
364:
359:
352:
347:
336:
333:
332:
323:
321:
320:
313:
306:
298:
290:
289:
287:
286:
283:
280:
277:
269:
265:
263:
259:
258:
254:
253:
251:Northern Fleet
248:
246:
245:
238:
231:
224:
217:
210:
203:
196:
193:Admiral Scheer
188:
185:
184:
180:
179:
177:
176:
171:
166:
160:
158:
156:
155:
150:
144:
141:
140:
136:
135:
120:
104:
103:
99:
98:
95:
94:
93:German victory
91:
87:
86:
81:
79:
75:
74:
60:
52:
51:
43:
42:
36:Arctic Theatre
31:
30:
21:
20:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3355:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3179:1-59114-119-2
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3100:(1): 012001.
3099:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3069:0-19-822888-0
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3003:Barr, William
3000:
2999:
2994:
2987:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2930:Paterson 2016
2926:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2640:Paterson 2016
2636:
2633:
2629:
2628:Paterson 2016
2624:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2600:Paterson 2016
2596:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2473:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2435:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:Glavsevmorput
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2273:
2272:Pechora River
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2228:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2070:Glavsevmorput
2065:
2061:
2054:
2053:Yenisei river
2048:
2044:
2041:
2033:
2028:
2027:Glavsevmorput
2023:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1995:Glavsevmorput
1991:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1958:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1921:operators on
1919:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1857:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1836:Russky Island
1833:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1789:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1636:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:Heinrich Timm
1516:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:Yuzhny Island
1485:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1451:Glavsevmorput
1446:
1445:Dikson Island
1437:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1423:Bering Strait
1420:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1385:Petropavlovsk
1378:
1374:
1368:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1282:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1198:
1197:Robert Eyssen
1194:
1189:
1185:
1184:Novaya Zemlya
1180:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1151:Graf Zeppelin
1147:
1143:
1142:
1141:Graf Zeppelin
1137:
1132:
1130:
1129:Operation Zar
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1050:
1045:In 1942, the
1040:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1017:A. Sibiryakov
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:
998:
995:
991:
990:Bering Strait
987:
983:
979:
975:
974:
968:
963:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
910:
909:
908:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
797:
796:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
730:
729:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
677:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
596:
595:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
533:
529:
528:
525:
521:
518:
517:
514:
511:
509:
508:
504:
503:
502:
501:
495:
492:
490:
489:
485:
483:
482:
478:
476:
473:
472:
471:
470:
462:
461:
457:
456:
455:
452:
450:
449:Motovsky Gulf
447:
445:
444:
440:
438:
437:Cape Pikshuev
435:
433:
432:
428:
426:
425:
421:
419:
418:
414:
412:
411:
407:
405:
404:
400:
399:
398:
397:
391:
390:
386:
384:
383:
379:
378:
377:
376:
370:
369:
365:
363:
360:
358:
357:
353:
351:
348:
346:
345:
341:
340:
339:
334:
329:
319:
314:
312:
307:
305:
300:
299:
296:
284:
281:
278:
275:
274:
270:
267:
266:
264:
261:
260:
255:
252:
249:
244:
243:
239:
237:
236:
232:
230:
229:
225:
223:
222:
218:
216:
215:
211:
209:
208:
204:
202:
201:
197:
195:
194:
190:
189:
187:
186:
181:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
159:
154:
151:
149:
146:
145:
143:
142:
137:
133:
121:
118:
106:
105:
100:
92:
89:
88:
84:
80:
77:
76:
61:
58:
57:
53:
49:
44:
41:
37:
32:
29:
24:
19:
3269:(in Russian)
3263:(in Russian)
3238:
3234:
3207:
3188:
3169:
3147:
3126:
3097:
3093:
3055:
3051:
3010:
3007:Polar Record
3006:
2981:
2969:
2964:, p. 4.
2949:
2937:
2925:
2918:Walling 2012
2913:
2901:
2877:Walling 2012
2872:
2865:Walling 2012
2860:
2853:Walling 2012
2848:
2841:Walling 2012
2824:Walling 2012
2802:
2795:Walling 2012
2790:
2783:Walling 2012
2766:Walling 2012
2757:
2750:Walling 2012
2745:
2733:
2651:
2635:
2623:
2612:Woodman 2004
2607:
2595:
2583:
2578:, p. 4.
2571:
2540:
2528:
2502:Walling 2012
2493:
2481:
2462:
2453:
2446:Bellaventure
2445:
2441:
2437:
2423: (1940)
2420:
2416:
2400:
2395:
2385:
2377:
2362:
2347:
2344:Khodovarikha
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2315:Fyodor Litke
2314:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2233:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2179:27–30 August
2173:Port Dudinka
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2137:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2039:
2031:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2004:
2000:1910-vintage
1987:
1978:
1965:
1941:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1890:
1868:
1864:
1843:
1831:
1829:
1814:Mona Islands
1808:
1802:
1796:
1783:20–24 August
1764:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1685:
1681:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1630:16–19 August
1601:
1581:
1565:
1549:
1538:
1508:
1499:
1491:
1482:(2,513
1479:
1466:
1463:
1441:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1382:
1347:Kriegsmarine
1331:
1327:
1323:
1311:
1306:
1303:Arado Ar 196
1293:
1292:
1286:
1260:Convoy PQ 17
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:, bound for
1209:
1146:Polar Flight
1139:
1133:
1118:
1115:Adolf Hitler
1106:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1065:Kriegsmarine
1044:
1041:German plans
1029:
1015:
1011:
1008:Arado Ar 196
1002:
999:
973:Kriegsmarine
971:
961:
960:
906:
905:
794:
793:
727:
726:
675:
593:
592:
531:
523:
506:
499:
498:
487:
480:
468:
467:
459:
442:
430:
429:
423:
417:Doppelschlag
416:
410:Rösselsprung
409:
402:
395:
394:
388:
381:
374:
373:
367:
355:
343:
337:
272:
241:
234:
227:
220:
213:
206:
199:
192:
132:Soviet Union
102:Belligerents
34:Part of The
27:
18:
3303:Barents Sea
2962:Guriev 2020
2576:Guriev 2020
2363:lsledovatel
2332:Medvezhonok
2291:Komsomolets
2248:Komsomolets
2236:Pechora Sea
2227:Pechora Sea
1895:Arctic Cape
1872:1,384 GRT (
1799:icebreakers
1710: /
1644: 1935
1561:Kara Strait
978:Barents Sea
454:Barents Sea
403:Sportpalast
3282:Categories
2995:References
2442:Sibiryakov
2391:Wunderland
2358:Wunderland
2280:7:00 a.m.,
2268:Naryan-Mar
2242:spotted a
2171:sailed to
2134:1:46 a.m.,
1979:Wunderland
1942:Sibiryakov
1935:Sibiryakov
1927:Sibiryakov
1908:Tuscaloosa
1891:Sibiryakov
1869:Sibiryakov
1769:Laptev Sea
1544:Wunderland
1480:Krestyanin
1419:Kaganovich
1403:Razyashchy
1232:hinterland
1124:Wunderland
1071:Rolf Carls
1036:Background
494:North Cape
481:Zitronella
460:Regenbogen
431:Wunderland
344:Weserübung
273:Sibiryakov
70:1942-08-30
66:1942-08-16
28:Wunderland
26:Operation
3043:130712587
3035:0032-2474
2974:Kemp 1993
2958:Kemp 1993
2942:Barr 1975
2894:Barr 1975
2807:Barr 1975
2762:Barr 1975
2738:Barr 1975
2726:Barr 1975
2711:Barr 1975
2696:Kemp 1993
2677:Barr 1975
2588:Barr 1975
2564:Barr 1975
2545:Barr 1975
2533:Barr 1975
2521:Barr 1975
2498:Barr 1975
2486:Rahn 2001
2474:Footnotes
2369:Aftermath
2328:Kuybyshev
2183:Although
2149:Kuibyshev
2111:1:36 a.m.
2096:fo'c's'le
2036:1:05 a.m.
1937:on fire.
1906:USS
1851:25 August
1739:9:00 p.m.
1707:78°N 72°E
1529:from the
1315:Kommodore
1240:Vancouver
1222:, on the
1109:into the
1053:(SKL) of
3313:Kara Sea
2403:because
2374:Analysis
2144:B-Dienst
1968:B-Dienst
1946:seacocks
1918:B-Dienst
1885:and two
1824:B-Dienst
1773:skerries
1723:and the
1504:Kirkenes
1336:B-Dienst
1224:Kara Sea
1136:littoral
1111:Kara Sea
1026:Kirkenes
982:Kara Sea
980:and the
488:Ostfront
475:Kara Sea
389:Polyarny
382:Claymore
356:Alphabet
183:Strength
83:Kara Sea
78:Location
68: –
3247:2152928
3102:Bibcode
3015:Bibcode
2355:during
2270:up the
2264:Komiles
2161:Dezhnev
2107:Dezhnev
2102:Dezhnev
2092:Dezhnev
2083:Dezhnev
2075:Dezhnev
2060:Dezhnev
2018:Dezhnev
2014:Molokov
1875:Kapitan
1838:in the
1827:party.
1725:Yenisey
1433:Prelude
1411:Mikoyan
1397:Razumny
1244:Siberia
1236:bushels
1228:Vorkuta
1220:Amderma
994:Siberia
976:in the
605:PQ 9/10
532:Dervish
520:Convoys
362:Wilfred
117:Germany
64: (
38:of the
3245:
3214:
3195:
3176:
3154:
3135:
3066:
3041:
3033:
2421:Lützow
2256:Sh-500
2169:Taimyr
1974:Dikson
1809:Krasin
1777:shoals
1712:78; 72
1678:Tromsø
1656:Narvik
1614:Knospe
1593:BV 138
1296:was a
1252:Lützow
1092:Lützow
1022:Dikson
891:RA 61A
876:RA 59A
836:JW 61A
806:JW 56B
801:JW 56A
789:RA 55B
784:RA 55A
779:RA 54B
774:RA 54A
759:JW 55B
754:JW 55A
749:JW 54B
744:JW 54A
687:JW 51B
682:JW 51A
507:Mascot
443:Orator
350:Narvik
129:
114:
90:Result
3237:[
3054:[
3039:S2CID
2429:Notes
2348:U-589
2340:U-209
2336:U-255
2324:U-601
2310:U-456
2295:U-209
2283:U-209
2240:U-209
2165:Litke
2153:U-601
1887:45 mm
1883:76 mm
1803:Lenin
1761:U-251
1686:U-601
1654:left
1602:U-435
1582:U-255
1566:U-456
1550:U-209
1509:U-251
1500:U-601
1467:U-601
1203:Komet
948:RA 67
943:RA 66
938:RA 65
933:RA 64
928:JW 67
923:JW 66
918:JW 65
913:JW 64
901:RA 63
896:RA 62
886:RA 61
881:RA 60
871:RA 59
866:RA 58
861:RA 57
856:RA 56
851:JW 64
846:JW 63
841:JW 62
831:JW 61
826:JW 60
821:JW 59
816:JW 58
811:JW 57
769:RA 53
764:RA 52
739:JW 53
734:JW 52
722:RA 51
717:QP 12
670:PQ 18
665:PQ 17
660:PQ 16
655:QP 11
650:QP 15
645:PQ 15
640:QP 14
635:PQ 14
630:QP 13
625:PQ 13
620:PQ 12
615:PQ 11
610:QP 10
424:Zarin
242:U-601
235:U-456
228:U-251
221:U-209
3243:OCLC
3212:ISBN
3193:ISBN
3174:ISBN
3152:ISBN
3133:ISBN
3064:ISBN
3031:ISSN
2303:Nord
2262:and
2252:Nord
2250:and
2200:and
2167:and
2123:Kara
2032:Kara
1806:and
1698:72°E
1695:78°N
1670:and
1599:and
1563:and
1413:and
1400:and
1391:Baku
1375:and
1250:and
1182:and
907:1945
795:1944
728:1943
712:QP 9
707:QP 8
702:QP 7
697:QP 6
692:QP 5
600:PQ 8
594:1942
588:QP 4
583:QP 3
578:QP 2
573:QP 1
568:PQ 7
563:PQ 6
558:PQ 5
553:PQ 4
548:PQ 3
543:PQ 2
538:PQ 1
524:1941
500:1944
469:1943
396:1942
375:1941
368:Juno
338:1940
276:sunk
59:Date
3110:doi
3098:434
3023:doi
2299:P-4
2287:P-4
2276:P-4
2260:P-4
1484:GRT
1095:or
262:Nil
3284::
3108:.
3096:.
3092:.
3037:.
3029:.
3021:.
3011:17
3009:.
2884:^
2831:^
2814:^
2773:^
2718:^
2703:^
2684:^
2663:^
2552:^
2509:^
2258:,
2196:,
1842:,
1721:Ob
1664:,
1641:c.
1547:.
1417:.
1408:A.
1394:,
1131:.
1089:,
676:FB
3249:.
3220:.
3201:.
3182:.
3160:.
3118:.
3112::
3104::
3081:.
3072:.
3045:.
3025::
3017::
1992:(
1646:)
1605:(
1585:(
1569:(
1553:(
1512:(
1470:(
1415:L
1338:(
1176:(
1158:(
964:(
317:e
310:t
303:v
72:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
